{"cases":[{"argument_date":"2001-04-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-04-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Guttentag argued that the Attorney General's legal rulings are reviewable in court.","Mr. Kneedler argued that Congress granted the Attorney General final authority on legal questions.","Mr. Guttentag stated that no final deportation order exists until discretionary relief is adjudicated.","Mr. Kneedler noted that the asylum provision requires the Attorney General to establish procedures."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-33"}]}],"caption":"Calcano-Martinez v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.182282Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.188634Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek judicial review of the Attorney General's legal rulings. The government argues these rulings are final and unreviewable.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-04-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1011.html","primary_docket":"00-1011","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:48:55.836377Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of judicial power over executive immigration decisions. The core dispute involves the separation of powers. It asks if courts can check the Attorney General's legal interpretations. The outcome shapes the balance between executive authority and judicial oversight. It affects the rights of non-citizens facing removal. It defines the limits of administrative finality."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 24, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want courts to review the Attorney General's legal rulings on deportation.","The government wants the Attorney General's legal rulings to be final and unreviewable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Attorney General's legal rulings are subject to judicial review.","The government argues the Attorney General's legal rulings are final and beyond court review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked for authority supporting the claim that no final deportation order exists until discretionary relief is adjudicated."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between executive and judicial power. It determines whether courts can correct legal errors in deportation cases. It protects the rights of non-citizens against unchecked executive action. It clarifies the finality of administrative decisions. It shapes the future of immigration law enforcement. It impacts the independence of the judiciary."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-33"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-1011-calcano-martinez-v-united-states","term":"2000","title":"Can courts review the Attorney General's final legal rulings on deportation?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-1011.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-03-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-03-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Bansal argued the case concerns the meaning of the AEDPA tolling provision.","Ms. Loewenberg argued the opposing side should be accountable for all time taken.","Ms. Loewenberg stated only the opposing side can control that time period."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]}],"caption":"Duncan v. Walker","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.390423Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to extend the federal filing deadline while state petitions remain pending. the opposing sides argue the deadline runs continuously regardless of state court status.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-03-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-121.html","primary_docket":"00-121","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:58:45.747517Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of a federal statute of limitations tolling provision. the sides that brought the case argue the clock stops during state proceedings. the opposing sides argue the clock never stops."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 26, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the federal deadline to pause while state petitions are pending.","the opposing sides want the federal deadline to run continuously regardless of state status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the tolling provision stops the clock during state proceedings.","the opposing sides argue only the side that brought the case controls the time before filing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the tolling provision apply to all time taken before filing?","Who controls the time period before the federal application?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of federal habeas relief. It determines how long prisoners have to file federal claims. It balances state and federal judicial processes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-121-duncan-v-walker","term":"2000","title":"Does a pending state habeas petition pause the federal one-year filing deadline?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-03-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-03-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-151.pdf","paragraphs":["General Underwood stated the Controlled Substances Act prohibits distribution. She cited congressional and executive determinations against medical use. She noted the drug has high abuse potential.","Mr. Uelmen argued the government made a tactical choice. He said they sought injunctive relief instead of criminal prosecution. He claimed this deprived the opposing sides of a jury trial.","Chief Justice Rehnquist thanked General Underwood. He stated the case was submitted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-151.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-151.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-151.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-151.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 37-39"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.322554Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law permits a cooperative to distribute marijuana for medical purposes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-151.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-151.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-03-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-151.html","primary_docket":"00-151","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:57:03.000920Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The government seeks to stop the cooperative from distributing marijuana. The cooperative wants to continue its operations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-151.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-151.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 28, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-151.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants a court order to stop the cooperative from distributing marijuana.","The cooperative wants to continue distributing marijuana for medical use."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-151.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-151.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues federal law bans distribution because officials found no accepted medical use.","The cooperative argues the government's choice of legal action denied them a jury trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-151.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-151.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-151.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines if federal law blocks medical marijuana distribution. It defines the scope of federal control over drug use. It impacts patient access to specific treatments. It clarifies the limits of federal enforcement power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-151.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-151.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-151.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-151.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 37-39"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-151-united-states-v-oakland-cannabis-buyers-cooperative","term":"2000","title":"Does federal law allow medical marijuana use?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-151.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-151.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-02-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-02-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kerrigan cited a recent case suggesting an assignee status in law.","Mr. Lamken argued the California Labor Code does not violate due process for three reasons.","Mr. Seideman responded to a question about the client's actions after payment was withheld."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-5"}]}],"caption":"Lujan v. G & G Fire Sprinklers, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.412855Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.429420Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a state law denies a property interest without due process.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-02-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-152.html","primary_docket":"00-152","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:06:02.446414Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a dispute over payment withheld by a prime contractor. One side argues the state law violates due process. The other side argues the law is constitutional."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 26, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["One side wants the court to find the state law unconstitutional.","The other side wants the court to uphold the state law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["One side argues the state law deprives a party of a property interest without due process.","The other side argues the state law does not deprive a party of a property interest without due process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["What did the client do after the prime withheld payment?","Did the client seek redress or respond to the withheld payment?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether state labor codes can withhold payments without violating constitutional due process protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-5"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-152-lujan-v-g-g-fire-sprinklers-inc","term":"2000","title":"Does a state labor code violate due process by withholding payment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-03-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-03-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","paragraphs":["Eric Fox argued the product liability loss is a subset of the net operating loss.","Fox cited the district court's finding on page 36A of Appendix B.","Fox noted legislative history shows concern about delayed product liability suits.","Fox explained products might generate income before liability claims arise years later."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 3-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 3-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 41-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 41-58"}]}],"caption":"United Dominion Industries, Inc. v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.292288Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.309221Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a product liability loss counts as a net operating loss for tax purposes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 3-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 3-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 11-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-03-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-157.html","primary_docket":"00-157","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:59:06.724468Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["United Dominion Industries seeks to treat a product liability loss as a net operating loss. The United States opposes this classification. The case tests the scope of tax loss deductions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 3-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 3-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 11-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 26, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 41-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 41-58"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["United Dominion Industries wants the Court to allow the product liability loss to offset income from a different year.","The United States wants the Court to deny the offset and uphold the tax assessment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 3-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 3-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 11-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["United Dominion Industries argues the loss is a subset of the net operating loss under the tax code.","The United States argues the loss cannot be claimed on a separate return by the involved corporations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 3-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 3-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 11-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case is submitted after the arguments concluded."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 41-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 41-58"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how businesses calculate taxable income. It determines whether delayed liability claims reduce current tax bills. The outcome shapes corporate tax planning strategies nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 3-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 3-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 11-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 41-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 41-58"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-157-united-dominion-industries-inc-v-united-states","term":"2000","title":"Can a product liability loss offset income from a different year?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 3-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 3-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 11-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Givens argued six prestatehood acts defeated Idaho's title to submerged lands.","Mr. Strack argued submerged lands are an essential attribute of state sovereignty.","Mr. Strack noted the Corps of Engineers does not typically regulate state encroachments.","Justice O'Connor asked if the Corps could preempt state regulation of state interests."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-41"}]}],"caption":"Idaho v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.148540Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.148565Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Idaho claims federal acts defeated its title to submerged lands. The United States asserts these lands remain essential to state sovereignty.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 25-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-189.html","primary_docket":"00-189","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:49:39.707375Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Idaho argues six prestatehood acts defeated its title to submerged lands. The United States counters that submerged lands are essential to state sovereignty. The Court must decide which legal principle controls the dispute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 25-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Idaho wants the Court to find its title to submerged lands was defeated before statehood.","The United States wants the Court to affirm that submerged lands are essential to state sovereignty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 25-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Idaho contends six prestatehood acts of Congress defeated its title to submerged lands.","The United States contends submerged lands are an essential attribute of state sovereignty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 25-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked Mr. Givens to clarify his statement about prestatehood acts.","Justice O'Connor asked Mr. Strack about federal preemption when state interests are involved."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines who controls submerged lands in Idaho. This affects state management of waterways and federal regulatory authority. The decision clarifies the balance between state sovereignty and federal power over submerged lands."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 25-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-41"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-189-idaho-v-united-states","term":"2000","title":"Did Congress defeat Idaho's title to submerged lands before statehood?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-189.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 25-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-03-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-03-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-201.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Tribe argued for the newspapers' licensing position.","The Chief Justice closed the oral argument session."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-201.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-201.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-201.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-201.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 11-13"}]}],"caption":"New York Times Co. v. Tasini","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.319431Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Freelance writers sue newspapers over unauthorized digital licensing of their articles.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-201.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-201.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-03-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-201.html","primary_docket":"00-201","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:55:43.374670Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests copyright law limits on newspaper syndication rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-201.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-201.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 28, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-201.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Newspapers want to keep licensing rights for digital use.","Writers want to control and sell their own digital rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-201.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-201.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Newspapers argue their contracts cover all future media uses.","Writers argue they retained exclusive rights to digital distribution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-201.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-201.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does a standard newspaper contract include digital database rights?","Do writers retain copyright over their individual contributions?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-201.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines who controls freelance content in digital markets."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-201.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-201.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-201.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-201.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 11-13"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-201-new-york-times-co-v-tasini","term":"2000","title":"Can newspapers license freelance writers' work for digital databases?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-201.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-201.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-02-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-02-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-203.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Feldman argued on behalf of the side that brought the case.","Mr. Phillips argued on behalf of the opposing side.","Chief Justice Rehnquist closed the oral argument."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-203.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-203.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-203.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-203.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 11-13"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Cleveland Indians Baseball Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.442456Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government seeks to compel the Cleveland Indians to abandon their team name. The team argues this action violates its rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-203.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-203.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-02-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-203.html","primary_docket":"00-203","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:04:37.445428Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the federal government's power to mandate a name change for a professional sports team. The government argues the name is harmful. The team argues the government lacks this specific authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-203.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-203.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 27, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-203.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the team to change its name.","The team wants to keep its current name."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-203.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-203.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the name causes harm and must change.","The team argues the government cannot force this specific change."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-203.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-203.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the federal government possess the legal power to mandate this name change?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-203.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of federal power over private business names. It sets a precedent for government regulation of commercial identity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-203.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-203.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-203.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-203.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 11-13"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-203-united-states-v-cleveland-indians-baseball-co","term":"2000","title":"Does the federal government have the authority to force a baseball team to change its name?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-203.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-203.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-01-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-01-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","paragraphs":["H. Bartow Farr argued the Ninth Circuit erred. He claimed the court misapplied the ADA to professional athletes.","Ms. Underwood argued the case tests ADA coverage. She emphasized the importance of applying the law to sports.","Mr. Reardon discussed the PGA's Q School history. He highlighted the league's long-standing qualification process."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 3-31"}]}],"caption":"PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.557185Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The PGA Tour argues caddies are essential to the game. Casey Martin argues the ADA mandates this accommodation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 3-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-01-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-24.html","primary_docket":"00-24","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:09:27.277878Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Americans with Disabilities Act. It asks if professional sports leagues must modify rules for disabled athletes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 3-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 17, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The PGA Tour wants to keep its no-caddie rule. It argues this rule defines the sport.","Casey Martin wants to use a caddie. He argues the ADA requires this accommodation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 3-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The PGA Tour argues caddies are part of the game. It claims the ADA does not force rule changes.","Casey Martin argues the ADA covers professional athletes. He claims the caddie rule excludes him."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 3-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked about the PGA's Q School history. He sought clarification on the league's structure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the ADA's reach in professional sports. It determines if leagues must alter core rules for disabled players. The outcome shapes accessibility standards for all competitive athletics."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 3-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-11"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-24-pga-tour-inc-v-martin","term":"2000","title":"Does the ADA require golf tours to allow caddies for disabled players?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-24.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 3-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-04-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-04-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-276.pdf","paragraphs":["The government argued the fees do not abridge speech.","The producers argued the fees compel unwanted speech.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-276.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-276.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-276.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-276.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 1-3"}]}],"caption":"United States v. United Foods, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.115103Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Mushroom producers challenge mandatory fees for government marketing programs.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-276.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-276.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-04-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-276.html","primary_docket":"00-276","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:54:02.747239Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether forced funding of speech violates the First Amendment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-276.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-276.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 17, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-276.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government seeks to keep the mandatory fees in place.","The producers seek to strike down the mandatory fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-276.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-276.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the fees do not abridge speech rights.","The producers argue the fees compel unwanted speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-276.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-276.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The Chief Justice asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-276.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 1-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of compelled funding for commercial speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-276.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-276.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-276.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-276.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 1-3"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-276-united-states-v-united-foods-inc","term":"2000","title":"Do mandatory industry assessments violate free speech?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-276.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-276.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-03-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-03-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Mashburn stated the Tribe contracted for off-reservation construction.","Mr. Coleman argued the contract waived immunity for arbitration.","Mr. Garre cited precedent recognizing tribal sovereign immunity.","Mr. Minnis argued an arbitration clause is not a waiver."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 37-39"}]}],"caption":"C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band Potawatomi Tribe of Okla.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.234430Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"C & L Enterprises seeks state court enforcement of an arbitration award. The Potawatomi Tribe claims sovereign immunity bars the suit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 17-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-03-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-292.html","primary_docket":"00-292","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:00:50.985217Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["C & L Enterprises built a roof for the Potawatomi Tribe off-reservation. The contract included an arbitration clause. The parties disputed the award. C & L Enterprises sued in state court to confirm the award. The Tribe argued sovereign immunity blocked the suit. The lower court ruled against the Tribe. C & L Enterprises won that lower-court action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 19, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 3-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["C & L Enterprises wants the state court to confirm the arbitration award.","The Potawatomi Tribe wants the state court to dismiss the suit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["C & L Enterprises argues the contract waived tribal immunity.","The Potawatomi Tribe argues the clause did not waive immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Tribes face state court suits over commercial contracts. Clear waiver rules protect tribal sovereignty. Businesses need reliable dispute resolution mechanisms. This case defines the scope of tribal immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 37-39"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-292-c-l-enterprises-inc-v-citizen-band-potawatomi-tribe-of-okla","term":"2000","title":"Does an arbitration clause waive tribal sovereign immunity?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-292.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 17-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-04-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-04-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-346.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. O'Donnell addressed the vessel negligence theory. He noted Justice O'Connor's inquiry about its procedural history.","Mr. Ferrini raised points regarding the new maritime law. Mr. O'Donnell responded to these specific legal arguments.","Chief Justice Rehnquist concluded the oral argument. The case is now submitted for decision."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-346.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-346.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-346.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 15-17"}]}],"caption":"Norfolk Shipbuilding & Drydock Corp. v. Garris","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.148587Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a new maritime negligence theory applies to shipbuilding cases.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-346.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-346.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-04-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-346.html","primary_docket":"00-346","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:51:59.433942Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of maritime negligence law. It asks if vessel negligence claims fit within existing legal frameworks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-346.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-346.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 18, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-346.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Mr. Ferrini wants the Court to recognize the new maritime negligence theory.","Mr. O'Donnell wants the Court to reject the new maritime negligence theory."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-346.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-346.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Mr. Ferrini argues that vessel negligence is a valid legal claim.","Mr. O'Donnell argues that vessel negligence was not properly raised below."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-346.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-346.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked whether the vessel negligence theory was raised in lower courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-346.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundaries of maritime negligence law. It clarifies which claims shipbuilders can face in court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-346.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-346.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-346.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 15-17"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-346-norfolk-shipbuilding-drydock-corp-v-garris","term":"2000","title":"Does maritime negligence law cover vessel operations?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-346.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-346.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-03-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-03-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Dodyk argued that Wharf Holdings did not misrepresent its intent to sell stock.","Dodyk stated that this issue does not concern the 1934 Act.","Michael Roberts argued that misrepresenting intent to permit option exercise violates Section 10(b).","Roberts claimed that the text of Section 10(b) prohibits deceptive devices in connection with options."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 45-45"}]}],"caption":"Wharf (Holdings) Ltd. v. United Int'l Holdings, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.277956Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Wharf Holdings and United International Holdings dispute whether a stock option qualifies as a security under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 33-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-03-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-347.html","primary_docket":"00-347","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:59:50.439324Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Wharf Holdings argues that misrepresenting intent to sell stock does not violate the 1934 Act. United International Holdings contends that a stock option is a security. The Court must decide if Section 10(b) covers options."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 33-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 21, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Wharf Holdings wants the Court to rule that a stock option is not a security under the 1934 Act.","United International Holdings wants the Court to rule that a stock option is a security under the 1934 Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 33-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Wharf Holdings argues that misrepresenting intent to sell stock does not violate the 1934 Act.","United International Holdings argues that a stock option is a security under Section 10(b)."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 33-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked whether the seller of an option violates Section 10(b).","Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the jury found that UIH purchased a security."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 45-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal securities fraud protections. It determines whether investors can sue for misrepresentations involving stock options. The outcome shapes how courts interpret the term security in federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 33-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 45-45"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-347-wharf-holdings-ltd-v-united-int-l-holdings-inc","term":"2000","title":"Does a stock option count as a security under federal fraud law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-347.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 33-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-04-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-04-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","paragraphs":["Krauss argued the state court added an unwarranted condition to Belton. He asserted the lower court misread the precedent.","Garre argued Belton permits searching a car incident to arrest. He stated the rule applies when an individual is arrested alongside the car.","Dodge argued the facts here differ greatly from Belton. She noted the officer in Belton faced four individuals on a busy Thruway."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 21-23"}]}],"caption":"Florida v. Thomas","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.216656Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Florida argues the state court added an invalid condition to the Belton rule. Thomas argues the facts here differ from Belton.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-04-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-391.html","primary_docket":"00-391","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:45:39.755700Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the scope of vehicle searches incident to arrest. Florida claims the state court misapplied Belton. Thomas claims the facts justify a different outcome."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 25, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Florida wants the Court to reverse the state court decision. It seeks to uphold the search under Belton.","Thomas wants the Court to affirm the state court decision. It seeks to limit the Belton rule here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Florida argues the state court added an unreasonable condition to Belton. It claims the search was valid under existing law.","Thomas argues the facts differ significantly from Belton. It claims the officer faced a different situation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted. He noted the Court remained in session."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 21-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of vehicle searches. It affects police authority during arrests. It shapes Fourth Amendment protections for drivers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 21-23"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-391-florida-v-thomas","term":"2000","title":"Can police search a car after the driver leaves it?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-391.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-03-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-03-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Cole stated the core legal question.","Ms. Brinkmann distinguished this case from Strate.","Mr. Gomez offered a brief opening statement."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 49-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 49-58"}]}],"caption":"Atkinson Trading Co. v. Shirley","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.306182Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Atkinson Trading seeks to stop a tribal tax on a nonmember sale.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 45-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-03-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-454.html","primary_docket":"00-454","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:57:35.009899Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on tribal taxing power over nonmembers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 45-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 27, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Atkinson Trading wants the tax struck down.","Shirley wants the tax to remain valid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 45-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Atkinson argues the tribe lacks authority over fee land.","Shirley argues the tribe controls the reservation area."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 45-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked about the case status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 49-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 49-58"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines tribal tax limits on private land."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 45-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 49-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 49-58"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-454-atkinson-trading-co-v-shirley","term":"2000","title":"Can a tribe tax nonmembers on fee land?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-454.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 45-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-04-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-04-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Stewart argued the case does not involve an unjust conviction or constitutional denial.","Mr. Christensen argued all courts recognize the agreement's mandatory language.","Mr. Lamken argued a brief confinement break does not force dismissal.","Chief Justice Rehnquist noted the case was submitted after the argument."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 35-39"}]}],"caption":"Alabama v. Bozeman","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.119540Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Alabama seeks to keep a criminal case alive. The defendant argues a short break in custody forces dismissal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-04-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-492.html","primary_docket":"00-492","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:53:43.751950Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Interstate Agreement on Detainers governs prisoner transfers. The parties dispute whether a brief break in custody triggers mandatory dismissal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 17, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Alabama wants the Court to uphold the state indictment despite a brief break in custody.","The defendant wants the Court to dismiss the state indictment due to the break in custody."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Alabama argues a brief interruption in confinement does not require dismissal under the agreement.","The defendant argues the agreement's mandatory language requires dismissal after a break in custody."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted after the argument concluded."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 35-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when a state must drop charges after a prisoner transfer delay. It sets the rule for all future prisoner transfer disputes. It balances state prosecution power against prisoner rights. It clarifies the mandatory nature of the interstate agreement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 35-39"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-492-alabama-v-bozeman","term":"2000","title":"Does a brief confinement break void a state indictment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-492.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-01-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-01-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5250.pdf","paragraphs":["David Bruck argued the state raises three arguments to evade prior precedent.","The state argued its position aligns with the 1994 Supreme Court decision.","Chief Justice Rehnquist called the case submitted after hearing both advocates."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5250.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5250.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5250.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5250.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-41"}]}],"caption":"Shafer v. South Carolina","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.506398Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether South Carolina can restrict a defendant's ability to show mitigating factors during sentencing.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5250.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5250.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-01-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-5250.html","primary_docket":"00-5250","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:13:51.719624Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["David Bruck argues the state tries to evade prior Supreme Court precedent. The state contends its rules remain valid under existing law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5250.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5250.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 9, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5250.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to strike down the state's restrictive sentencing rules.","The state wants the Court to uphold its current legal framework for capital sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5250.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5250.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case claims the state's arguments are designed to evade prior Supreme Court precedent.","The state asserts its current legal position remains consistent with the 1994 decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5250.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5250.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked the side that brought the case to begin his argument.","Chief Justice Rehnquist asked the opposing side to begin his argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5250.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of a defendant's right to present mitigation evidence. It determines how states structure capital sentencing procedures. It impacts the balance between state authority and individual rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5250.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5250.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5250.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5250.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-41"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-5250-shafer-v-south-carolina","term":"2000","title":"Can a state limit a defendant's right to present mitigation evidence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5250.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5250.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-04-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-04-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Edlin argued the scope test conflicts with the statute's plain language.","Mr. Schlick argued the text covers any person employed by the enterprise.","Mr. Fleming argued applying the statute to ordinary business is absurd."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 43-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 3-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 3-58"}]}],"caption":"Cedric Kushner Promotions, Ltd. v. King","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.122696Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a RICO enterprise employee commits a violation when acting outside their assigned duties.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 43-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-04-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-549.html","primary_docket":"00-549","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:53:29.445834Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the reach of federal racketeering law against corporate employees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 43-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 18, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks reversal of the lower court decision.","the opposing side seeks to affirm the lower court decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 43-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute covers all employees regardless of job scope.","the opposing side argues the statute only covers acts within the employee's job scope."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 43-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked the side that brought the case to clarify his position."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 3-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 3-58"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary of corporate criminal liability for employee conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 43-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 3-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 3-58"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-549-cedric-kushner-promotions-ltd-v-king","term":"2000","title":"Does RICO liability require an employee to act within their job scope?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 43-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-549.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-04-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-04-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","paragraphs":["Jeffrey Sutton argued the state ban is a health-based prohibition.","He claimed this triggers federal preemption of state laws.","General Underwood argued the state rule is not preempted.","He stated the ban is not based on smoking and health."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-19"}]}],"caption":"Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.185482Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.216775Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Tobacco firms claim federal law preempts state ad restrictions. State officials argue the ban targets health, not speech.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-04-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-596.html","primary_docket":"00-596","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:47:24.927920Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests if federal cigarette laws block state ad rules. the sides that brought the case seek to strike down the Massachusetts ban. the opposing sides want to keep the state regulation in force."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 25, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the state ad ban.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the state ad ban."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue federal law preempts state restrictions on ad locations.","the opposing sides argue the state ban is not based on smoking and health."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the federal law expressly preempt state ad location limits?","Is the state ban a prohibition based on smoking and health?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between state and federal power. It determines if states can restrict tobacco ads near children. The outcome shapes public health policy and commercial speech rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-19"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-596-lorillard-tobacco-co-v-reilly","term":"2000","title":"Does federal law block state bans on cigarette ads near schools?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-596.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-04-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-04-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Larson argued the new rule corrects a structural error in his trial.","Mr. Feldman argued the new rule should not apply to past cases.","Mr. Heuer argued the new rule fits a specific legal exception."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 49-1"}]}],"caption":"Tyler v. Cain","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.087022Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case seeks to apply a new jury instruction rule to his prior conviction. The state argues the rule applies only to future cases.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 49-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-04-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-5961.html","primary_docket":"00-5961","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:55:11.669011Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a new legal standard for jury instructions applies to past convictions. the side that brought the case wants to use the new rule to challenge his sentence. The state argues the rule cannot change past verdicts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 49-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 16, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants to apply the new jury instruction rule to his case.","State wants to keep the new rule from applying to past cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 49-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the new rule corrects a fundamental error in his trial.","State argues the new rule should not apply retroactively to his case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 49-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 49-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether new legal standards can overturn old convictions. It affects the finality of criminal judgments nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 49-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 49-1"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-5961-tyler-v-cain","term":"2000","title":"Does the Cage rule apply to cases decided before it?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-5961.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 49-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-04-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-04-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's counsel argued a timely notice of appeal never lacks jurisdiction solely due to a missing signature.","the opposing side's counsel asserted the Sixth Circuit applied its jurisdictional rule to single appellants.","Chief Justice Rehnquist closed the argument by stating the case was submitted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 15-17"}]}],"caption":"Becker v. Montgomery","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.080911Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case argues a timely appeal survives without a signature. the opposing side claims the missing signature voids jurisdiction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-04-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-6374.html","primary_docket":"00-6374","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:54:54.668812Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Court examines whether a missing signature invalidates a timely appeal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 16, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to reverse the dismissal.","the opposing side wants the Court to affirm the dismissal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues a timely notice of appeal remains valid without a signature.","the opposing side argues the missing signature destroys the court's jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the procedural requirements for filing a valid appeal. It determines whether clerical errors can destroy a party's right to review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 15-17"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-6374-becker-v-montgomery","term":"2000","title":"Does an unsigned notice of appeal lack jurisdiction?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-6374.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Caldwell argued Congress never intended to cap front pay.","She cited Section 2 of the Act to support her view.","Mr. Roberts argued front pay is not subject to the cap.","Mr. Ripple described the division of responsibilities between judge and jury."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 10-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 10-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 16-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 16-17"}]}],"caption":"Pollard v. E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.151525Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether front pay counts as compensatory damages under the 1991 Act.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 10-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 10-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-763.html","primary_docket":"00-763","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:51:20.223774Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the 1991 Civil Rights Act. The Act added caps on certain damages. The parties disagree on how to classify front pay."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 10-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 10-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to confirm front pay is not capped.","the opposing side wants the Court to apply the cap to front pay."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 10-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 10-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues Congress excluded front pay from the cap.","the opposing side argues front pay is a type of compensatory damages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 10-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 10-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The Chief Justice asked about the division of responsibilities between judge and jury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 16-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 16-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the maximum financial liability for employers in discrimination suits. It clarifies the scope of statutory damages caps. It affects how courts calculate final awards for victims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 10-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 10-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 16-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 16-17"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-763-pollard-v-e-i-dupont-de-nemours-co","term":"2000","title":"Does the 1991 Civil Rights Act cap front pay awards?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 10-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 10-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-04-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-04-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","paragraphs":["The government advocate stated the Attorney General reasonably construed the act.","the side that brought the case advocate argued the pardon power analogy does not apply here.","the side that brought the case advocate noted this is not an ongoing prohibition against deportation.","the side that brought the case advocate described the waiver as negating consequences of a prior conviction."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 49-11"}]}],"caption":"INS v. St. Cyr","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.179302Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.203693Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government claims the Attorney General can deny relief for pre-1997 crimes. the side that brought the case argues this law applies only to future crimes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 49-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-04-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-767.html","primary_docket":"00-767","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:48:25.738421Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a 1996 law applies to crimes committed before its passage. The government argues the Attorney General controls eligibility. the side that brought the case argues the law only covers future crimes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 49-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 24, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 49-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the Attorney General's denial of relief.","the side that brought the case wants the Court to grant relief for his pre-1997 crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 49-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the Attorney General reasonably construed the law to deny relief.","the side that brought the case argues the law does not apply to crimes committed before 1997."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 49-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the 1996 law apply to crimes committed before its effective date?","Did the Attorney General reasonably interpret the law to deny this relief?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 49-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who can receive immigration relief for past crimes. It clarifies the scope of the Attorney General's authority. It affects thousands of non-citizens with pre-1997 convictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 49-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 49-11"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-767-ins-v-st-cyr","term":"2000","title":"Can the Attorney General deny relief for pre-1997 crimes?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-767.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 49-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-12-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-12-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","paragraphs":["Theodore Olson argued the state court rewrote laws.","Lawrence Tribe represented the opposing side.","The Court accepted the case for review."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-29"}]}],"caption":"Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.622351Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.652913Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case claim the Florida Supreme Court altered statutory rules. the opposing sides assert the court applied existing state law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-12-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-836.html","primary_docket":"00-836","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:19:26.769424Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This dispute centers on the validity of Florida's election procedures. One side argues the state court changed the law. The other side argues the court interpreted the law correctly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 1, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the state court decision invalidated.","the opposing sides want the state court decision upheld."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the state court rewrote legislative statutes.","the opposing sides argue the state court applied existing Florida law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Did the state court change the law?","Did the state court interpret the law?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the power of state courts over election rules. It clarifies the relationship between state legislatures and state judiciaries. It impacts the administration of future presidential elections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-29"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-836-bush-v-palm-beach-county-canvassing-board","term":"2000","title":"Did Florida's highest court change election laws?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-836.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-12-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-12-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist opened the session and commended the parties.","The Chief Justice noted the parties filed exemplary briefs.","The Chief Justice praised the parties for their conduct.","The Chief Justice thanked the parties for their professionalism."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 49-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 47-49"}]}],"caption":"Bush v. Gore","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.573039Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.589698Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether Florida election officials applied inconsistent standards during the recount.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 49-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-12-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-949.html","primary_docket":"00-949","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:15:00.084105Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves the 2000 presidential election recount in Florida. the sides that brought the case seek a uniform recount standard. the opposing sides argue the current process is lawful."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 49-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 11, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 47-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a uniform standard for counting ballots.","the opposing sides want the current recount process to stand."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 49-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue inconsistent standards violate equal protection.","the opposing sides argue state law allows local discretion in counting."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 49-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does Florida law mandate a single statewide standard?","Can local officials use different criteria for counting?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 47-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines how states must conduct election recounts. It sets the standard for uniformity in voting procedures. It impacts the integrity of future election disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 49-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 47-49"}]}],"slug":"2000-00-949-bush-v-gore","term":"2000","title":"Does Florida law require a uniform standard for counting ballots?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 49-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/00-949.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-03-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-03-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Draper represented Kansas. He argued the case returned after the 1995 violation finding. He focused on the Master's proposed remedy.","Mr. Robbins represented Colorado. He cited North Dakota v. Minnesota. He argued the Court should limit the remedy to an injunction.","Mr. Minear represented the United States. He argued the damages calculation does not violate the Eleventh Amendment. He supported allowing prejudgment interest on a discretionary basis."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-23"}]}],"caption":"Kansas v. Colorado","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.223790Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.247671Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Kansas seeks damages and interest for Colorado's breach of the Arkansas River Compact.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 15-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-03-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/105%20ORIG..html","primary_docket":"105 ORIG.","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:02:31.356032Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Kansas sued Colorado over water rights. The Court found Colorado violated the compact in 1995. The case returned to a Special Master for damages. Kansas now seeks prejudgment interest. Colorado opposes this specific remedy. The United States supports allowing interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 19, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Kansas wants prejudgment interest added to its damages award.","Colorado wants the Court to reject the interest claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Kansas argues the compact allows interest under Article 4(d).","Colorado argues the Master's calculation violates the Eleventh Amendment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked Mr. Robbins to clarify the North Dakota precedent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how states calculate compensation for water compact breaches. It sets the standard for financial remedies in interstate disputes. It clarifies the scope of the Eleventh Amendment in these suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-23"}]}],"slug":"2000-105-orig-kansas-v-colorado","term":"2000","title":"Should Kansas receive prejudgment interest for Colorado's river compact violations?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/105orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 15-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-04-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-04-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Stern argued Maine's motion to dismiss relies on res judicata.","Paul Stern noted the boundary location depends on the river's middle.","Paul Stern stated the location determines how much territory each state holds.","Paul Stern asked the court to dismiss New Hampshire's complaint."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 1-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 1-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 37-39"}]}],"caption":"New Hampshire v. Maine","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.090302Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.115030Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"New Hampshire seeks to redraw its river boundary. Maine and the United States argue a 1976 ruling bars this request.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 1-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 1-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-04-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/130%20ORIG..html","primary_docket":"130 ORIG.","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:54:14.946458Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["New Hampshire wants to redraw its river boundary. Maine and the United States want the court to dismiss the case. They cite a 1976 ruling as a bar."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 1-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 1-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 16, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["New Hampshire wants to redraw its river boundary.","Maine and the United States want the court to dismiss the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 1-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 1-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["New Hampshire argues the 1976 ruling does not bar its new claim.","Maine and the United States argue the 1976 ruling bars the current suit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 1-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 1-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the 1976 ruling bar New Hampshire's current boundary claim?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines the exact location of the state border. It defines which state controls the river territory. It resolves the dispute over the 1740 decree."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 1-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 1-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 37-39"}]}],"slug":"2000-130-orig-new-hampshire-v-maine","term":"2000","title":"Does a 1976 ruling bar New Hampshire from redrawing its river boundary?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 1-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/130orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 1-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-12-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-12-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","paragraphs":["Buckman argues federal law exclusively handles FDA fraud.","Plaintiffs argue state law allows damages for FDA fraud.","chief_justice_rehnquist_asked_if_the_case_is_submitted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-21"}]}],"caption":"Buckman Company v. Plaintiffs' Legal Committee","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.628903Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.655911Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Plaintiffs seek state damages for device fraud. Buckman argues federal law preempts these claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-12-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/98-1768.html","primary_docket":"98-1768","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:17:53.527730Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests if federal law bars state fraud claims against medical device makers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 4, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Buckman wants the state fraud claim dismissed.","Plaintiffs want to keep their state fraud claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Buckman argues federal law exclusively handles FDA fraud.","Plaintiffs argue state law allows damages for FDA fraud."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does federal law preempt state fraud claims?","Can states award damages for FDA fraud?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines state power to sue over medical device fraud."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-21"}]}],"slug":"2000-98-1768-buckman-company-v-plaintiffs-legal-committee","term":"2000","title":"Does federal law block state fraud claims against medical device makers?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/98-1768.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-10-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-10-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Falk argued the stops are criminal investigations of innocent people.","He stated the primary purpose is noncriminal investigation.","Ms. Millett argued the checkpoints are constitutional under prior rulings.","She cited cases involving alien smuggling and sobriety checks."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-17"}]}],"caption":"Indianapolis v. Edmond","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.810854Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.839782Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The city argues its checkpoints are legal safety tools. The driver argues they are illegal drug searches.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-10-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1030.html","primary_docket":"99-1030","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:32:16.343877Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The city of Indianapolis runs roadblocks to catch drunk drivers and find drugs. The driver says these stops are illegal because they target innocent people without cause. The city says the stops are legal because they serve a safety purpose."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 3, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The city wants the Court to approve its checkpoint program.","The driver wants the Court to ban these drug-focused stops."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The city argues its checkpoints are legal under prior safety rulings.","The driver argues these stops are criminal investigations without cause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the city's stops differ from prior approved cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of police power on public roads. It determines whether officers can stop drivers without suspicion to find drugs. The outcome shapes daily interactions between citizens and law enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-17"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1030-indianapolis-v-edmond","term":"2000","title":"Can police stop drivers without suspicion to find drugs?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1030.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-11-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-11-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","paragraphs":["The state argues police had probable cause to believe evidence was in the home.","The state argues the officer secured the home to prevent destruction of evidence.","The state argues the partner went to a judge to get a warrant.","The homeowner argues the police action constituted an unlawful seizure of the home."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-39"}]}],"caption":"Illinois v. McArthur","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.720153Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Police officers blocked entry to a home to preserve evidence while seeking a warrant. The state argues this action was lawful. The homeowner argues it violated his rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-11-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1132.html","primary_docket":"99-1132","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:27:12.246051Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether police can temporarily block a home to preserve evidence while obtaining a warrant. The state claims this action was necessary and lawful. The homeowner claims this action violated his constitutional rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 1, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The state wants the Court to uphold the police action as lawful.","The homeowner wants the Court to declare the police action unlawful."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The state argues police may block entry to preserve evidence while seeking a warrant.","The homeowner argues police cannot seize a home to preserve evidence without a warrant."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked the advocate to conclude his argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of police power to secure homes. It determines when officers can block entry to preserve evidence. It balances public safety against individual privacy rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-39"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1132-illinois-v-mcarthur","term":"2000","title":"Can police block a home to preserve evidence while seeking a warrant?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1132.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-10-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-10-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1178.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Wallace cited the Act's goal to protect wildlife.","Mr. Bishop represented the county group.","Chief Justice Rehnquist introduced the case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1178.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1178.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1178.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]}],"caption":"Solid Waste Agency of No. Cook Cty. v. Army Corps of Engineers","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.717034Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A county group challenges federal wetland protection rules.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1178.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1178.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-10-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1178.html","primary_docket":"99-1178","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:27:30.225109Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Clean Water Act aims to protect water quality and wildlife."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1178.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1178.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 31, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1178.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The county group seeks to limit federal wetland authority.","The Army Corps seeks to maintain broad wetland protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1178.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1178.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The county group argues the law excludes isolated wetlands.","The Army Corps argues the law protects all wetlands."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1178.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1178.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the statute cover isolated wetlands?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1178.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1178.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1178.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines federal power over local wetlands."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1178.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1178.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1178.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1178.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1178.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1178-solid-waste-agency-of-no-cook-cty-v-army-corps-of-engineers","term":"2000","title":"Does the Clean Water Act cover isolated wetlands?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1178.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1178.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-10-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-10-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Phillips argued the appellate court showed hostility toward arbitration.","Mr. Sellers argued the Federal Arbitration Act allows judges to dismiss cases.","Mr. Phillips noted the opposing side made reasonable litigation choices during discovery.","Chief Justice Rehnquist closed the argument by stating the case was submitted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-35"}]}],"caption":"Green Tree Financial Corp.-Ala. v. Randolph","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.807825Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.839814Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a federal judge must pause a lawsuit to allow arbitration or can end the case entirely.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-10-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1235.html","primary_docket":"99-1235","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:54:34.639218Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the power of federal judges over arbitration clauses. One side argues judges must pause cases to let arbitrators decide. The other side argues judges can dismiss cases if they find arbitration unfair."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 3, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Supreme Court to restore the lower court's dismissal of the lawsuit.","the opposing side wants the Supreme Court to reinstate the lawsuit and force arbitration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the appellate court showed hostility toward arbitration by dismissing the case.","the opposing side argues the Federal Arbitration Act allows judges to dismiss cases rather than just pausing them."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted after the arguments concluded."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance of power between judges and private arbitrators. It determines whether judges can end disputes or must pause them for private resolution. The outcome shapes how millions of consumer contracts are enforced."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-35"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1235-green-tree-financial-corp-ala-v-randolph","term":"2000","title":"Can a court dismiss a case instead of pausing it to force arbitration?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1235.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-10-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-10-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Castellano argued that repetitive state motions extend the federal habeas deadline.","Mr. Schweitzer argued that repetitive state motions undermine the statutory limitation period.","Chief Justice Rehnquist closed the argument by stating the case was submitted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-25"}]}],"caption":"Artuz v. Bennett","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.867871Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether filing repetitive, procedurally barred state motions extends the one-year federal habeas deadline.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-10-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1238.html","primary_docket":"99-1238","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:30:52.987643Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the federal habeas statute's tolling provision. The core conflict involves the definition of a properly filed application. One side argues the term excludes repetitive motions. The other side argues the term includes them to harmonize exhaustion rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 10, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to allow repetitive state motions to extend the federal habeas deadline.","the opposing side wants the Court to reject repetitive state motions as valid tolling events."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that repetitive state motions count as properly filed applications under the statute.","the opposing side argues that repetitive state motions are procedurally barred and cannot toll the deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted after the arguments concluded."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue determines the finality of state criminal convictions. It defines the boundary between state procedural rules and federal habeas rights. It impacts the timing of federal court reviews of state prison sentences."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-25"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1238-artuz-v-bennett","term":"2000","title":"Can repetitive state motions extend the federal habeas deadline?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-10-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-10-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","paragraphs":["Jeffrey Sutton argued Congress used commerce and Fourteenth Amendment powers to pass the ADA.","Sutton claimed government lawyers lose when they offer irrational explanations for laws.","Gottesman argued the ADA rests securely on the Commerce Clause.","Gottesman stated no state would challenge the Commerce Clause basis of the ADA."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-43"}]}],"caption":"Board of Trustees of the Univ. of Ala. v. Garrett","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.873910Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.873954Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the ADA exceeds federal power. the opposing sides claim it validly enforces the Fourteenth Amendment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-10-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1240.html","primary_docket":"99-1240","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:30:01.733592Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal disability rights laws against state sovereign immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 11, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to dismiss the damages claim against the state.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the damages claim against the state."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the ADA lacks valid constitutional authority to waive state immunity.","the opposing sides argue the ADA validly enforces the Fourteenth Amendment against states."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if equal protection applies when a state official has a bad reason.","Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if a state official might have a good reason for an action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines whether states can be sued for disability discrimination damages. It shapes the balance between federal civil rights enforcement and state sovereignty. It determines the financial liability of state employers for ADA violations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-43"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1240-board-of-trustees-of-the-univ-of-ala-v-garrett","term":"2000","title":"Can states sue private employers for ADA damages?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-11-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-11-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","paragraphs":["General Waxman argued the Clean Air Act does not violate the nondelegation doctrine.","Ms. French argued the EPA's action conflicted with Congress' specific plan.","Mr. Warren argued the EPA's decision lacked a clear decision-making framework."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 29-31"}]}],"caption":"Browner v. American Trucking Assns., Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.750765Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Ohio and trucking groups claim the EPA broke the law by changing ozone rules. The EPA argues Congress gave it this power.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 25-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-11-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1257.html","primary_docket":"99-1257","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:53:59.887642Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the EPA's authority to update air quality rules. The dispute centers on whether Congress restricted the agency's power to change ozone standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 7, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Ohio and trucking groups want the court to strike down the new ozone standard.","The EPA wants the court to keep the revised ozone standard in place."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Ohio argues the EPA acted unlawfully because the 1990 law limits its power.","The EPA argues the Clean Air Act grants it broad authority to set these standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Did Congress intend to limit the EPA's ability to revise ozone standards?","Does the Clean Air Act violate the nondelegation doctrine?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 29-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance of power between Congress and the EPA. It determines how much discretion the agency holds when setting environmental rules. The outcome shapes future air quality regulations nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 29-31"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1257-browner-v-american-trucking-assns-inc","term":"2000","title":"Can the EPA revise ozone standards despite congressional limits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1257rev.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 25-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-10-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-10-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1295.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Hallett stated the issue is limited due to the Commissioner's brief position.","Mr. Jones argued Congress did not provide the unique double tax benefit.","Mr. Jones asked if the discharge is income or tax-exempt income.","A justice asked if other Courts of Appeals ruled against the government."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1295.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1295.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1295.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1295.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 45-47"}]}],"caption":"Gitlitz v. Commissioner","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.418984Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case claim debt discharge is tax-exempt. The government says it is taxable income.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1295.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1295.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-10-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1295.html","primary_docket":"99-1295","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:33:29.257900Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how the tax code treats debt forgiveness for insolvent S corporations. the sides that brought the case argue the discharge is tax-exempt income. The government argues it is taxable income that increases shareholder basis."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1295.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1295.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 2, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1295.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to treat debt discharge as tax-exempt income.","The government wants the Court to treat debt discharge as taxable income."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1295.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1295.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the discharge is tax-exempt income flowing to shareholders.","The government argues Congress did not grant this unique double tax benefit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1295.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1295.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Have other Courts of Appeals ruled against the government on this point?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1295.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines how shareholders report income from corporate debt forgiveness. It clarifies the tax status of discharged debt for insolvent entities. The outcome affects how taxpayers calculate their basis and income."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1295.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1295.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1295.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1295.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 45-47"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1295-gitlitz-v-commissioner","term":"2000","title":"Does debt discharge for insolvent S corporations count as income?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1295.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1295.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-11-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-11-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1331.pdf","paragraphs":["Roy Dripps argued both statutes should apply.","He claimed the company used the Limited Liability Act improperly.","He stated this action destroys rights Congress granted to Lewis.","Chief Justice Rehnquist closed the oral argument session."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 11-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1331.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 11-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1331.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1331.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1331.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 35-37"}]}],"caption":"Lewis v. Lewis & Clark Marine, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.619202Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A seaman seeks full damages under the Jones Act. The shipowner argues the Limited Liability Act caps those damages.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 11-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1331.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 11-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1331.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-11-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1331.html","primary_docket":"99-1331","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:19:53.703181Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["James Lewis sued Lewis & Clark Marine for injuries. He claims the Jones Act grants him specific rights. The company argues the Limited Liability Act restricts its financial exposure. The Court must decide if these statutes conflict."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 11-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1331.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 11-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1331.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 29, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1331.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Lewis wants full compensation under the Jones Act.","Lewis & Clark Marine wants a liability cap under the Limited Liability Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 11-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1331.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 11-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1331.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Lewis argues the Jones Act grants specific seaman rights.","Lewis & Clark Marine argues the Limited Liability Act caps damages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 11-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1331.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 11-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1331.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["How do the Jones Act and Limited Liability Act interact?","Does the Limited Liability Act override Jones Act rights?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1331.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the financial exposure of shipowners. It determines the compensation available to injured seamen. It clarifies the scope of federal maritime liability laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 11-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1331.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 11-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1331.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1331.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1331.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 35-37"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1331-lewis-v-lewis-clark-marine-inc","term":"2000","title":"Can a shipowner limit liability to defeat a seaman's Jones Act claim?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 11-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1331.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 11-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1331.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-11-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-11-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1379.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Nagle stated the Act favors arbitration.","Mr. Nagle noted the Act covers Commerce Clause limits.","Mr. Rubin argued the focus is on 1925 intent.","Mr. Rubin claimed the exclusion should remain symmetrical."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1379.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1379.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1379.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1379.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 5-7"}]}],"caption":"Circuit City Stores v. Adams","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.723095Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Federal Arbitration Act applies to employment agreements.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1379.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1379.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-11-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1379.html","primary_docket":"99-1379","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:26:56.866522Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Federal Arbitration Act favors arbitration. It contains an exception for certain workers. The parties dispute the scope of this exception."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1379.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1379.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 6, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1379.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to apply the Act to employment contracts.","the opposing side wants the Court to exclude employment contracts from the Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1379.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1379.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Act covers the limits of Commerce Clause power.","the opposing side argues the 1925 statute intended a specific exclusion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1379.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1379.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked about the focus of the Court's inquiry.","The Chief Justice asked about the symmetry of statutory sections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1379.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal arbitration law. It determines which workers can be forced to arbitrate disputes. It affects the balance between statutory exceptions and federal policy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1379.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1379.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1379.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1379.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 5-7"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1379-circuit-city-stores-v-adams","term":"2000","title":"Does the Federal Arbitration Act cover employment contracts?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1379.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1379.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-12-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-12-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. De Carli argued that reasonableness is the core of the Fourth Amendment. He criticized the lower court for creating a broad new rule.","Mr. Taylor argued that warrantless arrests for traffic offenders are reasonable. He stated that probable cause makes this intrusion lawful.","Mr. George stated that the Fourth Amendment issue includes the seizure. He emphasized the scope and nature of the seizure."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 17-7"}]}],"caption":"Atwater v. Largo Vista","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.632161Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether police may arrest a driver for a minor traffic offense without a warrant.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 17-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-12-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1408.html","primary_docket":"99-1408","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:19:00.314742Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Gail Atwater sued the City of Lago Vista. She claims her arrest violated the Fourth Amendment. The city argues the arrest was lawful."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 17-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 4, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Atwater wants the Court to strike down the lower court rule. She seeks a ruling that her arrest was unreasonable.","The City of Lago Vista wants the Court to uphold the lower court decision. It seeks confirmation that its officers acted lawfully."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 17-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Atwater argues the lower court created a broad new rule. She contends this rule allows custodial arrests for any offense seen by an officer.","The City argues that warrantless arrests for traffic offenders are reasonable. It cites probable cause as the basis for this intrusion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 17-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The Chief Justice asked Mr. George to address the Court. He noted the Fourth Amendment issue involves the seizure and its scope."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 17-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of police power. It determines when officers may detain citizens for minor offenses. The outcome shapes daily interactions between police and drivers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 17-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 17-7"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1408-atwater-v-largo-vista","term":"2000","title":"Is a custodial arrest for a minor traffic violation reasonable under the Fourth Amendment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1408.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 17-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-11-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-11-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1426.pdf","paragraphs":["General Waxman stated the EPA has consistently interpreted the Clean Air Act for thirty years. He argued the law requires setting standards solely by reference to pollutant presence in the air. He emphasized the agency's long-standing interpretation of the statute.","argument_summary","The government contends the Clean Air Act mandates setting standards based only on health effects. the sides that brought the case argue the statute allows considering economic costs. The Court must decide which interpretation aligns with the law."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1426.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1426.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 15-17"}]}],"caption":"American Trucking Assns., Inc. v. Browner","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.750720Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Truckers argue the EPA must consider economic costs when setting air quality standards. The agency insists the law requires setting standards based only on health effects.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1426.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-11-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1426.html","primary_docket":"99-1426","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:24:25.434262Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on how the EPA sets National Ambient Air Quality Standards. the sides that brought the case claim the agency must weigh economic costs. The government argues the statute mandates standards based solely on pollutant presence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1426.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 7, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to allow the EPA to consider economic costs when setting air quality standards.","The government wants the Court to require the EPA to set standards based solely on health effects."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1426.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Clean Air Act permits the EPA to balance economic costs against health benefits.","The government argues the statute requires setting standards based only on the effects of a pollutant's presence in the air."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1426.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the Clean Air Act authorize the EPA to consider economic costs when setting air quality standards?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1426.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether the EPA can weigh economic costs when setting air quality standards. The outcome shapes how the agency balances public health and economic impact. It defines the scope of federal regulatory power over air pollution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1426.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1426.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 15-17"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1426-american-trucking-assns-inc-v-browner","term":"2000","title":"Does the Clean Air Act allow cost factors in setting air quality standards?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1426.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-11-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-11-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1434.pdf","paragraphs":["Kent Jones argued the schedule contains over 9,000 categories. He noted it uses half a million words. He stated it classifies all conceivable articles of commerce. He emphasized the international commission drafted the document. He confirmed the United States enacted it as law in 1988.","J. Peter Coll argued on behalf of the opposing side. He addressed the Chief Justice directly. He identified himself as representing Mead Corp.","Chief Justice Rehnquist opened the session. He identified the case number. He called the side that brought the case's counsel to the podium. He closed the session by stating the case was submitted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1434.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1434.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1434.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1434.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-19"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Mead Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.750738Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.780437Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government and Mead Corp. dispute the legal force of tariff classifications.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1434.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1434.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-11-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1434.html","primary_docket":"99-1434","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:23:31.329781Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The government and Mead Corp. dispute the legal force of tariff classifications."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1434.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1434.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 8, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1434.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1434.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government seeks to treat the schedule as non-binding.","Mead Corp. seeks to treat the schedule as binding law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1434.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1434.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the schedule lacks statutory force.","Mead Corp. argues the schedule is enacted law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1434.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1434.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1434.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the legal status of tariff classifications. It affects how the government applies trade rules. It impacts how companies classify goods for import."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1434.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1434.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1434.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1434.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-19"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1434-united-states-v-mead-corp","term":"2000","title":"Does the Harmonized Tariff Schedule bind the government?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1434.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1434.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-11-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-11-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kilberg argued the state law strikes at ERISA's core. He claimed it purports to revoke designations upon divorce.","Ms. Mcdowell argued the statute relates to employee benefit plans. She claimed it conflicts with specific ERISA provisions.","Mr. Goldstein argued the conflict notion is mistaken. He explained what the statute does and why."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-7"}]}],"caption":"Egelhoff v. Egelhoff","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.780461Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue Washington law conflicts with federal employee benefit rules. the opposing sides claim the state statute remains valid.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-11-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1529.html","primary_docket":"99-1529","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:24:06.446395Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests if federal law overrides a state rule. The rule cancels beneficiary designations after divorce. the sides that brought the case say this violates ERISA. the opposing sides say the state law stands."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 8, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the state law struck down. They seek a federal preemption victory.","the opposing sides want the state law upheld. They seek to keep the revocation rule."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the state law conflicts with ERISA. They cite express and conflict preemption grounds.","the opposing sides argue the state law does not conflict. They assert the statute is not preempted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the state statute relate to employee benefit plans? Does it conflict with specific ERISA provisions?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between state and federal law. It affects how divorce impacts employee benefits. It clarifies the scope of ERISA preemption."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-7"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1529-egelhoff-v-egelhoff","term":"2000","title":"Does ERISA preempt Washington's divorce revocation statute?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-12-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-12-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","paragraphs":["Michael Gottesman argued the case involves a state-law business tort.","David Dellinger argued the state court process is unworkable.","Dellinger claimed the state court can apply its own limitations period."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-21"}]}],"caption":"Semtek International Inc. v. Lockheed Martin Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.658937Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.690589Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Parties dispute whether a state court must honor a federal judgment's finality.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 13-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-12-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1551.html","primary_docket":"99-1551","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:15:17.833653Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Semtek International and Lockheed Martin dispute the effect of a federal judgment in state court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 13-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 5, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Semtek wants the state court to treat the federal judgment as final.","Lockheed Martin wants the state court to apply its own procedural rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 13-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Semtek argues the federal judgment binds the state court.","Lockheed Martin argues the state court controls its own procedure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 13-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the federal judgment dictate the state court's procedure?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between federal and state judicial authority. It determines how state courts treat federal judgments. It affects the finality of federal litigation outcomes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 13-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-21"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1551-semtek-international-inc-v-lockheed-martin-corp","term":"2000","title":"Can a state court ignore a federal judgment's finality?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1551.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 13-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-11-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-11-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","paragraphs":["John Roberts argued the design features a dual-spring mechanism.","He stated this mechanism allows the stand to resist wind.","The Chief Justice concluded the oral argument session."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 13-15"}]}],"caption":"TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.602532Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether a specific sign stand mechanism meets patent law requirements.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-11-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1571.html","primary_docket":"99-1571","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:20:13.955012Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves a dispute over a sign stand design."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 29, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks a finding that the design is patentable.","the opposing side seeks a finding that the design is not patentable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the dual-spring design resists wind effectively.","the opposing side argues the design lacks necessary patentable novelty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked the side that brought the case to begin his argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of patent protection for mechanical sign stands."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 13-15"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1571-traffix-devices-inc-v-marketing-displays-inc","term":"2000","title":"Does a dual-spring sign stand design qualify for patent protection?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-01-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-01-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case assert that inmates possess a distinct right to share legal advice.","the opposing sides contend that special protection for legal advice undermines prison management.","The Court must decide if this specific right exists under the First Amendment."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 41-43"}]}],"caption":"Shaw v. Murphy","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.531257Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Prison officials argue that inmates lack a special right to share legal advice. Inmates claim the First Amendment protects such correspondence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-01-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1613.html","primary_docket":"99-1613","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:10:09.364708Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether prison rules can restrict inmates from exchanging legal advice. the sides that brought the case argue this exchange receives special First Amendment protection. the opposing sides argue prison management needs broad authority to regulate all inmate mail."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 16, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to recognize a freestanding right for inmates to provide legal assistance to one another.","the opposing sides want the Court to allow prison officials to regulate all inmate correspondence under general management rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue that the First Amendment grants inmates a specific right to exchange legal advice with other inmates.","the opposing sides argue that categorical protection for legal advice conflicts with established prison management realities and precedents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the First Amendment grant inmates a freestanding right to provide legal assistance to other inmates?","Should correspondence containing legal advice receive special protection from general prison mail rules?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of inmate free speech rights. It determines whether prisons can restrict legal advice between inmates. The outcome shapes daily prison administration and inmate access to legal help."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 41-43"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1613-shaw-v-murphy","term":"2000","title":"Do inmates hold a First Amendment right to exchange legal advice?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1613.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-11-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-11-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","paragraphs":["The business claims the licensing scheme risks censorship by delay.","The city asserts the ordinance meets procedural standards for speech regulation.","The business cites four principles designed to prevent censorship delays.","The city argues the lower court judgment should stand."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-5"}]}],"caption":"City News & Novelty, Inc. v. Waukesha","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.589734Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A business claims its license denial for code violations infringes free speech. The city argues the law meets constitutional standards.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 3-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-11-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1680.html","primary_docket":"99-1680","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:53:42.998960Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a city can deny an adult business license based on code violations without violating free speech protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 3-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 28, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The business wants the license denial overturned to protect its speech rights.","The city wants the denial upheld to enforce local safety codes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 3-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The business argues the denial scheme creates dangerous censorship delays.","The city argues prompt judicial review satisfies First Amendment standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 3-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the ordinance provide adequate access to judicial review?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines how cities regulate adult businesses without suppressing speech. It balances public safety against constitutional free expression rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 3-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-5"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1680-city-news-novelty-inc-v-waukesha","term":"2000","title":"Does a city license denial for adult business violations violate free speech rights?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1680.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 3-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-12-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-12-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case emphasize the vital interest in excluding unwanted intruders from private activities.","the opposing sides assert that the First Amendment protects the publication of the intercepted conversation.","The Court examines whether the source of the information changes the constitutional analysis."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-13"}]}],"caption":"Bartnicki v. Vopper","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.662047Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.693652Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek damages for the broadcast of their private conversation. the opposing sides claim the First Amendment shields their publication of that information.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 11-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-12-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1687.html","primary_docket":"99-1687","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:16:16.215248Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether the First Amendment protects the publication of private conversations intercepted by a third party without the speakers' consent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 11-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 5, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a damages award for the broadcast of their private conversation.","the opposing sides want dismissal of the suit based on First Amendment protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 11-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the law must protect individuals from unwanted intrusions into private activities.","the opposing sides argue the First Amendment protects the publication of information of public concern."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 11-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the First Amendment bar liability for publishing illegally intercepted private conversations?","Does the source of the information affect the publisher's constitutional protection?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary between privacy rights and free speech. It determines whether publishers face liability for broadcasting private conversations. This affects how media organizations report sensitive information. It shapes the legal risk for publishing intercepted communications."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 11-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-13"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1687-bartnicki-v-vopper","term":"2000","title":"Does the First Amendment protect the publication of illegally intercepted private conversations?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1687.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 11-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-01-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-01-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","paragraphs":["Gregory Coleman argued Cobb was informed of his rights. He said Cobb voluntarily waived his right to counsel.","Michael Greenwood asked the Court to follow prior precedents. He argued against expanding constitutional protections.","Lori Blatt argued police need to investigate uncharged crimes. She said voluntary confessions serve the public interest."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 1-5"}]}],"caption":"Texas v. Cobb","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.544084Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Texas argues police may question suspects about uncharged crimes. Cobb argues this violates his right to counsel.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-01-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1702.html","primary_docket":"99-1702","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:51:43.105740Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of the right to counsel. It asks if police can question a suspect about new crimes after the suspect asks for a lawyer."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 16, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Texas wants the Court to allow police to question suspects about uncharged crimes. They argue this helps solve new crimes.","Cobb wants the Court to ban police questioning about uncharged crimes. He argues this protects his right to counsel."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Texas argues police have a strong interest in investigating new crimes. They say suspects can voluntarily discuss uncharged offenses.","Cobb argues prior rulings limit police questioning. He says the right to counsel covers all crimes, not just the charged one."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case is submitted. He thanked the advocate and closed the argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 1-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines police power to question suspects. It balances public safety against individual rights. The outcome shapes future criminal investigations nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 1-5"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1702-texas-v-cobb","term":"2000","title":"Can police question a suspect about uncharged crimes after they invoke their right to a lawyer?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1702.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-11-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-11-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","paragraphs":["Missouri argues Congress implicitly authorized state taxation in 1933.","The bank argues federal law exempts it from state taxes.","The bank claims it formed in 1989.","The bank denies liability before its formation date."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 15-17"}]}],"caption":"Director of Revenue of Mo. v. CoBank ACB","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.599564Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Missouri seeks to tax a cooperative bank. The bank claims federal law blocks that tax.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-11-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1792.html","primary_docket":"99-1792","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:21:29.793821Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests state tax power over federal cooperative banks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 28, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Missouri wants to collect state income tax from the bank.","The bank wants to avoid state income tax entirely."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Missouri argues Congress implicitly allowed states to tax these banks.","The bank argues federal law exempts it from state taxes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["When did the bank become subject to state tax liability?","Does federal law preempt state taxation of cooperative banks?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["State budgets rely on broad tax bases. Federal banking structures affect state revenue. This dispute defines the boundary between state and federal power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 15-17"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1792-director-of-revenue-of-mo-v-cobank-acb","term":"2000","title":"Can states tax banks for cooperatives?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1792.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-02-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-02-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Cleek responded to remarks from other counsel.","Ms. Brinkmann argued the lower court rule contradicts statute text.","Mr. Arceneaux presented a hypothetical scenario for the Court.","Chief Justice Rehnquist closed the oral argument session."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 22-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 22-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 3-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 3-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 27-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 27-36"}]}],"caption":"Buckhannon Board & Care Home, Inc. v. West Virginia Dept. of Health and Human Resources","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.442465Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.445503Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek fees for winning a policy change without a judgment. the opposing sides deny fees without a formal court order.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 22-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 22-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-26"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-02-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1848.html","primary_docket":"99-1848","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:04:57.989001Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a party can win attorney fees after a court order changes a policy. The lower court denied fees because no judgment or consent decree existed. the sides that brought the case argue the catalyst theory allows fees for any effective change. the opposing sides argue fees require a formal court order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 22-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 22-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-26"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 27, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 3-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 3-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 27-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 27-36"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want fees for winning a policy change without a judgment.","the opposing sides want to deny fees without a formal court order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 22-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 22-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the catalyst theory allows fees for any effective change.","the opposing sides argue fees require a formal court order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 22-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 22-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-26"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does a court order that changes policy but lacks a judgment allow fee awards?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 27-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 27-36"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines when lawyers can recover fees for winning policy changes. It affects the cost of enforcing civil rights laws. It shapes how agencies respond to legal challenges."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 22-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 22-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-26"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 3-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 3-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 27-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 27-36"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1848-buckhannon-board-care-home-inc-v-west-virginia-dept-of-health-and-human-resource","term":"2000","title":"Does a court order that changes policy but lacks a judgment allow fee awards?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 22-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 22-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1848.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-26"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-11-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-11-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Dellinger argued the Constitution bars using race as the main factor.","Mr. Stein argued the lower court made clearly erroneous factual findings.","Mr. Stein cited a claim that a more compact district was possible."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"}]}],"caption":"Hunt v. Cromartie","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.569049Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Appellants claim race dominated district drawing. Appellees argue race did not drive the lines.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-11-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1864.html","primary_docket":"99-1864","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:23:15.593022Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether race controlled district boundaries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 27, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Appellants want the Court to reverse the lower court.","Appellees want the Court to affirm the lower court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Appellants argue race was the predominant factor in drawing lines.","Appellees argue the lower court correctly found race did not dominate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Did the lower court make clearly erroneous factual findings?","Could a more compact district have been drawn without race?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines how states may draw legislative districts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1864-hunt-v-cromartie","term":"2000","title":"Does race drive North Carolina district lines?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1864.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-01-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-01-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1871.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Stewart argued the records involve the government's trustee duties.","Mr. Hitchings argued Exemption 5 excludes communications with non-agency parties.","The association claims these communications allocate valuable rights among outsiders."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1871.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1871.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1871.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1871.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 19-23"}]}],"caption":"Department of Interior v. Klamath Water Users Protective Assn.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.528176Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the government can withhold documents shared with non-agency groups.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1871.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1871.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-01-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1871.html","primary_docket":"99-1871","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:10:46.573629Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Department of Interior seeks to keep seven documents private. These records relate to the government's role as trustee for Indian tribes. The Klamath Water Users Protective Association wants the public to see these files. The case tests the scope of a specific FOIA exemption."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1871.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1871.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 10, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1871.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Department of Interior wants the Court to uphold the lower court's denial of the documents.","The Klamath Water Users Protective Association wants the Court to order the release of the seven documents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1871.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1871.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues Exemption 5 covers these trustee-related records.","The association argues Exemption 5 does not cover communications with outside parties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1871.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1871.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1871.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary of government transparency. It determines when agencies can hide records shared with outside groups. The outcome shapes public access to federal resource management decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1871.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1871.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1871.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1871.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 19-23"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1871-department-of-interior-v-klamath-water-users-protective-assn","term":"2000","title":"Does FOIA Exemption 5 shield agency communications with outside parties?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1871.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1871.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-02-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-02-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case assert the Third Circuit failed to apply the Custis rationale correctly.","the opposing sides claim a constitutional interest in reliable sentencing requires federal oversight.","the opposing sides argue federal habeas corpus protects that specific constitutional interest."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 1-3"}]}],"caption":"Lackawanna County District Attorney v. Coss","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.350808Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal habeas corpus allows review of state sentencing errors.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-58"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-02-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1884.html","primary_docket":"99-1884","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:07:00.756494Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal habeas corpus power over state sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-58"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 20, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to affirm the Third Circuit's refusal to review the sentence.","the opposing sides want the Court to allow federal habeas review of the state sentence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-58"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Third Circuit correctly applied the Custis precedent to bar review.","the opposing sides argue federal habeas review is necessary to protect constitutional sentencing interests."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-58"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted after the argument concluded."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 1-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between state and federal judicial authority over criminal sentences."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-58"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 1-3"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1884-lackawanna-county-district-attorney-v-coss","term":"2000","title":"Can federal courts review state sentences for constitutional errors?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1884.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-58"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-01-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-01-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Schnapper argued the sides that brought the case propose substantial legal changes.","He claimed this involves fundamental changes in federal-state relations.","Mr. Sutton stated it is never appropriate to imply private rights.","He argued this under the federal spending power context."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-27"}]}],"caption":"Alexander v. Sandoval","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.540218Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to create a private right of action under Title VI regulations. the opposing sides argue Congress did not authorize such suits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 3-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-01-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1908.html","primary_docket":"99-1908","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:10:29.075180Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether Title VI regulations allow private individuals to sue for damages. The dispute centers on the scope of federal spending power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 3-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 16, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a private right of action for Title VI violations.","the opposing sides want to limit relief to injunctive actions against officials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 3-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Title VI regulations imply a private right of action.","the opposing sides argue the spending power does not imply private rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 3-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does Title VI authorize private damages suits?","Can courts imply private rights under the spending power?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of federal anti-discrimination enforcement. It determines whether individuals can sue directly for Title VI violations. This shapes the balance between federal and state authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 3-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-27"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1908-alexander-v-sandoval","term":"2000","title":"Can individuals sue for Title VI discrimination without a private right of action?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1908.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 3-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-01-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-01-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1953.pdf","paragraphs":["Charles Reischel argued the issue is fundamental to the civil jury system.","He noted courts of appeals have disagreed for decades.","Mr. Emig referenced the standard for granting a new trial.","He cited the Honda Motor case as a suggestion for the standard."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1953.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1953.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1953.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1953.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 39-39"}]}],"caption":"District of Columbia v. Tri County Industries, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.499956Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The District of Columbia and Tri County Industries dispute the standard for granting a new trial after a jury verdict.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1953.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1953.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-01-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1953.html","primary_docket":"99-1953","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:52:19.996440Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the standard for granting a new trial. The parties disagree on how courts should handle jury verdicts when legal errors occur."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1953.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1953.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 10, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1953.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The District of Columbia wants the lower court's action to stand.","Tri County Industries wants a new trial granted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1953.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1953.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The District of Columbia argues the current standard protects the civil jury system.","Tri County Industries argues the standard for new trials is flawed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1953.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1953.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked the advocates to begin their arguments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1953.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 39-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines how judges handle jury verdicts. It shapes the reliability of civil trials. It affects how courts correct legal errors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1953.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1953.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1953.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1953.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 39-39"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1953-district-of-columbia-v-tri-county-industries-inc","term":"2000","title":"Can a jury verdict stand if the judge misstates the law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1953.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1953.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-03-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-03-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Winkelman argued the case involves an excessive force action dismissed for lack of exhaustion.","Mr. Gornstein argued the PLRA requires exhaustion of available administrative remedies regardless of the relief sought.","Mr. Pappert argued Congress changed the exhaustion scheme because it failed to control prisoner litigation growth."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 11-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 47-47"}]}],"caption":"Booth v. Churner","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.264776Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Prison Litigation Reform Act mandates exhaustion of administrative remedies even when those remedies cannot provide the specific relief sought in court.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 11-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 7-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-03-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1964.html","primary_docket":"99-1964","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:00:31.751242Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the scope of the exhaustion requirement under the Prison Litigation Reform Act. It asks if prisoners must complete internal grievance processes before filing federal civil rights lawsuits for excessive force."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 11-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 7-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 20, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to allow the lawsuit to proceed despite the incomplete grievance process.","the opposing side wants the court to enforce the exhaustion requirement regardless of the relief available in the grievance system."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 11-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 7-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the exhaustion requirement should not apply when administrative remedies cannot provide the specific relief sought in court.","the opposing side argues the statute requires exhaustion of available administrative remedies without regard to the type of relief sought."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 11-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 7-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the exhaustion requirement apply when the administrative process cannot provide the specific relief the prisoner seeks in court?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 47-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue determines the procedural path for prisoners seeking federal redress for state misconduct. It defines the balance between judicial access and prison administrative autonomy. The outcome shapes the volume of federal prisoner litigation and the role of internal grievance systems."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 11-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 7-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 47-47"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1964-booth-v-churner","term":"2000","title":"Must prisoners exhaust prison grievance systems before suing for excessive force?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 11-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1964.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 7-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-03-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-03-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul D. Clement argued qualified immunity plays a vital role in excessive force cases.","Clement stated the lower court decision effectively merged the immunity and constitutional tests.","Clement noted this merger occurs in unreasonable force cases just as in search cases.","Mr. Boyd explained the current process depends on the specific circuit court rules."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 39-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 39-58"}]}],"caption":"Saucier v. Katz","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.243662Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.257633Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek a mandatory sequence for ruling on qualified immunity in excessive force cases. the opposing sides argue the current approach allows juries to decide the constitutional violation first.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-03-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1977.html","primary_docket":"99-1977","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:00:10.571135Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the procedural order for resolving qualified immunity claims. the sides that brought the case argue courts must decide immunity before the jury decides the constitutional violation. the opposing sides argue the current method allows juries to find a violation first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 20, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 39-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 39-58"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want courts to decide qualified immunity before the jury decides the constitutional violation.","the opposing sides want courts to allow juries to decide the constitutional violation before applying qualified immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue merging the tests undermines the protective role of qualified immunity in excessive force cases.","the opposing sides argue the current approach creates confusion because some circuits send the issue to the jury first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked how the case is submitted after the argument concludes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 39-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 39-58"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the procedural path for police officers facing excessive force lawsuits. It determines whether judges or juries resolve the immunity question first. This sequence affects how often officers face trial on constitutional claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 39-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 39-58"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1977-saucier-v-katz","term":"2000","title":"Should courts decide qualified immunity before or after the jury finds excessive force?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1977.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-02-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-02-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","paragraphs":["Wolfson argued judges share costs with most Americans. He said this reflects a universal social insurance benefit.","Wolfson noted Congress balanced several objectives in 1984. He emphasized the shared nature of the program.","Rosenthal argued the Court already decided liability issues. He suggested the Court need not revisit those points now.","Rosenthal framed the core question as a tax issue. He asked if a tax can reduce judicial compensation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-27"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Hatter","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.353905Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.380517Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Federal judges argue Social Security taxes violate salary protections. The government says these taxes are standard insurance costs.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-02-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1978.html","primary_docket":"99-1978","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:07:26.494534Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether federal judges can pay Social Security taxes. The Constitution protects judicial salaries from reduction. The government argues these taxes are not a pay cut. Judges argue they are a direct financial loss."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 20, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Judges want the Court to strike down the tax. They argue it illegally reduces their protected salaries.","The government wants the Court to uphold the tax. It argues the tax is a valid social insurance cost."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Judges claim the tax acts as a direct diminution of their compensation. They argue this violates constitutional salary protections.","The government claims the tax is a shared cost of a universal program. It argues this does not count as a salary reduction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does a tax on judges count as a reduction in their pay? The Court must define the scope of salary protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the financial independence of federal judges. It clarifies whether judges must pay for social insurance. The outcome shapes the relationship between the judiciary and federal funding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-27"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1978-united-states-v-hatter","term":"2000","title":"Can Social Security taxes reduce federal judges' pay?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1978.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-03-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-03-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","paragraphs":["Nevada officials state tribal jurisdiction over state agents creates inconsistency.","Tribal members state the court holds power over personal-capacity damages.","Nevada officials note non-federal claims lose standing without federal claims.","Tribal members note the wardens sought tribal court approval twice."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-39"}]}],"caption":"Nevada v. Hicks","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.277945Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.289163Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Nevada officials and tribal members dispute whether tribal courts hold jurisdiction over state game wardens.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-03-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1994.html","primary_docket":"99-1994","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:59:33.556814Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Nevada officials argue tribal courts lack power over state agents. Tribal members claim the courts hold such power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 21, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Nevada officials want dismissal of the civil suit.","Tribal members want the tribal court to keep the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Nevada officials argue tribal jurisdiction conflicts with state status.","Tribal members argue the court holds jurisdiction over personal-capacity suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the ban applies to all state officials.","A justice asked if the court holds jurisdiction over federal claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between state and tribal judicial power. It determines where state officials face civil liability. It shapes the autonomy of tribal legal systems."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-39"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-1994-nevada-v-hicks","term":"2000","title":"Can tribal courts hear civil suits against state officials?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-1994.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-02-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-02-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2035.pdf","paragraphs":["William Bradford Reynolds argued for the side that brought the case.","He stated the Court considers the proper standard of review.","He noted the Ninth Circuit upheld the award against Cooper Industries.","the opposing side urged an abuse of discretion standard."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-43"}]}],"caption":"Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.399744Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute the correct appellate standard for reviewing punitive damages.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-02-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-2035.html","primary_docket":"99-2035","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:05:46.733724Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case concerns the proper standard of review for appellate courts. The dispute centers on constitutional challenges to punitive damage awards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 26, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Cooper Industries seeks a de novo review standard.","Leatherman Tool Group seeks an abuse of discretion standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Cooper Industries argues appellate courts must independently assess constitutional limits.","Leatherman Tool Group argues appellate courts should defer to lower court findings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked the side that brought the case to begin his argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines how appellate courts evaluate punitive damages. This standard affects future litigation involving excessive awards. It shapes the balance between judicial independence and deference."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-43"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-2035-cooper-industries-inc-v-leatherman-tool-group-inc","term":"2000","title":"What standard of review applies to excessive punitive damages?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-02-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-02-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","paragraphs":["Thomas Marcelle argued the case involves free speech rights.","He noted the school building houses multiple grade levels.","He corrected a record description regarding the building's use.","The school's attorney argued the exclusion prevents religious endorsement."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 1-5"}]}],"caption":"Good News Club v. Milford Central School","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.454955Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.479094Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A religious group seeks access to a public school building. The school district denies that access.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 35-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-02-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-2036.html","primary_docket":"99-2036","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:03:51.099396Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Good News Club wants to hold meetings in a public school. Milford Central School denies the request. The group claims this violates free speech rights. The school claims it must avoid religious endorsement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 35-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 28, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 1-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Good News Club wants permission to meet in the school building.","Milford Central School wants to keep the religious group out."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 35-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The club argues the school cannot exclude it based on religious content.","The school argues it must avoid appearing to endorse religion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 35-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the school's exclusion violate the First Amendment?","Can the school deny access to avoid religious endorsement?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 1-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines public school access rules. It balances free speech against religious neutrality. Schools must decide how to manage shared spaces. Religious groups seek equal access to public facilities. The outcome shapes future school policies nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 35-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 1-5"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-2036-good-news-club-v-milford-central-school","term":"2000","title":"Can a public school bar a religious club from using its building after hours?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2036.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 35-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-02-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-02-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","paragraphs":["Palazzolo's counsel cited Armstrong v. United States. They argued the Just Compensation Clause bars unfair burdens. They stated the government cannot force one person to pay for public needs.","Rhode Island's counsel emphasized the timing of the regulations. They noted the rules existed before Palazzolo bought the land. They argued he assumed these risks when he purchased the property.","Palazzolo's counsel addressed the scope of the property interest. They asked if courts should look only at wetlands. They suggested the upland area matters for the compensation claim."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 14-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 14-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 1-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 1-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 8-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 8-9"}]}],"caption":"Palazzolo v. Rhode Island","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.409030Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.412929Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A property owner seeks payment for lost development rights. The state denies liability for rules enacted before his purchase.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 14-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 14-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 1-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 1-26"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-02-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-2047.html","primary_docket":"99-2047","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:06:17.574417Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Anthony Palazzolo bought 18 acres in Rhode Island. State rules barred him from filling wetlands. He claims this regulation took his property without just compensation. Rhode Island argues the rules predated his ownership. The Court must decide if the Just Compensation Clause applies to later buyers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 14-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 14-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 1-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 1-26"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 26, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 8-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 8-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Palazzolo wants financial compensation for lost development rights.","Rhode Island wants to deny compensation for pre-existing rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 14-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 14-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 1-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 1-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Palazzolo argues the government cannot force one person to bear public burdens.","Rhode Island argues the regulation existed before Palazzolo owned the land."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 14-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 14-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 1-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 1-26"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the Just Compensation Clause protect later landowners?","How do courts define the relevant property interest?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 8-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 8-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who receives compensation for land-use restrictions. It determines whether buyers inherit compensation rights for pre-existing rules. The outcome shapes property rights and government regulation power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 14-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 14-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 1-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 1-26"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 8-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 8-9"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-2047-palazzolo-v-rhode-island","term":"2000","title":"Does a later landowner receive compensation for pre-existing wetland restrictions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 14-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 14-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 1-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2047.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 1-26"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-01-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-01-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Davis argued the case raises an equal protection question. She stated Joseph Boulais raised his son from infancy. She asserted the statute treats mothers and fathers differently.","Mr. Kneedler argued the naturalization clause grants Congress plenary power. He stated this power is inherent in national sovereignty. He asserted Congress determines which aliens gain citizenship.","Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if a favorable ruling would require reassessing Lehr. Ms. Davis said it would not. The Chief Justice then closed the argument."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-27"}]}],"caption":"Tuan Anh v. INS","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.495830Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.509439Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue federal citizenship rules discriminate against fathers. The government claims Congress holds plenary power over naturalization.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-01-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-2071.html","primary_docket":"99-2071","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:11:38.700595Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether federal citizenship laws treat parents equally. Joseph Boulais raised his out-of-wedlock son from infancy. The dispute centers on the Fifth Amendment due process clause. The government asserts Congress controls who becomes a citizen. the sides that brought the case seek equal treatment under the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 9, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the citizenship statute. They seek equal treatment for fathers under the law.","The government wants the Court to uphold the statute. It seeks to preserve Congress's plenary power over naturalization."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute violates the equal protection component of the Fifth Amendment. They claim differential treatment of parents is unconstitutional.","The government argues the Constitution commits naturalization power to Congress. It asserts this power is inherent in national sovereignty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if a ruling for the sides that brought the case would require reassessing the Lehr decision. Ms. Davis responded that it would not."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines how federal law treats parents of out-of-wedlock children. It clarifies the scope of Congress's power over citizenship. It determines whether the Fifth Amendment requires equal treatment in this context."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-27"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-2071-tuan-anh-v-ins","term":"2000","title":"Does federal law violate equal protection by treating mothers and fathers differently in citizenship transmission?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-2071.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-10-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-10-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Neuborne stated the legal issue is narrow and precise.","Mr. Kneedler cited West v. Sullivan to support government control.","Mr. Kneedler argued the government defines program scope within broad limits.","Mr. Newborn compared the situation to the Rust case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-1"}]}],"caption":"Legal Services Corporation v. Velazquez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.810759Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.839775Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Legal aid groups argue federal funding rules violate free speech rights. The government claims it controls program scope.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-10-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-603.html","primary_docket":"99-603","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:31:26.804887Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court reviewed a dispute over federal funding conditions. Legal Services Corporation argued these conditions restrict speech. The government argued it defines program limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 4, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Legal Services Corporation wants the funding restrictions struck down.","The government wants the funding restrictions upheld."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Legal Services Corporation argues the restrictions violate free speech rights.","The government argues it controls the scope of funded programs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if limits exist on government program definitions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between public funding and free speech. It determines how much control the government holds over funded legal aid services. The outcome shapes the scope of legal representation for low-income individuals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-1"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-603-legal-services-corporation-v-velazquez","term":"2000","title":"Can the government restrict legal aid lawyers from challenging federal policies?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-11-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-11-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-6218.pdf","paragraphs":["General Moore argued the lower court decision did not deny due process.","General Moore stated the law gave fair warning about stabbing.","Mr. Ward cited prior cases to support the side that brought the case's position.","Mr. Ward referenced Bouie and Marks in his opening statement."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-6218.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-6218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-6218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-6218.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 5-7"}]}],"caption":"Rogers v. Tennessee","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.777400Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case argues Tennessee's homicide law lacked fair warning. The state claims the law provided clear notice.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-6218.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-6218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-11-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-6218.html","primary_docket":"99-6218","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:23:49.151736Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a state law violates due process. It asks if a law must give fair warning before criminalizing conduct. The dispute centers on the clarity of Tennessee's homicide statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-6218.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-6218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 8, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-6218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to find the law violated due process.","The state wants the Court to uphold the lower court's decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-6218.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-6218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the law failed to provide fair warning.","The state argues the law clearly defined the prohibited conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-6218.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-6218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-6218.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of fair warning in criminal law. It clarifies how states must draft statutes to protect citizens. It sets standards for legislative clarity in penal codes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-6218.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-6218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-6218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-6218.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 5-7"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-6218-rogers-v-tennessee","term":"2000","title":"Does a state law violate due process if it criminalizes conduct without prior notice?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-6218.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-6218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-10-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-10-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7504.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued the case originated in South Dakota.","the opposing side argued the agency acted within its discretion.","The Chief Justice asked if discretion appeared in the regulation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7504.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7504.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7504.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7504.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-11"}]}],"caption":"Lopez v. Davis","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.687503Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A federal inmate challenges a Bureau of Prisons rule that limits credit for good behavior.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7504.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7504.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-10-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-7504.html","primary_docket":"99-7504","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:54:17.798340Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Bureau of Prisons controls how inmates earn time off for good behavior. This agency sets its own rules for granting these credits. The inmate argues these rules violate federal law. The agency claims its rules follow the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7504.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7504.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 30, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7504.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The inmate wants the court to strike down the agency rule.","The agency wants the court to keep the rule in place."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7504.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7504.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The inmate argues the statute limits agency discretion.","The agency argues the statute allows broad discretion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7504.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7504.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Did the agency exercise discretion properly under the law?","Does the regulation reflect the statutory intent?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7504.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of prison administrative power. It affects how inmates calculate release dates. It clarifies the balance between agency rules and statutory rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7504.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7504.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7504.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7504.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-11"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-7504-lopez-v-davis","term":"2000","title":"Can prison officials deny good-time credits based on internal rules?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7504.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7504.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-02-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-02-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Barnard argued for Zadvydas. He stated Zadvydas is stateless. He argued the detention is indefinite. He claimed the law does not support this outcome.","Mr. Stansell argued for the government. He stated the administrative process is flawed. He argued deportation is not foreseeable. He claimed the law requires continued detention.","chief_justice_rehnquist_asked_no_substantive_questions_during_the_provided_excerpt."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-29"}]}],"caption":"Zadvydas v. Underdown","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.371560Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.380500Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law permits indefinite detention of a stateless person when deportation is not feasible.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-02-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-7791.html","primary_docket":"99-7791","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:06:41.656577Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Kestutis Zadvydas arrived in the United States as a stateless person. He remains stateless. The government detained him. His lawyers argue this detention violates the law. The government argues the law requires detention until removal is possible."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 21, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Zadvydas wants the court to end his indefinite detention.","The government wants the court to allow continued detention."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Zadvydas argues the law does not authorize indefinite detention.","The government argues the law mandates detention until removal occurs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the statute authorize indefinite detention of stateless persons?","What is the maximum duration of lawful detention?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of executive power over non-citizens. It determines whether the government can hold people without a realistic prospect of removal. It impacts the rights of stateless individuals in the United States."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-29"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-7791-zadvydas-v-underdown","term":"2000","title":"Can the government detain a stateless person indefinitely?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-7791.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-10-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-10-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-804.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Mogin stated the core issue is whether issuing a license counts as parting with property.","Mr. Dreeben asserted that a video poker license is property for both the state and the licensee.","Mr. Dreeben claimed the side that brought the case's scheme violates both clauses of the mail fraud statute."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 29-31"}]}],"caption":"Cleveland v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.843717Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a state or municipality parts with property when it issues a license.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-10-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-804.html","primary_docket":"99-804","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:30:35.653718Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the federal mail fraud statute. It asks if government-issued licenses qualify as property for fraud purposes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 10, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction overturned because issuing a license is not parting with property.","The government wants the conviction upheld because a license is property in both hands."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Mr. Mogin argues that a state does not part with property when it issues a license.","Mr. Dreeben argues that a video poker license is property for both the state and the licensee."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case is submitted after the arguments concluded."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 29-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the reach of federal fraud laws. It determines whether government licenses trigger federal criminal jurisdiction. The outcome shapes how prosecutors charge fraud involving state-issued permits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 29-31"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-804-cleveland-v-united-states","term":"2000","title":"Does issuing a license count as parting with property under federal mail fraud law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-02-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-02-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","paragraphs":["Lerner stated the case involves thermal imaging of a home without a warrant.","Lerner asserted this constitutes an impermissible search under the Fourth Amendment.","Lerner described the home as the basic refuge for all citizens.","Dreeben explained thermal imaging senses heat gradients on the exterior of a surface."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-25"}]}],"caption":"Kyllo v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.336458Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.339569Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether warrantless thermal imaging of a residence constitutes an impermissible search.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-02-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-8508.html","primary_docket":"99-8508","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:07:50.752944Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the legal status of using heat-detection technology on a home's exterior."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 20, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 41-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Lerner seeks a ruling that the imaging is an illegal search.","Dreeben seeks a ruling that the imaging is not a search."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Lerner argues the home is a basic refuge protected by the Fourth Amendment.","Dreeben argues observing heat gradients on a surface is not a search."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Rehnquist noted the 200th anniversary of John Marshall's swearing in."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of privacy protections for residential spaces against modern surveillance tools."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 41-39"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-8508-kyllo-v-united-states","term":"2000","title":"Does thermal imaging of a home violate the Fourth Amendment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8508.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-11-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-11-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8576.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Waldman represented the side that brought the case.","Mr. Dreeben represented the government.","Mr. Dreeben agreed the Seventh Circuit erred in adopting the significant difference test."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8576.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8576.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8576.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8576.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 17-19"}]}],"caption":"Glover v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.560260Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on the correct standard for measuring prejudice under Strickland v. Washington.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8576.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8576.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-11-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-8576.html","primary_docket":"99-8576","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:22:45.209875Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Paul Glover challenges a lower court ruling. The government defends the lower court decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8576.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8576.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 27, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8576.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Glover wants the Supreme Court to reject the significant difference test.","The government wants the Supreme Court to affirm the lower court decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8576.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8576.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Glover argues the Seventh Circuit erred in adopting the significant difference test.","The government argues the lower court decision should stand on alternate grounds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8576.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8576.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the government conceded the main question.","Chief Justice Rehnquist noted the government seeks affirmance on alternate grounds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8576.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8576.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The standard for measuring prejudice affects how courts evaluate ineffective assistance claims. This standard shapes the outcome of future criminal appeals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8576.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8576.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8576.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8576.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 17-19"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-8576-glover-v-united-states","term":"2000","title":"Does a significant difference test measure Strickland prejudice?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8576.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-8576.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-10-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-10-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-859.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case Timothy Jones stated his property suffers damage from water leaking out of the Madera Canal.","Jones described the canal as an irrigation facility that passes water to Madera County farmers.","Government advocate Frederick explained that multiple-purpose projects operate like the Friant Division.","Frederick noted the Friant Dam collects water to avert flooding along the San Joaquin River. He added that the project gradually releases water to serve both flood control and irrigation needs."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-859.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-859.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-859.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-859.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-9"}]}],"caption":"Central Green Co. v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.687327Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Farmers claim the government must pay for crop damage caused by leaking irrigation water.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-859.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-859.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-10-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-859.html","primary_docket":"99-859","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:28:11.519725Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether the government must compensate private landowners for water damage. The water originates from a canal serving both flood control and irrigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-859.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-859.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 30, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-859.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks monetary compensation for property damage caused by leaking canal water.","The government seeks to avoid paying compensation for water released from a dual-purpose project."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-859.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-859.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the government must pay because the canal is an irrigation facility causing direct damage.","The government argues the project serves multiple purposes, including flood control, which changes liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-859.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-859.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked the side that brought the case to clarify his identity during the opening remarks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-859.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when the government must pay for water damage from public infrastructure. It sets the standard for liability involving dual-purpose water projects. The outcome determines financial responsibility for farmers affected by canal leaks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-859.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-859.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-859.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-859.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-9"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-859-central-green-co-v-united-states","term":"2000","title":"Does the government owe compensation for water damage from a dual-purpose canal?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-859.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-859.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-10-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-10-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","paragraphs":["James Blumstein argued for Brentwood Academy. He stated the TSSAA is a state actor. He claimed private membership does not alter that status.","The TSSAA argued it is a private entity. It claimed its mixed membership breaks the state actor link. It sought to avoid state action liability.","Chief Justice Rehnquist closed the argument. He stated the case was submitted. No further questions were asked."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-35"}]}],"caption":"Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary Athletic Assn.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.870855Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Brentwood Academy argues the TSSAA is a state actor. The TSSAA claims private membership breaks that status.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-10-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-901.html","primary_docket":"99-901","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:28:30.470697Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether the Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association acts as the state. Brentwood Academy argues the group remains a state actor. The TSSAA argues private membership changes its legal status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 11, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Brentwood Academy wants the Court to declare the TSSAA a state actor. It seeks to hold the association accountable under state action doctrine.","The TSSAA wants the Court to declare it a private entity. It seeks to avoid state action liability for its regulatory decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Brentwood Academy argues the TSSAA remains a state actor. It claims admitting few private schools does not change its status.","The TSSAA argues its private membership makes it a private entity. It claims this status shields it from state action claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does admitting a small number of private schools change the TSSAA's status? The Court must decide if the association remains a state actor."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between public and private athletic regulation. It determines how courts treat mixed-membership associations. It shapes accountability for student athletic programs nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-35"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-901-brentwood-academy-v-tennessee-secondary-athletic-assn","term":"2000","title":"Does a public school athletic association act as the state when it admits private schools?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-01-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-01-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9073.pdf","paragraphs":["Dean Strang argued for de novo review to ensure uniformity in federal sentencing.","Wolfson argued the court of appeals properly applied a deferential standard.","chief_justice_rehnquist_closed_the_argument_by_stating_the_case_was_submitted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9073.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9073.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9073.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9073.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 3-5"}]}],"caption":"Buford v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.482153Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether appellate courts must re-evaluate sentencing facts or accept the trial judge's findings.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9073.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9073.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-01-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-9073.html","primary_docket":"99-9073","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:14:25.664502Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the standard of review for federal sentencing decisions. the side that brought the case seeks uniform application of sentencing rules. The government argues for deference to trial court expertise."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9073.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9073.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 8, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9073.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants de novo review to ensure uniform sentencing.","The government wants deferential review to respect trial court discretion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9073.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9073.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues uniformity requires fresh appellate review of mixed questions.","The government argues deference is proper due to the trial court's role."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9073.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9073.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9073.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 3-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The standard of review shapes how consistently federal courts apply sentencing guidelines. It determines whether trial judges hold final authority over sentencing facts. This affects the predictability of criminal penalties nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9073.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9073.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9073.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9073.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 3-5"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-9073-buford-v-united-states","term":"2000","title":"Should federal courts review sentencing decisions with fresh eyes or defer to trial judges?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9073.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9073.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-01-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-01-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9136.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Tanaka argued the prior conviction is invalid.","Mr. Dreeben argued prior convictions are final under precedent.","The Court questioned the limits of this finality rule."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9136.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9136.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9136.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9136.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 9-19"}]}],"caption":"Daniels v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.472609Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a defendant may attack the validity of a prior conviction used to enhance a federal sentence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9136.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9136.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-01-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-9136.html","primary_docket":"99-9136","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:14:41.788819Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a defendant convicted of possessing a firearm as a felon. The government seeks a life sentence based on three prior felonies. The defendant wants to challenge one of those prior convictions. The government argues the prior conviction is final and cannot be attacked."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9136.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9136.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 8, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9136.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants to invalidate a prior conviction to reduce the current sentence.","The government wants to uphold the prior conviction to maintain the enhanced sentence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9136.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9136.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the prior conviction is constitutionally invalid and should not count.","The government argues prior convictions are final and cannot be challenged during sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9136.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9136.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the government can declare the prior conviction final.","The Court questioned the scope of exceptions to the finality rule."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9136.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the finality of prior convictions in federal sentencing. It determines whether defendants can relitigate old cases. It impacts the stability of criminal records. It affects the consistency of mandatory minimum sentences."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9136.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9136.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9136.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9136.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 9-19"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-9136-daniels-v-united-states","term":"2000","title":"Can a defendant challenge a prior conviction during federal sentencing?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9136.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-9136.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-11-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-11-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Underwood argued the meaning of instruct determines the law's validity.","Mr. Mcadams cited three democratic principles at stake in the case.","Mr. Franklin claimed Missouri used ballot control to influence federal voters."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 1-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 1-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 1-11"}]}],"caption":"Cook v. Gralike","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.747561Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Missouri requires federal candidates to state their views on state issues. Opponents claim this violates federal election laws.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 1-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 1-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 1-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-11-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-929.html","primary_docket":"99-929","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:26:42.176759Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests state ballot access rules. Missouri mandates federal candidates disclose views on state matters. Critics argue this interferes with federal elections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 1-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 1-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 1-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 6, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the disclosure law struck down.","the opposing sides want the disclosure law upheld."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 1-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 1-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 1-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the state controls federal election issues.","the opposing sides argue the people instruct their legislators."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 1-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 1-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 1-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["How do you determine whether an instruction is binding law?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 1-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 1-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 1-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["State ballot rules shape federal candidate messaging. Voter access to candidate information remains central. Federal election integrity depends on clear boundaries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 1-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 1-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 1-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 1-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 1-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 1-11"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-929-cook-v-gralike","term":"2000","title":"Can states force federal candidates to disclose political views?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 1-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 1-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-929.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 1-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2000-10-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2000-10-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-936.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Smith described the arrest of seven women.","Mr. Hood framed the issue as a reasonableness question.","Ms. Smith argued the tests targeted crimes.","Mr. Hood argued the tests served medical purposes."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-936.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-936.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-936.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-936.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-15"}]}],"caption":"Ferguson v. Charleston","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.810781Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Pregnant women sued a hospital after doctors tested their urine for drugs and arrested them.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-936.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-936.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 13-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2000-10-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2000","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-936.html","primary_docket":"99-936","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:31:12.644873Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if medical drug tests count as illegal searches."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-936.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-936.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 13-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 4, 2000."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-936.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the tests declared illegal searches.","the opposing sides want the tests declared reasonable medical care."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-936.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-936.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 13-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the tests served law enforcement goals.","the opposing sides argue the tests served medical needs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-936.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-936.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 13-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-936.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of medical testing for law enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-936.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-936.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 13-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-936.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-936.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-15"}]}],"slug":"2000-99-936-ferguson-v-charleston","term":"2000","title":"Did doctors violate the Fourth Amendment by testing pregnant patients for drugs?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-936.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2000/99-936.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 13-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-01-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-01-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","paragraphs":["Rush Prudential HMO cites Pilot Life to support exclusive federal remedies.","Moran asserts Illinois section 4-10 protects insured interests without conflict.","The Court asked if the Illinois law allows state court review."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-1"}]}],"caption":"Rush Prudential HMO, Inc. v. Moran","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.375778Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.390303Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Rush Prudential HMO argues federal law preempts state review. Moran argues Illinois law protects her benefits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-01-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1021.html","primary_docket":"00-1021","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:16:05.507718Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if federal ERISA rules override state insurance laws. It concerns the review of health plan claim denials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 16, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Rush Prudential HMO wants the federal ERISA law to block state court review.","Moran wants the Illinois insurance law to allow state court review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Rush Prudential HMO argues ERISA provides the exclusive remedy for benefit claims.","Moran argues Illinois law does not conflict with federal ERISA rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the Illinois law provide for review in Illinois state courts?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between federal and state power. It determines who reviews health insurance claim denials. It affects the rights of insured individuals nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-1"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1021-rush-prudential-hmo-inc-v-moran","term":"2001","title":"Does federal ERISA law block state insurance review of HMO claim denials?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1021.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-10-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-10-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Henderson stated the statute has two parts. He noted the main part sets the limitation start date.","Mr. Nager explained the Ninth Circuit's holding. He said the clock starts upon injury discovery.","Mr. Jones addressed the misrepresentation exception. He claimed it does not negate the discovery rule.","Chief Justice Rehnquist asked about liability in a suit. He clarified the consequence of the legal interpretation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-15"}]}],"caption":"TRW Inc. v. Andrews","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.030278Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.054043Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether the statute of limitations begins at the improper disclosure or when the plaintiff discovers the injury.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-10-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1045.html","primary_docket":"00-1045","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:39:44.599722Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case concerns the timing of legal claims under the Fair Credit Reporting Act. The core issue is the start date for the two-year limitation period."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 9, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["TRW Inc. wants the clock to start at the date of the improper disclosure.","Andrews wants the clock to start when she discovers the injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["TRW Inc. argues the statute sets a fixed start date for liability.","Andrews argues the discovery rule delays the start of the limitation period."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the misrepresentation exception negate the injury discovery rule?","When does liability arise under the Fair Credit Reporting Act?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines when consumers can sue for credit reporting errors. It defines the window for seeking legal redress. It impacts the stability of credit reporting records."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-15"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1045-trw-inc-v-andrews","term":"2001","title":"When does the two-year clock start for Fair Credit Reporting Act claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1045.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-03-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-03-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","paragraphs":["Ingram argued the brandish clause is a criminal element.","Dreeben cited McMillan v. Pennsylvania as the backdrop.","Ingram stated a favorable ruling has no prospective impact."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-25"}]}],"caption":"Harris v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.305642Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.335116Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Harris argues the brandish clause is a criminal element. The government treats it as a sentencing factor.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 29-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-03-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-10666.html","primary_docket":"00-10666","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:02:05.040196Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a jury must find a defendant brandished a firearm. This finding affects the maximum prison sentence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 29-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 25, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Harris wants a jury to find he brandished a firearm.","The government wants a judge to decide the brandish fact."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 29-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Harris argues the brandish clause is a criminal element.","The government argues the brandish clause is a sentencing factor."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 29-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if a favorable ruling impacts lower courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the role of juries in sentencing. It determines how courts apply firearm statutes. It affects the length of prison sentences."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 29-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-25"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-10666-harris-v-united-states","term":"2001","title":"Does brandishing a firearm require a jury verdict?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-10666.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 29-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-01-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-01-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Blatt argued common law allows late sworn statements to fix complaints.","She claimed the agency adopted this rule in 1966.","Mr. Bell argued the agency cannot override clear statutory language.","He stated the law requires charges to be under oath immediately."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 49-3"}]}],"caption":"Edelman v. Lynchburg College","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.544359Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A college argues a job bias complaint failed because it lacked a sworn statement. The complainant argues a later sworn statement fixes the error.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-01-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1072.html","primary_docket":"00-1072","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:44:14.807014Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a job bias complaint survives if it lacks a sworn statement at first. A later sworn statement may fix the error under agency rules. The college claims the law requires the oath from the start."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 8, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The complainant wants the court to accept the late sworn statement as valid.","The college wants the court to reject the complaint for lacking an initial oath."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The complainant argues agency rules allow late sworn statements to fix filing errors.","The college argues the law requires a sworn statement from the very beginning."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 49-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines how strictly courts enforce sworn statement rules in job bias cases. It affects whether complainants can fix minor filing errors later. It shapes the power of agencies to set procedural rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 49-3"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1072-edelman-v-lynchburg-college","term":"2001","title":"Can a late sworn statement fix a job bias complaint?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1072.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-11-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-11-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Richardson argued the core issue is whether Congress banned peer grading.","Mr. Kneedler stated FERPA regulates records maintained by institutions, not classwork.","Mr. Wright cited Senator Buckley's 1974 statement about teacher consent.","Mr. Wright noted the principal admitted students cheat when exchanging papers."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 29-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-7"}]}],"caption":"Owasso Independent School Dist. No. I-011 v. Falvo","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.667331Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.702466Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Schools argue peer grading is a teaching tool, not a record. Parents claim it violates student privacy rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 29-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-11-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1073.html","primary_docket":"00-1073","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:28:13.731566Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act. The law protects student education records. The dispute centers on whether peer grading creates such records."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 29-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 27, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The school district wants to keep using peer grading in classrooms.","The parents want the court to ban peer grading of student work."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 29-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The district argues FERPA regulates institutional records, not classroom activities.","The parents argue Congress intended to prohibit sharing student work without consent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 29-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted after the arguments concluded."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Teachers rely on peer grading to manage large classes. Students face privacy risks if their work is shared. The outcome defines the boundary between classroom practice and federal privacy law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 29-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-7"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1073-owasso-independent-school-dist-no-i-011-v-falvo","term":"2001","title":"Does federal privacy law ban students from grading each other's homework?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 29-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1073.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-11-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-11-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Roberts argued the Sixth Circuit used the wrong test.","Mr. Rosenbaum argued the case is not about one job.","Ms. Mcdowell agreed the lower court applied an incorrect test."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-21"}]}],"caption":"Toyota Motor Mfg., Ky., Inc. v. Williams","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.908672Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.935930Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Toyota seeks to limit disability claims to major life activities beyond one job.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-11-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1089.html","primary_docket":"00-1089","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:31:01.902946Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Toyota argues the Sixth Circuit used the wrong test for manual tasks. Williams argues the case involves more than one job. The Court must define the scope of disability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 7, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Toyota wants the Court to reject the lower court's test for manual tasks.","Williams wants the Court to confirm her disability claim stands."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Toyota argues the lower court applied an incorrect legal standard.","Williams argues the case is not about a single job."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the Court should address working as a major life activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who qualifies for disability protections. It sets the standard for manual task limitations. It affects workers with repetitive strain injuries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-21"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1089-toyota-motor-mfg-ky-inc-v-williams","term":"2001","title":"Does a single job limitation define disability under the ADA?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1089.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-01-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-01-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","paragraphs":["Michael Berger argued the agency totally prohibited a select group of landowners from using their land. He claimed this ban destroyed their property value.","Solicitor General Olson argued the Court should avoid per se rules in regulatory taking cases. He cited Justice O'Connor's concurrence in the Palazzolo case.","Michael Roberts argued the sides that brought the case' only claim was a facial per se claim. He stated this was their sole takings argument before the Court.","Olson argued the Penn Central case allowed reasoned decision-making to solve the problem. He asked how far is too far in regulatory restrictions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-35"}]}],"caption":"Tahoe-Sierra Pres. Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Reg. Planning Agency","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.508469Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.524934Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Landowners argue a temporary ban on development permanently deprived them of property rights. The agency argues the ban served a valid public purpose.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-01-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1167.html","primary_docket":"00-1167","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:22:03.804559Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a temporary land-use restriction triggers an automatic constitutional violation. the sides that brought the case claim the ban permanently destroyed their property value. The agency argues the restriction was a reasonable, temporary measure to protect the environment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 7, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to declare the temporary ban an automatic taking. They argue the ban permanently destroyed their property value.","The agency wants the Court to uphold the ban. They argue the restriction was a reasonable, temporary measure to protect the environment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the ban permanently deprived them of all economic use. They claim this triggers an automatic constitutional violation.","The agency argues the ban was a reasonable, temporary measure. They claim it served a valid public purpose without permanently destroying value."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted. He ended the oral argument session."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the limits of temporary land-use regulations. It determines whether short-term bans can permanently destroy property value without compensation. This affects how local governments manage environmental protection and development."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-35"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1167-tahoe-sierra-pres-council-inc-v-tahoe-reg-planning-agency","term":"2001","title":"Does a temporary land-use moratorium constitute a per se taking?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1167.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-11-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-11-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Wiltanger argued that other crimes carry similar penalties.","Mr. McAllister stated that choices have consequences.","Mr. Garre noted the federal program allows voluntary participation.","Chief Justice Rehnquist closed the argument."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 5-5"}]}],"caption":"McKune v. Lile","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.746882Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.760033Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Prisoners challenge a rule that denies privileges for refusing therapy.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-11-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1187.html","primary_docket":"00-1187","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:27:43.659893Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Kansas requires sex offenders to join a treatment program. Refusal strips inmates of visitation and work rights. The state claims this protects safety. Inmates argue this violates their rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 28, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 5-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Kansas wants to keep the mandatory program rule.","The prisoners want the rule struck down."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Kansas argues the rule serves a penological interest.","The prisoners argue the rule infringes on liberty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the rule serve a legitimate penological interest?","Is the rule reasonably related to that interest?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 5-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Prisoners face loss of basic rights for refusing therapy. States gain tools to manage high-risk inmates. This case defines the limits of prison discipline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 5-5"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1187-mckune-v-lile","term":"2001","title":"Can Kansas force sex offenders to join a treatment program?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1187.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-02-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-02-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","paragraphs":["Pryor argued the state relies on prior Supreme Court precedent.","Mills argued the state takes a shallow view of the law.","Duke argued this is a serious criminal prosecution.","Fried argued deferred prosecution is a red herring."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 17-21"}]}],"caption":"Alabama v. Shelton","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.358395Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Alabama argues it can imprison a defendant without a lawyer if they pay fines. The defendant argues this violates the Sixth Amendment right to counsel.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 5-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-02-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1214.html","primary_docket":"00-1214","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:15:21.046739Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a state can impose jail time without providing a lawyer. The defendant argues this practice violates the Sixth Amendment. The state argues it can use fines as a substitute for counsel."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 5-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 19, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Alabama wants to keep the conviction and jail time.","Shelton wants the conviction overturned and the jail time removed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 5-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Alabama argues the Sixth Amendment does not require a lawyer if the defendant pays fines.","Shelton argues the Sixth Amendment requires a lawyer for any criminal prosecution that risks jail."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 5-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the Sixth Amendment require a lawyer for a misdemeanor that carries a jail sentence?","Can a state use a fine as a substitute for providing a lawyer?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of the right to counsel. It determines when states must provide lawyers for criminal defendants. It affects how courts handle misdemeanor prosecutions nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 5-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 17-21"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1214-alabama-v-shelton","term":"2001","title":"Can a state jail a defendant without a lawyer if they pay fines?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 5-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-12-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-12-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist distinguished this case from prior censorship precedents.","Mr. Strauss clarified the park district uses a first-come, first-served rule.","Chief Justice Rehnquist identified the issue as prior restraint.","Mr. Feldman argued the ordinance satisfies First Amendment standards."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-13"}]}],"caption":"Thomas v. Chicago Park Dist.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.730685Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.753033Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case claim the Chicago Park District's permit rules suppress speech. The District argues the rules satisfy First Amendment standards.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 13-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-12-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1249.html","primary_docket":"00-1249","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:25:13.457318Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a city park permit system violates the First Amendment. the sides that brought the case seek a ruling that the rules are unconstitutional. The District seeks to keep the rules in place."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 13-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 3, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the permit rules.","The District wants the Court to uphold the permit rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 13-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the permit system acts as prior restraint on speech.","The District argues the rules meet First Amendment requirements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 13-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if this case differs from prior censorship cases.","Chief Justice Rehnquist noted the heavy presumption against prior restraint."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines how cities manage public spaces. It balances individual speech rights against public access needs. The outcome shapes future park regulations nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 13-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-13"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1249-thomas-v-chicago-park-dist","term":"2001","title":"Does a park permit system violate free speech rights?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 13-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-12-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-12-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1250.pdf","paragraphs":["Dellinger argued the law requires reasonable accommodations.","Center stated four key points for the case.","Rehnquist closed the oral argument session."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1250.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1250.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1250.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1250.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-33"}]}],"caption":"US Airways, Inc. v. Barnett","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.763054Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"US Airways seeks to enforce a uniform rule. Barnett argues this rule violates disability accommodation laws.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1250.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1250.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-12-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1250.html","primary_docket":"00-1250","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:24:36.549774Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["US Airways wants a uniform rule to stand. Barnett wants the rule struck down as discriminatory."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1250.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1250.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 4, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1250.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["US Airways wants the uniform rule enforced.","Barnett wants the rule declared discriminatory."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1250.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1250.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["US Airways argues the rule is a neutral business policy.","Barnett argues the rule fails to accommodate disabilities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1250.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1250.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does a uniform rule violate accommodation duties?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1250.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Employers must balance uniform rules with accommodation duties. This case defines that legal boundary."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1250.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1250.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1250.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1250.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-33"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1250-us-airways-inc-v-barnett","term":"2001","title":"Does a uniform rule conflict with reasonable accommodation duties?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1250.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1250.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-11-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-11-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Stewart stated the opposing side was convicted of a misdemeanor drug offense.","Ms. Fox argued the government failed to establish effective consent to search.","Ms. Fox noted that detecting drug abuse may dispense with individualized suspicion.","Mr. Stewart cited California having over 67,000 police officers and 7,000 probation officers."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-25"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Knights","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.903600Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.925400Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a warrantless search of a probationer requires specific evidence of criminal activity.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 47-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-11-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1260.html","primary_docket":"00-1260","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:31:34.332785Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a probationer convicted of a misdemeanor drug offense. The government argues the search was valid under probation terms. The defense claims the government failed to prove effective consent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 47-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 6, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government seeks to uphold the search as valid under probation conditions.","The defense seeks to suppress evidence by proving the lack of effective consent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 47-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that detecting drug abuse justifies dispensing with individualized suspicion.","The defense argues that the government failed to establish effective consent to the search."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 47-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted after the argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of police authority over probationers. It determines whether individualized suspicion is required for warrantless searches. The outcome impacts the balance between public safety and privacy rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 47-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-25"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1260-united-states-v-knights","term":"2001","title":"Can police search a probationer without individualized suspicion?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1260.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 47-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-11-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-11-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Beeson argued the law creates compelled speech concerns. She noted many web operators are single individuals.","General Olson argued the government has a responsibility to protect children. He cited the Ginsberg case for this principle.","General Olson stated all three branches of government support this view. He claimed pornography is widely available to children online."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 1-1"}]}],"caption":"Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.687917Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.716630Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The ACLU argues the law criminalizes protected speech. The government claims it protects children from harm.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-11-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1293.html","primary_docket":"00-1293","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:27:20.377742Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the Child Online Protection Act. The ACLU says the law bans protected speech. The government says the law serves a compelling interest in child safety."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 28, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 1-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The ACLU wants the Court to strike down the law. They argue it bans protected speech.","The government wants the Court to uphold the law. They argue it protects children from harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The ACLU claims the law criminalizes protected speech. They argue it forces compelled speech on web operators.","The government claims pornography causes substantial damage to children. They argue protecting children is a compelling national interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted. He ended the oral argument session."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 1-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of government power over internet speech. It balances child safety against adult free expression. The ruling sets a precedent for online content regulation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1293-ashcroft-v-american-civil-liberties-union","term":"2001","title":"Does the Child Online Protection Act violate free speech rights?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-11-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-11-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Wolfson stated the Coal Act aimed to prevent the collapse of a private health care system.","Mr. Wolfson argued section 9701(c)(2) targets signatory operators and related successors.","Mr. Woodrum noted lower courts addressed successor liability before the Eastern Enterprises case.","Mr. Woodrum claimed the Commissioner argued the Coal Act did not provide for successor liability."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-19"}]}],"caption":"Massanari v. Sigmon Coal Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.925489Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.952650Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a coal company's successor must fund retiree health benefits under federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-11-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1307.html","primary_docket":"00-1307","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:31:17.492108Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Coal Act. It asks if successor companies inherit the duty to pay retiree health benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 7, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Commissioner seeks to limit the Coal Act's scope to original signatory operators.","Sigmon Coal seeks to hold successor companies liable for retiree health benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Commissioner argues the statute does not impose successor liability on new entities.","Sigmon Coal argues the law targets signatories and their related successors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Retired coal miners depend on this law for health care. Successor companies face financial obligations under the statute. The outcome defines the scope of federal health benefit mandates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-19"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1307-massanari-v-sigmon-coal-co","term":"2001","title":"Does the Coal Act bind successor companies to pay retiree health benefits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1307.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-02-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-02-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Shapiro argued safety is a basic business necessity.","Mr. Bagenstos argued the ADA targets such exclusions.","Ms. Blatt explained the statute's two-step process."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 38-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 38-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 42-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 42-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 28-32"}]}],"caption":"Chevron U. S. A., Inc. v. Echazabal","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.456091Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.475012Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Chevron argues it must exclude a worker with hepatitis C to protect others. Echazabal claims the ADA bans such exclusions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 38-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 38-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 42-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 42-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-12"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-02-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1406.html","primary_docket":"00-1406","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:07:20.058040Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Echazabal"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 38-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 38-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 42-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 42-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-12"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 27, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 28-32"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Chevron wants to exclude disabled workers to protect others.","Echazabal wants to keep his job despite his condition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 38-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 38-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 42-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 42-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Chevron argues safety is a basic business necessity.","Echazabal argues the ADA targets such exclusions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 38-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 38-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 42-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 42-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-12"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the ADA allow exclusions for self-defense?","How does the statute define qualified individuals?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 28-32"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Employers face a choice between safety and inclusion. Workers with disabilities face job exclusion risks. This balance affects workplace policies nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 38-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 38-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 42-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 42-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-12"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 28-32"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1406-chevron-u-s-a-inc-v-echazabal","term":"2001","title":"Can employers exclude disabled workers to protect themselves?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 38-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 38-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 42-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 42-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1406.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-12"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-11-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-11-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Bolter argued Section 1367 solves procedural problems.","Mr. Rotenberg emphasized the federalism issue in the case.","Mr. Clement argued the statute excludes nonconsenting states.","The Chief Justice noted the case was submitted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 27-29"}]}],"caption":"Raygor v. Regents of Univ. of Minn.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.624342Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal courts retain jurisdiction over state claims after dismissing federal claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 5-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-11-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1514.html","primary_docket":"00-1514","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:28:30.959892Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of supplemental jurisdiction under federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 5-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 26, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the federal court to keep the state claims.","the opposing side wants the federal court to drop the state claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 5-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues Congress intended to solve procedural problems in federal courts.","the opposing side argues federal law should not apply to nonconsenting states."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 5-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The Chief Justice asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue defines the boundary between federal and state judicial power. It determines which courts handle mixed legal disputes. It affects the balance of power between governments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 5-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 27-29"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1514-raygor-v-regents-of-univ-of-minn","term":"2001","title":"Can a state sue in federal court after a related case dismisses?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1514.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 5-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-11-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-11-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","paragraphs":["The government contends that the lower court decision conflicts with established precedent.","the opposing side maintains that the lower court applied the correct legal standard.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-37"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Arvizu","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.674717Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.697947Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether officers must disregard specific facts during a stop.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 43-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-11-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1519.html","primary_docket":"00-1519","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:28:00.230716Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the standard for reasonable suspicion during investigative stops."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 43-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 27, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to allow officers to consider all relevant facts.","the opposing side wants the Court to require officers to disregard certain facts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 43-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that reasonable suspicion requires a common-sense evaluation of all circumstances.","the opposing side argues that the lower court correctly required ignoring specific details."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 43-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked who should receive due weight in evaluating officer conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of police discretion during brief investigative stops."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 43-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-37"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1519-united-states-v-arvizu","term":"2001","title":"Does a traffic stop require ignoring relevant facts?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1519.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 43-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-12-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-12-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","paragraphs":["Evans argued federal law requires these contracts.","Miller noted the FCC found calls interstate.","McDowell linked this case to standing issues."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 31-33"}]}],"caption":"Verizon Md. Inc. v. Public Serv. Comm'n of Md.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.787111Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Verizon argues federal law controls local ISP calls. Maryland claims state law applies.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-12-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1531.html","primary_docket":"00-1531","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:23:52.494427Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Verizon seeks federal preemption. Maryland seeks state regulatory power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 5, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Verizon wants federal law to control.","Maryland wants state law to apply."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Verizon argues federal statutes mandate these contracts.","Maryland argues the FCC order covers interstate calls."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does federal law preempt state jurisdiction here?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state power over local internet services."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 31-33"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1531-verizon-md-inc-v-public-serv-comm-n-of-md","term":"2001","title":"Does federal law preempt state regulation of local ISP calls?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1531.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-01-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-01-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Neustadt addressed a question from Justice Breyer.","Mr. Bork referred to the parties as SMC.","Chief Justice Rehnquist confirmed the case number.","Mr. Wallace responded to a question from the Chief Justice."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 3-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 3-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 33-35"}]}],"caption":"Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.521972Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Festo seeks to limit the doctrine of equivalents. Shoketsu argues the doctrine remains broad.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 3-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 3-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-01-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1543.html","primary_docket":"00-1543","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:21:06.844862Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the scope of patent protection. Festo argues that changing claim language limits the patent. Shoketsu contends the doctrine of equivalents still applies broadly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 3-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 3-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 8, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Festo wants the Court to limit the doctrine of equivalents.","Shoketsu wants the Court to maintain broad patent protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 3-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 3-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Festo argues that amending claims restricts the patent scope.","Shoketsu argues that the doctrine of equivalents remains fully applicable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 3-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 3-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked about a specific statutory section.","Justice Breyer asked about the scope of the doctrine."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundaries of patent rights. It affects how inventors draft claims. It impacts the cost of patent litigation. It shapes the balance between innovation and competition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 3-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 3-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 33-35"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1543-festo-corp-v-shoketsu-kinzoku-kogyo-kabushiki-co","term":"2001","title":"Does a patent holder lose rights by changing claim language?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 3-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 3-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-01-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-01-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Clark argued the code discharges taxes older than three years.","Ms. Millett discussed protections against losing government claims.","Ms. Millett noted the government gave the sides that brought the case three years."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 9-13"}]}],"caption":"Young v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.548445Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.580279Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to erase old tax debts. The government argues these claims survive bankruptcy.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 7-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-01-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1567.html","primary_docket":"00-1567","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:20:17.681244Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the age limit for discharging income taxes in bankruptcy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 9, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 9-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the court to discharge their income taxes.","The government wants to keep its tax claims alive."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the code discharges taxes older than three years.","The government argues protections prevent losing these claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked about protections in Chapter 13 proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 9-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Taxpayers face different debt burdens based on tax age. The government retains revenue from older tax claims. Bankruptcy outcomes depend on this statutory interpretation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 9-13"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1567-young-v-united-states","term":"2001","title":"Does the Bankruptcy Code discharge income taxes older than three years?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1567.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 7-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-01-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-01-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","paragraphs":["Ryan McCortney argued that paying back wages to an undocumented worker conflicts with immigration laws.","He stated that the worker was never legally present or authorized to work in the country.","He cited violations of federal statutes regarding illegal entry and fraudulent employment documents.","The NLRB argued that undocumented workers are entitled to workers' compensation and tort damages in state courts."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 27-29"}]}],"caption":"Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.609912Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.643704Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether immigration laws bar an employer from paying back wages to a worker who lacked legal status.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-60"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-01-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1595.html","primary_docket":"00-1595","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:42:17.143816Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-60"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 15, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Hoffman Plastic Compounds wants the back pay award canceled because the worker lacked legal status.","The NLRB wants the back pay award to stand to protect the worker's labor rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-60"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Hoffman argues that paying back wages conflicts with federal immigration laws and public policy.","The NLRB argues that immigration status does not void the right to recover lost wages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-60"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the INS opposed paying illegal aliens money they unlawfully earned.","Justice Scalia questioned whether state courts award tort damages to undocumented workers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the financial liability of employers who hire undocumented workers. It clarifies whether federal immigration law overrides labor protections for unauthorized employees. The outcome shapes workplace enforcement and compensation standards nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-60"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 27-29"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1595-hoffman-plastic-compounds-inc-v-nlrb","term":"2001","title":"Can an employer deny back pay to an undocumented worker?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-60"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-01-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-01-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","paragraphs":["Amtrak's lawyer cited prior cases to support a strict deadline.","Morgan's lawyer argued that ongoing harm prevents claims from expiring.","Amtrak's lawyer noted a circuit split against the Ninth Circuit view."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 7-11"}]}],"caption":"National Railroad Passenger Corporation v. Morgan","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.555539Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.580143Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Amtrak argues a strict deadline bars old claims. Morgan argues ongoing harm keeps claims alive.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-01-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1614.html","primary_docket":"00-1614","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:20:34.367844Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a time limit bars discrimination claims based on continuous harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 9, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Amtrak wants the court to bar claims filed after 180 days.","Morgan wants the court to allow claims based on ongoing harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Amtrak argues the deadline starts when the first unlawful act occurs.","Morgan argues ongoing violations keep the claim from becoming stale."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted.","Justice O'Connor noted a lopsided split among the circuits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines how long workers can sue for continuous discrimination."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 7-11"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1614-national-railroad-passenger-corporation-v-morgan","term":"2001","title":"Does a 180-day filing deadline bar claims for ongoing discrimination?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1614.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-02-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-02-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Polidoro argued the ordinance restricts speech on private property.","Mr. Gormley noted the ordinance differs from prior statutes in scope.","Mr. Cantor argued the village exercises police power to protect privacy.","Mr. Polidoro addressed Justice O'Connor's question about trick-or-treaters."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-25"}]}],"caption":"Watchtower Bible & Tract Soc. of N. Y. v. Village of Stratton","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.452873Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.462458Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Watchtower Bible Society challenges a local ordinance that requires residents to register before soliciting on private property.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-02-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1737.html","primary_docket":"00-1737","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:08:43.333135Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Watchtower Bible Society argues the village ordinance violates free speech rights. The Village of Stratton defends the rule as a privacy and safety measure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 26, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Watchtower Bible Society wants the Court to strike down the village ordinance.","The Village of Stratton wants the Court to uphold the village ordinance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Watchtower Bible Society argues the ordinance restricts protected speech on private property.","The Village of Stratton argues the ordinance protects resident privacy and deters crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked if the ordinance applies to trick-or-treaters.","Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case is submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of local control over door-to-door speech. It balances community safety against individual expression rights. The outcome shapes how villages regulate solicitation on private land."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-25"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1737-watchtower-bible-tract-soc-of-n-y-v-village-of-stratton","term":"2001","title":"Does a village ban on unregistered door-to-door soliciting violate the First Amendment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1737.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-02-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-02-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. French argued the program responded to a crisis. She cited the 1995 legislative action. She emphasized the educational need. She presented the program's neutral purpose. She highlighted student choice as the mechanism. She argued the funds follow the student. She rejected the claim of direct funding. She asserted the program serves all students. She defended the law's constitutionality.","Mr. Chanin argued the program funds religious schools. He claimed public money goes to sects. He said the funds support religious instruction. He argued religious and secular education mix. He cited the transfer of unrestricted funds. He claimed the money supports sectarian programs. He argued this violates the Establishment Clause. He sought to invalidate the voucher system.","Mr. Young addressed the distinction from prior cases. He referenced specific legal precedents. He argued the current program differs. He cited the history and context. He claimed these factors matter for the test. He argued the purpose is secular. He distinguished the program from invalid schemes. He asserted the program is neutral. He defended the law's validity.","General Olson argued history and context matter. He cited the Court's prior teachings. He said purpose is key for the test. He argued the program serves a secular goal. He emphasized the educational crisis context. He claimed the program does not endorse religion. He argued student choice drives the funding. He defended the program's constitutionality."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-43"}]}],"caption":"Zelman v. Simmons-Harris","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.364572Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.391540Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Ohio officials defend a scholarship program. Opponents claim it funds religious schools.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-02-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1751.html","primary_docket":"00-1751","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:12:10.925347Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Ohio enacted a scholarship program in 1995. It aimed to address an educational crisis. The program provides funds to students. These students attend public or private schools. Private schools include religious institutions. Opponents argue this transfers public money to sects. They claim religious and secular education mix. The state argues the program serves a neutral purpose."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 20, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Ohio officials want the program to stand. They argue it serves a neutral purpose. They claim student choice drives the funding. They seek to uphold the law's validity. They want the Court to reject the challenge. They argue the program aids all students. They emphasize the educational crisis context. They want the law to remain in effect.","Opponents want the program struck down. They claim it funds religious schools. They argue public money supports sects. They say religious and secular education mix. They seek to invalidate the voucher system. They argue it violates the Establishment Clause. They want the Court to ban the program. They claim it endorses religion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Ohio officials argue the program is neutral. They cite the 1995 educational crisis. They claim student choice directs the funds. They argue the purpose is secular. They reference history and context. They say these factors matter for the test. They argue the program does not endorse religion. They claim it serves all students equally.","Opponents argue the program funds religious schools. They claim public money goes to sects. They say the funds support religious instruction. They argue religious and secular education interweave. They claim the program violates the Establishment Clause. They argue it directs state resources to religion. They say the effect endorses religious education. They claim the program is unconstitutional."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted. He thanked Ms. French for her argument. He indicated the argument phase was complete. He signaled the Court would deliberate. He did not state a vote. He did not predict an outcome. He closed the oral argument session. He invited the Court to consider the record."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The case defines public funding limits. It affects how states support education. It shapes the role of religion in schools. It determines if vouchers are constitutional. It impacts student choice in education. It influences state budget allocation. It sets a precedent for similar programs. It balances religious freedom and state neutrality. It affects millions of students nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-43"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1751-zelman-v-simmons-harris","term":"2001","title":"Does Ohio's voucher program violate the Establishment Clause?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1751.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-02-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-02-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","paragraphs":["Feldman argued that Congress acted to solve severe violence and drug crimes in public housing.","Feldman stated that federal law does not specify particular defenses for tenants.","Lafayette noted that the Oakland Housing Authority revised its lease to reflect HUD regulations.","Lafayette explained that the lease changes occurred in three specific instances."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 43-47"}]}],"caption":"Department of Housing and Urban Development v. Rucker","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.355345Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.368593Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"HUD argues federal law mandates eviction for any drug crime in a unit. Rucker argues this ignores the specific tenant's innocence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-02-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1770.html","primary_docket":"00-1770","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:13:01.488040Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on a federal statute addressing drug crimes in public housing. HUD claims the law requires evicting the entire household. Rucker contends the law does not force eviction if the specific tenant did not commit the crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 19, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 43-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["HUD wants the Court to confirm that federal law requires evicting the tenant regardless of personal guilt.","Rucker wants the Court to rule that federal law allows the tenant to remain if they did not commit the crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["HUD argues that Congress enacted the statute to eliminate severe violence and drug crimes in public housing.","Rucker argues that the federal statute does not mandate specific defenses or force eviction without considering the tenant's actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted after the arguments concluded."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 43-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether public housing tenants can be evicted for crimes they did not commit. It defines the scope of federal authority over local housing leases. It impacts the stability of families in public housing programs nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 43-47"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1770-department-of-housing-and-urban-development-v-rucker","term":"2001","title":"Does federal law bar evicting a tenant for another resident's drug crime?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1770.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-01-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-01-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Minear argued the lower court erred in finding the complaint insufficient.","He cited Conley v. Gibson to support the view that notice is essential.","Ms. Brody stated the case asks if an inference of discrimination is required.","She noted the side that brought the case alleged termination based on national origin and age."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 5-31"}]}],"caption":"Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N. A.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.606879Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.637477Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a complaint must allege a specific inference of discrimination to survive a motion to dismiss.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 5-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-01-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1853.html","primary_docket":"00-1853","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:42:35.162520Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the pleading standard for age and national origin discrimination claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 5-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 15, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the dismissal overturned because the complaint provided adequate notice.","the opposing side wants the dismissal to stand because the complaint lacked a specific inference of discrimination."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 5-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that general notice of the claim is sufficient under existing precedent.","the opposing side argues that the complaint must explicitly allege an inference of discrimination to be valid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 5-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted after the argument concluded."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the minimum detail required in employment discrimination complaints. It determines how easily plaintiffs can access federal courts. It shapes the burden of proof for initial filings. It affects the volume of discrimination cases heard by judges. It clarifies the standard for dismissing weak claims early."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 5-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-35"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1853-swierkiewicz-v-sorema-n-a","term":"2001","title":"Must a plaintiff state a specific inference of discrimination to survive a motion to dismiss?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1853.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 5-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-01-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-01-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","paragraphs":["Jeffrey Lamken argued the program targets long-term disabilities.","Lamken stated the law forces premature retirement due to severe impairment.","Lamken emphasized the SSI program lacks a five-month waiting period.","Lamken argued the five-month waiting period is a distinct statutory element."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-1"}]}],"caption":"Barnhart v. Walton","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.621123Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.653675Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Cleveland Walton argues the law requires a five-month wait. The government says the statute does not mandate this delay.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-01-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1937.html","primary_docket":"00-1937","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:15:45.801106Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the interpretation of Social Security statutes. One side claims the text mandates a five-month waiting period. The other side argues the plain language does not require this delay. The Court must determine which statutory interpretation is correct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 16, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to reject the five-month waiting period requirement.","Cleveland Walton wants the Court to enforce the five-month waiting period requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the statute's plain language does not mandate a five-month wait.","Cleveland Walton argues the statute's plain language requires a five-month waiting period."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked the side that brought the case to address the five-month waiting period.","Chief Justice Rehnquist asked the side that brought the case to clarify the statutory language."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the timing of disability benefit eligibility. It determines when workers receive financial support after severe impairment. The outcome shapes the administration of the Social Security program."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-1"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-1937-barnhart-v-walton","term":"2001","title":"Does a five-month waiting period apply to disability benefits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-1937.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-10-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-10-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-507.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Luthey argued Congress exempted tribes from federal wagering taxes.","Mr. Dumont defended the statute's application to tribal gaming.","Chief Justice Rehnquist closed the argument by submitting the case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 15-17"}]}],"caption":"Chickasaw Nation v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.968998Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Chickasaw Nation seeks a tax exemption for its gaming. The United States argues the tax applies to tribes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-10-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-507.html","primary_docket":"00-507","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:43:09.115872Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Chickasaw Nation argues Congress exempted tribes from federal wagering taxes. The United States argues the tax applies to tribal gaming operations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 2, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Chickasaw Nation wants a tax exemption for its gaming.","The United States wants the tax to apply to tribal gaming."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Chickasaw Nation argues Congress exempted tribes from federal wagering taxes.","The United States argues the tax applies to tribal gaming operations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the advocate was excited about defending the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Tribal gaming revenue depends on this tax status. Federal tax policy affects tribal economic autonomy. State gaming operations enjoy specific tax exemptions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 15-17"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-507-chickasaw-nation-v-united-states","term":"2001","title":"Do federal wagering taxes apply to tribal gaming operations?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-10-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-10-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","paragraphs":["William Barr argued that firms incur three specific costs when building networks.","William Barr stated that forward-looking perspectives clarify the legal issues.","William Olson argued that courts evaluate results rather than methodologies.","William Olson asserted that the statute does not mention compensating investors."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 2, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 9-11"}]}],"caption":"Verizon Communications, Inc. v. FCC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.060301Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.084003Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Telecom firms and regulators dispute how to calculate fair rates for network services.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 2, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-10-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-511.html","primary_docket":"00-511","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:37:46.559383Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how courts should evaluate telecom rate-setting methods."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 2, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 10, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to reject historical cost calculations.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the FCC's rate-setting method."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 2, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue courts must evaluate rate outcomes, not calculation methods.","the opposing sides argue the statute requires just and reasonable rates based on service costs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 2, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the statute addresses investor compensation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines how telecom companies calculate future network costs. It shapes the financial rules for building communication infrastructure. It affects the pricing of essential digital services for consumers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 2, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 9-11"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-511-verizon-communications-inc-v-fcc","term":"2001","title":"Should telecom rates reflect historical costs or future network needs?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 2, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-511.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-10-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-10-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","paragraphs":["New York argues FERC Order 888 violates state authority over retail electricity sales.","FERC argues the order only regulates interstate transmission grid usage.","New York claims states regulated retail sales from 1910 until FERC acted.","FERC claims only it can effectively regulate interstate transmission grids."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-15"}]}],"caption":"New York v. FERC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.989681Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.996402Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"New York claims FERC Order 888 violates state authority over retail electricity sales.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-10-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-568.html","primary_docket":"00-568","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:42:31.639651Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["New York argues FERC Order 888 usurps state power over retail electricity sales. FERC argues the order only regulates interstate transmission grids."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 3, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["New York wants FERC to stop regulating retail electricity sales.","FERC wants to keep regulating interstate transmission grid usage."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["New York argues FERC lacks authority over retail electricity sales.","FERC argues only it can effectively regulate interstate transmission grids."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does FERC give states authority to decide curtailment priority?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines who controls priority on interstate power lines. It affects how states manage retail electricity sales. It shapes federal oversight of transmission grids."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-15"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-568-new-york-v-ferc","term":"2001","title":"Who controls priority on interstate power lines?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-01-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-01-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Sutter argued the FMLA guarantees more than twelve weeks of absence.","He stated the law ensures a specific bundle of statutory rights.","Mr. Sutter claimed the company never offered intermittent work options.","He noted the company form only asked about sick leave needs."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 5-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-15"}]}],"caption":"Ragsdale v. Wolverine World Wide, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.488042Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.514478Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether employers must provide intermittent leave options under the FMLA.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 5-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-01-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-6029.html","primary_docket":"00-6029","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:21:23.511495Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the scope of rights under the Family and Medical Leave Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 5-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 7, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The employee wants the court to mandate intermittent leave options.","The employer wants the court to limit leave to standard blocks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 5-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The employee argues the FMLA guarantees a specific bundle of rights.","The employer argues the statute does not require intermittent scheduling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 5-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The Chief Justice asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Employers must decide how to structure medical leave policies. Employees rely on these rules for health needs. The outcome shapes workplace flexibility standards nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 5-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-15"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-6029-ragsdale-v-wolverine-world-wide-inc","term":"2001","title":"Does the FMLA require employers to offer intermittent leave options?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6029.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 5-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-10-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-10-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Zieve argued the notice procedures failed due process requirements.","Mr. Minear argued the notice method satisfied constitutional standards.","Ms. Zieve stated the side that brought the case made claims for eight property categories.","Mr. Minear cited precedent supporting reasonably calculated notice methods."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-47"}]}],"caption":"Dusenbery v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.797286Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.817926Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether mailing a notice to an inmate satisfies constitutional notice requirements.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-10-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-6567.html","primary_docket":"00-6567","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:37:10.560408Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case examines if serving a forfeiture notice via prison mail meets due process standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 29, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks a ruling that prison mail notice violated due process.","Government seeks a ruling that prison mail notice satisfied due process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the notice method failed to provide adequate constitutional protection.","Government argues the method was reasonably calculated to provide notice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case involved false claims.","Chief Justice Rehnquist asked about the specific property claims made by the side that brought the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the minimum notice standards for government property seizures. It clarifies how agencies must inform individuals of legal actions. The outcome sets a precedent for future forfeiture proceedings involving incarcerated individuals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-47"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-6567-dusenbery-v-united-states","term":"2001","title":"Did prison mail satisfy due process for property forfeiture?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6567.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-10-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-10-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Vergeer stated Lee never had a chance to present witnesses.","She claimed these witnesses could establish his innocence.","Mr. Wilson argued compliance with Rule 24 does not require tracing through the record.","He stated Lee presented his claims all at once to the trial judge."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-43"}]}],"caption":"Lee v. Kemna","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.807829Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.828452Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Remon Lee claims new witnesses prove his innocence. The state says he failed to follow court rules.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-10-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-6933.html","primary_docket":"00-6933","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:47:10.722674Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Remon Lee serves life without parole for first-degree murder. He claims witnesses can prove his innocence. The state says he did not follow court rules. The Court must decide if his claim fails."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 29, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Lee wants the Court to accept his new witness claims.","The state wants the Court to reject his late claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Lee argues the witnesses prove his innocence.","The state argues Lee failed to follow court rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if Lee followed Rule 24.","Justice Kennedy asked why Lee provided no better showing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how inmates prove innocence after trial. It sets the standard for late evidence claims. It affects how courts handle new witness testimony."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-43"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-6933-lee-v-kemna","term":"2001","title":"Can a death row inmate prove innocence after trial?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-6933.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-10-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-10-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Pendley argued Adarand lost a contract due to race.","Mr. Olson argued the government showed no inconsistent positions.","chief_justice_rehnquist_asked_if_the_government_showed_inconsistent_positions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-15"}]}],"caption":"Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Mineta","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.847776Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.880344Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Adarand Constructors seeks to overturn a federal contract denial. The government defends the race-based selection process.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-10-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-730.html","primary_docket":"00-730","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:33:35.088402Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Adarand Constructors lost a federal contract in 1989. The company claims a racial program caused the loss. The government defends the selection process. The Court must decide if this practice violates the Constitution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 31, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Adarand wants the contract denial overturned.","The government wants the denial upheld."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Adarand argues the race-based program violated its rights.","The government argues the selection process was lawful."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the government showed inconsistent positions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of race-based federal contracting. It determines how agencies select contractors. It affects equal access to government business."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-15"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-730-adarand-constructors-inc-v-mineta","term":"2001","title":"Can a federal agency deny a contract to a white-owned firm based on race?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-730.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-10-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-10-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","paragraphs":["Garre stated that federal employers and the Board have long considered prior disciplinary records.","Garre claimed this practice is common sense for determining appropriate punishment for subsequent misconduct.","Garre noted the Federal Circuit ruling did not depend on the burden of proof in board proceedings.","Garre stated the opposing side did not argue the board applied the wrong burden of proof regarding prior actions before the board. Brands responded to Garre's suggestion that the proposed rule might be a good idea but is not required by the statute. Brands asserted that the proposed rule is actually required by the statute."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-35"}]}],"caption":"Postal Service v. Gregory","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.020284Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.027369Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal agencies may consider an employee's past disciplinary record when determining the severity of a new penalty.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-10-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-758.html","primary_docket":"00-758","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:41:09.878908Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal agency authority in employee discipline. The core legal question is whether the Merit Systems Protection Board must ignore an employee's prior disciplinary history when reviewing a new penalty. The outcome affects how federal employers manage workplace misconduct and employee rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 9, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Postal Service wants the Court to allow agencies to consider prior disciplinary records when setting new penalties.","Gregory wants the Court to require agencies to ignore prior disciplinary records when determining new penalties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Garre argues that considering prior discipline is a common-sense practice for federal employers and the Board.","Brands argues that the proposed rule is required by the statute, not just a good idea."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted after the argument concluded."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Federal agencies manage employee discipline differently based on this legal standard. Employees face different penalty risks depending on whether past records count. This rule shapes workplace accountability across the federal government."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-35"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-758-postal-service-v-gregory","term":"2001","title":"Can federal agencies use prior discipline to justify new penalties?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-758.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-10-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-10-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued the 1996 Act allows prosecution of virtual image cases.","Clement stated the law targets material pandered as child pornography.","The Coalition argued the law bars scientific and artistic visual messages.","The Coalition claimed the law creates radical consequences for free speech."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-56"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-23"}]}],"caption":"Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.820948Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.841591Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law can prohibit virtual images that depict children in sexually explicit conduct.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-56"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-10-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-795.html","primary_docket":"00-795","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:36:24.155222Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Congress passed a 1996 law to ban virtual child pornography. The Free Speech Coalition argues this law violates the First Amendment. The government argues the law protects children from harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-56"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 30, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the law upheld to prosecute virtual image creators.","The Coalition wants the law struck down to protect artistic expression."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-56"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues virtual images are indistinguishable from real child abuse photos.","The Coalition argues the law bans all visual messages of adolescent sexuality."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-56"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted after the argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of federal power over digital speech. It determines whether the government can ban virtual depictions of minors. The outcome shapes future First Amendment protections for digital media."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-56"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-23"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-795-ashcroft-v-free-speech-coalition","term":"2001","title":"Can Congress ban computer-generated images of child pornography?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-795.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-56"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-12-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-12-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-799.pdf","paragraphs":["Michael Klekner argued for the city. He cited the 1977 study. He explained the 1,000-foot separation rule. He claimed no similar ordinances existed elsewhere. Chief Justice Rehnquist closed the argument. He stated the case was submitted.","questions_asked_by_justices","no_questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-799.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-799.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-799.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-799.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 7-9"}]}],"caption":"Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.719635Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Los Angeles argues its zoning law prevents adult businesses from clustering. Alameda Books claims the rule violates its First Amendment rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-799.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-799.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-12-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-799.html","primary_docket":"00-799","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:24:50.646181Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Los Angeles enacted a zoning ordinance in 1978. It requires adult businesses to stay 1,000 feet apart. The city argues this prevents negative secondary effects. Alameda Books argues the law restricts its speech. The city claims no similar ordinances existed elsewhere. Alameda Books contends the rule targets specific content."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-799.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-799.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 4, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-799.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Los Angeles wants the ordinance upheld to prevent business clustering.","Alameda Books wants the ordinance struck down to protect its speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-799.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-799.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Los Angeles argues the law serves a valid zoning purpose.","Alameda Books argues the law imposes an unconstitutional burden."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-799.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-799.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the 1,000-foot separation rule serve a legitimate state interest?","Does the ordinance target specific adult business content?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-799.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Cities use zoning to manage land use. This case tests the limits of that power. It affects how municipalities regulate adult businesses. It balances community interests against free speech rights. The outcome shapes future local zoning laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-799.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-799.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-799.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-799.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 7-9"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-799-los-angeles-v-alameda-books-inc","term":"2001","title":"Can a city ban adult arcades and retail stores in one building?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-799.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-799.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-10-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-10-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","paragraphs":["Feldman argued the FCC must regulate just and reasonable rates.","Steindler emphasized the importance of the wireless issue.","Keisler argued coverage turns on facility nature, not service.","Feldman claimed the FCC's construction deserves deference."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-11"}]}],"caption":"National Cable & Telecommunications Assn., Inc. v. Gulf Power Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.985602Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.999444Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the FCC must regulate rates for wireless attachments on utility poles.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 33-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-10-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-832.html","primary_docket":"00-832","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:43:23.586160Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if the Pole Attachments Act covers specific facility types."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 33-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 2, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Act to cover their attachments.","the opposing sides want the Act to exclude their attachments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 33-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the FCC must regulate these attachments.","the opposing sides argue coverage depends on the facility nature."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 33-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines which entities pay regulated pole rates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 33-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-11"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-832-national-cable-telecommunications-assn-inc-v-gulf-power-co","term":"2001","title":"Does the Pole Attachments Act cover wireless facilities?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-832.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 33-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-02-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-02-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","paragraphs":["Atkins's lawyer cites individualized sentencing precedents.","Virginia's lawyer notes the practice dates to 1789.","Virginia's lawyer cites eighteen states allowing the practice."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-7"}]}],"caption":"Atkins v. Virginia","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.385325Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.396498Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Daryl Atkins challenges Virginia's execution order. He argues the Eighth Amendment bans this practice. Virginia defends its right to carry out the sentence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-02-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-8452.html","primary_docket":"00-8452","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:11:53.183218Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether executing people with intellectual disabilities violates the Constitution. It pits individual rights against state sentencing authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 20, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Atkins seeks a constitutional ban on executing people with intellectual disabilities.","Virginia seeks to keep the power to execute Atkins."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Atkins argues individualized sentencing rules forbid this execution.","Virginia argues long-standing practice supports the state's authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the Eighth Amendment prohibit executing people with intellectual disabilities?","How should courts assess disability during sentencing?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of capital punishment. It protects vulnerable individuals from state execution. It shapes sentencing standards nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-7"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-8452-atkins-v-virginia","term":"2001","title":"Can states execute people with intellectual disabilities?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-8452.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-01-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-01-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Williams argued Congress excluded excessive force cases from the term prison conditions.","General Blumenthal argued the Second Circuit misinterpreted the term contrary to congressional purposes.","Mr. Gornstein argued excessive force claims are actions with respect to prison conditions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 11-13"}]}],"caption":"Porter v. Nussle","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.593243Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Prison Litigation Reform Act mandates exhaustion of administrative remedies for excessive force claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-01-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-853.html","primary_docket":"00-853","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:19:51.907792Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Prison Litigation Reform Act. It asks if the statute covers specific instances of unlawful conduct like excessive force."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 14, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to reverse the lower court decision.","the opposing sides want the Court to affirm the lower court decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue excessive force cases are excluded from the definition of prison conditions.","the opposing sides argue excessive force claims are actions with respect to prison conditions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked General Blumenthal to conclude his argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of the Prison Litigation Reform Act. It determines whether prisoners must exhaust administrative remedies before suing for excessive force."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 11-13"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-853-porter-v-nussle","term":"2001","title":"Does the Prison Litigation Reform Act require exhaustion for excessive force claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-853.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-10-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-10-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","paragraphs":["The inmate's counsel argued that federal law provides a remedy against private actors.","The company's counsel argued that federal law does not extend to private corporations.","The Chief Justice asked how the legal theory affects the available damages."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-23"}]}],"caption":"Correctional Services Corp. v. Malesko","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.938910Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.958803Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Inmates claim private prison companies violated their rights. They seek damages. The company denies liability.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 17-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-10-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-860.html","primary_docket":"00-860","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:43:36.122309Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal remedies. It asks if private firms face direct lawsuits for constitutional harms."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 1, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The inmate wants a direct damages remedy against the private company.","The company wants to avoid direct liability for constitutional violations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The inmate argues federal law creates a remedy against private actors.","The company argues federal law does not extend to private corporations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the federal remedy apply to private entities performing government functions?","How does the legal theory affect the available damages?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of federal accountability. It determines whether private firms face direct legal liability for constitutional harms. The outcome shapes inmate rights and private sector obligations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-23"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-860-correctional-services-corp-v-malesko","term":"2001","title":"Can inmates sue private prison companies for constitutional violations?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-860.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 17-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-12-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-12-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case assert federal courts have subject matter jurisdiction.","the opposing sides cite Ex parte Young jurisprudence regarding state officials.","chief_justice_rehnquist_asked_about_name_pronunciation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-29"}]}],"caption":"Mathias v. Worldcom Technologies, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.773833Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.790220Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek federal review of state commission orders. the opposing sides oppose this jurisdiction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-12-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-878.html","primary_docket":"00-878","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:24:19.547190Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests federal court power over state agencies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 5, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want federal courts to review state commission orders.","the opposing sides want state courts to handle these disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue federal law grants jurisdiction over state agencies.","the opposing sides argue state officials must be named as defendants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if he pronounced the advocate's name correctly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines federal oversight of state utility regulators."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-29"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-878-mathias-v-worldcom-technologies-inc","term":"2001","title":"Can federal courts review state utility commission actions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-10-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-10-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-927.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Roberts stated the barge lacked Coast Guard inspection.","Mr. Roberts noted the Coast Guard has few safety rules for this barge.","Mr. Veters asserted the Coast Guard has absolute authority over uninspected vessels.","Mr. Veters claimed no difference exists between inspected and uninspected vessels."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-927.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-927.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-927.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-927.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 5-9"}]}],"caption":"Chao v. Mallard Bay Drilling, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.858436Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Employers and regulators dispute who controls safety rules on uninspected barges.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-927.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-927.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-10-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-927.html","primary_docket":"00-927","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:33:57.006776Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves a fatal explosion on a Louisiana drilling barge. The barge lacked Coast Guard inspection. The parties disagree on which agency sets safety rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-927.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-927.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 31, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-927.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Coast Guard to enforce safety rules on the barge.","the opposing side wants the Coast Guard to have no regulatory power over the barge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-927.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-927.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Coast Guard must regulate uninspected vessels.","the opposing side argues the Coast Guard has absolute authority over uninspected vessels."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-927.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-927.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-927.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 5-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines who controls workplace safety on uninspected barges. Workers rely on clear regulatory authority for protection. Employers need predictable compliance standards for operations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-927.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-927.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-927.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-927.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 5-9"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-927-chao-v-mallard-bay-drilling-inc","term":"2001","title":"Does the Coast Guard regulate safety on uninspected barges?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-927.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-927.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-11-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-11-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Bruck stated the Court considers South Carolina's compliance with Simmons.","Mr. Waters stated Simmons created a limited due process exception.","Mr. Waters stated the general rule allows states to decide on parole disclosure.","Mr. Bruck noted the history of South Carolina's handling is detailed in the petition."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-29"}]}],"caption":"Kelly v. South Carolina","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.656818Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.687896Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case argues the state must tell juries about parole. The state argues it controls this disclosure.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-11-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-9280.html","primary_docket":"00-9280","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:29:21.772099Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests a due process exception to the general rule. States usually decide whether juries learn about parole. the side that brought the case claims this rule applies here. The state claims it retains full control over jury instructions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 26, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to require South Carolina to disclose parole information to juries.","State wants the Court to allow South Carolina to withhold parole information from juries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues due process requires the state to inform juries about parole eligibility.","State argues the general rule allows states to decide whether juries receive parole information."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether juries receive parole information. It affects how states instruct juries in capital cases. It defines the scope of due process rights in sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-29"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-9280-kelly-v-south-carolina","term":"2001","title":"Does South Carolina violate due process by withholding parole information from juries?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9280.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-11-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-11-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Wagner argued the opposing side relies on Holloway.","Mr. Wagner stated Holloway presumes prejudice in specific scenarios.","Mr. Gornstein argued the Sixth Amendment requires showing actual conflict.","Mr. Gornstein stated adverse effect on performance is necessary for a violation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-45"}]}],"caption":"Mickens v. Taylor","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.861784Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.893569Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue a conflict requires proof of harm. the opposing sides argue the Sixth Amendment is violated by the conflict itself.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-11-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-9285.html","primary_docket":"00-9285","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:32:38.028635Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the standard for ineffective assistance claims. It asks if a lawyer conflict requires proof of harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 5, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to require proof of harm.","the opposing sides want the Court to presume harm from the conflict."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Sixth Amendment requires showing actual conflict and adverse effect.","the opposing sides argue Holloway presumes prejudice when a court compels conflicted representation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case is submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This standard defines when a lawyer conflict violates constitutional rights. It determines the burden of proof for criminal defendants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-45"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-9285-mickens-v-taylor","term":"2001","title":"Does a lawyer conflict require proof of harm?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-9285.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-12-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-12-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Flanagan argued Congress enacted the protections to prevent spousal impoverishment.","Mr. Hagopian explained the resource-first rule applies to the community spouse.","Mr. Lamken addressed proposed regulations regarding calculation methods."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 21-23"}]}],"caption":"Wisconsin Dept. of Health and Family Servs. v. Blumer","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.733760Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Wisconsin and a nursing home patient dispute the order for calculating financial eligibility.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-12-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-952.html","primary_docket":"00-952","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:25:30.571981Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests how states must apply federal Medicaid rules for spouses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 3, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Wisconsin wants to apply the resource-first rule for eligibility.","Blumer wants the court to reject the resource-first approach."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Wisconsin argues the resource-first rule fits the statutory text.","Blumer argues the income-first rule better serves the statute's purpose."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the statute mandate a specific calculation order for assets and income?","Do proposed federal regulations allow states to choose the calculation method?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 21-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines how states calculate Medicaid eligibility for institutionalized spouses. It determines whether a community spouse keeps more or less income. This directly affects access to long-term nursing home care."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 21-23"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-952-wisconsin-dept-of-health-and-family-servs-v-blumer","term":"2001","title":"Does the Medicaid Act require states to count a spouse's income before their assets?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-952.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-10-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-10-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-957.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Stovall argued the Kansas Supreme Court misread prior law.","Mr. Donham argued the dispute centers on why the offender is dangerous.","The Chief Justice noted the case is submitted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-957.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-957.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-957.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-957.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-7"}]}],"caption":"Kansas v. Crane","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.834551Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Kansas seeks to keep a juvenile in prison for life. The defendant argues his youth requires a chance to change.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-957.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-957.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-10-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-957.html","primary_docket":"00-957","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:45:40.235201Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Kansas argues the state must protect the public from a dangerous youth. The defendant argues his age makes him less blameworthy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-957.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-957.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 30, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-957.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Kansas wants to keep the juvenile in prison for life.","The defendant wants a chance to leave prison."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-957.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-957.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Kansas argues the state must protect the public from danger.","The defendant argues his youth makes him less blameworthy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-957.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-957.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The Chief Justice asked the case is submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-957.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts treat young offenders. It shapes prison sentences for juveniles nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-957.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-957.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-957.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-957.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-7"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-957-kansas-v-crane","term":"2001","title":"Does a juvenile offender's future danger justify life without parole?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-957.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-957.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-11-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-11-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","paragraphs":["The government argues the defendant received adequate advice about counsel rights. It claims he pleaded guilty with counsel present and after prior warnings.","The defendant argues the court failed to explain counsel's specific role in trial. It claims the court did not link counsel to confronting witnesses.","The government emphasizes the finality of carefully taken guilty pleas. It argues courts should not lightly set aside valid pleas.","The defendant highlights the need for clear explanations of legal rights. It argues vague advice fails to protect defendants' constitutional rights."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-33"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Vonn","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.873213Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.893558Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government argues a defendant waived counsel rights by pleading guilty. The defendant argues the plea lacked proper legal advice.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-11-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-973.html","primary_docket":"00-973","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:31:51.963712Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a guilty plea requires specific advice about counsel rights. The government claims the defendant received adequate warnings. The defendant claims the court failed to explain how counsel affects trial rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 6, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the guilty plea. It argues the defendant knowingly waived counsel rights.","The defendant wants the Court to reverse the guilty plea. It argues the court failed to properly advise him of counsel's role."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government asserts the defendant pleaded guilty with counsel present. It claims he received at least two prior advisories about his right to counsel.","The defendant asserts the court did not explain how counsel affects trial rights. It claims the court failed to link counsel to confronting witnesses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does a guilty plea require the court to explain how counsel affects specific trial rights?","Did the defendant knowingly waive his right to counsel by pleading guilty?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the minimum advice required for a valid guilty plea. It determines whether courts must explain how counsel affects trial rights. It protects defendants from unknowingly waiving critical legal protections during plea negotiations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-33"}]}],"slug":"2001-00-973-united-states-v-vonn","term":"2001","title":"Does a guilty plea waive the right to counsel?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/00-973.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-03-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-03-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the lodestar method aligns with the statute's purpose.","the opposing sides argue the lodestar method is inefficient for courts.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 37-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-23"}]}],"caption":"Gisbrecht v. Barnhart","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.262964Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.292473Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek the lodestar method for fee awards. the opposing sides oppose this approach.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 37-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-03-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-131.html","primary_docket":"01-131","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:03:48.450608Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case concerns how courts calculate attorney fees under the Social Security Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 37-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 20, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want courts to use the lodestar method for fee awards.","the opposing sides want courts to reject the lodestar method for fee awards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 37-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the lodestar method best reflects the statute's plain language.","the opposing sides argue the lodestar method is not the most efficient way to determine fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 37-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked about statistics on fee reductions in contingency circuits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines how courts calculate attorney fees in Social Security cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 37-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-23"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-131-gisbrecht-v-barnhart","term":"2001","title":"Should courts use the lodestar method to set Social Security attorney fees?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 37-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-131.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-03-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-03-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","paragraphs":["The SEC argues brokers are the critical link between markets and investors.","The broker argues other laws cover this conduct.","Courts of appeal unanimously concluded churning is a violation.","The broker claims state and federal laws address this behavior."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 28-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 28-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 35-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 35-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 20-22"}]}],"caption":"SEC v. Zandford","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.209575Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.230129Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The SEC seeks to hold a broker liable for excessive trading. The broker argues other laws cover this conduct.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 28-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 28-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 35-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 35-14"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-03-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-147.html","primary_docket":"01-147","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:05:59.785394Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The SEC argues brokers are the critical link between markets and investors. It claims churning violates federal law. The broker argues other laws cover this conduct. Courts of appeal unanimously view churning as a violation. The dispute centers on federal liability for excessive trading."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 28-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 28-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 35-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 35-14"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 18, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 20-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The SEC wants a federal law violation finding.","The broker wants dismissal of the federal claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 28-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 28-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 35-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 35-14"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The SEC argues brokers must protect investors from churning.","The broker argues state and self-regulatory laws suffice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 28-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 28-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 35-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 35-14"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does federal law prohibit churning by stockbrokers?","Do other laws adequately cover this conduct?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 20-22"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Investors rely on brokers to act in their best interest. Excessive trading harms individual investors. Clear federal rules protect market integrity. Broker accountability ensures fair market participation. This case defines broker duties to investors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 28-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 28-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 35-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 35-14"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 20-22"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-147-sec-v-zandford","term":"2001","title":"Does a broker's churning violate federal securities law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 28-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 28-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 35-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-147.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 35-14"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-02-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-02-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","paragraphs":["David Bederman argued that removing a case to federal court waives state immunity.","Ms. Parsley argued that only the state legislature can waive sovereign immunity.","Ms. Orland argued that the state removed the case to benefit its employees, not to waive immunity.","Mr. Gornstein argued that removal waives forum immunity for four reasons."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-11"}]}],"caption":"Lapides v. Board of Regents of Univ. System of Ga.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.423861Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.430049Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Paul Lapides argues that Georgia waived its immunity by removing a case to federal court. Georgia argues that only its legislature can waive that immunity.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-02-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-298.html","primary_docket":"01-298","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:09:39.740687Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a state waives its Eleventh Amendment immunity when it removes a lawsuit to federal court. The state argues that only its legislature can consent to such a waiver. The plaintiff argues that the act of removal itself constitutes a voluntary waiver."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 25, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Lapides wants the Court to hold that removing a case to federal court waives state sovereign immunity.","The Board of Regents wants the Court to hold that only the state legislature can waive sovereign immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Lapides argues that a state affirmatively invokes federal jurisdiction by removing a case, which waives its immunity.","The Board of Regents argues that the decision to waive immunity traditionally rests with the state legislature."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked whether the Court has ever separated forum immunity from immunity for suit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether states can remove cases to federal court without waiving their sovereign immunity. It affects the ability of individuals to sue states in federal forums. It impacts the balance between state sovereignty and federal judicial power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-11"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-298-lapides-v-board-of-regents-of-univ-system-of-ga","term":"2001","title":"Does removing a case to federal court waive state sovereign immunity?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-58","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-58"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-298.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-04-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-04-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Jones argued the law clearly established the conduct as unlawful.","Mr. Forrester cited eight Alabama judges who found no violation.","Mr. Schaerr argued common sense principles control the outcome.","Mr. Schlick stated immunity applies unless the violation was clear."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-9"}]}],"caption":"Hope v. Pelzer","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.100332Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.120008Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek damages for excessive force. the opposing sides claim qualified immunity shields them from liability.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-04-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-309.html","primary_docket":"01-309","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:56:56.203060Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of qualified immunity. It asks whether prior rulings clearly established the law. The outcome defines fair warning for officials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 17, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a damages award for the alleged excessive force.","the opposing sides want dismissal of the claim based on qualified immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the law clearly established the conduct as unlawful.","the opposing sides argue the law was not clear to a reasonable officer."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Did prior rulings provide fair warning that the conduct was unlawful?","Does the Eighth Amendment prohibit handcuffing a prisoner to a bar?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of official immunity. It shapes how courts evaluate excessive force claims. It impacts the daily conduct of law enforcement officers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-13"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-309-hope-v-pelzer","term":"2001","title":"Does handcuffing a prisoner to a bar violate the Eighth Amendment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-309.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-03-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-03-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","paragraphs":["The district claims a reasonable drug threat allows testing athletes.","Earls contends random testing without suspicion violates her rights.","The district cites a five percent drug use rate in its surveys.","The Court questioned the accuracy of the district's reported statistics."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 22-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 22-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-26"}]}],"caption":"Board of Ed. Dist. No. 92 of Pottawatomie Cty. v. Earls","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.255982Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.272474Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A school district seeks to test students in sports. Lindsay Earls argues this violates her rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 22-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 22-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-03-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-332.html","primary_docket":"01-332","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:05:40.779330Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the limits of school authority. It asks if random drug tests for athletes fit the Constitution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 22-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 22-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 19, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The district wants to keep its drug testing program for student athletes.","Earls wants the Court to strike down the testing policy as unconstitutional."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 22-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 22-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The district argues that a reasonable drug threat justifies testing competitive students.","Earls argues that random testing without individual suspicion violates her privacy rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 22-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 22-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does a school's drug problem justify testing athletes without individual suspicion?","How does the district's reported drug use rate affect the reasonableness of the test?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-26"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of school authority over student privacy. It sets the standard for testing students in extracurricular activities. The outcome shapes how schools manage safety and constitutional rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 22-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 22-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-26"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-332-board-of-ed-dist-no-92-of-pottawatomie-cty-v-earls","term":"2001","title":"Can schools test athletes for drugs?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 22-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-332.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 22-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-02-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-02-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kneedler argued federal law requires FDA approval for new drugs.","Mr. Hoffman presented the opposing sides' position on state waivers.","Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if pharmacists must call pharmacies for consultations.","The Court submitted the case after hearing both advocates."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 47-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 47-60"}]}],"caption":"Thompson v. Western States Medical Center","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.426974Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.442284Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue federal law bans unsafe drug sales. the opposing sides claim states can waive these rules for mail-order pharmacies.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-02-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-344.html","primary_docket":"01-344","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:07:35.302638Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests if federal drug safety laws override state waivers for mail-order pharmacies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 26, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 47-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 47-60"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to enforce federal drug safety rules for all pharmacies.","the opposing sides want the Court to allow states to waive federal rules for mail-order pharmacies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue federal law requires FDA approval for all new drug sales.","the opposing sides argue states can waive federal rules for mail-order pharmacy services."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does a pharmacist need to call the pharmacy to provide consultation services?","Can states waive federal drug safety requirements for mail-order pharmacies?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 47-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 47-60"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines if states can bypass federal drug safety standards. It affects how pharmacies sell new drugs to patients nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 47-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 47-60"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-344-thompson-v-western-states-medical-center","term":"2001","title":"Can states waive federal drug safety rules for mail-order pharmacies?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-344.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-03-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-03-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that denying access to courts is a fundamental right. They claim this violation negates the qualified immunity defense.","the opposing side argues that creating new due process rights requires caution. They claim this removes the issue from public debate and legislative action.","the side that brought the case emphasizes the fundamental importance of equal access to courts for all citizens. They argue this right is clearly established.","the opposing side urges the Court to exercise utmost care in creating new substantive due process rights. They warn against removing matters from the arena of public debate."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 9-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 9-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 36-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 36-53"}]}],"caption":"Christopher v. Harbury","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.212775Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.240954Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a qualified immunity defense applies when officials allegedly block a citizen from filing a lawsuit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 9-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 9-34"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-03-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-394.html","primary_docket":"01-394","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:06:17.637484Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of qualified immunity for government officials. It asks if a denial of access to courts creates a standalone constitutional violation. The outcome defines the legal standard for suing individual officials in their personal capacity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 9-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 9-34"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 18, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 36-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 36-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to reverse the lower court dismissal. They seek to hold officials personally liable for denying court access.","the opposing side wants the Court to affirm the lower court dismissal. They seek to maintain the qualified immunity defense for their actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 9-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 9-34"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that denying access to courts is a fundamental right. They claim this violation negates the qualified immunity defense.","the opposing side argues that creating new due process rights requires caution. They claim this removes the issue from public debate and legislative action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 9-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 9-34"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The Chief Justice asked the side that brought the case to clarify the how the case got here of the case.","The Chief Justice asked the opposing side to confirm the fundamental importance of equal access to courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 36-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 36-53"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the legal standard for suing government officials. It determines whether a denial of court access creates a standalone constitutional violation. The outcome shapes the scope of qualified immunity for public servants. It impacts the ability of citizens to seek redress for official misconduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 9-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 9-34"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 36-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 36-53"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-394-christopher-v-harbury","term":"2001","title":"Can a plaintiff sue officials for denying court access without proving specific harm?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 9-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-394.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 9-34"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-03-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-03-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","paragraphs":["Michael Moore argued the state court lacked authority to grant habeas relief.","He stated the state court correctly identified the Strickland standard.","Mr. Hutton argued the core issue was the lawyer's failure to argue for life.","He described this failure as a total abdication of advocacy duties."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 7-11"}]}],"caption":"Bell v. Cone","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.292390Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.325293Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a state court decision properly denied habeas relief for ineffective assistance of counsel.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 15-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-03-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-400.html","primary_docket":"01-400","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:41:35.537495Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Ricky Bell argues his lawyer failed to present a case for life during the death penalty phase. Gary Cone argues the state court correctly rejected this claim under federal habeas standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 15-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 25, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Bell wants the Supreme Court to confirm the lower federal court was right to grant relief.","Cone wants the Supreme Court to confirm the state court was right to deny relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 15-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Bell argues his lawyer's failure to argue for life constituted a total abandonment of advocacy.","Cone argues the state court correctly applied the Strickland standard for ineffective assistance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 15-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the first issue was resolved.","Justice Souter asked a follow-up question regarding the legal standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the standard for reviewing state court decisions on ineffective assistance claims. It clarifies when federal courts can override state court judgments in capital cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 15-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 7-11"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-400-bell-v-cone","term":"2001","title":"Did the state court correctly reject the ineffective assistance claim?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 15-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-03-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-03-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-408.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Dabney argued the Federal Circuit overreached its jurisdiction.","He stated a patent counterclaim does not act like a removal petition.","Mr. Gowdey made a preliminary point about the case context.","He referenced the location of the parties involved."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-408.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-408.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-408.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-408.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 23-25"}]}],"caption":"Holmes Group, Inc. v. Vornado Air Circulation Systems, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.244960Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a patent counterclaim strips regional courts of jurisdiction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-408.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-408.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-14"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-03-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-408.html","primary_docket":"01-408","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:04:09.555274Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Federal Circuit's appellate power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-408.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-408.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-14"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 19, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-408.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Holmes Group wants regional courts to keep jurisdiction.","Vornado wants the Federal Circuit to hear the appeal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-408.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-408.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-14"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Holmes argues a counterclaim does not act like a removal petition.","Vornado argues the Federal Circuit must review the patent issue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-408.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-408.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-14"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-408.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines which federal appellate court hears patent cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-408.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-408.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-14"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-408.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-408.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 23-25"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-408-holmes-group-inc-v-vornado-air-circulation-systems-inc","term":"2001","title":"Does a patent counterclaim force federal appellate review?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-408.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-408.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-14"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-03-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-03-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","paragraphs":["Devlin's counsel stated the case concerns the right to appeal.","He noted the district court confirmed the settlement over objections.","He argued the Fourth Circuit wrongly blocked his appeal.","Scardelletti's counsel agreed objectors have important interests in settlements."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 8-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 8-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 29-31"}]}],"caption":"Devlin v. Scardelletti","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.302667Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Robert Devlin wants to appeal a pension settlement. The Fourth Circuit blocked his appeal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 8-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 8-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-03-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-417.html","primary_docket":"01-417","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:01:31.869616Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Robert Devlin opposed a class action settlement. The district court approved it anyway. The Fourth Circuit denied his appeal. He argues he has a right to appeal. The government argues only proper parties may appeal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 8-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 8-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 26, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Devlin wants to appeal the settlement approval.","Scardelletti wants to block Devlin's appeal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 8-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 8-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Devlin argues objectors have important interests in settlements.","Scardelletti argues only proper parties may appeal judgments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 8-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 8-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case is submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 29-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who can challenge class settlements. It affects the rights of objectors in future litigation. It clarifies the path to appellate review for dissatisfied members."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 8-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 8-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 29-31"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-417-devlin-v-scardelletti","term":"2001","title":"Can a class member appeal a settlement they opposed?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 8-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 8-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-417.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","paragraphs":["Sutton argued Congress did not divest states of their traditional delegation authority.","Cordray argued federal law preempts local licensing schemes for property carriers.","Stewart argued the phrase safety regulatory authority naturally encompasses delegation powers.","Rehnquist asked Sutton to answer a factual question during the argument."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-1"}]}],"caption":"Columbus v. Ours Garage & Wrecker Service, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.151876Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.182723Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law blocks cities from creating their own licensing rules for property carriers.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-419.html","primary_docket":"01-419","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:54:17.168698Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of state power over local safety regulations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Columbus wants to keep its authority to delegate police powers to local subdivisions.","Ours Garage wants federal law to block local licensing schemes for property carriers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Sutton argues Congress did not strip states of their traditional delegation authority in 1994.","Cordray argues federal law preempts municipalities from imposing individual licensing schemes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Rehnquist asked Sutton to answer a specific factual question.","Rehnquist noted the decision below speaks to routes or weight limitations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Local governments rely on this power to manage daily safety concerns. Trucking companies depend on uniform national standards for their operations. The outcome shapes who controls local road safety rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-1"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-419-columbus-v-ours-garage-wrecker-service-inc","term":"2001","title":"Can local governments set trucking safety rules?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-419.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-04-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-04-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the new law broke their contracts immediately.","The government argues the claim expired before filing.","the sides that brought the case cite fairness in limitation periods.","The government cites the six-year filing deadline."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-6"}]}],"caption":"Franconia Associates v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.060186Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.073793Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case claim a new law broke their mortgage contracts. The government says the claim is too late.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-04-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-455.html","primary_docket":"01-455","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:58:27.398043Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests when a legal claim starts. the sides that brought the case argue a new law broke their contracts. The government argues the claim expired."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 15, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-6"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to accept their late claim.","The government wants the Court to dismiss the claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the new law broke their contracts immediately.","The government argues the claim expired before filing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does a new law count as an immediate breach?","When does the six-year clock start?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-6"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when legal claims expire. It affects how courts treat new laws. It shapes contract rights for all parties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-6"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-455-franconia-associates-v-united-states","term":"2001","title":"Does a new law breach a contract immediately?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-02-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-02-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Clement argued that states enjoy no sovereign immunity from federal executive branch action.","Mr. Dean argued that sovereign immunity protects states from private suits in federal administrative tribunals.","Mr. Hughey argued that the Commission's adjudication is an exercise of executive power.","Mr. Dean argued that the case implements important policies of the State of South Carolina."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"}]}],"caption":"Federal Maritime Comm'n. v. South Carolina Ports Authority","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.399498Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.413728Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Federal Maritime Commission argues that states lack immunity from executive branch adjudication. South Carolina claims sovereign immunity blocks private suits in federal administrative forums.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-02-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-46.html","primary_docket":"01-46","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:11:09.859584Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether a state can be sued by private parties in a federal administrative tribunal. The Federal Maritime Commission asserts that states have no sovereign immunity from federal executive branch action. South Carolina contends that sovereign immunity protects states from such private suits. The Commission argues this process is an exercise of executive power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 25, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Federal Maritime Commission wants the Court to hold that states lack sovereign immunity from federal executive branch adjudication.","South Carolina wants the Court to hold that sovereign immunity protects states from private suits in federal administrative tribunals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Federal Maritime Commission argues that states have no immunity from suits brought by the federal government or executive branch action.","South Carolina argues that sovereign immunity protects states from private suits brought before federal administrative tribunals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the proceeding is a suit within the meaning of sovereign immunity doctrine.","Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the Department of Justice enforces laws against states in a similar manner."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether states can be sued by private parties in federal administrative forums. It defines the scope of sovereign immunity against executive branch adjudication. It clarifies the boundary between administrative regulation and judicial suits. It impacts state autonomy in federal regulatory processes. It shapes the relationship between federal agencies and state entities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-46-federal-maritime-comm-n-v-south-carolina-ports-authority","term":"2001","title":"Does sovereign immunity bar private suits against states in federal administrative tribunals?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-46.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-04-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-04-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. O'Connor argued the case involves the IRS authority to assess FICA taxes on tips.","Ms. Power argued Congress did not saddle employers with a tax while depriving them of a defense.","Ms. Power claimed the tax is not authorized because Congress did not require this action for thirty years.","Ms. O'Connor stated tips are deemed paid at a specific time under the statute."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 27-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 13-17"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Fior D'Italia, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.137887Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.165831Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the IRS can impose FICA taxes on tips without giving employers a chance to defend against the assessment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 27-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 43-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-04-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-463.html","primary_docket":"01-463","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:56:37.787331Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves the authority of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue to assess FICA taxes on tips. It also involves the principle of tax litigation regarding employer defenses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 27-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 43-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 22, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to strike down the tax assessment as unauthorized.","the opposing side wants the Court to uphold the IRS authority to assess the taxes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 27-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 43-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues Congress did not require employers to pay this tax without a defense mechanism.","the opposing side argues the statute deems tips paid at a specific time, authorizing the assessment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 27-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 43-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the advocate had answered the question regarding the lower court's statement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Employers face financial liability for FICA taxes on tips. The outcome determines whether employers must pay these taxes without a prior legal defense. This affects how the IRS collects taxes from businesses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 27-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 43-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 13-17"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-463-united-states-v-fior-d-italia-inc","term":"2001","title":"Can the IRS assess FICA taxes on tips without a prior employer defense?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 27-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 43-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-04-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-04-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued the Sixth Amendment requires a jury to find facts that raise the sentence.","the side that brought the case stated the state relies on legislative policy to allow judges to find such facts.","The Chief Justice asked the side that brought the case to clarify the state's position on legislative policy."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 9-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 9-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 3-7"}]}],"caption":"Ring v. Arizona","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.130602Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.161868Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on who finds facts that increase a criminal sentence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 9-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 9-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-04-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-488.html","primary_docket":"01-488","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:56:07.768157Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 9-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 9-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 22, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 3-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants a jury to find all facts that raise the sentence.","The state wants a judge to find facts that raise the sentence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 9-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 9-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Sixth Amendment requires a jury to find facts that increase the sentence.","The state argues a judge may find facts that increase the sentence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 9-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 9-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The Chief Justice asked the side that brought the case to clarify the state's position on legislative policy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 3-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the power of judges versus juries in sentencing. It determines who finds facts that raise a criminal sentence. The outcome shapes the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 9-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 9-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 3-7"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-488-ring-v-arizona","term":"2001","title":"Does a judge or jury decide facts that raise a sentence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 9-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-488.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 9-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-04-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-04-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-518.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Baskin argued the First Amendment protects objectively based lawsuits.","Mr. Wallace argued the NLRB must review such lawsuits.","Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case is submitted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-518.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-518.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-518.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-518.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-55"}]}],"caption":"BE&K Constr. Co. v. NLRB","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.093441Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"BE&K Construction argues the First Amendment bars the NLRB from reviewing its lawsuit. The NLRB argues it must review such suits to protect labor rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-518.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-518.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-04-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-518.html","primary_docket":"01-518","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:57:48.427676Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["BE&K Construction seeks a First Amendment shield for its lawsuit. The NLRB seeks authority to review that lawsuit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-518.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-518.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 16, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-518.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["BE&K Construction wants the Court to declare its lawsuit protected by the First Amendment.","The NLRB wants the Court to allow it to review the lawsuit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-518.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-518.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["BE&K Construction argues the First Amendment protects objectively based lawsuits from NLRB review.","The NLRB argues it must review lawsuits to protect labor rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-518.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-518.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case is submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-518.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-55"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between business litigation and labor regulation. It determines whether the NLRB can review private lawsuits. It shapes the balance between free speech and labor law enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-518.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-518.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-518.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-518.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-55"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-518-be-k-constr-co-v-nlrb","term":"2001","title":"Does the First Amendment shield business lawsuits from NLRB review?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-518.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-518.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-03-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-03-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Bopp argued the rule restricts candidate speech.","Mr. Gilbert clarified the construed rule's meaning.","Mr. Bopp noted the state brief used two formulations.","Mr. Gilbert described the state's advisory opinion process."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 17-27"}]}],"caption":"Republican Party of Minn. v. White","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.052020Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.082330Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Minnesota bans judicial candidates from stating how they would decide cases. the sides that brought the case argue this rule violates free speech rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 17-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-03-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-521.html","primary_docket":"01-521","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:01:15.592198Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Minnesota restricts judicial candidates' speech. the sides that brought the case claim this rule violates the First Amendment. the opposing sides defend the state's interest in judicial impartiality."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 26, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the Minnesota rule.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the Minnesota rule."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the rule denies voters necessary information.","the opposing sides argue the rule protects judicial impartiality."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the rule unconstitutionally restrict candidate speech?","How does the rule define prohibited statements?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The case defines the scope of free speech for judicial candidates. It balances voter information against judicial impartiality. The outcome shapes election rules nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 17-27"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-521-republican-party-of-minn-v-white","term":"2001","title":"Can Minnesota ban judicial candidates from stating how they would decide cases?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-521.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 17-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-03-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-03-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-584.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Crabtree argued that disparate impact is a valid method of proof in age cases.","Mr. Nager argued that the Age Discrimination Act does not support disparate impact claims.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-584.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-584.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-584.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-584.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 31-33"}]}],"caption":"Adams v. Florida Power Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.276308Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to prove age bias through statistical disparities. the opposing sides argue the statute requires proof of intentional discrimination.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-584.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-584.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-03-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-584.html","primary_docket":"01-584","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:03:04.277605Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether the Age Discrimination in Employment Act permits disparate impact claims. the sides that brought the case argue the statute bans facially neutral actions that harm older workers. the opposing sides contend the law only prohibits intentional age bias."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-584.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-584.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 20, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-584.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to allow disparate impact proof in age cases.","the opposing sides want the Court to limit age claims to intentional discrimination."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-584.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-584.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute bans neutral actions that disproportionately harm older workers.","the opposing sides argue the statute requires proof of specific intent to discriminate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-584.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-584.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked the advocates to clarify their legal arguments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-584.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines how workers prove age bias in employment disputes. It shapes the legal standard for challenging neutral workplace policies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-584.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-584.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-584.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-584.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 31-33"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-584-adams-v-florida-power-corp","term":"2001","title":"Does the Age Discrimination Act allow disparate impact claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-584.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-584.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-04-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-04-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","paragraphs":["The government contends the Ninth Circuit rule lacks constitutional support.","The defendant relies on prior Supreme Court precedent to support disclosure.","The government illustrates the rule's flaws using the specific facts of this case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 13-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 13-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-25"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Ruiz","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.192955Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.223097Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government argues the Ninth Circuit created an unwarranted rule. The defendant claims due process demands full disclosure of materials.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 13-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 13-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-04-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-595.html","primary_docket":"01-595","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:54:02.160977Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether the Due Process Clause mandates specific disclosures during guilty plea negotiations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 13-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 13-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 24, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government seeks to overturn the Ninth Circuit's new rule.","The defendant seeks to enforce the disclosure requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 13-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 13-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the rule is unworkable and solves a nonexistent problem.","The defendant argues the Due Process Clause requires disclosure of materials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 13-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 13-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was moot due to probation status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of constitutional protections during guilty plea negotiations. It determines the balance between prosecutorial discretion and defendant rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 13-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 13-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-25"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-595-united-states-v-ruiz","term":"2001","title":"Does the Constitution require prosecutors to disclose all evidence before a guilty plea?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 13-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 13-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-04-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-04-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Spivey argued the Court should reaffirm the existing precedent entirely.","She stated that advice is a factor particularly worth noting.","Mr. Thompson argued that police questioning is a legitimate technique.","He noted that the record did not indicate the bus was delayed."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-37"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Drayton","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.087440Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.116983Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a passenger's consent to a search is voluntary when an officer does not explicitly state the passenger may refuse.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-04-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-631.html","primary_docket":"01-631","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:57:30.400110Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Fourth Amendment during routine bus stops. It asks if police must inform passengers they can say no to a search request."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 16, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to keep the existing rule that advice is just one factor.","The defense wants the Court to require officers to state that passengers may refuse."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that police questioning is a vital law enforcement technique.","The defense argues that silence about the right to refuse makes consent involuntary."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The Chief Justice asked if the record showed the bus was delayed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of police power during public transit stops. It determines how officers must interact with passengers to ensure legal searches. The outcome shapes daily interactions between law enforcement and the public."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-37"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-631-united-states-v-drayton","term":"2001","title":"Does a police officer's request to search a bus passenger's bag constitute a seizure?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-04-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-04-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","paragraphs":["Sarah Reid argued the statute grants jurisdiction over foreign subjects.","Michael Minear argued the plain language includes UK territories.","David Albert argued the statute excludes broad alien categories."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 7-9"}]}],"caption":"JP Morgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.106413Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"JP Morgan Chase and Traffic Stream dispute whether a BVI company qualifies as a foreign citizen under federal diversity rules.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-04-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-651.html","primary_docket":"01-651","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:57:13.739272Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if a British Virgin Islands corporation counts as a foreign citizen. This status controls access to federal courts for diversity cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 17, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["JP Morgan Chase wants the Court to treat the BVI company as a foreign citizen.","Traffic Stream wants the Court to reject that foreign citizen status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["JP Morgan Chase argues the statute plainly covers UK overseas territory corporations.","Traffic Stream argues the statute limits jurisdiction to specific citizen categories."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines who can sue in federal courts. It shapes access for companies from overseas territories. It affects the balance of state and federal judicial power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 7-9"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-651-jp-morgan-chase-bank-v-traffic-stream-bvi-infrastructure-ltd","term":"2001","title":"Do British Virgin Islands corporations count as foreign citizens for federal court access?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-04-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-04-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","paragraphs":["John Roberts argued Congress conditioned funding on record privacy.","He stated Congress did not phrase this as individual rights.","Ms. Brinkmann argued Congress gave parents the right to prevent release.","She cited the statute's words, structure, and history."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 45-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 1-1"}]}],"caption":"Gonzaga Univ. v. Doe","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.182746Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.195997Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act grants students a private right to sue universities for releasing records.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 45-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-04-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-679.html","primary_docket":"01-679","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:53:46.788009Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Gonzaga University argues FERPA conditions federal funding but does not create individual rights. The student argues the statute grants parents the right to prevent record release."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 45-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 24, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 1-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Gonzaga University wants the Court to dismiss the student's lawsuit.","The student wants the Court to allow the lawsuit to proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 45-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Gonzaga University argues Congress did not phrase the funding condition as individual rights.","The student argues Congress gave parents the right to prevent record release."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 45-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case is submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 1-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether students can sue universities directly for FERPA violations. It defines the scope of federal education privacy protections. It shapes how institutions handle student records."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 45-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-679-gonzaga-univ-v-doe","term":"2001","title":"Does FERPA create individual rights enforceable in court?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 45-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Robbins argued the Eighth Circuit allowed these damages.","Mr. Garre stated these statutes do not sanction punitive awards.","Mr. Nelson framed the issue as a statutory interpretation question."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]}],"caption":"Barnes v. Gorman","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.151935Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue federal disability statutes bar punitive damages. the opposing sides claim these laws allow such awards against municipalities.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-682.html","primary_docket":"01-682","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:54:39.055846Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether federal disability laws permit punitive damages. the sides that brought the case seek to bar these awards. the opposing sides want to keep them available."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to bar punitive damages under these statutes.","the opposing sides want the Court to allow punitive damages against municipalities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Congress did not authorize punitive damages in these laws.","the opposing sides argue the statutes permit awards beyond simple compensation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the Rehabilitation Act allow punitive damages?","Does Title II of the ADA allow punitive damages?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the financial risk for local governments. It sets the standard for disability discrimination lawsuits. It determines the scope of federal liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-682-barnes-v-gorman","term":"2001","title":"Can private plaintiffs recover punitive damages under the Rehabilitation Act and ADA?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-04-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-04-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","paragraphs":["Michael Dreeben argued that this case reflects typical federal drug prosecutions.","He noted that these trials occurred before a recent Supreme Court decision.","Sullivan argued that the sentence did not match the jury's verdict.","He stated that the government may not have presented drug quantities to the grand jury."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-9"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Cotton","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.044029Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.070725Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a judge can impose a higher sentence based on drug amounts not proven to a jury.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 4-6"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-04-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-687.html","primary_docket":"01-687","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:41:03.904869Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of jury rights in federal drug trials. It follows a lower court action that allowed a judge to set a sentence based on unproven facts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 4-6"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 15, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants to keep the current sentence structure for drug cases.","Cotton wants the sentence reduced because the jury did not prove the drug amount."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 4-6"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that judges can consider drug amounts without a jury finding.","Cotton argues that any fact increasing the sentence must be proven to a jury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 4-6"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the indictment and verdict matched the final sentence.","Justice Souter asked if the government presented drug quantities to the grand jury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of judicial sentencing power in federal drug prosecutions. It determines whether judges can rely on unproven facts to increase prison terms. The outcome shapes the balance between prosecutorial discretion and defendant rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 4-6"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-9"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-687-united-states-v-cotton","term":"2001","title":"Does a federal drug sentence require proof of drug quantity beyond a reasonable doubt?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-687.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 4-6"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-03-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-03-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","paragraphs":["Utah's counsel stated the census has historically used an actual count without statistical estimation.","North Carolina's counsel argued the right time to challenge census methods is before the census completes.","The Solicitor General noted the Census Bureau used imputation for missing data in the last five censuses.","Utah's counsel clarified the record does not show most imputations occurred in known occupied units."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 3-5"}]}],"caption":"Utah v. Evans","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.329082Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.338263Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Utah seeks to stop the Census Bureau from using statistical estimates. North Carolina argues challenges must wait until after the count.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 7-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-03-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-714.html","primary_docket":"01-714","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:00:48.838648Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the timing of legal challenges to census methods. Utah wants to block statistical adjustments now. North Carolina says courts should review these methods only after the census concludes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 7-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 27, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 3-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Utah wants to stop the Census Bureau from using statistical estimates before the count ends.","North Carolina wants to delay any legal challenge until after the census is complete."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 7-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Utah argues the census must rely on an actual count without statistical estimation.","North Carolina argues the proper time to challenge census methods is after the census finishes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 7-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["How could a state challenge imputation figures before knowing they caused a problem?","Is imputation a statistical methodology or a method of making deductions from circumstantial evidence?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 3-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines when states can legally challenge census statistical methods. It defines the scope of judicial review for population counting procedures. The outcome shapes the balance between statistical accuracy and constitutional counting requirements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 7-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 3-5"}]}],"slug":"2001-01-714-utah-v-evans","term":"2001","title":"Can states block census statistical adjustments before counting ends?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/01-714.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 7-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-10-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-10-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Taranto argued the money suit is outside ERISA's equitable relief section.","Mr. Wolfson stated this is the only mechanism to enforce a plan term.","Mr. Wolfson characterized this enforcement as equitable relief under ERISA."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 19-23"}]}],"caption":"Great-West Life & Annuity Ins. Co. v. Knudson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.965802Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Great-West Life seeks a money judgment. Knudson argues this claim is legal, not equitable.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-10-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1786.html","primary_docket":"99-1786","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:44:32.093759Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a specific money claim fits ERISA's equitable relief category."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 1, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Great-West wants the Court to classify its money claim as equitable relief.","Knudson wants the Court to classify the money claim as legal relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Great-West argues the claim is the only way to enforce plan terms.","Knudson argues the money suit does not request appropriate equitable relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked Mr. Taranto to cover a specific point before finishing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of ERISA's equitable relief provision. It determines how plans enforce their terms. It shapes the boundary between legal and equitable claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 19-23"}]}],"slug":"2001-99-1786-great-west-life-annuity-ins-co-v-knudson","term":"2001","title":"Does a money claim for plan benefits count as equitable relief under ERISA?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1786.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2001-10-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2001-10-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Wallace noted the Plant Patent Act influenced prior debates.","Mr. Johnson argued the patents issued under section 101 are invalid.","Chief Justice Rehnquist called the case submitted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 7-7"}]}],"caption":"J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.020263Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue utility patents on plant varieties are invalid. the opposing sides defend their validity under general patent law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 7-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2001-10-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2001","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/99-1996.html","primary_docket":"99-1996","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T17:42:54.165926Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether general patent law covers plant varieties. the sides that brought the case seek to invalidate specific patents. the opposing sides defend those patents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 7-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 3, 2001."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to declare the plant variety patents invalid.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the validity of the plant variety patents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 7-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue section 101 does not cover these plant varieties.","the opposing sides argue section 101 covers these plant varieties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 7-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does general patent law cover plant varieties?","Are the specific patents in this case valid?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 7-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of patent protection for agricultural products. It affects how breeders secure rights to new plant varieties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 7-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 7-7"}]}],"slug":"2001-99-1996-j-e-m-ag-supply-inc-v-pioneer-hi-bred-international-inc","term":"2001","title":"Can plant varieties receive utility patents under general patent law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2001/99-1996.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 7-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-01-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-01-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Eccles stated Congress created a federal regulatory structure.","Ms. Johnson argued Kentucky statutes regulate the insurance industry.","Mr. Feldman responded to a question about risk spreading."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-21"}]}],"caption":"Kentucky Assn. of Health Plans, Inc. v. Miller","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.448081Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Insurers argue Kentucky statutes regulate their business. Patients claim federal law preempts state rules.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 19-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-01-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/00-1471.html","primary_docket":"00-1471","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:34:15.569560Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether state insurance laws conflict with federal employee benefit rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 19-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 14, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want Kentucky laws to apply to their plans.","the opposing sides want federal ERISA rules to control the dispute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 19-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Kentucky statutes target the insurance industry directly.","the opposing sides argue federal law creates a uniform regulatory structure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 19-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked for an example of risk spreading."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary between state and federal insurance power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 19-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-21"}]}],"slug":"2002-00-1471-kentucky-assn-of-health-plans-inc-v-miller","term":"2002","title":"Do Kentucky insurance laws override federal ERISA rules?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/00-1471.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 19-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-11-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-11-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Higgins argued for objective proof over supposition.","Mr. Dellinger argued the statute text answers the injury question negatively.","Mr. Wallace discussed consumer surveys as potential evidence."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 3-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 3-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-39"}]}],"caption":"Moseley v. V. Secret Catalogue, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.935311Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Victor Moseley seeks to limit trademark dilution claims to proven economic harm. V. Secret argues the statute allows relief without such proof.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 3-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 3-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-11-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1015.html","primary_docket":"01-1015","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:43:27.478168Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Federal Trademark Dilution Act. It asks whether a plaintiff must show actual economic loss to win. The lower court ruled for V. Secret. Moseley asks the Supreme Court to reverse that result."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 3-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 3-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 12, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Moseley wants the Court to require proof of actual economic injury for dilution claims.","V. Secret wants the Court to allow dilution claims without proof of economic injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 3-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 3-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Moseley argues the statute requires objective proof of harm over speculation.","V. Secret argues the statutory text does not require proof of economic injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 3-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 3-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked Mr. Higgins to conclude his argument.","Mr. Wallace asked how consumer surveys might prove dilution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal trademark protection. It determines whether brands can sue based on perceived weakening alone. The outcome shapes how companies protect their market identity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 3-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 3-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-39"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1015-moseley-v-v-secret-catalogue-inc","term":"2002","title":"Does trademark dilution require proof of actual economic injury?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 3-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 3-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-12-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-12-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Brauchli argued voluntary control creates fiduciary obligations.","Mr. Garre argued the government does not use the property.","Mr. Garre stated the government is not required to benefit the tribe."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-27"}]}],"caption":"United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.541684Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.572311Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The tribe seeks damages for building decay. The government denies any duty to maintain them.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-12-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1067.html","primary_docket":"01-1067","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:40:32.219980Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Congress placed former Fort Apache buildings in trust for the tribe. The government later took voluntary control of these structures. The tribe claims this action created a duty to maintain them. The government argues no such duty exists."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 2, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The tribe wants compensation for the decayed buildings.","The government wants to avoid paying for maintenance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The tribe argues voluntary control creates a fiduciary duty.","The government argues mere trust status creates no duty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked what duties exist beyond preventing alienation.","Justice Stevens asked about the condition of the buildings in 1960."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal fiduciary duties. It determines when voluntary actions create legal obligations. The outcome shapes tribal property management standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-35"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1067-united-states-v-white-mountain-apache-tribe","term":"2002","title":"Does voluntary control of trust property create a fiduciary duty?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-03-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-03-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Green argued the panel was improperly constituted.","Ms. Millett stated no challenge occurred below.","Ms. Millett noted defense counsel face difficult decisions.","Mr. Green rejected the narrow context argument."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-23"}]}],"caption":"Khanh Phuong Nguyen v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.177822Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.204090Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case claim a statutory violation voids the panel's decision. The government argues no timely challenge occurred.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 25-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-03-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-10873.html","primary_docket":"01-10873","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:24:35.316410Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a non-Article III judge on a Ninth Circuit panel invalidates the panel's decision. the sides that brought the case argue the panel was improperly constituted. The government asserts no party challenged this below."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 25-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 24, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the panel decision declared void.","The government wants the lower court decision upheld."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 25-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the non-Article III judge voids the panel decision.","The government argues no timely challenge occurred below."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 25-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the validity of appellate panels with non-Article III judges. It determines whether such panels can issue binding decisions. The outcome affects the finality of federal appellate judgments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 25-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-23"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-10873-khanh-phuong-nguyen-v-united-states","term":"2002","title":"Does a non-Article III judge on a Ninth Circuit panel void the decision?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-10873.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 25-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-12-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-12-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","paragraphs":["Virginia claims the statute protects freedom from fear. It bans only cross-burning used to threaten harm. It does not ban all cross-burning. It avoids playing favorites unlike prior cases.","Black claims targeting a specific symbol violates the First Amendment. It engages in content and viewpoint discrimination. The state should use content-neutral alternatives. Courts should err on the side of speech freedom.","Virginia argues cross-burning is a particularly threatening form of conduct. The state singled it out with intent to intimidate. This distinguishes it from general speech protections."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-27"}]}],"caption":"Virginia v. Black","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.841536Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.859930Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Virginia argues its law targets only threatening acts. Black argues the law targets a specific symbol.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-12-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1107.html","primary_docket":"01-1107","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:36:02.765151Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Virginia seeks to uphold its cross-burning statute. Black seeks to strike it down as unconstitutional."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 11, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Virginia wants the Court to uphold its cross-burning statute.","Black wants the Court to strike down the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Virginia argues the law targets only threats of bodily harm.","Black argues the law discriminates against a specific symbol."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked about brandishing an automatic weapon in someone's face."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of speech laws targeting specific symbols. It balances freedom from fear against free expression. The outcome shapes how states regulate threatening conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-27"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1107-virginia-v-black","term":"2002","title":"Does a law banning cross-burning to threaten harm violate free speech?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-12-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-12-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Englert argued that the clinic owners should win if the Court agrees with their legal theory.","Ms. Clayton argued that the differences between antitrust and extortion laws support the protesters' position.","Mr. Olson argued that surrendering control of a business due to force violates federal extortion law.","Mr. Englert noted that the protesters objected to reading the word obtain out of the statute."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 7-59","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 7-59"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-21"}]}],"caption":"Scheidler v. National Organization for Women, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.601666Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.630612Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Clinic owners claim protesters forced them to close. Protesters say they only exercised free speech rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 7-59","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 7-59"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-12-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1118.html","primary_docket":"01-1118","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:36:43.904628Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of federal extortion laws. It asks if a business loses property rights when it stops operating due to protest pressure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 7-59","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 7-59"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 4, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 31-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Clinic owners want the jury verdict overturned and a win for the protesters.","Protesters want the jury verdict to stand and keep their legal claims alive."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 7-59","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 7-59"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Clinic owners argue that forcing a business to stop operating is a violation of federal extortion law.","Protesters argue that antitrust laws allow private lawsuits, but extortion laws do not."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 7-59","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 7-59"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked the clinic owners to begin their argument.","Justice Stevens asked the protesters to begin their argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 7-59","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 7-59"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when protest pressure becomes illegal extortion. It sets the boundary between lawful speech and criminal coercion for businesses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 7-59","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 7-59"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 7-59","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 7-59"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-21"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1118-scheidler-v-national-organization-for-women-inc","term":"2002","title":"Does forcing a business to stop operating count as extortion under federal law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 7-59","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 7-59"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1118.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-12-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-12-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Benedon proposed a bright line rule for liability.","He argued that standard agency rules should apply.","Mr. Schwemm addressed the veil-piercing issue.","He disagreed with the how the case got here description."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 35-37"}]}],"caption":"Meyer v. Holly","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.575323Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.604800Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether standard corporate agency rules determine liability under the Fair Housing Act.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-12-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1120.html","primary_docket":"01-1120","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:39:57.540632Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks how courts should assign liability for housing discrimination. One side wants standard agency rules to apply. The other side argues for unique Fair Housing Act criteria."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 3, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to apply standard agency rules to determine liability.","the opposing side wants the Court to apply unique Fair Housing Act criteria for liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Mr. Benedon argues that established corporate and agency rules should govern vicarious liability.","Mr. Schwemm argues that the how the case got here involves a motion to dismiss."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked about the how the case got here of the case.","Justice Stevens asked about the allegations of sole ownership and corporate roles."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts assign blame for housing discrimination. It sets the standard for holding companies liable for employee actions. The outcome shapes future housing law enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 35-37"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1120-meyer-v-holly","term":"2002","title":"Should the Fair Housing Act use standard agency rules for liability?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-11-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-11-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1127.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Danzig argued the Ninth Circuit erred in applying habeas review principles.","Mr. Chemerinsky argued the sentence violates established Eighth Amendment limits.","Chief Justice Rehnquist called the case and noted it was submitted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1127.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1127.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1127.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1127.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-31"}]}],"caption":"Lockyer v. Andrade","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.872842Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"California seeks to uphold a 15-year prison term for minor theft. The defendant argues this punishment is grossly disproportionate.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1127.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1127.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-11-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1127.html","primary_docket":"01-1127","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:44:24.379825Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether a specific prison sentence violates constitutional limits on punishment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1127.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1127.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 5, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1127.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The state wants the Supreme Court to reverse the Ninth Circuit decision.","The defendant wants the Supreme Court to uphold the Ninth Circuit decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1127.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1127.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The state argues the Ninth Circuit failed to properly apply habeas review principles.","The defendant argues the sentence violates a century of Eighth Amendment precedent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1127.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1127.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist noted the case was submitted at 12:10 p.m."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1127.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the constitutional boundary for prison sentences in minor theft cases. It determines whether states can impose lengthy terms for small crimes. The outcome shapes future sentencing standards nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1127.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1127.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1127.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1127.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-31"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1127-lockyer-v-andrade","term":"2002","title":"Does a 15-year sentence for petty theft violate the Eighth Amendment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1127.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1127.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-11-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-11-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","paragraphs":["The government says conspiracy is an incomplete crime. The defense says the lower court decided the case on evidence sufficiency.","The government argues the essence of conspiracy is agreement. The defense argues the lower court decided the case on evidence sufficiency.","The government says the lower court decided the case on evidence sufficiency. The defense says the lower court decided the case on evidence sufficiency."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 1-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 1-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 47-1"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Jimenez Recio","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.914701Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.932293Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government argues conspiracy is an incomplete crime. The defense argues the lower court decided the case on evidence sufficiency.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 1-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 1-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-11-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1184.html","primary_docket":"01-1184","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:37:49.192137Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The government says conspiracy is an incomplete crime. The defense says the lower court decided the case on evidence sufficiency."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 1-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 1-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 12, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 47-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to accept its view on conspiracy law.","The defense wants the Court to keep the lower court's evidence ruling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 1-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 1-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues conspiracy is an incomplete crime based on agreement.","The defense argues the lower court decided the case on evidence sufficiency."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 1-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 1-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked what the word inchoate means."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 47-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the legal standard for conspiracy charges. It clarifies how courts evaluate evidence in these trials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 1-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 1-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 47-1"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1184-united-states-v-jimenez-recio","term":"2002","title":"Does a conspiracy charge require proof of a specific unlawful act?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 1-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 1-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1184.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-12-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-12-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Geller argued Congress intended to encourage exports.","Mr. Jones cited prior administrative interpretations.","Justice Stevens questioned the allocation basis used."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 5-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 5-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-23"}]}],"caption":"The Boeing Co. v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.642856Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.689929Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Boeing argues export incentives lower its tax bill. The government says the law requires full income taxation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 5-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 5-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 9-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-12-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1209.html","primary_docket":"01-1209","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:37:06.714316Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Boeing seeks a lower tax bill using export incentives. The government demands full income taxation under the code."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 5-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 5-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 9, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Boeing wants a lower tax bill using export incentives.","The government wants full income taxation under the code."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 5-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 5-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Boeing argues Congress created incentives beyond revenue goals.","The government argues the code requires full income taxation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 5-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 5-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked about allocation bases for transactions.","Justice Stevens asked if the government position holds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how export incentives affect corporate taxes. It shapes how companies calculate their annual tax obligations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 5-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 5-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-23"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1209-the-boeing-co-v-united-states","term":"2002","title":"Does the tax code allow export incentives to reduce taxable income?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 5-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 5-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 9-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-11-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-11-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Clement argued the 1995 amendment is constitutional. He stated it protects data collected for federal highway funds. He claimed this prevents use in state and federal court litigation.","Mr. Mungia argued the statute fails the South Dakota v. Dole requirements. He stated section 409 is not conditional. He asserted the plain language shows it lacks conditional nature.","Mr. Hamilton corrected a misstatement by the opposing side's counsel. He addressed the outcome if the Court adopts the United States position. He clarified the plaintiffs' claim regarding document access."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-29"}]}],"caption":"Pierce County v. Guillen","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.690013Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.848353Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Pierce County seeks to block a state court from using federal highway data in a lawsuit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 43-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-11-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1229.html","primary_docket":"01-1229","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:46:55.798348Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Pierce County argues a federal law protects highway data from state court use. Guillen argues the law fails constitutional tests and allows the data in court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 43-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 4, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Pierce County wants the Supreme Court to uphold the federal data protection law.","Guillen wants the Supreme Court to allow the state court to use the highway data."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 43-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Pierce County argues the law constitutionally shields federal highway data from state litigation.","Guillen argues the law is not conditional and fails the South Dakota v. Dole test."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 43-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if adopting the United States position gives plaintiffs the documents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines whether federal highway data remains private in state courts. It determines if states can access this data for litigation. It shapes the balance between federal data collection and state judicial power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 43-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-29"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1229-pierce-county-v-guillen","term":"2002","title":"Can Congress restrict state court access to highway safety data?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1229.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 43-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-11-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-11-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","paragraphs":["Richard Blumenthal argued for the state. He stated Connecticut seeks access to truthful public records. He emphasized the importance of public safety information.","Ms. Sadin argued for the offender. She claimed the public views listed individuals as serious threats. She highlighted the specific danger to children.","Chief Justice Rehnquist questioned the advocate's factual claim. He asked if the public truly perceives every listed person as a threat."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 45-49"}]}],"caption":"Connecticut Dept. of Public Safety v. Doe","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.935314Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Connecticut officials want to keep sex offender data public. The offender argues this practice harms his reputation and privacy.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-11-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1231.html","primary_docket":"01-1231","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:41:05.935529Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the balance between public safety and individual privacy. Connecticut maintains a public list of convicted sex offenders. The state claims this protects the community. The offender argues the list causes lasting harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 13, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Connecticut wants to keep the offender's name and details on the public list.","The offender wants the Court to remove his information from the public list."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Connecticut argues the public has a right to access truthful records about convicted sex offenders.","The offender argues the list poses a serious threat to his personal safety and reputation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the public truly views every listed person as a serious threat."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 45-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of public access to criminal records. It determines how states balance community safety against individual privacy rights. The outcome shapes how Megan's Law operates nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 45-49"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1231-connecticut-dept-of-public-safety-v-doe","term":"2002","title":"Does Connecticut's Megan's Law list violate a convicted offender's privacy rights?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-12-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-12-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","paragraphs":["Bishop argued the Corps must clear hurdles first.","Bishop stated Congress specified pollutant additions require permits.","Bishop claimed the government raised a new soil argument late.","Minear stated the Act restricted only specific wetland acres. Minear argued plowing exemptions show Congress understood pollutant risks."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 41-41"}]}],"caption":"Borden Ranch Partnership v. Army Corps of Engineers","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.660372Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.686802Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Borden Ranch seeks to avoid a permit for plowing. The Corps argues the act requires one.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-12-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1243.html","primary_docket":"01-1243","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:36:38.088411Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Borden Ranch wants to subdivide land. The Corps regulates wetlands under the Clean Water Act. The dispute centers on plowing soil."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 10, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 41-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Borden Ranch wants to avoid a permit for plowing.","The Corps wants to enforce the permit requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Bishop argues plowing is exempt from the permit.","Minear argues plowing adds pollutants to wetlands."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Stevens asked if soil came from outside the wetland."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 41-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal wetland regulation. It determines when farming activities trigger permit requirements. The outcome shapes land development and environmental protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 41-41"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1243-borden-ranch-partnership-v-army-corps-of-engineers","term":"2002","title":"Does plowing wetlands require a federal permit?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1243.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-01-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-01-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Nager argued the lower court found the city liable for damages.","Mr. Nager stated the city withheld permits during a referendum.","Mr. Salmons argued the city charter caused the delay.","Mr. Kramer stated the group waived a specific certified claim."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-7"}]}],"caption":"Cuyahoga Falls v. Buckeye Community Hope Foundation","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.480569Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.508437Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A housing group claims a city broke the law by withholding permits during a citizen vote.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-01-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1269.html","primary_docket":"01-1269","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:34:06.407855Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The city argues its charter rules caused the delay. The group argues the city acted unlawfully."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 21, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The city wants the lower court finding of liability overturned.","The group wants the lower court finding of liability kept in place."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The city argues its neutral charter rules caused the delay.","The group argues the city unlawfully denied its building permit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when local governments pay for permit delays. It affects how cities handle citizen votes on housing projects."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-7"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1269-cuyahoga-falls-v-buckeye-community-hope-foundation","term":"2002","title":"Can a city pay damages for delaying permits during a referendum?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1269.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-12-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-12-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Birnbaum stated the case arose from a settlement failure.","Mr. Tribe noted he read the transcript but did not try the case.","Justice Stevens asked if the Utah evidence related to the specific case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 43-47"}]}],"caption":"State Farm Mut. Automobile Ins. Co. v. Campbell","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.699618Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.841462Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"State Farm seeks to limit punitive damages to in-state conduct. The Campbells argue the jury properly considered national practices.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-12-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1289.html","primary_docket":"01-1289","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:36:23.460496Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["State Farm wants the punitive damages award reduced. The Campbells want the award upheld. The dispute centers on whether out-of-state conduct justifies the penalty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 11, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 43-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["State Farm wants the punitive damages award reduced.","The Campbells want the punitive damages award upheld."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["State Farm argues the jury improperly considered out-of-state conduct.","The Campbells argue the jury properly considered national practices."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if the Utah evidence related to the specific case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 43-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of punitive damages. It determines how courts treat out-of-state conduct. It affects insurance costs nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 43-47"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1289-state-farm-mut-automobile-ins-co-v-campbell","term":"2002","title":"Can a jury punish an insurer for out-of-state conduct?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1289.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-12-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-12-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Fried argued the interest in IOLTA accounts is private property.","Mr. Fried argued the state took the property without just compensation.","Mr. Burman argued the plaintiffs' case has a fundamental flaw.","Mr. Dellinger argued a taking requires property, a taking, and denial of compensation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-41"}]}],"caption":"Washington Legal Foundation v. Legal Foundation of Wash.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.633571Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.663370Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case claim a state tax on interest from client trust accounts is an unconstitutional taking. the opposing sides argue the tax is a valid exercise of state power.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-12-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1325.html","primary_docket":"01-1325","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:37:20.583442Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a state tax on interest from client trust accounts is a constitutional taking. the sides that brought the case argue the tax takes private property without just compensation. the opposing sides argue the tax is a valid exercise of state power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 9, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the state tax on interest from client trust accounts.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the state tax on interest from client trust accounts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the tax takes private property without just compensation.","the opposing sides argue the tax is a valid exercise of state power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked about the flaw in the plaintiffs' case.","Justice Stevens asked the advocates to proceed with their arguments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether states can tax interest from client trust accounts. This affects how states manage public funds and how clients receive compensation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-41"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1325-washington-legal-foundation-v-legal-foundation-of-wash","term":"2002","title":"Does a state tax on interest from client trust accounts violate the Fifth Amendment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1325.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-01-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-01-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","paragraphs":["Taggart argued Congress failed to abrogate state immunity.","Dinh argued the law targets sex-based discrimination.","Taggart distinguished paternity leave from childbirth leave."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 15-59","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 15-59"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-5"}]}],"caption":"Nevada Dept. of Human Resources v. Hibbs","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.473451Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.512406Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Nevada denies paternity leave. Hibbs claims the federal law requires it.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 15-59","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 15-59"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-01-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1368.html","primary_docket":"01-1368","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:33:28.429990Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests state immunity under the Family and Medical Leave Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 15-59","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 15-59"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 15, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Nevada wants to keep its leave rules.","Hibbs wants federal leave rights enforced."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 15-59","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 15-59"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Nevada argues Congress lacked power to abrogate immunity.","Hibbs argues the law targets sex discrimination."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 15-59","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 15-59"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Rehnquist asked if the case is submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This defines state limits on federal leave mandates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 15-59","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 15-59"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-5"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1368-nevada-dept-of-human-resources-v-hibbs","term":"2002","title":"Can states deny FMLA leave to fathers?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 15-59","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 15-59"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1368.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-12-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-12-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kneedler stated the Secretary approved lease amendments in 1987.","Mr. Frye argued the Government has not accepted the Mitchell II principle.","Mr. Frye stated federal control of Indian property implies trust duties.","Mr. Kneedler argued the tribe knew the substance of the Secretary's actions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-21"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Navajo Nation","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.537583Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.569165Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Navajo Nation seeks damages for lease amendments. The United States denies a trust duty exists.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-12-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1375.html","primary_docket":"01-1375","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:40:49.299366Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether federal control of Indian property creates a trust duty. The Navajo Nation argues this control implies such duties. The United States disputes this legal principle."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 2, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The United States wants the Court to reject the trust duty claim.","The Navajo Nation wants the Court to affirm the trust duty principle."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The United States argues the tribe knew the substance of the Secretary's actions.","The Navajo Nation argues federal control of Indian property necessarily implicates trust duties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if the tribe knew the substance of the Secretary's actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal trust duties. It determines the legal standard for Indian property management. It shapes future claims for damages by tribes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-21"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1375-united-states-v-navajo-nation","term":"2002","title":"Does federal control of Indian property create a trust duty?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1375.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-01-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-01-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Blatt argued creditors retain rights to enforce settled fraud debts.","Mr. Ayer outlined four key points for the Court's consideration.","Mr. Goldblatt explained statutory exceptions to bankruptcy discharge.","Mr. Goldblatt stated the preclusion issue was waived in the reply brief."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-39"}]}],"caption":"Archer v. Warner","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.421126Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.451001Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a creditor can collect a settled fraud debt after a debtor files for bankruptcy.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-01-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1418.html","primary_docket":"01-1418","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:34:37.664875Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of bankruptcy discharge exceptions for fraud debts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 13, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to enforce the full settlement amount in bankruptcy.","the opposing sides want the debt discharged under bankruptcy law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the creditor can establish fraud to defeat discharge.","the opposing sides argue statutory exceptions limit which debts survive bankruptcy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked about the how the case got here of the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Creditors rely on settlements to resolve fraud disputes. Debtors rely on bankruptcy to erase pre-filing obligations. The outcome defines the boundary between these competing rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-39"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1418-archer-v-warner","term":"2002","title":"Can a creditor enforce a fraud settlement in bankruptcy?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1418.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-12-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-12-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Millett stated using benefits for maintenance is permitted.","Ms. Roseborough argued the state benefits from the funds.","Ms. Gregoire represented the sides that brought the case in the case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-33"}]}],"caption":"Washington State Dept. of Social and Health Servs. v. Guardianship Estate of Keffeler","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.585801Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.614508Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Washington seeks to keep federal funds for child care. The estate argues the money belongs to the child.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-12-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1420.html","primary_docket":"01-1420","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:40:18.587375Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Washington wants to retain federal benefits for child care. The estate wants the funds for the child's needs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 3, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Washington wants to keep the funds for child care.","The estate wants the funds for the child's needs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Washington argues the state benefits from using the funds.","The estate argues the funds belong to the child."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked about the advocate's name.","Justice Stevens closed the argument session."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who controls federal child benefits. It affects state budgets and child welfare funding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-33"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1420-washington-state-dept-of-social-and-health-servs-v-guardianship-estate-of-keffel","term":"2002","title":"Can States Claim Unused Social Security Benefits for Disabled Children?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1420.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-02-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-02-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Seymour argued that the four doctors are not employees because they own the clinic.","Mr. Gornstein argued that the EEOC guidance determines whether directors are employees.","chief_justice_rehnquist_asked_about_common_law_rules_for_corporate_directors."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 3-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 3-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 21-22"}]}],"caption":"Clackamas Gastroenterology Associates, P. C. v. Wells","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.332224Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether doctors who own and manage their clinic qualify as employees under federal disability law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-18"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-02-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1435.html","primary_docket":"01-1435","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:29:07.493823Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the definition of an employee under the Americans With Disabilities Act. It asks if professional partners who own a business are employees of that business."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-18"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 25, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 3-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 3-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to rule that shareholder-directors are not employees.","the opposing side wants the Court to rule that shareholder-directors are employees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that owners who manage their own clinic are not employees.","the opposing side argues that the EEOC guidance controls the employee status determination."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-18"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked about the common law rule for corporate directors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 21-22"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who qualifies as an employee under federal disability law. It determines the scope of workplace protections for business owners."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-18"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 3-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 3-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 21-22"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1435-clackamas-gastroenterology-associates-p-c-v-wells","term":"2002","title":"Do shareholder-directors count as employees under the ADA?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1435.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-18"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-12-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-12-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","paragraphs":["Branch argues state courts have fixed unfair maps for forty years.","Smith argues federal law requires approval before state courts act.","Justice Stevens asked if the state court plan received federal approval."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-21"}]}],"caption":"Branch v. Smith","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.660348Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.673429Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Branch and Smith dispute whether state judges can redraw electoral maps without federal pre-clearance.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-12-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1437.html","primary_docket":"01-1437","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:35:53.711950Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Branch and Smith argue over state court power to fix unfair district maps."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 10, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Branch wants state courts to fix unfair maps without federal approval.","Smith wants federal approval before state courts fix unfair maps."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Branch argues state courts have fixed unfair maps for forty years.","Smith argues federal law requires approval before state courts act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if the state court plan received federal approval."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who controls fair district maps. It shapes how citizens vote in local elections. It affects the balance of power between state and federal courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-21"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1437-branch-v-smith","term":"2002","title":"Can state courts fix unfair district maps without federal approval?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-12-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-12-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","paragraphs":["The officer's counsel argued the Fifth Amendment safeguards criminal trial integrity. He stated it does not directly limit primary police conduct.","The victim's counsel argued the officer's immunity claim was mistaken. He contended the lower court ruling was incorrect.","justice_questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 31-35"}]}],"caption":"Chavez v. Martinez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.601652Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.630688Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a police officer can claim qualified immunity in a civil rights suit for a coerced confession.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 21-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-12-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1444.html","primary_docket":"01-1444","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:37:54.194197Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Fifth Amendment in civil litigation. It asks if the privilege against self-incrimination limits police conduct during interrogations. The outcome defines the boundary between criminal procedure and civil liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 21-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 4, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 31-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The officer wants the court to allow his qualified immunity defense.","The victim wants the court to reject the officer's immunity claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 21-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The officer argues the Fifth Amendment protects criminal trials, not civil suits.","The victim argues the Fifth Amendment limits police conduct during interrogations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 21-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the Fifth Amendment restrict police behavior in civil cases?","Can qualified immunity apply to claims of coerced confessions?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 31-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the legal limits of police interrogation tactics. It determines whether officers face personal liability for coercive questioning. The ruling shapes the balance between civil rights and law enforcement authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 21-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 31-35"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1444-chavez-v-martinez","term":"2002","title":"Does the Fifth Amendment bar a civil suit for coerced interrogation?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1444.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 21-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-01-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-01-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","paragraphs":["Theodore Olson argued Congress acted based on overwhelming evidence.","He stated prompt removal is essential for border control.","He asserted Congress has the power to mandate detention.","Ms. Rabinovitz argued the statute violates due process rights. She questioned whether Congress authorized such broad detention. She emphasized the client is a lawful permanent resident. She noted the statute directs custody at criminal release. She argued this timing is critical to the legal question."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-35"}]}],"caption":"Demore v. Hyung Joon Kim","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.477335Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.498750Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue Congress mandated detention for serious felons. the opposing sides claim this violates due process rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-01-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1491.html","primary_docket":"01-1491","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:33:40.738456Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal detention powers. It pits border security needs against individual liberty. The Court must define the limits of mandatory detention."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 15, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to uphold the mandatory detention statute.","the opposing sides want the Court to strike down the detention requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Congress found prompt removal essential for border control.","the opposing sides argue the statute violates the Due Process Clause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the statute authorize detention at criminal release or later?","Did Congress intend to cover all removal proceedings?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the balance between national security and personal freedom. It sets the standard for detaining non-citizens. It impacts how the government manages its borders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-35"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1491-demore-v-hyung-joon-kim","term":"2002","title":"Can the government detain lawful permanent residents during removal proceedings?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-02-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-02-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1559.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Fahringer represented the side that brought the case during the oral argument.","Mr. Srinivasan argued that collateral review suits most ineffective assistance claims.","The Solicitor General's Office supported the government's procedural preference."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1559.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1559.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 39-41"}]}],"caption":"Massaro v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.319387Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether courts should resolve ineffective assistance claims during direct appeal or wait for collateral review.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1559.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-02-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1559.html","primary_docket":"01-1559","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:32:38.714671Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the proper timing for resolving claims that a lawyer failed to provide effective representation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1559.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 25, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants to resolve ineffective counsel claims during the direct appeal process.","The government wants to resolve these claims during collateral review proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1559.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that direct appeal offers the best forum for these claims.","The government argues that collateral review better resolves most ineffective assistance claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1559.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked the advocate to conclude the argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1559.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue determines when defendants can challenge their lawyer's performance. It affects the speed and scope of post-conviction remedies. It shapes the procedural path for correcting legal errors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1559.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1559.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 39-41"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1559-massaro-v-united-states","term":"2002","title":"Should ineffective counsel claims wait for collateral review?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1559.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-01-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-01-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Lach argued the term person remains unchanged since 1863.","Mr. Stewart argued the law targets deliberate efforts to cheat the government.","Mr. Stewart stated the side that brought the case identified no legitimate ground for exclusion."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 3-5"}]}],"caption":"Cook County v. United States, ex rel. Chandler","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.445110Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Cook County argues the law excludes local entities. The government says the law covers them.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-01-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1572.html","primary_docket":"01-1572","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:34:00.681910Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The False Claims Act targets fraud against the federal government. The term person remains undefined. The Court must decide if local governments fit this term."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 14, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Cook County wants the Court to exclude local governments from the law.","The government wants the Court to include local governments in the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Cook County argues Congress did not intend to include local governments.","The government argues the law covers all entities that cheat the federal government."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 3-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Local governments face financial liability for federal fraud. The law defines who must pay penalties. This case sets the scope of federal fraud enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 3-5"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1572-cook-county-v-united-states-ex-rel-chandler","term":"2002","title":"Does the False Claims Act cover local governments?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1572.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-03-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-03-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Najera stated that California law allows post-conviction challenges to deadlines.","Mr. Gornstein argued the statute does not violate Ex Post Facto rules.","Ms. Gaard cited new evidence about delayed reporting of abuse.","Chief Justice Rehnquist noted the case was submitted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 27-29"}]}],"caption":"Stogner v. California","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.243715Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.271517Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Stogner argues the law punishes past acts. California says it only allows new prosecutions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 17-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-03-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1757.html","primary_docket":"01-1757","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:21:27.027794Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Court must decide if a new law extending the time to prosecute sexual abuse violates the Constitution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 31, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Stogner wants the Court to strike down the extended deadline.","California wants the Court to uphold the extended deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Stogner argues the law punishes conduct that was legal when committed.","California argues the law does not fit any Ex Post Facto category."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the same question applied to co-counsel.","Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of state power to extend prosecution deadlines. It affects how legislatures handle delayed reporting of crimes. It balances individual rights against public safety needs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 27-29"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1757-stogner-v-california","term":"2002","title":"Does California's extended statute of limitations violate the Ex Post Facto Clause?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1757.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 17-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-03-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-03-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Clement argued the government can protect the public from fraud.","Mr. Huszagh stated charitable solicitors cannot commit fraud freely.","Mr. Copilevitz argued fundraising costs reflect protected persuasive speech.","Mr. Huszagh corrected the record regarding the affidavit treatment."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 7-9"}]}],"caption":"Madigan v. Telemarketing Associates, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.378874Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.414893Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Illinois seeks to cap fundraising costs. Telemarketing Associates argues this violates free speech.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-03-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1806.html","primary_docket":"01-1806","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:26:38.728170Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Illis argues the state can regulate fundraising fees to prevent fraud. Telemarketing Associates claims this restricts protected speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 3, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Illinois wants to enforce the fundraising fee cap.","Telemarketing Associates wants the fee cap struck down."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Illinois argues the state can regulate fees to stop fraud.","Telemarketing Associates argues fee limits restrict protected speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the First Amendment protect fundraising fee structures?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state power over charitable fundraising costs. It shapes how charities manage their budgets."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 7-9"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1806-madigan-v-telemarketing-associates-inc","term":"2002","title":"Can states limit charitable fundraising fees?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1806.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-01-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-01-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1862.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. McLean argued the filing date controls applicability.","Ms. Coffin argued precedent bars applying the rules to pending cases.","The Chief Justice closed the argument."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1862.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1862.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1862.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1862.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 45-47"}]}],"caption":"Woodford v. Garceau","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.477377Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether new federal habeas rules apply to cases filed before enactment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1862.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1862.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-01-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-1862.html","primary_docket":"01-1862","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:32:58.853761Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the retroactive reach of AEDPA amendments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1862.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1862.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 21, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1862.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the new rules to apply to pending cases.","the opposing side wants the new rules to exclude pending cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1862.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1862.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the filing date determines applicability.","the opposing side argues precedent bars applying the rules to pending cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1862.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1862.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The Chief Justice asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1862.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal habeas review for pending petitions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1862.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1862.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1862.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1862.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 45-47"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-1862-woodford-v-garceau","term":"2002","title":"Does AEDPA apply to pending habeas cases?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1862.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-1862.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-01-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-01-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Hagler stated that uninsured people pay more for drugs.","He noted that cash-paying patients are least able to absorb high prices.","Mr. Phillips addressed the Court regarding the legal basis of the case.","Chief Justice Rehnquist questioned whether adverse consequences are factually unresolved."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"}]}],"caption":"Pharmaceutical Research and Mfrs. of America v. Concannon","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.528793Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.556074Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America argues that cash-paying patients face higher costs. Kevin Concannon disputes this claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-01-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-188.html","primary_docket":"01-188","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:32:39.364646Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on prescription drug pricing for uninsured individuals. One side claims these patients pay more than other buyers. The other side challenges this assertion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 22, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America wants the Court to recognize that uninsured patients pay higher prices.","Kevin Concannon wants the Court to reject the claim that uninsured patients pay more."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Mr. Hagler argues that uninsured patients are charged more than any other purchaser.","Mr. Phillips argues that the legal framework supports the side that brought the case's position."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if adverse consequences are an unresolved factual question."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Uninsured patients face financial strain when paying cash for prescriptions. High prices impact those least able to absorb costs. The outcome affects access to affordable medication for vulnerable groups."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-188-pharmaceutical-research-and-mfrs-of-america-v-concannon","term":"2002","title":"Do uninsured patients pay higher drug prices?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","paragraphs":["Charles Rothfeld argued the issue is narrow but important. He said it affects interstate commerce flow. He cited the 1991 statute. He said it eased state fee burdens. He targeted interstate trucks.","Mr. Schlick argued Congress assigned implementation to the ICC. He said the ICC set the fee cap rules. He said states must consider reciprocal fee reductions. He said states must consider reciprocal fee waivers. He cited the November 15, 1991 date.","Mr. Casey addressed the Michigan registration base change. He said it moved to principal place of business. He said the change is not present in this case. He cited 1111 14th Street, N. W."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 7-7"}]}],"caption":"Yellow Transp. Inc. v. Michigan, et al","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.961162Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Yellow Transportation argues Michigan ignored past fee waivers. Michigan claims the law requires counting only current fees.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-270.html","primary_docket":"01-270","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:53:14.385047Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Congress created a single state registration system for interstate trucks. The law caps state registration fees. The Interstate Commerce Commission implemented the system. The Commission set rules for applying fee caps. The rules address reciprocal fee waivers. The waivers existed before November 15, 1991. Michigan changed its registration base. The state now uses principal place of business."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Yellow Transportation wants the court to apply the fee cap using old waivers.","Michigan wants the court to apply the fee cap using only current fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Yellow Transportation argues the law requires counting pre-1991 reciprocal fee waivers.","Michigan argues the law requires counting only current reciprocal fee reductions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case is submitted.","Chief Justice Rehnquist asked Mr. Rothfeld to begin his argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 7-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome sets the method for calculating interstate truck fee caps. It determines whether states count historical waivers. It affects the cost of interstate trucking. It impacts the flow of interstate commerce. It clarifies the scope of the 1991 statute. It defines the role of the Interstate Commerce Commission rules. It resolves the dispute over Michigan's fee calculation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 7-7"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-270-yellow-transp-inc-v-michigan-et-al","term":"2002","title":"Do states count old fee waivers when applying interstate truck fee caps?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-270.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-01-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-01-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Paden argued the foreign sovereign owns the subsidiary.","Mr. Massey argued parent stock does not equal subsidiary stock.","Mr. Minear cited corporate law principles separating the entities.","Justices questioned the consistency of the ownership claim."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-3"}]}],"caption":"Dole Food Co. v. Patrickson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.512320Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.544677Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case claim a foreign sovereign owns a subsidiary. the opposing sides say only direct shares count.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-01-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-593.html","primary_docket":"01-593","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:31:40.226899Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act. It asks if parent stock equals subsidiary stock."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 22, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to treat parent stock as subsidiary ownership.","the opposing sides want the Court to treat parent and subsidiary shares as distinct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the foreign sovereign owns the subsidiary through its parent.","the opposing sides argue corporate law separates parent and subsidiary shareholders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if ownership capacity changed over time.","Justices questioned the relevance of recent corporate law decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This defines sovereign immunity for foreign state-owned companies. It determines which entities gain legal protection in U.S. courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-3"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-593-dole-food-co-v-patrickson","term":"2002","title":"Does owning parent stock count as owning subsidiary stock?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-10-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-10-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","paragraphs":["Lawrence Lessig argued the extension exceeds congressional power. He cited First Amendment violations.","Theodore Olson argued the first Congress protected existing copyrights. He cited historical precedent for the extension.","Chief Justice Rehnquist introduced the case. He noted the how the case got here of the dispute."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]}],"caption":"Eldred v. Ashcroft","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.557061Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case challenge the 1998 Copyright Term Extension Act. They argue it exceeds congressional power. the opposing sides defend the statute's validity.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-10-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-618.html","primary_docket":"01-618","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:48:38.818084Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the limits of copyright law. It asks if Congress can extend terms for existing works. The outcome affects public access to creative material."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 9, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the court to strike down the 1998 Act. They seek to restore public domain access to older works.","the opposing sides want the court to uphold the 1998 Act. They seek to maintain extended copyright protection for existing works."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the extension exceeds congressional power. They claim it violates the First Amendment.","the opposing sides argue the first Congress protected existing copyrights. They claim this history supports the current extension."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the Copyright Clause allow extending terms for existing works?","Does the First Amendment limit copyright term extensions?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary of copyright protection. It determines how long works remain private. It shapes public access to cultural material."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-618-eldred-v-ashcroft","term":"2002","title":"Can Congress extend copyright terms for existing works?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-10-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-10-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","paragraphs":["General Clement argued the FCC must allocate spectrum for the public interest. He stated auctions assign spectrum to the most effective users.","Mr. Franklin argued the Bankruptcy Code permits overriding FCC determinations. He claimed this allows bankrupt companies to retain specific assets.","Mr. Verrilli argued the FCC revoked licenses solely due to deferred payments. He stated this action occurred while NextWave reorganized in bankruptcy."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-69","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-69"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-29"}]}],"caption":"FCC v. NextWave Personal Communications Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.965217Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.986899Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The FCC argues bankruptcy courts cannot void its public interest license decisions. NextWave claims the Bankruptcy Code protects its reorganization rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-69","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-69"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 15-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-10-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-653.html","primary_docket":"01-653","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:52:25.563554Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether federal bankruptcy law supersedes FCC regulatory authority. The FCC asserts its power to revoke licenses based on public interest. NextWave argues bankruptcy protections shield its assets during reorganization."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-69","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-69"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 15-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 8, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The FCC wants the Court to uphold its license revocation. It seeks to prevent bankruptcy courts from overriding public interest decisions.","NextWave wants the Court to protect its bankruptcy reorganization. It seeks to keep its spectrum licenses during the process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-69","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-69"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 15-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The FCC argues Congress directed it to allocate spectrum for the public interest. It claims bankruptcy judges cannot override this regulatory determination.","NextWave argues the Bankruptcy Code permits it to defer payments. It claims this protection allows it to retain licenses during reorganization."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-69","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-69"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 15-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted. He concluded the oral argument session."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between bankruptcy law and federal regulation. It determines whether agencies can enforce public interest standards against bankrupt entities. The outcome shapes how spectrum licenses are protected during financial distress."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-69","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-69"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 15-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-29"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-653-fcc-v-nextwave-personal-communications-inc","term":"2002","title":"Can bankruptcy courts override FCC spectrum license revocations?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-69","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-69"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-653.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 15-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-11-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-11-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","paragraphs":["Quin Denvir represented Ewing during the oral argument.","Paul De Nicola represented California during the oral argument.","Paul D. Clement argued on behalf of the United States.","Chief Justice Rehnquist closed the argument session."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 9-11"}]}],"caption":"Ewing v. California","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.869122Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.900204Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Gary Ewing seeks to overturn a 25-year prison term for stealing three golf clubs. California defends the sentence as a lawful application of its three-strikes law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 13-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-11-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-6978.html","primary_docket":"01-6978","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:44:39.826487Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Gary Ewing stole three golf clubs in Los Angeles. He received a 25-year prison sentence under California law. He argues this punishment is excessive. California argues the sentence fits its statutory scheme."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 13-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 5, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Ewing wants the 25-year sentence struck down as excessive.","California wants the 25-year sentence upheld as lawful."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 13-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Ewing argues the punishment is grossly disproportionate to the crime.","California argues the sentence follows its established three-strikes statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 13-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked about the value of the stolen golf clubs.","Justice Breyer asked about statistics under California's old sentencing law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of state sentencing power. It determines whether states can impose long terms for minor crimes. It shapes how courts review proportionality claims nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 13-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 9-11"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-6978-ewing-v-california","term":"2002","title":"Does a 25-year sentence for stealing golf clubs violate the Eighth Amendment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-6978.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 13-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-10-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-10-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","paragraphs":["Edwin Kneedler argued the government side. He stated annual appropriations acts prohibit the agency from acting on relief applications. He compared the relief power to the pardon power.","Mr. Goldstein argued the opposing side side. He stated section 925(c) grants individuals the right to apply for relief. He argued the statute secures judicial review if the Secretary denies the application.","Chief Justice Rehnquist closed the argument. He stated the case is submitted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 32-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 32-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-25"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Bean","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.030395Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.060226Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government claims annual funding bans stop ATF from acting on relief applications. the opposing side argues this denies his statutory right to judicial review.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 32-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 32-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-10-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-704.html","primary_docket":"01-704","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:47:24.593497Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether annual appropriations bans override a statute granting firearm disability relief. The government says funding limits control agency action. the opposing side says the statute guarantees a hearing and court access."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 32-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 32-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 16, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the funding ban. It seeks to prevent the agency from processing the relief application.","the opposing side wants the Court to enforce the statutory right. He seeks a hearing and access to federal courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 32-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 32-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues annual appropriations acts prohibit the agency from investigating or acting on these applications. It claims this funding restriction controls the agency's operations.","the opposing side argues section 925(c) grants a right to apply for relief. He claims the statute guarantees judicial review if the Secretary denies the application."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 32-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 32-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the annual appropriations ban override the statutory right to apply for relief?","Can the government deny judicial review based solely on a funding restriction?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between legislative funding controls and statutory rights. It determines whether agencies can ignore statutory duties due to budget limits. It affects access to courts for individuals seeking disability relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 32-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 32-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-25"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-704-united-states-v-bean","term":"2002","title":"Can Congress block ATF from processing firearm disability relief?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 32-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-704.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 32-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-10-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-10-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. McDowell argued the deadline is mandatory but not jurisdictional.","Mr. Roberts argued the word shall means may.","Mr. Buscemi argued the companies should not get a windfall.","Mr. Sutton cited the assignment provision in the brief."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-9"}]}],"caption":"Barnhart v. Peabody Coal Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.968234Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.996274Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Coal companies argue a missed deadline voids their payment duty. The government argues the deadline is not strict.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-10-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-705.html","primary_docket":"01-705","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:39:29.451502Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a 1993 deadline is mandatory. It affects who pays for retired coal miners."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 8, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants coal companies to pay benefits.","Coal companies want to avoid paying benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the deadline is not strict.","Coal companies argue the deadline is mandatory."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the word shall create a strict deadline?","Does a missed deadline void the payment duty?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines who pays for retired coal miners. It affects the financial burden on coal companies. It impacts the availability of benefits for workers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-9"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-705-barnhart-v-peabody-coal-co","term":"2002","title":"Does a missed 1993 deadline bar coal companies from paying benefits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-10-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-10-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Stewart stated the Coast Guard administers the Boat Safety Act.","Mr. Shapiro noted Congress specified safety equipment for over 90 years.","Ms. Brueckner argued the maritime argument was waived.","Ms. Brueckner said the opposing sides did not raise the maritime issue earlier."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-9"}]}],"caption":"Sprietsma v. Mercury Marine","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.026539Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.040048Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to strike down a state noise law. the opposing sides defend the state law against federal preemption claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-10-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-706.html","primary_docket":"01-706","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:47:49.353985Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether federal boat safety standards override state noise regulations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 15, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the state noise law struck down.","the opposing sides want the state noise law upheld."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue federal law preempts state noise rules.","the opposing sides argue state law remains valid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the Boat Safety Act occupy the field of boat safety?","Did the side that brought the case waive the maritime argument?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["State noise rules affect boat operators. Federal standards shape national safety. This conflict impacts consumer choice and state authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-9"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-706-sprietsma-v-mercury-marine","term":"2002","title":"Does federal boat safety law block state noise rules?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-706.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-11-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-11-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Olson stated that Congress and state legislatures agree citizens need access to offender information.","Mr. Thompson argued the Alaska Act imposes punishment because it has three classic punitive features.","Mr. Roberts explained that the law makes truthful information available to help protect the public."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 13-17"}]}],"caption":"Smith v. Doe","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.941262Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case claim the registration act is a criminal penalty. The State argues it is a civil safety measure.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-11-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-729.html","primary_docket":"01-729","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:41:37.370789Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a state registration law functions as a criminal punishment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 13, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to classify the registration law as a criminal punishment.","The State wants the Court to classify the registration law as a civil safety measure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the law imposes punishment through three classic punitive features.","The State argues the law provides truthful information to protect the public."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the registration law possess features that define it as punishment?","Does the law serve a civil regulatory purpose rather than a punitive one?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The classification determines whether the law triggers specific constitutional protections for offenders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 13-17"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-729-smith-v-doe","term":"2002","title":"Does Alaska's sex offender registration law count as punishment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-729.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-10-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-10-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-757.pdf","paragraphs":["Syngenta cites Kikkonen v. Guardian Life to support removal of retained jurisdiction cases.","Henson asserts Congress defines removal limits, including original jurisdiction requirements.","Chief Justice Rehnquist noted the case is submitted after hearing both advocates."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-757.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-757.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-757.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-757.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 41-41"}]}],"caption":"Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc. v. Henson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.016687Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Syngenta seeks federal removal of a state class action settlement. Henson argues federal courts lack original jurisdiction to accept such cases.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-757.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-757.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-10-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-757.html","primary_docket":"01-757","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:48:04.845716Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This dispute centers on federal removal power. Syngenta wants to move a state class action to federal court. Henson argues federal courts cannot accept cases lacking original jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-757.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-757.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 15, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-757.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Syngenta wants the Supreme Court to allow removal of the state class action to federal court.","Henson wants the Supreme Court to deny removal and keep the case in state court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-757.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-757.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Syngenta argues the All Writs Act permits removal when a state court retains jurisdiction over a settlement.","Henson argues the All Writs Act cannot remove cases that federal courts lack original jurisdiction to hear."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-757.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-757.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the All Writs Act allow removal of a state class action settlement to federal court?","Can a federal court accept a case where the state court retained jurisdiction to manage the settlement?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-757.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 41-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between state and federal court authority. It determines whether companies can move class action settlements to federal courts. The outcome shapes access to federal forums for complex civil disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-757.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-757.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-757.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-757.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 41-41"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-757-syngenta-crop-protection-inc-v-henson","term":"2002","title":"Can the All Writs Act remove state class actions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-757.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-757.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-11-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-11-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","paragraphs":["Srinivasan framed the core legal question for the Court.","Dougherty argued the double jeopardy exception is limited.","Dougherty stated the exception does not arise from the proceeding itself."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 9-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 9-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-23"}]}],"caption":"Sattazahn v. Pennsylvania","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.818037Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Sattazahn argues a default life sentence after a hung jury acts as an acquittal. Pennsylvania rejects this view.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 9-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 9-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-11-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-7574.html","primary_docket":"01-7574","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:45:30.996646Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Sattazahn seeks a new sentencing hearing. Pennsylvania wants to keep the default life sentence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 9-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 9-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 4, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Sattazahn wants a new sentencing hearing.","Pennsylvania wants to keep the life sentence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 9-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 9-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Sattazahn claims the default sentence functions as an acquittal.","Pennsylvania claims the default sentence is not an acquittal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 9-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 9-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case is submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of double jeopardy protection. It determines when a state can retry a defendant after a hung jury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 9-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 9-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-23"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-7574-sattazahn-v-pennsylvania","term":"2002","title":"Does a default life sentence after a hung jury violate double jeopardy?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 9-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-7574.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 9-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-10-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-10-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Friedberg argued the firm pushed investors into arbitration.","Mr. Roberts argued the arbitrator should decide the timeliness issue.","Mr. Starr argued the contract determines who decides the issue."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-21"}]}],"caption":"Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.000165Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:32.000186Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Investors and a brokerage firm dispute who decides if a claim is time-barred.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-10-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-800.html","primary_docket":"01-800","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:48:24.555469Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case asks who decides if a claim is too old. The investors want a judge to decide. The firm wants an arbitrator to decide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 9, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The investors want a judge to decide if their claim is too old.","The firm wants an arbitrator to decide if the claim is too old."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The investors argue the judge must decide the timeliness issue.","The firm argues the arbitrator must decide the timeliness issue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The Chief Justice asked if the parties intended to arbitrate under specific rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines who controls the timeliness of investor claims. It affects the balance of power in financial arbitration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-21"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-800-howsam-v-dean-witter-reynolds-inc","term":"2002","title":"Who decides if a securities claim is too old?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-800.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-896.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Waxman addressed the jurisdiction question.","Mr. Berman discussed the jurisdiction issue.","Chief Justice Rehnquist called the case for argument.","Chief Justice Rehnquist noted the case was submitted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-896.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-896.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-896.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-896.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-29"}]}],"caption":"Ford Motor Co. v. McCauley","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.968257Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Ford and Citibank argue the Court lacks jurisdiction. McCauley disputes this claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-896.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-896.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-896.html","primary_docket":"01-896","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:52:57.948051Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The parties dispute whether the Supreme Court has jurisdiction to hear the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-896.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-896.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-896.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Ford and Citibank want the Court to dismiss the case for lack of jurisdiction.","McCauley wants the Court to accept the case and hear the merits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-896.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-896.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Ford and Citibank argue the Court lacks jurisdiction to decide the case.","McCauley argues the Court has jurisdiction to decide the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-896.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-896.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted.","Chief Justice Rehnquist called the case for argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-896.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-896.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines if the Supreme Court can review this specific legal dispute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-896.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-896.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-896.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-896.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-29"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-896-ford-motor-co-v-mccauley","term":"2002","title":"Does the Supreme Court have jurisdiction over this dispute?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-896.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-896.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-11-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-11-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Zidlicky responded to Justice Stevens' inquiry about the motion's purpose.","He asserted the motion actually did seek federal habeas relief.","Mr. Liebman directed the Court to specific pages in his reply brief.","He cited supporting cases in the footnotes of that section."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 1-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 1-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-47"}]}],"caption":"Abdur'Rahman v. Bell","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.886888Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.903373Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case argues his motion sought habeas relief. the opposing side disputes this claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 1-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 1-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-11-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-9094.html","primary_docket":"01-9094","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:44:10.522884Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Abdur'Rahman v. Bell"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 1-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 1-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 6, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to recognize his motion sought habeas relief.","the opposing side wants the Court to reject that characterization."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 1-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 1-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case asserts his Rule 60(b) motion explicitly requested federal habeas relief.","the opposing side argues the motion did not seek that specific relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 1-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 1-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked whether the motion actually sought federal habeas relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of post-conviction remedies available to state prisoners."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 1-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 1-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-47"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-9094-abdur-rahman-v-bell","term":"2002","title":"Can a state prisoner use a Rule 60(b) motion to seek federal habeas relief?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 1-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-9094.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 1-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-04-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-04-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Englert argued the Ninth Circuit used inventive statutory interpretation.","He claimed the statute directs courts on how to construe laws.","He stated the Ninth Circuit misread it as a constitutional exemption.","Mr. Urban noted two distinct inquiries exist in construing the statute. First, does it create a Dormant Commerce Clause exemption? Second, what laws fall within its scope? Ms. Mcdowell argued Section 144 lacks unmistakable clarity. She stated Congress did not clearly mean to exempt California laws. She added the statute does not exempt the specific raw milk regulations."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 19-21"}]}],"caption":"Hillside Dairy Inc. v. Lyons","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.079398Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Hillside Dairy argues a federal statute exempts California raw milk rules from constitutional scrutiny. Lyons contends the statute does not create such an exemption.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-04-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-950.html","primary_docket":"01-950","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:17:20.420660Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether a specific federal statute exempts state regulations from Dormant Commerce Clause analysis. the sides that brought the case claim the Ninth Circuit misread the statute. the opposing sides argue the statute lacks clear intent to override constitutional limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 22, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Hillside Dairy wants the Court to reverse the Ninth Circuit's interpretation of the statute.","Lyons wants the Court to affirm the Ninth Circuit's interpretation of the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Hillside Dairy argues the Ninth Circuit invented a constitutional exemption not found in the statute.","Lyons argues the statute does not clearly exempt California laws from Commerce Clause review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted after the argument concluded."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines if federal statutes can shield state regulations from constitutional challenges. The outcome defines the scope of federal preemption over state commerce laws. It clarifies how courts interpret statutory exemptions to constitutional provisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 19-21"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-950-hillside-dairy-inc-v-lyons","term":"2002","title":"Does a federal statute exempt state raw milk laws from Commerce Clause review?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-950.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2002-11-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2002-11-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","paragraphs":["Carter Phillips argued the asbestos litigation crisis remains acute.","He stated the crisis is more severe than at any prior time.","Mr. Salmons argued the opposing sides cannot recover for future cancer anxiety.","He claimed this anxiety is separate from their asbestosis disease."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 16-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 16-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 2-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 2-4"}]}],"caption":"Norfolk & Western R. Co. v. Ayers","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.875816Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.903506Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether emotional distress from fear of future cancer qualifies as a compensable injury under the Federal Employers' Liability Act.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 16-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 16-2"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2002-11-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/01-963.html","primary_docket":"01-963","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:43:50.837061Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Freeman Ayers and other workers sued Norfolk & Western Railway. They claimed asbestosis and fear of future cancer. The lower court allowed recovery for that anxiety. The railroad argues this expands liability beyond the statute's intent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 16-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 16-2"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 6, 2002."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 2-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 2-4"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The railroad seeks to bar recovery for future cancer anxiety.","The workers seek to keep damages for that emotional distress."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 16-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 16-2"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The railroad argues the statute does not cover fear of future disease.","The workers argue their emotional injury stems from current asbestosis."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 16-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 16-2"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the lower court requested an apportionment instruction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 2-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 2-4"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of emotional distress damages in workplace injury claims. It determines whether fear of future illness counts as a present injury. The outcome shapes compensation standards for industrial disease victims nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 16-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 16-2"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 2-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 2-4"}]}],"slug":"2002-01-963-norfolk-western-r-co-v-ayers","term":"2002","title":"Can FELA plaintiffs recover for future cancer anxiety?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 16-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/01-963.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 16-2"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-03-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-03-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-102.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Smith argued Texas claims a right to punish. He stated this applies to unmarried couples. He emphasized the state's disapproval motive.","Texas counsel argued the state may enforce its penal code. They cited specific statutory provisions. They requested the Court uphold the law.","Chief Justice Rehnquist closed the session. He noted the case was submitted. No further questions were recorded."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 1-3"}]}],"caption":"Lawrence v. Texas","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.210580Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Texas claims the right to punish unmarried adults for private sexual acts. the sides that brought the case argue this violates their liberty.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-03-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-102.html","primary_docket":"02-102","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:22:01.466018Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of state power over private conduct. Texas defends its statute. the sides that brought the case seek to strike it down."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 26, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the conviction overturned.","Texas wants the conviction upheld."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the state cannot punish consensual private acts.","Texas argues it may criminalize specific sexual conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 1-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary of state criminal law. It impacts the privacy of all adults. It shapes the scope of personal liberty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 1-3"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-102-lawrence-v-texas","term":"2002","title":"Can Texas criminalize consensual adult intimacy?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-09-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-09-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Burchfield argued Title I is fatally overbroad.","Mr. Olson stated the issues are not new.","Mr. Starr claimed the law intrudes deeply into political life.","Mr. Starr argued candidates differ from political parties."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 6-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 6-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 42-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 42-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 8-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 8-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 30-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 30-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 12-24"}]}],"caption":"McConnell v. Federal Election Comm'n","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.045419Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.048460Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Lawmakers challenge federal limits on political party money.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 6-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 6-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 42-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 42-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 8-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 8-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 30-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 30-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 12-24"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-09-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1674.html","primary_docket":"02-1674","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:14:01.969189Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests Title I of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act. This law limits how parties raise and spend money."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 6-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 6-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 42-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 42-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 8-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 8-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 30-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 30-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 12-24"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on September 8, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 30-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 30-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Challengers want the law struck down.","The government wants the law upheld."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 6-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 6-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 42-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 42-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 8-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 8-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 30-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 30-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 12-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Challengers argue the law restricts core party activities.","The government argues the restrictions are not new."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 6-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 6-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 42-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 42-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 8-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 8-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 30-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 30-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 12-24"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist announced the court recess schedule."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-24"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal campaign finance power. It shapes how political parties operate nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 6-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 6-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 42-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 42-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 8-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 8-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 30-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 30-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 12-24"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 30-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 30-16"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-1674-mcconnell-v-federal-election-comm-n","term":"2002","title":"Can Congress restrict party fundraising?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 6-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 6-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 42-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 42-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 8-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 8-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 30-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 30-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-1674.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 12-24"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-04-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-04-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","paragraphs":["David Walbert argued for Georgia. He cited six decades of integration policy. He said the new map fits this trend.","John Braden argued for opponents. He claimed the map is a calculated scheme. He said it moves Black voters to weaken their districts.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 35-11"}]}],"caption":"Georgia v. Ashcroft","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.526111Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.557042Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Georgia argues its new map complies with federal law. Opponents claim the plan dilutes Black voting power.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 35-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-04-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-182.html","primary_docket":"02-182","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:14:49.571870Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how courts compare new voting maps to old ones. Georgia wants its plan approved. Critics say the plan harms Black voters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 35-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 29, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 1-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Georgia wants the Court to approve its new district map.","Opponents want the Court to reject the map as discriminatory."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 35-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Georgia argues the new map fits national integration policies.","Opponents argue the map lowers Black voting strength."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 35-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["How should courts compare new maps to old practices?","Does moving voters between districts dilute Black influence?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 35-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how states draw voting districts. It shapes who holds political power. It affects representation for minority communities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 35-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 35-11"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-182-georgia-v-ashcroft","term":"2002","title":"Does Georgia's redistricting plan violate federal voting rights laws?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 35-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-03-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-03-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Geller argued the Act applies to park concession contracts.","Mr. Elwood argued the Act does not apply to these contracts.","Mr. Elwood cited precedent against facial invalidation of regulations.","Mr. Geller cited 28 U.S.C. 1491(b) for district court jurisdiction."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 9-17"}]}],"caption":"National Park Hospitality Assn. v. Department of Interior","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.381843Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.417956Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Private park operators seek Contract Disputes Act coverage. The Interior Department opposes this application.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 5-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-03-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-196.html","primary_docket":"02-196","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:26:16.261839Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the Contract Disputes Act. It applies to National Park Service concession contracts. These contracts cover visitor services and facility maintenance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 4, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 9-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Contract Disputes Act to apply to their park contracts.","The Interior Department wants the Act to exclude these specific contracts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Act covers challenges to proposed government contract terms.","The Interior Department argues the Act does not apply to these park contracts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Why does the government oppose applying the Contract Disputes Act here?","What is at stake for the government in not applying it?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 9-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines dispute resolution for park concessioners. It affects how private operators resolve contract conflicts with the government."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 9-17"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-196-national-park-hospitality-assn-v-department-of-interior","term":"2002","title":"Does the Contract Disputes Act cover National Park concession contracts?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-196.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 5-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-02-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-02-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-215.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Grauer argued federal policy favors arbitration. He warned courts should not entangle in speculative litigation. He stated this would undermine important policy.","Mr. Whatley argued courts must determine arbitrability. He cited prior Court decisions. He stated no presumption favors giving this issue to the arbitrator.","questions_and_answers"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-215.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-215.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-215.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-215.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 37-39"}]}],"caption":"Pacificare Health Systems, Inc. v. Book","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.300548Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether a court or an arbitrator must decide if a contract clause covers a specific claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-215.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-215.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-02-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-215.html","primary_docket":"02-215","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:30:10.262218Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests who decides if an arbitration clause covers a specific dispute. the sides that brought the case want courts to avoid deciding arbitration remedies. the opposing sides want courts to decide arbitrability first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-215.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-215.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 24, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-215.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want courts to avoid speculative litigation over arbitration remedies.","the opposing sides want courts to decide arbitrability before sending issues to an arbitrator."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-215.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-215.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue federal policy favors arbitration and courts should not entangle in remedies.","the opposing sides argue courts must determine arbitrability and no presumption favors the arbitrator."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-215.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-215.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case is submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-215.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between judicial and arbitral power. It shapes how parties resolve contract disagreements. It affects the efficiency of the arbitration process. It determines who controls the initial scope of disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-215.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-215.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-215.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-215.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 37-39"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-215-pacificare-health-systems-inc-v-book","term":"2002","title":"Who decides if an arbitration clause covers a specific dispute?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-215.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-215.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-04-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-04-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Mahoney argued the Solicitor General's position ignores the record. She stated the school cannot achieve diversity through race-neutral means.","General Olson argued the program fails every test for racial preferences. He contended the policy violates the Equal Protection Clause.","Mr. Kolbo argued race is impermissible under the constitutional command of equality. He stated the university is free to make many different choices in selecting students.","Mr. Kolbo argued the University views the issue as a question of group rights. He contrasted this with the side that brought the case's focus on individual rights."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-9"}]}],"caption":"Grutter v. Bollinger","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.257839Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.274608Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Barbara Grutter challenges the University of Michigan Law School's use of race in admissions. The school defends its program as a tool for diversity.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-04-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-241.html","primary_docket":"02-241","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:20:03.292183Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a public law school may consider race in admissions. The school argues diversity is a compelling state interest. Grutter argues the program violates the Equal Protection Clause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 1, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Grutter wants the Court to strike down the admissions policy. She argues the policy violates the Constitution's equal protection guarantee.","The University wants the Court to uphold the admissions policy. It argues the policy serves the compelling interest of student body diversity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Grutter's counsel argues race is impermissible under the constitutional command of equality. They contend the school can achieve diversity through race-neutral means.","The University's counsel argues the policy meets strict scrutiny. They assert the school cannot achieve a diverse student body through facially race-neutral means."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked counsel to comment on a specific amicus brief. He also asked the side that brought the case to clarify the distinction between group rights and individual rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of racial preferences in public education. It determines whether universities may use race to achieve diversity. This sets a precedent for future admissions policies nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-9"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-241-grutter-v-bollinger","term":"2002","title":"Can a law school use race in admissions to build a diverse student body?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-241.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-03-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-03-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","paragraphs":["Robert Peck argued Congress managed jurisdiction boundaries. He stated the statute had two specific goals.","Lamken argued the tolling provision is constitutional. He claimed it reflects distinct federal legal events.","Lindemann argued Congress intruded on state sovereignty. He stated the case involves more than tolling."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 27-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 27-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 1-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 1-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 15-17"}]}],"caption":"Jinks v. Richland County","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.391811Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to revive a state claim dismissed in federal court. the opposing sides argue the federal statute violates state sovereignty.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 27-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 27-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 1-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 1-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-03-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-258.html","primary_docket":"02-258","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:25:28.054755Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the reach of federal supplemental jurisdiction. It asks if federal law can pause state time limits for claims dismissed in federal court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 27-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 27-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 1-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 1-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 5, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to revive their state claim. They argue federal law pauses state time limits.","the opposing sides want to keep the dismissal. They argue federal law cannot override state sovereignty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 27-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 27-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 1-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 1-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Congress validly managed jurisdiction boundaries. They claim the tolling provision reflects federal legal events.","the opposing sides argue Congress intruded on state sovereignty. They claim the statute exceeds federal power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 27-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 27-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 1-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 1-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the federal tolling provision violate state sovereignty?","Can federal law pause state time limits for dismissed claims?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between federal and state power. It determines whether federal courts can extend state time limits. The outcome shapes the scope of federal jurisdiction over state claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 27-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 27-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 1-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 1-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 15-17"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-258-jinks-v-richland-county","term":"2002","title":"Does federal supplemental jurisdiction toll state time limits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 27-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 27-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 1-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 1-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-258.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-02-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-02-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-271.pdf","paragraphs":["Seth Waxman argued for Dow Chemical. He cited a 1984 final judgment. He claimed it binds the class.","Isaac Smoger argued for Stephenson. He stated Stephenson had no 1984 injury. He claimed state law allows late claims.","chief_justice_rehnquist_closed_the_hearing."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-271.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-271.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-271.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-271.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 17-19"}]}],"caption":"Dow Chemical Co. v. Stephenson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.349644Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Dow Chemical argues a 1984 class judgment blocks new cancer suits. Stephenson argues state law allows late claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-271.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-271.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-02-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-271.html","primary_docket":"02-271","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:28:16.539424Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Dow Chemical seeks to dismiss Stephenson's cancer lawsuit. It claims a 1984 class action already resolved these issues. Stephenson wants to proceed with his 1999 cancer claim. He argues state law permits late filing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-271.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-271.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 26, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-271.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Dow Chemical wants the court to dismiss the lawsuit. It seeks to enforce the 1984 class judgment.","Stephenson wants the court to allow his lawsuit. He seeks to pursue his 1999 cancer claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-271.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-271.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Dow Chemical argues a final judgment binds the class. It claims this judgment includes Stephenson.","Stephenson argues he had no injury in 1984. He claims state law allows his 1999 filing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-271.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-271.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case is submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-271.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when a class action ends. It determines if late injuries can sue. It affects cancer patients and chemical companies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-271.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-271.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-271.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-271.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 17-19"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-271-dow-chemical-co-v-stephenson","term":"2002","title":"Does a prior class action bar later cancer claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-271.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-271.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-03-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-03-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kirby argued the tribe seeks a categorical rule for immunity.","He claimed this rule would shield tribal property from state warrants.","He stated this immunity would cover casinos and commercial businesses.","He noted this rule would block state crime investigations and prosecutions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 1-3"}]}],"caption":"Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of Bishop Community of Bishop Colony","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.240726Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.243752Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Inyo County seeks to search tribal property for crime evidence. The tribe claims immunity from such orders.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 9-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-03-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-281.html","primary_docket":"02-281","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:21:08.471028Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether state law enforcement can execute search warrants on tribal land. The county argues it needs access to investigate crimes. The tribe argues its property is immune from state process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 9-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 31, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 1-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Inyo County wants to execute state search warrants on tribal property.","The tribe wants a rule that blocks state search warrants on its land."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 9-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The county argues state law must apply to criminal investigations on tribal land.","The tribe argues its property is immune from state search warrants and subpoenas."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 9-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the tribe seek a categorical rule for immunity from state process?","What problems arise from the tribe's proposed categorical rule?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 1-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the reach of state criminal law on tribal land. It determines whether tribes can block state evidence collection. It shapes the balance between tribal sovereignty and state law enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 9-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 1-3"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-281-inyo-county-v-paiute-shoshone-indians-of-bishop-community-of-bishop-colony","term":"2002","title":"Do tribal lands block state search warrants?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-281.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 9-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-04-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-04-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","paragraphs":["Entergy cites Nantahala for exclusive FERC jurisdiction.","Louisiana disputes federal preemption of state law.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 47-1"}]}],"caption":"Entergy La., Inc. v. Louisiana Pub. Serv. Comm'n","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.116397Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Entergy seeks FERC authority over affiliate billing. Louisiana claims state power.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-04-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-299.html","primary_docket":"02-299","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:15:24.754155Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Entergy wants FERC to control wholesale rates. Louisiana wants state control over affiliate billing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 28, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Entergy wants FERC to control wholesale rates.","Louisiana wants state control over affiliate billing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Entergy argues FERC has exclusive jurisdiction.","Louisiana argues state law governs affiliate billing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does FERC have exclusive jurisdiction over these rates?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 47-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines federal and state power. It affects utility billing practices nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 47-1"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-299-entergy-la-inc-v-louisiana-pub-serv-comm-n","term":"2002","title":"Who controls wholesale rates for mothballed units?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-299.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-04-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-04-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","paragraphs":["Seth Waxman argued the complaint alleges a national bank charged excessive interest.","Mr. Roberts asserted the National Bank Act provides the exclusive cause of action.","Mr. Clark argued federal removal jurisdiction is limited by statute to federal cases."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 49-1"}]}],"caption":"Beneficial Nat. Bank v. Anderson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.174798Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A borrower argues state law allows a usury claim. The bank argues federal law provides the only remedy.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-04-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-306.html","primary_docket":"02-306","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:14:33.906487Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether federal law preempts state usury claims against national banks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 30, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The bank wants the Court to confirm federal law provides the exclusive remedy.","The borrower wants the Court to allow the state-law usury claim to proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The bank argues the National Bank Act has exclusively governed usury for over 125 years.","The borrower argues federal removal jurisdiction is limited to federal law cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked the advocate to clarify the how the case got here of the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 49-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether borrowers can sue national banks under state usury laws. It defines the scope of federal preemption in banking disputes. It affects the legal remedies available to consumers nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 49-1"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-306-beneficial-nat-bank-v-anderson","term":"2002","title":"Does the National Bank Act bar state-law usury claims against national banks?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-306.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-03-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-03-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","paragraphs":["Verrilli argued Strickland requires thorough investigation or judgment.","Himmelfarb argued the Sixth Amendment imposed no such duty.","Bair corrected the factual record regarding post-conviction comments.","Himmelfarb noted trial counsel obtained social services records."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 21-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 21-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-43"}]}],"caption":"Wiggins v. Smith","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.207176Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.230970Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Wiggins claims his lawyer ignored his abusive past. The state says no duty existed to dig deeper.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 21-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 21-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-03-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-311.html","primary_docket":"02-311","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:24:53.149065Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Wiggins argues his lawyer ignored his abusive past. The state says no duty existed to dig deeper."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 21-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 21-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 24, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Wiggins seeks a new trial based on ineffective counsel.","The state seeks to keep the death sentence intact."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 21-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 21-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Wiggins argues counsel must investigate or justify limits.","The state argues no duty required background evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 21-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 21-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines lawyer duties in death penalty trials. It shapes how courts judge legal preparation. It impacts future capital sentencing standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 21-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 21-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-43"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-311-wiggins-v-smith","term":"2002","title":"Did counsel fail to investigate Wiggins' background?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 21-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-311.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 21-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-04-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-04-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Blatt stated the removal statute gives defendants the same federal court rights as plaintiffs.","Mr. Hament noted defendants have had this removal right since 1875.","Mr. Pinaud argued removal jurisdiction must be construed narrowly based on prior precedent."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 49-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 49-60"}]}],"caption":"Breuer v. Jim's Concrete of Brevard","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.287809Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether a defendant can remove a case to federal court when the plaintiff's claims rely on federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 17-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-04-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-337.html","primary_docket":"02-337","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:30:02.427222Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a defendant's right to move a lawsuit from state to federal court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 2, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to allow the case to move to federal court.","the opposing side wants the case to remain in state court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the removal statute grants defendants the same federal forum rights as plaintiffs.","the opposing side argues removal jurisdiction must be interpreted narrowly to limit federal court access."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked the court to submit the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 49-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 49-60"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines how easily defendants can access federal courts for state law disputes involving federal statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 49-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 49-60"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-337-breuer-v-jim-s-concrete-of-brevard","term":"2002","title":"Can a defendant move a state court case to federal court based on a federal law claim?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 17-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-03-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-03-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Smith argued the law is unconstitutional for two separate reasons.","He stated the act requires libraries to engage in presumptively unconstitutional conduct.","Mr. Olson argued blocking pornography is similar to excluding books from shelves.","He claimed offering internet access without pornography expands freedom of speech."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-45"}]}],"caption":"United States v. American Library Assn., Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.388867Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.410919Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Libraries argue blocking porn protects speech. The government argues blocking prevents harm.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 11-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-03-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-361.html","primary_docket":"02-361","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:31:35.224926Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Children's Internet Protection Act ties federal funds to internet filters. Libraries say this forces unconstitutional conduct. The government says filters expand free speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 11-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 5, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Libraries want the law struck down as unconstitutional.","The government wants the law upheld to protect children."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 11-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Libraries argue the law forces them to engage in presumptively unconstitutional conduct.","The government argues blocking porn expands freedom of speech rather than abridging it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 11-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether public libraries must filter internet content to receive federal money. It defines the balance between child safety and free speech in public spaces."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 11-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-45"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-361-united-states-v-american-library-assn-inc","term":"2002","title":"Does federal funding require libraries to block online pornography?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-361.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 11-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-04-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-04-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","paragraphs":["The city claims the ordinance targets criminal conduct, not speech.","Hicks claims the ordinance chills protected expression by requiring proof of purpose.","The city argues public housing residents need protection from drug markets.","Hicks argues the law restricts basic movement without clear justification."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-41"}]}],"caption":"Virginia v. Hicks","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.174787Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.180878Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Richmond banned loitering to stop drug sales. Hicks argues this law targets protected speech.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-04-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-371.html","primary_docket":"02-371","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:29:41.391490Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests if a general anti-loitering law violates the First Amendment. The city claims the rule targets criminal conduct, not speech. Hicks claims the rule chills protected expression."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 30, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The city wants the court to uphold the loitering ban as a valid safety measure.","Hicks wants the court to strike down the ban as a violation of free speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The city argues the law targets conduct, not speech, so First Amendment rules do not apply.","Hicks argues the law is overbroad and chills protected expression by requiring proof of purpose."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does a general law against loitering target speech or conduct?","Can a city require proof of purpose to walk on a sidewalk?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of city power to regulate public spaces. It affects how residents use sidewalks and streets. It balances public safety against individual freedom of movement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-39"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-371-virginia-v-hicks","term":"2002","title":"Can a city ban loitering without violating free speech rights?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-03-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-03-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-403.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued that direct cash transfers to candidates create unique risks of corruption.","He stated that such transfers interfere less with First Amendment values than other forms of spending.","John Bopp countered that expressive associations are vital to the democratic republic.","He emphasized the importance of protecting the rights of these political groups."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-403.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-403.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 3-7"}]}],"caption":"Federal Election Comm'n v. Beaumont","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.207242Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether national party committees may transfer cash directly to candidates.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-403.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-03-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-403.html","primary_docket":"02-403","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:23:21.940352Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Federal Election Commission seeks to enforce a ban on direct cash transfers from party committees to candidates. Christine Beaumont argues this ban violates the First Amendment rights of expressive associations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-403.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 25, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Federal Election Commission wants the Court to uphold the ban on direct cash transfers from party committees to candidates.","Christine Beaumont wants the Court to strike down the ban on direct cash transfers from party committees to candidates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-403.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argues that direct cash transfers to candidates pose unique risks of corruption and threaten democratic integrity.","John Bopp argues that expressive associations play a vital role in the democratic republic and deserve First Amendment protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-403.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted after the arguments concluded."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-403.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 3-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether national party committees can give cash directly to candidates. It defines the boundary between permissible political spending and prohibited contributions. The outcome shapes the structure of modern political fundraising and party organization."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-403.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-403.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 3-7"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-403-federal-election-comm-n-v-beaumont","term":"2002","title":"Can the government ban party committees from giving cash to candidates?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-403.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-02-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-02-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-42.pdf","paragraphs":["California argues states may apply their own laws despite overlapping jurisdiction.","Hyatt argues Nevada courts should extend authority over the California tax process.","questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-42.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-42.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-42.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-42.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-13"}]}],"caption":"Franchise Tax Bd. of Cal. v. Hyatt","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.319379Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"California seeks to enforce its tax laws. Hyatt argues Nevada courts should stop the process.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-42.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-42.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-02-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-42.html","primary_docket":"02-42","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:29:54.302575Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["California wants to collect taxes from Hyatt. Hyatt wants Nevada courts to block that collection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-42.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-42.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 24, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-42.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["California wants to enforce its tax laws against Hyatt.","Hyatt wants Nevada courts to block the California tax process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-42.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-42.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["California argues states may apply their own laws despite overlapping jurisdiction.","Hyatt argues Nevada courts should extend authority over the California tax process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-42.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-42.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-42.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines state power over tax collection. It affects how states handle overlapping legal authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-42.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-42.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-42.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-42.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-13"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-42-franchise-tax-bd-of-cal-v-hyatt","term":"2002","title":"Can Nevada courts block California tax audits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-42.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-42.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-04-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-04-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","paragraphs":["Dastar argues the statute covers the physical source of goods.","Fox argues the statute covers the creative source of the content.","Dastar claims it did not mislead buyers about the source.","Fox claims Dastar falsely claimed authorship of the content."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-11"}]}],"caption":"Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.303519Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.329156Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Dastar argues it did not mislead buyers about the source of its video. Fox claims Dastar falsely claimed authorship of the content.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-60"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-04-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-428.html","primary_docket":"02-428","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:18:50.997474Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-60"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 2, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Dastar wants the Court to reject Fox's authorship claim.","Fox wants the Court to uphold the false origin claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-60"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Dastar argues the statute only covers the physical source of goods.","Fox argues the statute covers the creative source of the content."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-60"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the word origin include the concept of authorship?","Did Dastar mislead consumers about the source of the video?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of false advertising laws. It determines whether creators can sue for unauthorized use of their work. The outcome shapes intellectual property protections for media companies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-60"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-11"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-428-dastar-corp-v-twentieth-century-fox-film-corp","term":"2002","title":"Does a false origin claim cover creative authorship?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-428.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-60"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-04-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-04-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Rohlfing argued lower courts confused conflict of interest with actual bias. He stated this confusion occurred after the Firestone decision. He claimed this misinterpretation harms plan administrators.","Mr. Paterson argued the Ninth Circuit rule is categorical. He stated it assumes treating physician opinions are superior. He claimed this assumption lacks support in the record.","Ms. Blatt stated the Secretary did not impose a treating physician requirement. She argued the Secretary did not constrain plan administrators. She maintained the Secretary considered alternatives to this rule."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 33-37"}]}],"caption":"Black & Decker Disability Plan v. Nord","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.112617Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.149021Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the Ninth Circuit wrongly forces plans to accept treating physician views. the opposing sides claim this rule protects disabled workers from biased denials.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 43-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-04-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-469.html","primary_docket":"02-469","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:15:37.859321Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether federal disability plans must prioritize treating physician opinions. The Ninth Circuit created a rule requiring plans to accept these views or provide specific reasons for rejection. the sides that brought the case argue this rule misinterprets federal law. the opposing sides argue it prevents arbitrary denials of benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 43-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 28, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 33-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the treating physician rule. They argue this rule wrongly constrains plan administrators. They seek a standard that allows flexible review of medical evidence.","the opposing sides want the Court to keep the treating physician rule. They argue this rule protects disabled workers. They seek a standard that prevents arbitrary benefit denials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 43-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Ninth Circuit rule creates a categorical presumption. They claim this presumes treating physician opinions are superior. They argue this conflicts with federal law principles.","the opposing sides argue the rule requires specific legitimate reasons for rejection. They claim this prevents arbitrary denials of benefits. They argue this protects workers from biased plan administrators."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 43-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked about conflict of interest. He questioned if lower courts confused conflict with actual bias. the sides that brought the case argued lower courts grossly confused these concepts.","Justice O'Connor asked if the Secretary considered alternatives. She questioned if the Secretary imposed a treating physician requirement. the opposing sides stated the Secretary did not impose such a requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 33-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how disability plans review medical evidence. It determines whether plans must prioritize treating physician opinions. It affects the rights of workers seeking disability benefits. It shapes the balance between plan flexibility and worker protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 43-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 33-37"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-469-black-decker-disability-plan-v-nord","term":"2002","title":"Must ERISA plans accept treating physician opinions over other medical evidence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-469.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 43-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-04-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-04-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","paragraphs":["Kirk Kolbo argued the policy flagrantly discriminated against his clients.","General Olson argued the policy created a separate path for minorities.","Olson stated non-preferred groups face rigorous competition for admission."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]}],"caption":"Gratz v. Bollinger","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.284819Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Applicants claim the university used race to deny them admission.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-04-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-516.html","primary_docket":"02-516","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:20:53.177380Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Jennifer Gratz and Patrick Hamacher sued the University of Michigan. They claim the school used race in admissions. The university defends its policy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 1, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Applicants want the court to strike down the admissions policy.","The university wants the court to uphold the admissions policy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Applicants argue the policy discriminates based on race.","The university argues the policy creates a separate path for minorities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the policy create a separate door for preferred groups?","Does the policy deny admission to non-preferred groups?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how colleges may use race in admissions. It affects access to elite education for all students."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-516-gratz-v-bollinger","term":"2002","title":"Does Michigan's admissions policy violate equal protection?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-516.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-04-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-04-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Busch stated the case involves a gang-related murder.","Mr. Busch noted the jury found the defendant guilty.","Mr. Lamken argued mid-trial rulings are subject to reconsideration.","Mr. Lamken stated this rule reflects important legal considerations."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-37"}]}],"caption":"Price v. Vincent","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.054839Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.082385Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a trial judge may alter a mid-trial ruling after a party seeks reconsideration.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-04-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-524.html","primary_docket":"02-524","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:18:33.124924Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves a gang-related murder conviction. The defendant received a life sentence. The core issue is the timing of a judge's ruling change."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 21, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction upheld based on the final trial record.","the opposing side wants the conviction overturned due to the judge's late ruling change."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the judge's late change did not affect the trial outcome.","the opposing side argues mid-trial rulings remain open for reconsideration until trial ends."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The Chief Justice asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue determines how trial courts manage mid-trial decisions. It affects the finality of judicial rulings during criminal trials. It impacts the rights of defendants in serious criminal cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-37"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-524-price-v-vincent","term":"2002","title":"Can a trial judge change a mid-trial ruling after a party requests reconsideration?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-524.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-03-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-03-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-5664.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Short addressed the Court's jurisdictional order.","Mr. Dreeben framed the claim as a liberty objection.","The government argued for a two-part analysis of the claim."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-5664.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-5664.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-5664.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-5664.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-31"}]}],"caption":"Sell v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.359089Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the state can compel a defendant to take psychiatric drugs to restore trial competency.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-5664.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-5664.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-03-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-5664.html","primary_docket":"02-5664","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:27:57.644107Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the limits of state power over a defendant's body. the side that brought the case seeks to refuse medication. The government seeks to force treatment to proceed with trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-5664.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-5664.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 3, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-5664.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants to refuse psychiatric medication.","The government wants to force medication to restore trial competency."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-5664.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-5664.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues forced medication violates personal liberty rights.","The government argues the state can compel treatment to ensure a fair trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-5664.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-5664.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked counsel to address the Court's jurisdiction.","The Court questioned the how the case got here of the appeal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-5664.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between state power and individual bodily autonomy. It determines when the government can override a person's refusal of medical treatment. The outcome shapes future criminal proceedings involving incompetent defendants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-5664.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-5664.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-5664.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-5664.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-31"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-5664-sell-v-united-states","term":"2002","title":"Can the government force medication to make a defendant trial-ready?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-5664.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-5664.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","paragraphs":["General Olson argued California transferred regulatory power to private parties.","Hoeber argued Kasky lacked standing because he never bought shoes.","Tribe noted Nike's global production in fifty-one countries.","Rehnquist closed the argument and submitted the case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-31"}]}],"caption":"Nike, Inc. v. Kasky","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.112626Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.145857Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Nike argues California lacks jurisdiction over its global speech. Kasky claims the state court has power to judge his claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-575.html","primary_docket":"02-575","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:16:05.976887Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Nike seeks dismissal of the case. Kasky wants the state court to proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Nike wants the case dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.","Kasky wants the state court to hear his claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Nike argues California transferred regulatory power to private parties.","Kasky argues he has standing despite not buying shoes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the state court have jurisdiction over Nike's speech?","Does Kasky have Article III standing to sue?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state power over corporate speech. It sets limits on private lawsuits against global firms."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-31"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-575-nike-inc-v-kasky","term":"2002","title":"Can a state court hear a foreign company's speech case?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-575.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-04-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-04-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","paragraphs":["Carter Phillips argued the Federal Arbitration Act makes arbitration a matter of consent.","Phillips claimed the South Carolina Supreme Court violated this core federal principle.","Ms. Pillard stated Green Tree initially asked the arbitrator to decide on class status.","Pillard argued parties can include clauses prohibiting class arbitration if they wish."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-33"}]}],"caption":"Green Tree Financial Corp. v. Bazzle","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.079441Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.082397Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Green Tree Financial seeks to enforce a contract that bars class arbitration. Bazzle argues state law permits the class action despite the federal statute.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-04-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-634.html","primary_docket":"02-634","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:17:41.912981Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether the Federal Arbitration Act preempts state court rules that allow class arbitration. Green Tree Financial argues the federal law mandates individual arbitration. Bazzle contends state law supports the class proceeding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 22, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Green Tree Financial wants the Court to reverse the state court decision and enforce the individual arbitration clause.","Bazzle wants the Court to affirm the state court decision and allow the class arbitration to continue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Green Tree Financial argues the Federal Arbitration Act requires individual arbitration and preempts state law.","Bazzle argues state law permits class arbitration and the federal statute does not forbid it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted after the arguments concluded."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether federal law forces individual arbitration or allows state courts to permit class claims. The outcome shapes how consumers and companies resolve disputes under arbitration agreements nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-33"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-634-green-tree-financial-corp-v-bazzle","term":"2002","title":"Can a state court override a federal arbitration agreement to allow class claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-634.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-04-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-04-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Ricciardi argued that the 1991 amendments created a special rule for mixed-motive cases. This rule does not require proof of but-for cause.","Mr. Peccole stated that the parties agreed to jury instructions one through nine. Instruction nine contained the 107(a) standard.","Chief Justice Rehnquist asked Mr. Ricciardi to confirm the pronunciation of his name. The Chief Justice then stated the case was submitted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-9"}]}],"caption":"Desert Palace, Inc. v. Costa","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.048513Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether an employer must prove that a protected characteristic was the sole cause of an adverse action to avoid liability.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-04-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-679.html","primary_docket":"02-679","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:18:00.706336Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the standard for proving disparate treatment under Title VII. The core issue is whether the 1991 amendments created a special liability rule for mixed-motive cases. This rule would allow liability without proof that the protected characteristic was the sole cause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 21, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to apply the mixed-motive liability rule. This rule does not require proof that gender was the sole cause of the adverse decision.","the opposing side wants the Court to require proof that gender was the sole cause of the adverse decision. This aligns with the traditional disparate treatment prohibition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that the 1991 amendments created a special rule for mixed-motive cases. This rule relaxes the requirement for proving but-for causation.","the opposing side argues that Title VII has required a finding that a protected characteristic was a but-for cause since 1964. This standard remains the baseline for disparate treatment claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked Mr. Ricciardi to confirm the correct pronunciation of his name.","Chief Justice Rehnquist asked Mr. Ricciardi to confirm the correct pronunciation of his name."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Employers face different liability standards depending on the causation proof required. Employees gain broader protection if mixed-motive liability applies. The outcome defines the evidentiary burden in discrimination cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-9"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-679-desert-palace-inc-v-costa","term":"2002","title":"Does Title VII require proof that gender was the sole cause of an adverse employment decision?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-679.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-02-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-02-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Eskow stated that voluntary participation constitutes consent under the statute.","Ms. Frost argued that the text requires express consent from all parties.","Chief Justice Rehnquist challenged the assertion that the text does not require express consent."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 45-47"}]}],"caption":"Roell v. Withrow","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.352627Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.362906Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue that proceeding before a magistrate judge implies consent. the opposing sides insist that express consent is required by statute.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-02-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-69.html","primary_docket":"02-69","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:28:35.536104Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a party's voluntary participation in a magistrate judge's trial satisfies the consent requirement of 28 U.S.C. section 636(c)(1)."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 26, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to recognize that voluntary participation implies consent.","the opposing sides want the Court to require express written consent for magistrate jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue that the statute's plain language grants authority upon party consent.","the opposing sides argue that the Magistrates Act and Rule 73(b) mandate express consent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked whether the text requires express consent.","Chief Justice Rehnquist questioned the interpretation of the statutory language."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of magistrate judge authority. It determines whether parties can waive constitutional rights by participating. It affects the efficiency of federal district court operations. It clarifies the procedural requirements for case resolution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 45-47"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-69-roell-v-withrow","term":"2002","title":"Does proceeding before a magistrate judge imply consent to its jurisdiction?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-69.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 47-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-04-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-04-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Miller argued the state has legitimate interests. He cited river community development. He defended the tax structure.","Mr. McCormick argued the lower court addressed two questions. He focused on legislative intent. He framed the equal protection challenge.","Mr. Jones compared tax decisions to spending decisions. He noted their impact on the state economy. He referenced prior Court holdings."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 5-9"}]}],"caption":"Fitzgerald v. Racing Assn. of Central Iowa","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.148893Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue Iowa taxes racetracks unfairly. the opposing sides claim the state serves a valid interest.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-04-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-695.html","primary_docket":"02-695","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:15:07.612310Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests Iowa tax rates. the sides that brought the case seek equal treatment. the opposing sides defend the current structure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 29, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want equal tax rates for racetracks and riverboats.","the opposing sides want to keep different tax rates for these businesses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the tax scheme violates equal protection principles.","the opposing sides argue the state promotes river community development."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the tax law serve a legitimate state interest?","Did the lower court correctly interpret legislative intent?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 5-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute affects state tax policy. It defines legislative power over business taxes. It shapes how states treat similar industries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 5-9"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-695-fitzgerald-v-racing-assn-of-central-iowa","term":"2002","title":"Can Iowa tax racetracks higher than riverboats?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-695.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kaplan argued the statute addresses deception of elderly Holocaust survivors by insurers refusing to provide policy information.","Mr. Geller noted the historical context of World War II ending nearly 58 years prior to the argument.","Mr. Kneedler contended the statute is not a general application law with incidental foreign impact but a specific state regulation.","A justice suggested Congress acts as a powerful check on presidential foreign affairs actions if it disagrees with executive conduct."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 1-3"}]}],"caption":"American Ins. Assn. v. Garamendi","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.112649Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.142239Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Insurance companies challenge a California law requiring them to report Holocaust-era policies to state officials.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-722.html","primary_docket":"02-722","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:16:52.756663Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["California enacted a statute requiring insurers to report information about policies issued to Holocaust survivors. The American Insurance Association argues this state law interferes with federal foreign affairs authority. The state contends the law targets deceptive business practices and does not regulate foreign relations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 1-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The American Insurance Association wants the Court to strike down the California reporting statute as an unconstitutional interference with federal foreign affairs power.","California and the state officials want the Court to uphold the statute as a valid exercise of state police power to protect consumers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The American Insurance Association argues the statute is not a general consumer protection law but a specific regulation of foreign transactions that only the federal government may control.","California argues the statute addresses deceptive practices by insurers and does not constitute a regulation of foreign affairs or relations with foreign nations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked whether the case was submitted after the de minimis principle was applied.","A justice questioned whether the statute merely shifts inertia in the foreign affairs field where Congress holds primary authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 1-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether states can regulate insurance practices involving foreign nationals or if such regulation is exclusively federal. This defines the boundary between state consumer protection laws and federal foreign affairs authority. It impacts how states address historical financial wrongs involving foreign entities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 1-3"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-722-american-ins-assn-v-garamendi","term":"2002","title":"Does California's Holocaust insurance reporting law violate federal foreign affairs power?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-722.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-03-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-03-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Casey argued the lower courts erred. He stated the case does not involve lawyers or clergy.","Ms. Labelle clarified the administrative proceedings. She described the three-day trial and preliminary injunction.","Mr. Lamken argued the rules fit inmate status. He said the limits serve legitimate penological interests."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-41"}]}],"caption":"Overton v. Bazzetta","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.360471Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.387106Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Inmates argue prison rules unfairly limit who they can see. Officials say these limits protect security.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-03-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2002","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-94.html","primary_docket":"02-94","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:21:44.108225Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether prison rules can limit inmate visitors to immediate family members."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 26, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Inmates want to visit any approved person. They claim this right protects their family bonds.","Officials want to keep visitor limits. They claim these rules ensure prison safety."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Inmates argue the rules violate their constitutional rights. They say the restrictions are too broad.","Officials argue the rules serve legitimate penological interests. They say the limits are necessary for security."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the lower courts were wrong. He questioned the basis of the inmates' claims.","Chief Justice Rehnquist asked about the administrative proceedings. He sought clarification on the trial process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Prisons must balance inmate rights with security needs. This case defines the scope of visitor policies. It affects how facilities manage inmate interactions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-33"}]}],"slug":"2002-02-94-overton-v-bazzetta","term":"2002","title":"Can prisons restrict inmate visitors to immediate family?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2002/02-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-12-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-12-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Harper argued deferred payments must equal the present value of collateral.","She stated present value is an objective concept involving real interest and inflation.","Mr. Brunstad argued the formula approach is inaccurate and under-values risks.","He cited a forty percent payment rate for Chapter 13 debtors as evidence of risk."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-57"}]}],"caption":"Till v. SCS Credit Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.704447Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.733898Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Creditors argue for a risk-based rate. Debtors argue for a market-based rate.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-12-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1016.html","primary_docket":"02-1016","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:04:43.189189Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case concerns the calculation of deferred payments for secured debt in Chapter 13 bankruptcy. The dispute centers on the appropriate interest rate to apply to these payments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 2, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-57"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Debtors want payments based on objective market rates.","Creditors want payments based on the risk of default."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Debtors argue present value equals real interest plus inflation.","Creditors argue the formula ignores the true risk of nonpayment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["How many Chapter 13 debtors actually default on their plans?","Would a creditor receive replacement value if they foreclosed?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-57"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome sets the cost of borrowing for millions of debtors. It determines the total amount of money debtors must pay. It affects the profitability of secured lending in bankruptcy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-57"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1016-till-v-scs-credit-corp","term":"2003","title":"What interest rate applies to Chapter 13 secured debt payments?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-11-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-11-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","paragraphs":["Gary Feinerman argued the checkpoint was designed to find witnesses to a specific crime.","Feinerman asked if the checkpoint is per se invalid or governed by a balancing test.","Feinerman noted that narcotics checkpoints were found invalid in a previous case.","Ramsell argued that mass suspicionless seizures violate the Fourth Amendment without exigent circumstances."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 43-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 43-60"}]}],"caption":"Illinois v. Lidster","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.868304Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.898186Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Illinois argues its witness checkpoint is legal. Lidster claims it violates the Fourth Amendment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-11-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1060.html","primary_docket":"02-1060","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:07:48.226619Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Court must decide if a checkpoint seeking witnesses to a known crime is valid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 5, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 43-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 43-60"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Illinois wants the Court to uphold the checkpoint as a valid law enforcement tool.","Lidster wants the Court to strike down the checkpoint as an unconstitutional seizure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Illinois argues the checkpoint is valid because it targets a specific known crime.","Lidster argues the checkpoint is invalid because it seizes people without individual suspicion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted after the arguments concluded."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 43-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 43-60"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of police power to stop drivers for witness information. It shapes how states investigate hit-and-run accidents and other crimes. The outcome affects daily driving rights and public safety efforts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 43-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 43-60"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1060-illinois-v-lidster","term":"2003","title":"Does the Fourth Amendment ban checkpoints that seek witnesses to a specific crime?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1060.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-11-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-11-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","paragraphs":["Donald Verrilli argued the ADEA protects workers over forty from disparate treatment.","He stated the law rejects the assumption that competence declines with age.","Paul Clement argued the ADEA prohibits discrimination against the protected class.","He contended the law is not limited to claims by the oldest members of the class."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 5-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 5-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 37-39"}]}],"caption":"General Dynamics Land Systems, Inc. v. Cline","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.922260Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Age Discrimination in Employment Act shields only the oldest employees in a comparison group or all workers over forty.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 5-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 5-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 41-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-11-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1080.html","primary_docket":"02-1080","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:05:59.074408Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["General Dynamics Land Systems argues the law protects only the oldest workers in a group. Dennis Cline argues the law protects all workers over forty from age bias."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 5-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 5-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 41-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 12, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["General Dynamics wants the Court to limit ADEA protection to the oldest workers in a group.","Cline wants the Court to confirm ADEA protection covers all workers over forty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 5-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 5-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 41-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["General Dynamics argues the statute requires comparing workers to the oldest members of the group.","Cline argues the statute prohibits bias against any worker over forty based on age."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 5-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 5-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 41-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the government critique applies equally to the opposing interpretation.","Chief Justice Rehnquist noted the case was submitted after the argument concluded."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of federal age-discrimination protections for workers over forty. It determines whether employers can dismiss older workers if younger colleagues remain in the group. This rule shapes workplace hiring and retention practices nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 5-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 5-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 41-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 37-39"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1080-general-dynamics-land-systems-inc-v-cline","term":"2003","title":"Does the ADEA protect only the oldest workers in a group?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 5-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 5-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1080.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 41-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-12-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-12-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Wichlens argued Miranda warnings are a constitutional requirement.","Mr. Dreeben argued Miranda is a rule matched to the problem of compulsion.","Mr. Dreeben stated the rule prevents self-incriminating statements obtained by compulsion."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-25"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Patane","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.765092Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.798169Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Prosecutors seek to admit a gun found after an unwarned confession. The defendant argues the Fifth Amendment forbids this use.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-12-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1183.html","primary_docket":"02-1183","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:03:05.849210Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether the Fifth Amendment bars physical evidence found after an unwarned confession. The government argues Miranda is a policy rule. The defendant argues it is a constitutional requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 9, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to admit the physical evidence.","The defendant wants the Court to exclude the physical evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues Miranda warnings are a matter of proving policy.","The defendant argues Miranda warnings are a constitutional requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether police can use physical evidence found after an unwarned confession. It defines the scope of Fifth Amendment protections during police interrogations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-25"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1183-united-states-v-patane","term":"2003","title":"Does the Fifth Amendment bar physical evidence found after an unwarned confession?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1183.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-11-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-11-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1196.pdf","paragraphs":["General Theodore Olson represented the SEC. He stated over 10,000 people invested $300 million. They expected a 14 percent return. They relied on Edwards' experience and management expertise.","Mr. Wolensky represented Edwards. He argued the statute does not include commercial leases. He noted the term investment contract is undefined. He emphasized the statutory language controls the outcome.","Chief Justice Rehnquist thanked General Olson. He announced the case was submitted. No other questions were recorded in the provided text."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-15"}]}],"caption":"SEC v. Edwards","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.872410Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Investors claim a payphone lease scheme was a fraud. The operator argues the lease is not a security.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-11-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1196.html","primary_docket":"02-1196","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:08:19.764797Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Securities and Exchange Commission sued Charles Edwards. It claims he defrauded investors in a payphone business. The core legal question is whether a commercial lease counts as an investment contract under federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 4, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The SEC wants the Court to classify the lease as a security. This would allow federal fraud claims to proceed.","Edwards wants the Court to classify the lease as a commercial contract. This would dismiss the federal fraud claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The SEC argues the arrangement is an investment contract. Investors pooled funds for a common enterprise. They relied on Edwards' managerial skill for profit.","Edwards argues the arrangement is a commercial lease. The statute does not define investment contract. Commercial leases are not explicitly included in the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked General Olson to conclude his argument. He then stated the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between commercial leases and securities. It determines which federal laws protect investors in business arrangements. It clarifies the scope of the Securities Act. It impacts how courts treat pooled investment schemes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-15"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1196-sec-v-edwards","term":"2003","title":"Does a payphone lease qualify as an investment contract?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-02-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-02-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Gorman argued Congress created a bright line rule.","Mr. Phillips argued the term is not a term of art.","Mr. Garre argued the claims face a uniform limit.","Mr. Newsom argued states need a clear rule."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 2-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 2-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 34-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 24-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 42-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 42-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 20-22"}]}],"caption":"Jones v. R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.426472Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.452909Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether a federal statute sets the deadline for state law employment claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 2-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 2-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 34-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 24-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 42-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 42-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 16-32"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-02-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1205.html","primary_docket":"02-1205","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:55:45.315486Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of a federal statute of limitations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 2-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 2-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 34-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 24-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 42-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 42-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 16-32"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 24, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 20-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a four-year deadline for their claims.","the opposing sides want a shorter deadline for their claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 2-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 2-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 34-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 24-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 42-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 42-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 16-32"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the federal statute creates a clear rule.","the opposing sides argue the phrase lacks a single uniform meaning."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 2-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 2-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 34-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 24-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 42-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 42-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 16-32"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The Chief Justice asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 20-22"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the deadline for federal civil actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 2-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 2-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 34-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 24-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 42-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 42-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 16-32"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 20-22"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1205-jones-v-r-r-donnelley-sons-co","term":"2003","title":"Does a four-year federal limit apply to state employment discrimination claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 2-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 2-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 34-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 24-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 42-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 42-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 16-32"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-01-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-01-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","paragraphs":["Federal the sides that brought the case state the statute preempts state laws prohibiting any entity from providing services.","the opposing sides state the statute only applies when statutory language is ambiguous.","the opposing sides argue local governments serve citizen needs differently than private firms.","Federal the sides that brought the case note common ground that the statute preempts bans on private firms."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 5-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 5-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-41"}]}],"caption":"Nixon v. Missouri Municipal League","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.549480Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.565075Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Federal the sides that brought the case argue a federal statute overrides state laws that bar local governments from providing telecom services. the opposing sides claim the statute only covers private firms.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 5-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 5-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-01-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1238.html","primary_docket":"02-1238","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:01:49.943266Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the scope of a federal telecommunications statute. One side argues the law preempts state restrictions on local governments. The other side argues the law only targets private companies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 5-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 5-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 12, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Federal the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down state laws that ban local governments from providing telecom services.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold state laws that restrict local governments from entering the telecom market."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 5-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 5-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Federal the sides that brought the case argue the federal statute preempts state laws that prohibit any entity from providing telecom services.","the opposing sides argue the federal statute only preempts state laws that restrict private firms from the market."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 5-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 5-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the federal statute covers local government bodies.","Justice Scalia questioned whether local government actions are more intrusive than private firm actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether local governments can compete in the telecommunications market. It defines the boundary between federal preemption and state control over local services."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 5-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 5-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-41"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1238-nixon-v-missouri-municipal-league","term":"2003","title":"Does federal law preempt state bans on local government telecom services?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 5-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 5-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-12-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-12-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","paragraphs":["Edwin Kneedler argued the Ninth Circuit erred in allowing the suit.","Kneedler stated Congress treated the Postal Service as a federal entity.","Krent argued the Postal Service fits the definition of a person.","Krent noted Congress authorized the Postal Service to compete in markets."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"}]}],"caption":"Postal Service v. Flamingo Industries (USA) Ltd.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.654346Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.680984Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Postal Service qualifies as a person under federal antitrust laws.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-57"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-12-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1290.html","primary_docket":"02-1290","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:05:44.887356Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the legal status of the Postal Service in commercial markets."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-57"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 1, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Postal Service seeks dismissal of the antitrust lawsuit.","Flamingo Industries seeks to recover treble damages from the Postal Service."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-57"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Postal Service argues Congress treated it as a federal entity.","Flamingo Industries argues the Postal Service acts as a commercial person."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-57"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the Postal Service filed unrelated copyrights.","The Court questioned the scope of the Postal Service's commercial activities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal antitrust liability for government agencies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-57"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1290-postal-service-v-flamingo-industries-usa-ltd","term":"2003","title":"Can private parties sue the Postal Service for antitrust violations?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1290.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-57"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-12-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-12-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","paragraphs":["Narda Pierce argued for the state. She said the state constitution limits government involvement. She said this limit applies to funding religious activities. She said this preserves freedom of conscience.","Paul Olson argued for Davey. He said the program discriminates against religion. He said it disqualifies religious perspectives. He said the message discourages ministry careers. He cited the Rosenberger case. He said the state rejected similar arguments there.","Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted. He ended the oral argument session. He did not vote on the case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 1-3"}]}],"caption":"Locke v. Davey","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.692856Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.724389Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Joshua Davey argues Washington State discriminates against religion by excluding ministry degrees from its scholarship program. Gary Locke argues the state constitution requires strict separation of church and state.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-12-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1315.html","primary_docket":"02-1315","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:26:38.327111Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Joshua Davey wants to use a state scholarship for a ministry degree. He argues the state discriminates against religion. Gary Locke wants to keep the state out of religious funding. He argues the state constitution bans this support."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 2, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 1-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Davey wants the state to fund his ministry degree.","Locke wants the state to keep funding away from religion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Davey argues the state discriminates against religious students.","Locke argues the state constitution bans religious funding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the state constitution require strict separation?","Does the program discriminate against religion?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 1-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state power over religious education. It shapes how states fund higher learning. It affects students choosing religious careers. It balances state neutrality with individual choice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 1-3"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1315-locke-v-davey","term":"2003","title":"Can a state bar religious students from using public scholarships for ministry degrees?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-01-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-01-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Phillips cited the 1967 Clean Air Act.","Mr. Olson warned of a patchwork of state rules.","Chief Justice Rehnquist closed the argument session."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 17-21"}]}],"caption":"Engine Mfrs. Assn. v. South Coast Air Quality Management Dist.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.585491Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.622221Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Car makers argue federal law blocks state vehicle bans. California officials claim local rules fit within federal limits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-01-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1343.html","primary_docket":"02-1343","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:59:36.826939Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests state power over vehicle sales. the sides that brought the case seek a federal preemption ruling. the opposing sides defend their local emission rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 14, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the state rules.","the opposing sides want the Court to keep the state rules valid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue federal law preempts state vehicle bans.","the opposing sides argue their rules fit within federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does federal law block state vehicle bans?","Can states set unique vehicle standards?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute shapes state control over car sales. It defines the boundary between federal and state power. It affects how states manage air quality."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 17-21"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1343-engine-mfrs-assn-v-south-coast-air-quality-management-dist","term":"2003","title":"Can states ban specific car models?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-11-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-11-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","paragraphs":["Andrew Harakas represented Olympic Airways. He stated that the Warsaw Convention sets specific circumstances for liability. He argued that the drafters created a treaty over seventy years ago. He emphasized the treaty's specific limits on carrier responsibility.","Ms. Mcdowell represented Rubina Husain. She stated that a flight attendant's refusal to assist an ill passenger can be an accident. She argued that this refusal fits the Warsaw Convention's definition. She linked the inaction directly to the passenger's injury.","Mr. Farr argued that Article 17 imposes liability in specific situations. He stated that leaving a passenger in medical jeopardy triggers this liability. He claimed that failing to take basic measures to alleviate harm is actionable. He focused on the airline's knowledge of the danger."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-31"}]}],"caption":"Olympic Airways v. Husain","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.917023Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.944753Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Olympic Airways argues that inaction is not an accident. Rubina Husain claims that leaving a sick passenger alone creates liability.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-11-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1348.html","primary_docket":"02-1348","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:06:23.049208Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Warsaw Convention. It asks if an airline's failure to act constitutes an accident. The treaty governs liability for passenger injuries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 12, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Olympic Airways wants the Court to rule that inaction is not an accident.","Rubina Husain wants the Court to rule that leaving a sick passenger alone is an accident."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Olympic Airways argues that the Warsaw Convention requires a sudden, external event to create liability.","Rubina Husain argues that knowingly leaving a passenger in medical jeopardy creates liability under Article 17."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked Mr. Harakas if he was pronouncing his name correctly.","Chief Justice Rehnquist asked Mr. Harakas to confirm his identity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines when airlines face liability for passenger health. It clarifies the meaning of accident in international air travel. It sets a standard for airline duty of care."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-31"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1348-olympic-airways-v-husain","term":"2003","title":"Does a flight attendant's refusal to help an ill passenger count as an accident under the Warsaw Convention?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1348.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-12-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-12-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","paragraphs":["Missouri's counsel argued the later statement is admissible if preceded by warnings.","The defendant's counsel argued the first unwarned statement taints the second.","The Court asked about good faith mistakes and coercive pressures."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-33"}]}],"caption":"Missouri v. Siebert","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.779079Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.795208Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Missouri seeks to admit a later confession. The defendant argues the first unwarned statement poisoned the second.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-12-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1371.html","primary_docket":"02-1371","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:03:20.858306Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Court must decide if a police officer's failure to give Miranda warnings before an initial statement automatically makes a subsequent warned statement inadmissible. the side that brought the case argues the later statement stands alone. the opposing side argues the first statement taints the second."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 9, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Missouri wants the Court to admit the later warned confession.","The defendant wants the Court to exclude the later confession."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Missouri argues an unwarned statement does not presumptively taint a later warned statement.","The defendant argues an unwarned statement cannot be used to prove guilt."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if a good faith mistake avoids coercive pressures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when police can use a later confession after an initial warning failure. It shapes how courts evaluate the admissibility of sequential statements. It impacts the balance between police procedure and defendant rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-33"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1371-missouri-v-siebert","term":"2003","title":"Does an early unwarned statement taint a later warned confession?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-12-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-12-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Campbell argued emotional distress is an adverse effect.","Mr. Stewart argued adverse effect requires actual damages.","Justice Kennedy questioned the government interpretation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-9"}]}],"caption":"Doe v. Chao","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.724398Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.753805Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case seeks emotional distress damages. The government argues actual financial loss is required.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 49-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-12-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1377.html","primary_docket":"02-1377","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:04:13.978239Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the Privacy Act definition of adverse effect. the side that brought the case claims emotional distress qualifies. The government insists actual damages are necessary."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 49-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 3, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants emotional distress damages.","The government wants to deny emotional distress damages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 49-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues adverse effect includes emotional distress.","The government argues adverse effect requires actual financial loss."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 49-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked about absurd results of the government view."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This defines privacy violation remedies. It determines who receives compensation for emotional harm. It shapes government accountability standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 49-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-9"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1377-doe-v-chao","term":"2003","title":"Does Privacy Act Adverse Effect Require Actual Damages?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1377.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 49-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-01-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-01-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Jones cited the opposing sides' brief to argue that secondary liability contradicts the direct assessment requirement.","Mr. Haberbush addressed the historical context of imposing derivative liability on partnership members.","Chief Justice Rehnquist closed the argument by stating the case was submitted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 5-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 3-5"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Galletti","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.519128Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.536551Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the IRS must assess individual partners directly to collect unpaid partnership taxes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 5-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-01-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1389.html","primary_docket":"02-1389","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:02:09.109090Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a challenge to a lower court order requiring the IRS to assess individual partners for partnership tax debts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 5-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 12, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 3-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to reject the requirement for direct assessment of partners.","the opposing side wants the court to uphold the requirement for direct assessment of partners."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 5-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Mr. Jones argues that secondary liability does not require the IRS to assess partners directly.","Mr. Haberbush argues that the history of derivative liability supports imposing liability on partners."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 5-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked the advocates to address the history of how derivative liability is imposed on partners."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 3-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines how the government collects unpaid taxes from business partnerships and their members."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 5-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 3-5"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1389-united-states-v-galletti","term":"2003","title":"Can the IRS assess individual partners for partnership taxes?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1389.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 5-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-01-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-01-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","paragraphs":["Iowa contends the 1996 plea colloquy adequately informed the defendant of the dangers of proceeding without counsel.","Iowa asserts the waiver of counsel and the guilty plea were therefore knowing and intelligent.","Tovar argues the modern guilty plea colloquy focuses on the consequences of pleading guilty.","Tovar claims this focus parallels the Patterson case and constitutes an intelligent waiver of counsel."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 37-41"}]}],"caption":"Iowa v. Tovar","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.651060Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Iowa argues the plea process clearly explained the dangers of self-representation. Tovar contends the court failed to ensure a knowing waiver of counsel.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-57"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-01-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1541.html","primary_docket":"02-1541","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:58:20.301627Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether a guilty plea colloquy sufficiently warned the defendant about the disadvantages of proceeding without an attorney. Iowa claims the process met constitutional standards. Tovar argues the waiver lacked the necessary intelligence and knowledge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-57"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 21, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Iowa wants the Supreme Court to reverse the Iowa Supreme Court judgment.","Tovar wants the Supreme Court to affirm the Iowa Supreme Court judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-57"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Iowa argues the plea colloquy adequately informed the defendant of the dangers of proceeding without counsel.","Tovar argues the plea colloquy failed to ensure a knowing and intelligent waiver of counsel."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-57"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the modern guilty plea colloquy clearly articulates the consequences of pleading guilty.","Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the process parallels the Patterson case regarding intelligent waiver."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 37-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the minimum information required during a plea colloquy. It determines whether courts must explicitly detail the risks of self-representation. The outcome shapes how defendants understand their rights before waiving counsel. It impacts the validity of guilty pleas entered without an attorney."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-57"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 37-41"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1541-iowa-v-tovar","term":"2003","title":"Did the plea colloquy adequately inform the defendant of the risks of proceeding without counsel?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-57"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-12-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-12-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Davis v. Bandemer precedent remains valid.","the sides that brought the case claim lower courts created impossible factual hurdles.","the opposing sides argue politics is inherent in all redistricting.","the opposing sides claim any judicial test requires political judgment."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-45"}]}],"caption":"Vieth v. Jubelirer","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.827840Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.855270Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek a workable standard to prove partisan gerrymandering. the opposing sides argue such claims are inherently political and non-justiciable.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-12-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1580.html","primary_docket":"02-1580","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:02:47.744670Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether federal courts can resolve partisan gerrymandering disputes. the sides that brought the case argue current standards are impossible to meet. the opposing sides argue courts lack the tools to decide these political questions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 10, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a clear, manageable legal standard for proving partisan gerrymandering.","the opposing sides want the Court to declare partisan gerrymandering claims non-justiciable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue current lower court standards are irrational and impossible to satisfy.","the opposing sides argue redistricting requires political choices that courts cannot make."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["How should courts distinguish between permissible political considerations and unconstitutional gerrymandering?","What specific evidence proves a group was shut out of the political process?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the role of courts in redistricting disputes. It determines whether voters can challenge extreme partisan maps in federal court. It shapes the balance between legislative power and judicial review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-45"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1580-vieth-v-jubelirer","term":"2003","title":"Can courts judge partisan gerrymandering claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 33-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 33-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1580.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-01-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-01-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. McCrum stated sand and gravel were not locatable under the 1872 Mining Law.","Mr. Sansonetti noted applicants received free land for crops in similar cases.","chief_justice_rehnquist"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-47"}]}],"caption":"BedRoc Limited, LLC v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.597513Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.622245Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case claim the government cannot tax their sand and gravel extraction. The government disputes this legal interpretation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-01-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1593.html","primary_docket":"02-1593","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:59:19.114566Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the 1872 Mining Law. the sides that brought the case argue sand and gravel fall outside its definition. The government asserts the law covers these materials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 20, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to declare sand and gravel exempt from the Mining Law.","The government wants the Court to confirm the Mining Law covers sand and gravel."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue sand and gravel were not locatable under the 1872 Mining Law.","The government argues the Mining Law applies to these common materials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked about Nevada population statistics from 1940.","The Court inquired about the historical context of the land."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether private landowners can extract sand and gravel without government fees. It defines the boundary between mining rights and general property rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-47"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1593-bedroc-limited-llc-v-united-states","term":"2003","title":"Does the 1872 Mining Law cover sand and gravel?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1593.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 3-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-02-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-02-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1603.pdf","paragraphs":["Ronald Eisenberg represented the sides that brought the case. He detailed the extensive mitigation evidence presented at trial. He emphasized the jury instruction requiring unanimity to reject evidence.","Mr. Flora represented the opposing sides. He cited Lockett and Eddings as foundational precedents. He argued that barriers to full consideration of mitigating evidence are impermissible.","Chief Justice Rehnquist closed the argument. He stated the case was submitted for decision."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1603.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1603.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 13-17"}]}],"caption":"Beard v. Banks","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.422078Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Defense lawyers argue that a jury instruction requiring unanimity to reject mitigating evidence violates the Constitution. The state argues the instruction was proper.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1603.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-02-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1603.html","primary_docket":"02-1603","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:55:57.973771Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case concerns a jury instruction given during a 1983 murder trial. The instruction told jurors they must consider mitigating evidence unless they unanimously rejected it. The defense argues this rule prevents full consideration of the defendant's background. The state argues the instruction was legally sound."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1603.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 24, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The defense wants the Court to strike down the jury instruction. They argue it unconstitutionally blocks full consideration of mitigating evidence.","The state wants the Court to uphold the jury instruction. They argue the instruction did not violate constitutional requirements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1603.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The defense argues that Lockett and Eddings require full consideration of mitigating evidence. They claim a unanimity requirement creates an unconstitutional barrier.","The state argues the instruction allowed the jury to consider all evidence. They contend the requirement did not preclude full effect of the evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1603.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted after the opening statement. He did not ask a substantive legal question during the provided text."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1603.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines how juries must weigh a defendant's background. It determines whether unanimity requirements can limit the impact of mitigating evidence. The outcome shapes sentencing procedures in capital cases nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1603.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1603.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 13-17"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1603-beard-v-banks","term":"2003","title":"Can a jury ignore mitigating evidence if not all members agree to reject it?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1603.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-03-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-03-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1606.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Brand argued state immunity persists in exclusive federal areas.","Mr. Gerson argued bankruptcy operations conflict with state immunity.","chief_justice_rehnquist_noted_the_case_was_submitted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1606.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1606.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1606.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1606.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 17-17"}]}],"caption":"Tennessee Student Assistance Corporation v. Hood","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.472541Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to sue Tennessee. the opposing sides claim sovereign immunity blocks the suit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1606.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1606.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-03-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1606.html","primary_docket":"02-1606","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:53:49.687651Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests state immunity in bankruptcy proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1606.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1606.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 1, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1606.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to sue Tennessee in bankruptcy court.","the opposing sides want to block the private lawsuit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1606.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1606.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue bankruptcy laws override state immunity.","the opposing sides argue sovereign immunity bars private suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1606.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1606.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1606.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines state power against private creditors. It shapes bankruptcy enforcement nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1606.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1606.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1606.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1606.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 17-17"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1606-tennessee-student-assistance-corporation-v-hood","term":"2003","title":"Can private parties sue a state in bankruptcy court?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1606.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1606.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-03-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-03-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Nathan argued the case presents a narrow issue. He stated clear standards guide the city's decisions. He claimed this renders decisions subject to effective review.","Mr. Cole argued prompt judicial determination is not necessary. He stated review must correlate to First Amendment concerns. He cited Court cases demonstrating this principle.","Mr. Gross argued the core policy protects expression. He stated a decision to issue a license must be made. He noted zoning laws act as secondary effects laws."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-1"}]}],"caption":"City of Littleton v. Z.J. Gifts D-4, L.L.C.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.268238Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.297181Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Littleton argues for quick judicial review of license denials. Z.J. Gifts argues review speed must match First Amendment risks.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-03-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1609.html","primary_docket":"02-1609","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:49:43.315929Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the speed of judicial review for license denials. Littleton claims its ordinance uses clear standards. Z.J. Gifts claims review speed must match constitutional risks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 24, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Littleton wants courts to review license denials quickly.","Z.J. Gifts wants review speed to match First Amendment concerns."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Littleton argues clear standards justify fast judicial review.","Z.J. Gifts argues review speed must correlate to constitutional risks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case is submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the speed of judicial review for license denials. It balances city administrative efficiency against free expression rights. The outcome shapes how courts handle similar licensing disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-1"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1609-city-of-littleton-v-z-j-gifts-d-4-l-l-c","term":"2003","title":"Does a city ordinance require fast court review for license denials?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1609.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-03-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-03-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Cassidy argued the Pledge does not violate the Establishment Clause. He stated the Ninth Circuit decision was incorrect. He claimed acknowledging religion's role is not an endorsement.","Mr. Olson argued the father lacks the right to sue. He stated the father has no independent legal right. He claimed the father cannot challenge his daughter's education conditions.","Mr. Newdow argued the Pledge violates the Constitution. He stated his daughter is required to stand and recite it. He maintained the school's policy is unconstitutional."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 41-43"}]}],"caption":"Elk Grove Unified School Dist. v. Newdow","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.299889Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.304597Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A father challenged his daughter's school district. He argued the daily Pledge of Allegiance violates the Constitution.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-03-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1624.html","primary_docket":"02-1624","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:20:44.244533Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case centers on a father's legal standing. He sued the school district that enrolled his daughter. The district argued he lacked the right to sue on her behalf."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 24, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The school district wants the Supreme Court to dismiss the case. It argues the father lacks the legal right to sue for his daughter.","The father wants the Supreme Court to keep the lower court's ruling. He argues the Pledge of Allegiance violates the Establishment Clause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The school district argues the father has no independent legal right. He cannot challenge his daughter's education conditions in federal court.","The father argues the daily recitation of the Pledge violates the Establishment Clause. He claims the school endorses religion through this practice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked the advocates to proceed with their arguments. He then closed the session by stating the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who can challenge school policies. It clarifies the legal standing of parents in federal courts. The outcome shapes the scope of parental rights in education disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 41-43"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1624-elk-grove-unified-school-dist-v-newdow","term":"2003","title":"Can a parent sue a school district over the Pledge of Allegiance?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1624.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 29-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-03-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-03-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Fisher argued the system contains the same flaws as the system invalidated in Ring versus Arizona.","Mr. Dreeben argued sentencing guidelines regularize the process and differ from systems considered in Apprendi and Ring.","Mr. Fisher stated the Washington legislature did not allow judges to depart upward for any reason."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 44-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 44-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 43-45"}]}],"caption":"Blakely v. Washington","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.249516Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.274152Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a judge may impose a sentence above the statutory maximum based on facts found without a jury.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 44-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 44-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-03-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1632.html","primary_docket":"02-1632","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:22:15.029377Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the constitutional limits on judicial sentencing authority. It tests whether a judge can increase a sentence beyond the statutory maximum based on facts found without a jury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 44-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 44-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 23, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the sentence reduced to the statutory maximum.","the opposing side wants the higher sentence to remain in effect."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 44-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 44-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the system violates the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial.","the opposing side argues the sentencing system regularizes the process and differs from prior cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 44-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 44-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between judicial discretion and jury authority in criminal sentencing. It determines how courts must handle facts that increase punishment beyond statutory limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 44-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 44-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 43-45"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1632-blakely-v-washington","term":"2003","title":"Can a judge increase a sentence beyond the statutory maximum based on facts found without a jury?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 44-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1632.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 44-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-02-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-02-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","paragraphs":["Brian Wolfman argued for the veteran. He cited a prior case to support his position. He emphasized the government's clear error.","The government lawyer argued for strict compliance. He cited cases enforcing time limits. He stressed the finality of the deadline.","The veteran's lawyer referenced a specific Supreme Court case. He used it to counter the government's strict deadline argument."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-27"}]}],"caption":"Scarborough v. Principi","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.413132Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.422086Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A veteran seeks court fees after winning a disability case. The government argues he missed the filing deadline.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-02-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1657.html","primary_docket":"02-1657","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:25:53.967800Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a strict time limit blocks fee requests. The veteran claims his win proves the government acted wrongly. The government insists the deadline is absolute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 23, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The veteran wants the court to award his lawyer fees. He argues his win proves the government acted unreasonably.","The government wants the court to deny the fee request. It argues the veteran missed the strict 30-day filing deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The veteran argues his victory shows the government made a clear error. He believes this justifies paying his legal costs.","The government argues the law sets a strict 30-day limit. It claims missing this deadline automatically bars fee recovery."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted. He signaled the end of the oral argument session."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines how strictly courts enforce fee deadlines. It affects whether lawyers get paid for winning government cases. It shapes the cost of challenging federal agencies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-27"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1657-scarborough-v-principi","term":"2003","title":"Does a missed 30-day deadline bar attorney fee claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1657.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-01-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-01-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","paragraphs":["Michael Moore argued Title II targets states as public service providers.","Kannon Brown argued Title II fits within Fourteenth Amendment enforcement powers.","chief_justice_rehnquist_closed_the_oral_argument_and_submitted_the_case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 1-3"}]}],"caption":"Tennessee v. Lane","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.552162Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.579753Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Tennessee argues the ADA exceeds federal power. Lane argues it validly enforces the Fourteenth Amendment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 49-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-01-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1667.html","primary_docket":"02-1667","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:00:56.347300Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of federal disability law against state sovereignty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 49-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 13, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 1-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Tennessee wants the federal claim dismissed to protect state sovereignty.","Lane wants the federal claim upheld to secure access to public services."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 49-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Tennessee argues Title II regulates states as service providers, not employers.","Lane argues Title II validly enforces Fourteenth Amendment rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 49-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked how Title II differs from prior state immunity cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 1-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines federal power to regulate state public services for disabled citizens."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 49-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 1-3"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1667-tennessee-v-lane","term":"2003","title":"Does the ADA allow federal courts to hear state disability claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1667.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 49-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-03-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-03-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Chuang argued for a uniform custody standard. She cited a four-decade legal history. She emphasized restraint associated with formal arrest.","Ms. Allen clarified the record for the Court. She noted the district court found parents were denied access. She defended the lower court's factual finding.","Mr. Elwood argued the Ninth Circuit erred. He stated age and experience must not be considered. He opposed the lower court's custody test."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-21"}]}],"caption":"Yarborough v. Alvarado","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.481403Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a suspect's age matters during police questioning.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-03-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1684.html","primary_docket":"02-1684","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:54:23.044897Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Court examines the legal standard for custody. It reviews a lower court's inclusion of age in that test."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 1, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks a uniform custody standard. It excludes age from the legal test.","the opposing side seeks a custody test that includes age. It relies on the lower court's finding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues age is irrelevant to custody. It cites a four-decade standard for restraint.","the opposing side argues age is relevant to custody. It relies on the district court's factual finding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The Chief Justice asked about the record. He referenced the parents' denied access to the interview."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of police questioning. It determines when a suspect must receive rights. It affects how courts evaluate juvenile interactions with law enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-21"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1684-yarborough-v-alvarado","term":"2003","title":"Does a juvenile's age affect custody status?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1684.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-03-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-03-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1689.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Boyce argued that Atlas' post-filing citizenship change should not create retroactive jurisdiction.","Mr. Greenberg argued that the trial court had jurisdiction because diversity existed at trial.","chief_justice_rehnquist"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 2-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1689.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 2-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1689.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1689.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1689.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 40-42"}]}],"caption":"Grupo Dataflux v. Atlas Global Group","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.519137Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a party's later change in citizenship cures a prior lack of complete diversity.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 2-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1689.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 2-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1689.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-38"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-03-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1689.html","primary_docket":"02-1689","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:52:19.796772Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the timing of diversity jurisdiction. One side argues jurisdiction exists if diversity is present at trial. The other side argues jurisdiction must exist at filing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 2-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1689.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 2-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1689.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-38"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 3, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1689.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Atlas wants the Court to affirm the Fifth Circuit judgment.","Atlas wants the Court to hold that the trial court had jurisdiction at trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 2-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1689.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 2-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1689.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-38"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Atlas argues that a post-filing citizenship change cures the lack of complete diversity.","Dataflux argues that a post-filing citizenship change cannot create retroactive diversity jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 2-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1689.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 2-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1689.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-38"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1689.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 40-42"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when federal courts gain diversity jurisdiction. It determines whether parties can cure jurisdictional defects after filing. It affects access to federal courts for diverse parties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 2-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1689.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 2-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1689.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-38"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1689.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1689.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 40-42"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1689-grupo-dataflux-v-atlas-global-group","term":"2003","title":"Does a post-filing citizenship change create retroactive diversity jurisdiction?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 2-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1689.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 2-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1689.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-38"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-02-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-02-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Blatt argued Customs officials must protect borders against dangerous items.","Ms. Blatt explained that the twenty-five percent figure relates to vehicle drug seizures.","Mr. Hubachek noted prior cases involved vehicles but not gas tanks.","Mr. Hubachek suggested smugglers might use gas tanks to hide contraband."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 26-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 26-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 40-42"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Flores-Montano.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.441281Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.452855Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether border agents may open a vehicle's gas tank without a warrant or specific suspicion.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 26-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 26-10"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-02-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1794.html","primary_docket":"02-1794","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:55:27.370273Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of border search authority. It asks if agents can inspect sealed fuel containers during routine vehicle checks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 26-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 26-10"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 25, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 40-42"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants permission to open gas tanks during border searches.","The driver wants a ban on opening gas tanks without specific suspicion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 26-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 26-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues border protection requires inspecting all vehicle compartments.","The driver argues gas tanks are private spaces requiring specific suspicion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 26-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 26-10"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked a hypothetical question about the search scope.","Justice Kennedy asked about the source of a twenty-five percent seizure statistic."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 40-42"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the physical limits of border inspections. It determines whether agents can open sealed fuel containers. It balances national security against personal privacy rights. It sets a standard for all future vehicle searches at borders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 26-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 26-10"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 40-42"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1794-united-states-v-flores-montano","term":"2003","title":"Can Customs Officials Open Gas Tanks During Border Searches?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 26-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1794.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 26-10"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-01-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-01-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Cohen argued the Act only applies when stopping state revenue.","Mr. Hungar argued the Act bars suits restraining state tax assessments.","Mr. Goddard argued the Act has a very broad reach.","Chief Justice Rehnquist noted the case is submitted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-31"}]}],"caption":"Hibbs v. Winn","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.612474Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to stop a state tax credit. the opposing sides argue federal courts lack jurisdiction to hear this claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-01-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1809.html","primary_docket":"02-1809","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:59:00.182002Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Tax Injunction Act. The statute limits federal court power over state taxes. The parties dispute whether a tax credit counts as a tax."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 20, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to allow their federal lawsuit to proceed.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the dismissal of their case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Tax Injunction Act only applies to stopping state revenue.","the opposing sides argue the Act bars suits seeking to restrain state tax assessments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the term assessment in the Tax Injunction Act include a state tax credit?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between federal and state judicial power. It determines whether citizens can challenge state tax credits in federal court. The outcome shapes the balance of comity between the two systems."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-31"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1809-hibbs-v-winn","term":"2003","title":"Does the Tax Injunction Act block federal suits against state tax credits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1809.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-03-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-03-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","paragraphs":["Estrada argued participants may seek consequential and punitive damages.","Feldman argued the government position appears in a brief footnote.","Mattax argued Texas law imposes a duty of ordinary care.","Young argued the case involves complete preemption doctrine."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 5-7"}]}],"caption":"Aetna Health Inc. v. Davila","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.347330Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.357414Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Insurers argue federal law blocks state tort claims. Patients argue state law allows such suits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 41-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-03-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1845.html","primary_docket":"02-1845","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:50:52.238161Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether federal ERISA law preempts state tort claims for denied benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 41-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 23, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Aetna wants the Court to bar state tort damages claims.","Davila wants the Court to allow state tort damages claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 41-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Aetna argues ERISA completely preempts state tort law.","Davila argues state law imposes independent duties on insurers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 41-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Rehnquist asked what damages the government thinks are recoverable.","Rehnquist asked Estrada to respond to three specific points."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal preemption over state tort law. It determines whether patients can seek punitive damages in state courts. It shapes the balance between federal uniformity and state consumer protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 41-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 5-7"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-1845-aetna-health-inc-v-davila","term":"2003","title":"Can ERISA participants sue insurers in state court for tort damages?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-1845.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 41-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-01-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-01-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Holifield argued sole owners can be participants.","Mr. Roberts noted many owners work in their own businesses.","Mr. Troutman provided an address for the record."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 37-41"}]}],"caption":"Raymond","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.552299Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to include sole owners in employee benefit plans. the opposing sides oppose this inclusion.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-01-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-458.html","primary_docket":"02-458","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:01:13.265490Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a sole owner qualifies as a participant in an employee benefit plan. the sides that brought the case argue for inclusion. the opposing sides argue against it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 13, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want sole owners to join benefit plans.","the opposing sides want to exclude sole owners from these plans."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue sole owners are participants if other employees join.","the opposing sides argue sole owners do not fit the participant definition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 37-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who can access business benefit plans. It affects owners of small businesses. It clarifies the scope of employee benefits law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 37-41"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-458-raymond","term":"2003","title":"Can a sole owner join a business benefit plan?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-458.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-10-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-10-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","paragraphs":["David Salmons argued the officers followed proper procedure. He stated they knocked loudly and announced their purpose. He noted they waited at least 15 to 20 seconds. He claimed this satisfied the legal requirement.","Mr. Roske argued the wait was insufficient. He stated the case tests the refusal component of the rule. He claimed the lower court's action deters police misconduct. He argued the door's value exceeds 15 seconds.","Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the rule applied in 1791. He questioned the historical basis of the government's position. He then closed the oral argument session."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 15-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 15-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-9"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Banks","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.017886Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.028351Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Police waited 15 to 20 seconds before entering a home. The lower court excluded the evidence found inside.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 15-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 15-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-10-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-473.html","primary_docket":"02-473","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:28:59.991727Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The government wants the court to admit the evidence. The defendant wants the court to keep the evidence out."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 15-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 15-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 15, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the court to admit the evidence found in the apartment.","The defendant wants the court to keep the evidence out of the trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 15-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 15-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the officers followed the law by knocking and waiting.","The defendant argues the wait was too short to protect home privacy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 15-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 15-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the rule would have applied in 1791."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how long police must wait before entering a home. It sets the standard for future search warrant executions. It balances law enforcement needs against private home safety."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 15-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 15-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-9"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-473-united-states-v-banks","term":"2003","title":"Does a 15-second wait satisfy the knock-and-announce rule?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 15-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 15-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-473.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 5-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-04-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-04-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Phillips argued the court of first instance lacks authority to order discovery.","Mr. Lynch argued emasculating section 1782 is not the proper way to respect comity concerns.","Mr. Minear agreed an interested party needs a pending proceeding.","Mr. Waxman argued section 1782 authorizes discovery for foreign or international tribunals."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 12-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 12-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 2-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 2-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-54"}]}],"caption":"Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.144607Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.179756Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Intel and AMD dispute whether federal judges can compel evidence for foreign antitrust regulators.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 12-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 12-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 2-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 2-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-40"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-04-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-572.html","primary_docket":"02-572","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:38:25.094046Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Intel and AMD dispute the scope of federal discovery powers. The case tests if U.S. courts can compel evidence for foreign regulatory bodies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 12-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 12-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 2-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 2-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-40"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 20, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Intel wants the Supreme Court to limit federal discovery powers for foreign regulators.","AMD wants the Supreme Court to preserve broad federal discovery powers for foreign proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 12-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 12-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 2-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 2-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-40"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Intel argues federal courts lack authority to order discovery for foreign regulatory bodies.","AMD argues federal courts must preserve broad discovery powers despite foreign comity concerns."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 12-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 12-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 2-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 2-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-40"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if an interested party needs a pending proceeding.","Justice Kennedy asked if the court of first instance has authority to order discovery."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-54"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the reach of U.S. discovery laws. It determines if federal courts can compel evidence for foreign regulators. The outcome shapes international legal cooperation and corporate compliance burdens."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 12-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 12-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 2-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 2-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-40"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-54"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-572-intel-corp-v-advanced-micro-devices-inc","term":"2003","title":"Can U.S. courts order discovery for foreign regulatory bodies?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 12-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 12-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 2-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 2-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-572.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-40"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-01-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-01-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","paragraphs":["The Tribe asserts the Clean Water Act requires permits for pollutant additions.","The District contends its pumps only move water between locations.","The United States supports the District's position on water control facilities."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 45-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 45-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 3-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-1"}]}],"caption":"South Fla. Water Management Dist. v. Miccosukee Tribe","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.589091Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.625377Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Miccosukee Tribe argues the Clean Water Act mandates permits for water movement. The Water Management District claims simple water transfer needs no permit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 45-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 45-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 3-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-01-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-626.html","primary_docket":"02-626","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:59:53.962326Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Clean Water Act. It asks if moving water counts as adding pollutants. The outcome defines federal regulatory reach over water infrastructure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 45-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 45-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 3-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 14, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Tribe seeks a mandatory federal permit for water movement.","The District seeks a ruling that simple water transfer needs no permit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 45-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 45-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 3-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Tribe argues moving water constitutes adding pollutants to navigable waters.","The District argues pumps merely relocate water without adding pollutants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 45-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 45-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 3-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the Clean Water Act define water movement as a pollutant addition?","Do water control facilities require section 402 permits under federal law?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 45-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 45-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 3-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines federal authority over water management. It determines if states must obtain permits for basic water infrastructure. The result shapes environmental regulation standards nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 45-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 45-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 3-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 45-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 45-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 3-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-1"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-626-south-fla-water-management-dist-v-miccosukee-tribe","term":"2003","title":"Does moving water via pumps require a federal permit?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 45-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 45-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 3-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Zinn argued sovereign immunity should not bar enforcement.","She noted the district court found ongoing federal law violations.","Mr. Cruz asked if district courts are immune from sovereign immunity.","He stated federal law requires a specific outcome here."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-25"}]}],"caption":"Frew v. Hawkins","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.923889Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.955285Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to enforce a consent decree. the opposing sides claim sovereign immunity bars that enforcement.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-628.html","primary_docket":"02-628","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:13:45.560353Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether sovereign immunity stops a federal court from enforcing a consent decree."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the court to enforce the consent decree.","the opposing sides want the court to dismiss the enforcement action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue sovereign immunity does not bar enforcement here.","the opposing sides argue sovereign immunity protects them from this enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does sovereign immunity bar enforcement of this consent decree?","Did the district court waive any immunity objections?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of sovereign immunity in federal courts. It shapes how consent decrees operate in practice. It affects the ability of courts to enforce federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-25"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-628-frew-v-hawkins","term":"2003","title":"Can sovereign immunity block enforcement of a federal consent decree?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-628.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-12-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-12-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Dreeben stated the side that brought the case received full Miranda warnings. He claimed the side that brought the case knowingly waived his right to counsel. He argued this waiver occurred after transport to the jailhouse.","Mr. Dreeben noted the defendant spoke little about the charges. He said the defendant mentioned business and personal problems. He stated the defendant was a methamphetamine user.","Mr. Waxman distinguished this case from previous arguments. He implied the legal issues differ from those heard the day before. He focused on the specific how the case got here of this case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-35"}]}],"caption":"Fellers v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.814802Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.827830Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a valid waiver of counsel rights fixes an earlier constitutional breach.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-12-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-6320.html","primary_docket":"02-6320","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:02:24.301536Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the interaction between the Sixth and Fifth Amendments. The core conflict involves the timing of legal protections during police questioning."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 10, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to declare the prior questioning unconstitutional. This would restore the lower court's reversal of the conviction.","The government wants the Court to find the Miranda waiver valid. This would uphold the conviction against the constitutional challenge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Sixth Amendment right to counsel attaches before the Fifth Amendment waiver. This makes the initial questioning inherently invalid.","The government argues the Fifth Amendment waiver cures the prior defect. This renders the initial questioning legally permissible."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted. This question closed the oral argument session."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This ruling defines the boundary between two fundamental constitutional rights. It determines when police questioning violates the law. It shapes how courts evaluate evidence obtained during interrogations. It impacts the rights of all criminal defendants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-35"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-6320-fellers-v-united-states","term":"2003","title":"Does a Miranda waiver cure a prior Sixth Amendment violation?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-6320.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-10-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-10-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-658.pdf","paragraphs":["Alaska's lawyer argued Congress trusted states to set local air priorities.","EPA's lawyer argued federal law requires stopping invalid permits.","chief_justice_rehnquist"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 41-45"}]}],"caption":"Alaska Dept. of Environmental Conservation v. EPA","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.958325Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Alaska claims EPA illegally overrode its local air permit choices.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-10-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-658.html","primary_docket":"02-658","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:12:19.338278Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Alaska argues EPA lacks power to replace state air permit judgments. EPA argues it must enforce federal air quality standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 8, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Alaska wants the Court to strike down the EPA's override.","EPA wants the Court to uphold its enforcement authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Alaska argues Congress gave states sole authority over local air permits.","EPA argues federal law requires uniform enforcement of air standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 41-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance of power between state and federal environmental regulators."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 41-45"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-658-alaska-dept-of-environmental-conservation-v-epa","term":"2003","title":"Can EPA override Alaska's air permit decisions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-10-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-10-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","paragraphs":["Richard Taranto argued Verizon should not face antitrust liability.","He stated the Telecommunications Act creates a comprehensive regime.","He claimed the Act forces lawful monopolies to compete.","He argued the Sherman Act protects independently developed competition only."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 3-7"}]}],"caption":"Verizon Comm. Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko LLP","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.001046Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:31.017813Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Verizon argues the Telecommunications Act replaces antitrust duties. Trinko claims Verizon breached interconnection agreements.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 17-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-10-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-682.html","primary_docket":"02-682","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:11:40.296500Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Verizon seeks dismissal of the antitrust complaint. Trinko seeks damages for alleged market obstruction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 14, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 3-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Verizon wants the court to dismiss the antitrust claim.","Trinko wants the court to award damages for obstruction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Verizon argues the Telecommunications Act creates a comprehensive regulatory regime.","Trinko argues Verizon breached a telephone interconnection agreement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the Telecommunications Act preempt antitrust claims?","Does a monopolist owe rivals discounted asset access?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 3-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between telecom regulation and antitrust law. It determines whether monopolies must share assets with rivals. It shapes the competitive landscape for telecommunications providers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 3-7"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-682-verizon-comm-inc-v-law-offices-of-curtis-v-trinko-llp","term":"2003","title":"Does a telecom monopoly owe rivals discounted asset access under antitrust law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-682.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 17-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-11-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-11-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-693.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Goldstein stated the parties agree the statute has a mistake.","Ms. Blatt stated the code lacks authority for this payment.","The Chief Justice noted the case was submitted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-693.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-693.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-693.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-693.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-31"}]}],"caption":"Lamie v. United States Trustee","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.888351Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether bankruptcy law allows a debtor's attorney to be paid from funds meant for creditors.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-693.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-693.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-11-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-693.html","primary_docket":"02-693","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:28:12.036205Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a specific bankruptcy statute. The lower court ruled against the debtor. the side that brought the case seeks to overturn that result."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-693.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-693.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 10, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-693.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the lower court's action overturned.","The government wants the lower court's action to stand."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-693.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-693.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute contains a mistake.","The government argues the statute lacks authority for this payment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-693.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-693.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The Chief Justice asked if the parties agreed on the statute's error."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-693.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue determines how bankruptcy estates fund legal representation. It affects the financial resources available to creditors. It shapes the rights of debtors in Chapter 7 cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-693.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-693.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-693.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-693.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-31"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-693-lamie-v-united-states-trustee","term":"2003","title":"Can a Chapter 7 debtor's lawyer use estate funds for fees?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-693.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-693.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-10-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-10-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","paragraphs":["Carter Phillips argued Raytheon's policy is neutral. He stated it applies to all misconduct. He claimed it does not violate the ADA. He noted thousands of employers use similar rules. He emphasized the policy targets serious workplace behavior.","Paul Clement argued the policy is a mutual refusal. He stated it does not constitute disparate treatment. He claimed it applies even to drug-related misconduct. He argued the rule is neutral and lawful. He emphasized the policy's consistent application.","Juan Montoya argued the Ninth Circuit relied on two predicates. He stated one was a discriminatory impact analysis. He claimed the other involved Raytheon's intent. He argued the court's decision was clear. He emphasized the legal basis for the lower court's ruling."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-9"}]}],"caption":"Raytheon Co. v. Hernandez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.974669Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.987485Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Raytheon argues its no-rehire rule for misconduct is neutral. Hernandez claims it discriminates against disabled workers.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-10-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-749.html","primary_docket":"02-749","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:12:34.324054Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Raytheon fired Hernandez for drug-related misconduct. The company barred him from future hiring. Hernandez sued under the Americans with Disabilities Act. He claims the policy discriminates against disabled employees. Raytheon says the rule applies to all misconduct. The Ninth Circuit sided with Hernandez. Raytheon seeks reversal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 8, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Raytheon wants the Court to reverse the Ninth Circuit. It seeks a ruling that its no-rehire policy is neutral. The company argues the policy does not violate the ADA.","Hernandez wants the Court to affirm the Ninth Circuit. He seeks a ruling that the policy discriminates. He argues the rule disproportionately harms disabled workers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Raytheon argues its policy is a mutual refusal to rehire. It claims the rule targets serious misconduct. The company states this does not constitute disparate treatment under the ADA.","Hernandez argues the policy has a discriminatory impact. He claims the rule disproportionately affects disabled employees. He asserts the Ninth Circuit correctly applied this analysis."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted. He thanked Mr. Phillips for his argument. The Court ended the oral argument session."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Employers use no-rehire policies to manage workplace safety. These rules often target serious misconduct. The ADA protects disabled workers from discrimination. A ruling here defines the scope of that protection. It affects how companies enforce conduct rules. It impacts hiring practices nationwide. It balances employer safety needs with employee rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 5-9"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-749-raytheon-co-v-hernandez","term":"2003","title":"Does a no-rehire policy for misconduct violate the ADA?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-749.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-10-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-10-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-763.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Lamken argued that the Commissioner has long construed the program to require two conditions for disability.","He stated that a claimant must be unable to do their previous work to qualify.","Mr. Alter argued that the Commissioner is acting against its own theme of providing remedies for disabled individuals.","He asserted that Congress intended to separate the analysis of previous work from other work."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]}],"caption":"Barnhart v. Thomas","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.984429Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a person qualifies for disability benefits when they cannot perform their past job but can perform other existing work.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-10-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-763.html","primary_docket":"02-763","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:11:58.915128Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the legal standard for determining disability under the Social Security program. It asks how courts must weigh a claimant's ability to perform previous work versus other work."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 14, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Commissioner seeks a ruling that denies benefits if the claimant can do other work.","The claimant seeks a ruling that grants benefits if she cannot do her previous job."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Commissioner argues that disability requires an inability to do both previous and other work.","The claimant argues that Congress intended to separate the analysis of previous work from other work."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["How must courts distinguish between the ability to do previous work and other work?","Does the statutory language require a specific separation between these two steps?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the threshold for receiving federal disability benefits. It determines how many Americans can access financial support when they lose their ability to work. The outcome shapes the scope of the social safety net for workers with impairments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-763-barnhart-v-thomas","term":"2003","title":"Can a claimant be disabled if they can do other work but not their previous job?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-763.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-11-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-11-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","paragraphs":["Gary Bair argued that the officer found drugs and cash in the car.","Bair stated that these items supported the arrest of the passenger.","Chief Justice Rehnquist noted the case was submitted after the opening.","Ms. Forster argued that the case involved highly unusual facts."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-41"}]}],"caption":"Maryland v. Pringle","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.841798Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Maryland argues that finding drugs in a car creates probable cause to arrest any passenger. Pringle argues that specific evidence must link the passenger to the drugs.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-11-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-809.html","primary_docket":"02-809","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:09:28.583303Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of probable cause in vehicle stops. The dispute centers on whether police need individualized evidence to arrest a passenger."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 3, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Maryland wants the Court to uphold the passenger arrest based on the drugs found in the car.","Pringle wants the Court to reverse the arrest because no evidence linked him to the drugs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Maryland argues that drugs in a car create probable cause to arrest any occupant.","Pringle argues that the officer lacked specific facts connecting the passenger to the drugs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted after the opening statement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of police power during traffic stops. It determines when officers can arrest passengers without individualized proof. The outcome shapes future searches and arrests in vehicles."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 39-41"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-809-maryland-v-pringle","term":"2003","title":"Does a car passenger have probable cause for arrest when drugs are found in the vehicle?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-809.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-11-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-11-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","paragraphs":["The agent argued for a practical standard.","The agent cited prior case law.","The homeowner argued the error was obvious.","The homeowner cited the specific address error."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 13-15"}]}],"caption":"Groh v. Ramirez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.862381Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.891322Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A federal agent searched a home using a warrant with the wrong address. The agent claims legal protection. The homeowner claims the error was obvious.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 35-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-11-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-811.html","primary_docket":"02-811","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:28:27.005271Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how strictly courts judge warrant errors. One side argues for a practical standard. The other argues for strict accuracy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 35-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 4, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The agent wants legal protection from a lawsuit.","The homeowner wants the agent to pay damages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 35-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The agent argues courts should use a practical standard.","The homeowner argues the warrant error was obvious."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 35-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["How strictly must courts judge warrant errors?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the standard for judging warrant errors. It affects how courts treat obvious mistakes. It shapes officer liability for search errors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 35-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 13-15"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-811-groh-v-ramirez","term":"2003","title":"Does a wrong address on a warrant strip an officer of legal protection?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-811.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 35-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-11-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-11-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case asserts that equitable exceptions can change the deadline.","the opposing side contends that the rule provides a specific time for objections.","the opposing side describes the case as an adversary proceeding under Rule 4004."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 47-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 47-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 5-7"}]}],"caption":"Kontrick v. Ryan","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.838174Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether courts can extend the strict deadline for objecting to a bankruptcy discharge.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 47-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 47-60"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-11-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-819.html","primary_docket":"02-819","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:09:51.093446Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves a bankruptcy adversary proceeding. The core issue is the deadline for filing objections to a discharge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 47-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 47-60"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 3, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to apply equitable exceptions to the deadline.","the opposing side wants the court to enforce the strict deadline without exceptions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 47-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 47-60"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that equitable exceptions can alter the statutory deadline.","the opposing side argues that the rule sets a fixed time for objections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 47-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 47-60"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The Chief Justice asked if the case is submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the finality of bankruptcy discharge deadlines. It determines whether strict time limits remain absolute or allow for equitable relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 47-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 47-60"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 5-7"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-819-kontrick-v-ryan","term":"2003","title":"Can equitable exceptions alter the deadline to object to a bankruptcy discharge?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 47-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-819.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 47-60"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-12-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-12-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","paragraphs":["Banks claims prosecutors promised to disclose discoverable material to the defense.","Banks argues his defense counsel was constitutionally deficient during the trial.","The state asserts Banks failed to diligently pursue his current claims.","The state notes Banks chose to pursue other claims in state court instead."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-13"}]}],"caption":"Banks v. Dretke","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.768074Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.808655Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Banks argues prosecutors hid evidence and his lawyer failed him. The state says he waived these claims by not raising them earlier.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-12-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-8286.html","primary_docket":"02-8286","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:03:57.067021Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Banks seeks a new trial. He claims prosecutors hid evidence and his lawyer failed him. The state argues he waived these claims by not raising them earlier."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 8, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Banks wants a new trial based on hidden evidence and poor counsel.","The state wants the court to deny relief because Banks waived his claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Banks argues prosecutors promised to disclose material but failed to do so.","The state argues Banks failed to diligently pursue these claims in state court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted after the argument ended."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when a prisoner waives legal claims. It determines if delayed filing bars relief. It affects how courts handle late-filed habeas petitions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-13"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-8286-banks-v-dretke","term":"2003","title":"Did Banks waive his claims by failing to raise them in state court?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-8286.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-02-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-02-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","paragraphs":["Seth Waxman argued the fee is not a finance charge.","Ms. Goldsmith argued the fee is a finance charge.","Ms. McDowell argued the regulation is a valid exercise of authority."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 1-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 1-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 45-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-41"}]}],"caption":"Household Credit Services, Inc. v. Pfennig","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.390762Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.396722Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Credit card issuers and consumers dispute how to classify limit-exceedance fees under federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 1-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 1-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 45-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-02-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-857.html","primary_docket":"02-857","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:57:36.951121Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the Federal Reserve's rule on fee disclosure. It defines what counts as a finance charge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 1-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 1-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 45-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 23, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the fee excluded from finance charge calculations.","the opposing sides want the fee included in finance charge calculations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 1-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 1-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 45-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the fee is not a finance charge.","the opposing sides argue the regulation validly defines the fee."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 1-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 1-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 45-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This defines how lenders calculate interest costs. It affects consumer borrowing costs nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 1-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 1-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 45-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-41"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-857-household-credit-services-inc-v-pfennig","term":"2003","title":"Does a credit limit fee count as a finance charge?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 1-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 1-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-857.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 45-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-04-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-04-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Goldstein argued the case involves an ERISA pension plan. He stated the retirees accrued full pensions. He noted they took early retirement at age 39.","Mr. Gossett argued the fund promised specific job rights. He claimed the retirees accepted early retirement packages. He stated they should work without sacrificing pensions.","Mr. Elwood argued the IRS approved similar plan amendments. He stated the IRS allowed these amendments for existing benefits. He claimed this practice lasted for at least twenty years."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 1-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 1-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 36-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 36-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 10-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 10-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 10-14"}]}],"caption":"Central Laborers' Pension Fund v. Heinz","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.104989Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.138104Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Two early retirees claim a pension fund broke its promise by cutting their benefits after they took new jobs.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 1-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 1-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 36-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 36-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 10-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 10-6"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-04-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-891.html","primary_docket":"02-891","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:39:09.852910Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Central Laborers' Pension Fund argues it can reduce benefits for early retirees who take new jobs. The retirees argue the fund promised them full benefits regardless of new work."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 1-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 1-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 36-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 36-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 10-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 10-6"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 19, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 10-14"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The pension fund wants to reduce benefits for early retirees who take new jobs.","The retirees want to keep their full promised pension benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 1-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 1-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 36-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 36-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 10-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 10-6"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The fund argues IRS rules allow plans to cut benefits for new employment.","The retirees argue the fund promised full benefits without job restrictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 1-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 1-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 36-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 36-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 10-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 10-6"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the Seventh Circuit distinguished early retirement benefits from normal retirement benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 10-14"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether pension plans can cut benefits for early retirees who take new jobs. It affects the financial security of workers who leave the workforce early. It clarifies the scope of pension promises made to employees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 1-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 1-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 36-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 36-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 10-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 10-6"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 10-14"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-891-central-laborers-pension-fund-v-heinz","term":"2003","title":"Can a pension plan cut benefits for early retirees who take new jobs?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 1-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 1-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 36-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 36-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 10-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-891.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 10-6"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-12-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-12-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Beckwith argues the legal bar does not apply.","She says Congress did not intend this result.","Mr. Casey argues the dismissal was correct.","He says the legal bar applies here."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-25"}]}],"caption":"Muhammad v. Close","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.654354Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.689836Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to sue over a prison hearing. the opposing sides argue a legal bar prevents this suit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 15-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-12-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-9065.html","primary_docket":"02-9065","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:27:50.159844Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests a legal limit on lawsuits. the sides that brought the case want to sue over a prison hearing. the opposing sides say a rule blocks this claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 1, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to sue over a prison hearing.","the opposing sides want the dismissal to stand."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the legal bar does not apply here.","the opposing sides argue the legal bar applies to this case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the legal bar apply to this prison hearing?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when prisoners can sue. It sets the scope for prison hearing claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 23-25"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-9065-muhammad-v-close","term":"2003","title":"Does the Heck rule bar prison hearing claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9065.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 15-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-11-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-11-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Fisher argued against retaining the reliability prong of the Roberts framework.","Mr. Dreeben stated the clause should limit testimonial statements but not bar them absolutely.","Mr. Sherman asked the Court to retain the reliability framework of Ohio v. Roberts."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-33"}]}],"caption":"Crawford v. Washington","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.901225Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.929870Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Confrontation Clause bars admitting testimonial statements when the witness is unavailable.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 17-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-11-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-9410.html","primary_docket":"02-9410","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:06:47.426048Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 10, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Washington seeks to keep the existing reliability test for admitting statements.","Crawford seeks to limit the clause to testimonial statements only."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Washington argues the reliability framework from Ohio v. Roberts remains valid.","Crawford argues the clause should not be an absolute bar to admissibility."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the Court should retain the reliability prong."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue determines how courts handle witness statements in criminal trials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-33"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-9410-crawford-v-washington","term":"2003","title":"Should courts admit out-of-court statements if the witness cannot cross-examine them?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-9410.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 17-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-12-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-12-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case cited prior Supreme Court precedent to define personal privacy.","the opposing side emphasized the legitimate privacy interests of the affected family.","the side that brought the case noted that law enforcement routinely collects highly sensitive personal information.","the side that brought the case highlighted that this information often includes graphic death scene photographs."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 33-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 33-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 42-44"}]}],"caption":"Office of Independent Counsel v. Favish","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.714473Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.743921Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law enforcement must release sensitive autopsy images under the Freedom of Information Act.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 33-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 33-40"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-12-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-954.html","primary_docket":"02-954","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:04:27.809058Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of privacy protections for sensitive law enforcement records."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 33-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 33-40"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 3, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 42-44"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks to release the sensitive records to the public.","the opposing side seeks to withhold the records to protect family privacy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 33-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 33-40"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the privacy definition in prior case law supports disclosure.","the opposing side argues the Foster family has a legitimate interest in privacy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 33-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 33-40"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The Chief Justice asked the side that brought the case to clarify the scope of the privacy claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 42-44"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance between public access and personal privacy for sensitive records."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 33-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 33-40"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 42-44"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-954-office-of-independent-counsel-v-favish","term":"2003","title":"Does FOIA Exemption 7(C) shield graphic death scene photos from public release?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 33-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-954.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 33-40"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-12-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-12-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","paragraphs":["General Myers argued prisoners must alert state courts to federal claims.","He stated this requirement ensures proper exhaustion of state remedies.","Mr. Balske argued the question is one of fair presentation.","He claimed courts can easily find federal claims in state records."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-45"}]}],"caption":"Baldwin v. Reese","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.753969Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.782188Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue courts must find federal claims in state records. the opposing sides insist prisoners must clearly label them.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-55"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-12-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-964.html","primary_docket":"02-964","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:03:37.670811Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how state prisoners raise federal constitutional claims. The core issue is whether courts can infer these claims from state court records. the sides that brought the case want a flexible standard for finding federal issues. the opposing sides demand explicit identification of federal rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-55"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 8, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want courts to infer federal claims from state records.","the opposing sides want prisoners to explicitly label federal claims in state filings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-55"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue courts should search state records for federal issues.","the opposing sides argue prisoners must clearly alert state courts to federal claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-55"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the procedural path for federal habeas relief. It determines how strictly courts interpret state court records. It shapes the burden on prisoners seeking federal review. It impacts the efficiency of state and federal court systems."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-55"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-45"}]}],"slug":"2003-02-964-baldwin-v-reese","term":"2003","title":"Must a state prisoner explicitly flag federal claims for habeas review?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/02-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-55"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-03-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-03-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","paragraphs":["The agency argued its duty does not require maintaining specific wilderness areas.","The alliance argued the agency must maintain designated wilderness areas.","The Chief Justice asked if the duty depends on the specific harms involved."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 4-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 4-7"}]}],"caption":"Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.308358Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.338171Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Bureau of Land Management must protect designated wilderness areas under its general land management mandate.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-03-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-101.html","primary_docket":"03-101","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:48:19.703278Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Bureau of Land Management's statutory duty to maintain public lands. the sides that brought the case argue this duty does not require protecting specific wilderness areas. the opposing sides claim the agency must maintain these designated places."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 29, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 4-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 4-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The agency wants the court to limit its duty to general land management.","The alliance wants the court to require protection of specific wilderness areas."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The agency argues its duty does not mandate maintaining specific wilderness areas.","The alliance argues the agency must maintain designated wilderness areas under its mandate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The Chief Justice asked if the duty depends on the specific harms involved."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 4-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 4-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal land management duties. It determines whether agencies must protect specific wilderness areas. The outcome shapes how public lands receive legal protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 4-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 4-7"}]}],"slug":"2003-03-101-norton-v-southern-utah-wilderness-alliance","term":"2003","title":"Does the BLM duty to maintain land cover specific wilderness areas?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-101.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-04-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-04-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued the case differs from previous detention disputes.","He emphasized the specific legal questions raised by Padilla.","Ms. Martinez argued the nation remains governed by the rule of law.","She stated the government seeks unlimited presidential detention power. She argued Congress must define detention parameters first."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-57"}]}],"caption":"Rumsfeld v. Padilla","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.241442Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.246739Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Jose Padilla challenges his military detention. The government claims presidential power allows this action.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-57"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-04-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-1027.html","primary_docket":"03-1027","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:19:03.245432Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Jose Padilla, a U.S. citizen, faces military detention. The government claims presidential power allows this action. Padilla argues this violates his legal rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-57"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 28, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the President's detention power.","Padilla wants the Court to end his military detention."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-57"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the President has broad wartime detention authority.","Padilla argues Congress must define detention rules and procedures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-57"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the President have unlimited power to detain citizens?","Must Congress provide clear authorization for such detention?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-57"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of executive power during wartime. It determines whether citizens can be imprisoned without trial. It shapes the balance between security and liberty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-57"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-57"}]}],"slug":"2003-03-1027-rumsfeld-v-padilla","term":"2003","title":"Can the President detain a U.S. citizen as an enemy combatant without trial?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-1027.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-57"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-01-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-01-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","paragraphs":["The government cites the Duro decision as the starting point.","The defendant claims Congress overruled the Court's sovereignty limits.","The government notes individuals can disavow Indian affiliation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 21-25"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Lara","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.644163Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.673869Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether Congress exceeded its power when amending the Indian Civil Rights Act.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-55"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-01-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-107.html","primary_docket":"03-107","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:58:07.368511Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the boundary of federal legislative power over tribal courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-55"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 21, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the congressional amendment.","The defendant wants the Court to strike down the amendment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-55"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the amendment validly expands tribal jurisdiction.","The defendant argues Congress exceeded its constitutional authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-55"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The Chief Justice asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance between federal law and tribal self-governance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-55"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 21-25"}]}],"slug":"2003-03-107-united-states-v-lara","term":"2003","title":"Can Congress override tribal sovereignty limits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-107.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-55"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-02-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-02-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","paragraphs":["Scott Cooper argued for Austria. He cited the Landgraf case. He claimed Congress did not direct retroactive application of the Act.","Paul Hungar argued for the United States. He stated sovereign immunity bars pre-1976 expropriation claims. He emphasized the consistent position of the U.S. government.","Alan Schoenberg argued for Altmann. He listed four grounds for affirming the lower court. He argued the Act regulates jurisdiction, not primary conduct.","Cooper responded to a question about the Dralle case. He argued that case does not support second-guessing expropriation in Austria."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-11"}]}],"caption":"Republic of Austria v. Altmann","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.456137Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.484114Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Austrian citizens seek to recover art seized by the Nazis. Austria claims sovereign immunity blocks the claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 27-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-02-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-13.html","primary_docket":"03-13","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:54:43.006483Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Maria Altmann sued Austria in U.S. courts. She sought to recover art her family lost during World War II. Austria argued the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act does not apply to pre-1976 events. The lower court allowed the lawsuit to proceed. Austria asked the Supreme Court to reverse that decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 27-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 25, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Austria wants the Supreme Court to reverse the lower court. It seeks to dismiss the lawsuit based on sovereign immunity.","Altmann wants the Supreme Court to affirm the lower court. She seeks to keep her lawsuit alive in U.S. courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 27-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Austria argues the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act does not apply retroactively. It claims Congress did not intend to cover pre-1976 events.","Altmann argues the Act regulates jurisdiction, not underlying conduct. She contends the law does not operate retrospectively."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 27-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the Dralle case supports second-guessing expropriation in Austria.","The Court asked about the applicability of the Act to pre-enactment events."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether U.S. courts can hear claims about property seized before 1976. It defines the scope of sovereign immunity for foreign states. It impacts how victims of historical seizures seek redress in American courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 27-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-11"}]}],"slug":"2003-03-13-republic-of-austria-v-altmann","term":"2003","title":"Does the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act apply to pre-1976 property seizures?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-13.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 27-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-04-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-04-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-167.pdf","paragraphs":["The government asserts that prior cases require outcome impact for substantial rights.","The defendant asserts that the lower court framework has been applied for eleven years.","chief_justice_rehnquist_closed_the_argument_by_stating_the_case_was_submitted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-167.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-167.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-167.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 2-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-167.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 2-6"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Dominguez Benitez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.176750Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government argues outcome impact is required. The defendant argues the lower court applied the wrong standard.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-167.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-167.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-2"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-04-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-167.html","primary_docket":"03-167","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:34:55.415947Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests how courts review forfeited Rule 11 errors. The government seeks a strict outcome test. The defendant seeks a broader review standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-167.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-167.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-2"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 21, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-167.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-14"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to require proof that the error changed the outcome.","The defendant wants the Court to reject the strict outcome impact requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-167.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-167.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-2"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that an error must affect substantial rights to be reversible.","The defendant argues that the lower court framework for eleven years is flawed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-167.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-167.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-2"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 2-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-167.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 2-6"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the standard for reviewing forfeited procedural errors. It determines how courts weigh Rule 11 violations. It affects the finality of criminal convictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-167.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-167.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-2"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-167.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 2-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-167.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 2-6"}]}],"slug":"2003-03-167-united-states-v-dominguez-benitez","term":"2003","title":"Does a forfeited Rule 11 error require proof of outcome impact?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-167.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-167.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-2"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-03-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-03-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Beeson argued the law violates the First Amendment.","She claimed the statute suppresses protected speech between adults.","She stated the government has less restrictive tools available.","General Olson argued the law addresses a compelling problem. He described online pornography as causing substantial damage to children."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 20-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 10-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 10-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 14-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 14-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 18-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 18-19"}]}],"caption":"Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.484147Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.509130Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The ACLU argues the law bans protected adult speech. The government claims it protects children from online pornography.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 20-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 10-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 10-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 14-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 14-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-03-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-218.html","primary_docket":"03-218","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:52:35.699275Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the constitutionality of the Child Online Protection Act. The ACLU contends the statute suppresses protected speech. The government asserts the law addresses a compelling harm to minors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 20-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 10-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 10-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 14-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 14-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 2, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 18-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 18-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The ACLU wants the Court to strike down the statute.","The government wants the Court to uphold the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 20-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 10-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 10-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 14-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 14-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The ACLU argues the law suppresses protected adult speech.","The government argues the law protects children from harmful content."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 20-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 10-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 10-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 14-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 14-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 18-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 18-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether adults can access certain online content. It defines the government's power to regulate commercial speech. It balances child safety against free expression rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 20-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 10-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 10-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 14-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 14-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 18-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 18-19"}]}],"slug":"2003-03-218-ashcroft-v-american-civil-liberties-union","term":"2003","title":"Does the Child Online Protection Act violate the First Amendment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 20-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 10-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 10-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 14-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 14-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-04-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-04-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Roadarmel argued the one-year limit does not apply to this petition.","Ms. Bassis argued the one-year limit applies to this petition.","Chief Justice Rehnquist confirmed the advocate's name pronunciation.","Chief Justice Rehnquist closed the argument session."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 21-25"}]}],"caption":"Pliler v. Ford","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.151924Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case argues the one-year limit does not apply. the opposing side argues the limit applies to all federal habeas petitions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-6"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-04-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-221.html","primary_docket":"03-221","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:36:19.287311Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act. The statute imposes a one-year limit on federal habeas petitions. The limit follows the finality of a state criminal conviction. The parties dispute whether this limit applies to the current petition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-6"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 21, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to reject the one-year limit for this petition.","the opposing side wants the Court to enforce the one-year limit on this petition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-6"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the one-year limit does not apply to this specific federal habeas petition.","the opposing side argues the one-year limit applies to all federal habeas petitions after state conviction finality."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-6"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if he pronounced the advocate's name correctly.","Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the advocate confirmed the pronunciation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the deadline for federal habeas petitions. It determines when prisoners must file these claims. It shapes the scope of federal review of state convictions. It affects the balance between finality and individual rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-6"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 21-25"}]}],"slug":"2003-03-221-pliler-v-ford","term":"2003","title":"Does AEDPA's one-year limit apply to federal habeas petitions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-6"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-03-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-03-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued the Ninth Circuit found the arrest unauthorized.","He stated the arrest occurred in Mexico.","He noted the court found the FTCA exception inapplicable.","Hoffman argued the government theory does not fit the statute."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 6-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 6-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 31-35"}]}],"caption":"Francisco Soso v. Alvarez-Machain","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.362432Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:40.677357Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal courts can hear claims for torts committed in a foreign country.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 6-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 6-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 23-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-03-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-339.html","primary_docket":"03-339","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:42:06.576958Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the reach of the Alien Tort Statute. It asks if U.S. courts can adjudicate claims arising from events in Mexico."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 6-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 6-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 30, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 31-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The United States wants the court to dismiss the claim.","the side that brought the case wants the court to allow the claim to proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 6-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 6-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the statute does not cover foreign acts.","the side that brought the case argues the statute covers violations of international law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 6-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 6-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked how the claim fits the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 31-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the geographic limits of federal jurisdiction. It determines whether U.S. courts can hear foreign tort claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 6-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 6-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 31-35"}]}],"slug":"2003-03-339-francisco-soso-v-alvarez-machain","term":"2003","title":"Does the Alien Tort Statute cover acts committed abroad?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 6-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 6-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-339.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 23-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-04-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-04-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","paragraphs":["Edwin Kneedler argued the agency had no discretion to deny certification to eligible Mexican trucks.","He stated the trucks were eligible under the President's lifting of the moratorium.","He emphasized the trucks were willing and able to comply with statutory standards.","David Weissglass argued Congress gave the agency important choices about safety before trucks cross the border."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 31-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 31-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 6-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 6-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-31"}]}],"caption":"Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.157048Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.182360Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the DOT must certify eligible Mexican trucks after a NAFTA panel found the U.S. ban violated the treaty.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 31-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 31-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 6-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 6-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-04-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-358.html","primary_docket":"03-358","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:37:48.555849Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Department of Transportation argues it lacked discretion to deny certification to eligible Mexican trucks. Public Citizen contends Congress granted the agency broad safety choices to limit truck entry."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 31-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 31-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 6-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 6-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 21, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The DOT wants the Court to confirm it had no discretion to deny certification to eligible Mexican trucks.","Public Citizen wants the Court to uphold the agency's authority to limit truck entry based on safety concerns."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 31-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 31-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 6-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 6-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The DOT argues the agency must certify trucks that meet statutory standards and are willing to comply.","Public Citizen argues Congress gave the agency important choices to determine which trucks enter the country."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 31-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 31-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 6-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 6-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked the advocate to clarify the critical point regarding agency discretion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether federal agencies must certify foreign commercial vehicles when international treaties require it. It defines the balance between trade obligations and domestic safety regulations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 31-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 31-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 6-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 6-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-31"}]}],"slug":"2003-03-358-department-of-transportation-v-public-citizen","term":"2003","title":"Can the DOT deny Mexican truck certification despite a NAFTA award?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 31-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 31-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 6-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-358.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 6-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-03-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-03-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-44.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Dreeben argued the lower court was correct. He stated the statute does not require a federal connection. He emphasized the text of the law.","Mr. Birrell argued the statute is unconstitutional. He claimed it allows conviction without a federal element. He stated the law omits a constitutional requirement.","Chief Justice Rehnquist asked for the basis of the government's claim. He then submitted the case for decision."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-44.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-44.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-44.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 46-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-44.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 46-2"}]}],"caption":"Sabri v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.519110Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal fraud statutes demand proof that local crimes connect to federal spending.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-44.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-44.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-36"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-03-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-44.html","primary_docket":"03-44","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:52:00.067316Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal fraud laws. It asks if prosecutors must prove a direct link between local crimes and federal money."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-44.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-44.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-36"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 3, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-44.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants to convict based on local conduct alone. It argues the statute text controls the scope.","the side that brought the case wants the statute struck down. It argues the law fails constitutional requirements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-44.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-44.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-36"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the statute does not require a federal link. It claims the text defines the offense limits.","the side that brought the case argues the statute is facially unconstitutional. It claims the law omits a required constitutional element."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-44.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-44.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-36"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked for the basis of the government's position. He then closed the argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 46-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-44.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 46-2"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the reach of federal fraud laws. It determines whether local crimes become federal offenses. It shapes the boundary between state and federal power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-44.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-44.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-36"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-44.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 46-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-44.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 46-2"}]}],"slug":"2003-03-44-sabri-v-united-states","term":"2003","title":"Does federal fraud law require a link to federal funds?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-44.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-44.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-36"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-04-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-04-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","paragraphs":["General Olson argued the case involves separation of powers. He stated the Constitution commits advisory authority to the President's discretion.","Mr. Morrison argued the threshold question is whether the Court of Appeals correctly ruled it lacked jurisdiction. He claimed the sides that brought the case painted a picture of being backed into a corner.","Mr. Orfanedes argued allegations and a memorandum raise significant questions. He suggested outside individuals may have participated in Vice President working groups."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 25-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 25-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-33"}]}],"caption":"Cheney v. United States Dist. Court for D. C.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.209263Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.238640Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to overturn a lower court dismissal. the opposing sides defend the dismissal based on jurisdictional limits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 25-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 25-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-04-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-475.html","primary_docket":"03-475","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:32:36.794018Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the boundary between executive discretion and judicial review. It asks if courts can examine how a Vice President manages internal staff and policy advice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 25-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 25-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 27, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Supreme Court to reverse the lower court dismissal. They argue the lower court wrongly found it lacked jurisdiction.","the opposing sides want the Supreme Court to affirm the lower court dismissal. They argue the lower court correctly found it lacked jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 25-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 25-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Constitution commits specific advisory functions to the President's discretion. They claim this separation of powers principle limits judicial oversight.","the opposing sides argue the lower court correctly ruled it lacked jurisdiction. They contend the sides that brought the case failed to establish a valid basis for interlocutory review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 25-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 25-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the Court of Appeals correctly ruled it lacked jurisdiction over the sides that brought the case' attempt to obtain interlocutory review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of judicial power over executive branch internal processes. It determines whether courts can scrutinize how the Vice President organizes staff and policy advice. The outcome clarifies the limits of separation of powers in administrative law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 25-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 25-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-33"}]}],"slug":"2003-03-475-cheney-v-united-states-dist-court-for-d-c","term":"2003","title":"Can a court review a Vice President's internal staff decisions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 25-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 25-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-03-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-03-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Dunham argued the government failed to prove officers initiated contact while Thornton was inside the car.","Mr. Dunham cited a state court opinion to distinguish the facts of this case from prior rulings.","Mr. Garre stated the sole contention was that the search was unlawful under Belton."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 1-3"}]}],"caption":"Thornton v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.365315Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.393376Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case argues the search violated Belton because officers did not contact him inside the vehicle.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-03-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-5165.html","primary_docket":"03-5165","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:40:28.524855Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of New York v. Belton. It asks if police must initiate contact with a driver while they are inside the car to justify a search."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 31, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 1-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the search ruled unlawful.","The government wants the search upheld as lawful."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues officers failed to prove they initiated contact while he was inside the car.","The government argues the search complied with existing legal standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 1-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of vehicle searches. It determines when police can search a car after a driver exits. The outcome shapes daily police interactions with motorists."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 1-3"}]}],"slug":"2003-03-5165-thornton-v-united-states","term":"2003","title":"Can police search a car after the driver exits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5165.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-04-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-04-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Todd argued Ring only changed who decides.","Mr. Todd stated Ring did not decriminalize conduct.","Mr. Todd claimed no defendant became ineligible for death.","The Chief Justice noted the case was submitted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 2-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 2-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 1-1"}]}],"caption":"Schriro v. Summerlin","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.119199Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a judge or jury must determine eligibility for capital punishment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 2-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 2-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-04-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-526.html","primary_docket":"03-526","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:38:57.365898Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Ring decision regarding capital sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 2-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 2-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 19, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-14"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks a jury decision on death penalty eligibility.","the opposing side seeks a judge decision on death penalty eligibility."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 2-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 2-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues Ring changed who decides, not what is decided.","the opposing side argues Ring did not decriminalize any conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 2-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 2-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The Chief Justice asked if the case was submitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 1-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the role of juries in capital sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 2-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 2-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2003-03-526-schriro-v-summerlin","term":"2003","title":"Who decides if a defendant faces the death penalty?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 2-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 2-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 16-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-03-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-03-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case contends that the government's safety argument relies on a false assumption.","the opposing side asserts that identification advances officer safety and effective law enforcement.","the opposing side claims that requiring a name is a minimal intrusion on personal privacy."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-4"}]}],"caption":"Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial Dist. Court of Nev., Humboldt Cty.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.265658Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.276785Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a state law requiring detained individuals to identify themselves violates constitutional protections against unreasonable searches.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-03-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-5554.html","primary_docket":"03-5554","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:51:42.213893Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the tension between officer safety and individual privacy during lawful detentions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 22, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-4"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks a ruling that forcing identification violates the Fourth Amendment.","the opposing side seeks a ruling that requiring identification is a reasonable police practice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that compelling a person to speak their name is an unreasonable intrusion.","the opposing side argues that requiring identification is a minimal intrusion that protects officers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked the side that brought the case to confirm the correct pronunciation of the client's name."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-4"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of police authority during routine street encounters. It determines whether citizens must verbally identify themselves to officers. The outcome shapes the balance between public safety and personal liberty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-4"}]}],"slug":"2003-03-5554-hiibel-v-sixth-judicial-dist-court-of-nev-humboldt-cty","term":"2003","title":"Does the Fourth Amendment allow police to force a detained person to state their name?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-5554.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-03-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-03-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case claims the prosecutor removed all African American jurors.","the side that brought the case argues this leaves a black defendant with an all-white jury.","the side that brought the case states this scenario is a paradigm of a prima facie case.","the side that brought the case asserts the California threshold conflates distinct legal steps."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 24-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 24-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-57"}]}],"caption":"Johnson v. California","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.325075Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.335475Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on the legal standard for proving jury selection bias.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 24-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 24-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 7-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-03-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-6539.html","primary_docket":"03-6539","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:46:32.422615Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the threshold for proving discrimination in jury selection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 24-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 24-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 7-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 30, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-57"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks a reversal of the lower court judgment.","The state seeks an affirmation of the lower court judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 24-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 24-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 7-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the current standard is too high.","The state argues the current standard is correct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 24-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 24-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 7-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The Chief Justice asked the side that brought the case to address three points."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-57"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The standard determines how easily a defendant proves jury bias."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 24-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 24-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 7-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-57"}]}],"slug":"2003-03-6539-johnson-v-california","term":"2003","title":"Does a prosecutor's removal of all minority jurors prove discrimination?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 24-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 24-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6539.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 7-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-04-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-04-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","paragraphs":["Frank Dunham represents Hamdi. He argues the government lacks authority. He says Hamdi has no hearing. He calls the government's stance unreasonable. He demands a factual review.","Paul Clement represents the government. He argues the executive has power. He claims the government can hold Hamdi. He asserts the detention is lawful. He rejects the need for a hearing.","Chief Justice Rehnquist introduces the case. He notes the parties. He invites the first advocate. He manages the oral argument."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 41-43"}]}],"caption":"Hamdi v. Rumsfeld","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.188459Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.217714Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Yaser Hamdi challenges his indefinite detention. The government claims it has the power to hold him.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 41-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-04-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-6696.html","primary_docket":"03-6696","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:32:16.862206Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Yaser Hamdi is a U.S. citizen. The government holds him as an enemy combatant. He has been detained for over two years. He has not received a hearing. He disputes the facts behind his detention."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 28, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Hamdi wants a hearing to challenge his detention.","The government wants to keep holding Hamdi without a hearing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Hamdi argues the government lacks authority to hold him.","The government argues it has the power to detain him."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the executive branch have the power to detain a citizen?","Must the government provide a hearing before holding a citizen?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines executive power over citizens. It sets limits on detention without trial. It protects due process rights. It balances national security and individual liberty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 41-43"}]}],"slug":"2003-03-6696-hamdi-v-rumsfeld","term":"2003","title":"Can the government hold a U.S. citizen as an enemy combatant without a hearing?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6696.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 41-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-03-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-03-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","paragraphs":["Bryan Stevenson argued for Nelson. He stated no state remedy exists for Nelson. He rejected the state claim that state options remain open.","Donal Campbell argued for the state. He claimed Nelson can still seek a new death warrant. He noted the previous warrant expired after a stay.","chief_justice_rehnquist"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-47"}]}],"caption":"Nelson v. Campbell","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.330583Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.350809Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"David Nelson seeks federal review of his Alabama death sentence. The state argues he must exhaust state options first.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-03-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-6821.html","primary_docket":"03-6821","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:46:52.754274Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["David Nelson faces execution in Alabama. He claims his state court process violated his rights. The state insists he must finish state appeals before federal courts can act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 29, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Nelson wants federal courts to review his death sentence now.","Campbell wants Nelson to finish all state appeals first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Nelson argues state remedies are currently unavailable to him.","Campbell argues Nelson can still seek a new death warrant in state court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does Nelson have any remaining state court options?","Can federal courts intervene before state appeals conclude?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when federal courts can review state death sentences. It shapes the balance between state and federal judicial power. It affects how prisoners access federal protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-47"}]}],"slug":"2003-03-6821-nelson-v-campbell","term":"2003","title":"Can a prisoner use federal court to challenge a state death sentence after state remedies fail?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-6821.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-04-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-04-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Shapiro argued the U.S. government supports reversing the lower court.","Mr. Pate explained how international cartel enforcement actually works.","Mr. Goldstein described the sides that brought the case as companies caught in a conspiracy.","Mr. Goldstein argued Illinois Brick does not bar these specific claims."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 16-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 16-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 21-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 21-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 38-40"}]}],"caption":"F. Hoffmann-LaRoche, Ltd. v. Empagran S.A.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.209255Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.209344Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Foreign buyers seek damages for high vitamin prices abroad. U.S. firms argue the law bars such claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 16-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 16-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 21-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 21-36"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-04-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-724.html","primary_docket":"03-724","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:34:29.521488Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether U.S. antitrust law reaches foreign buyers. the sides that brought the case want dismissal. the opposing sides want to keep their lawsuit alive."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 16-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 16-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 21-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 21-36"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 26, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 38-40"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to dismiss the foreign buyers' lawsuit.","the opposing sides want the Court to allow their lawsuit to continue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 16-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 16-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 21-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 21-36"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the buyers paid for goods outside U.S. commerce.","the opposing sides argue the conspiracy harmed U.S. markets and deterrence matters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 16-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 16-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 21-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 21-36"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted.","Justice Breyer asked a question that Mr. Goldstein deferred."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 38-40"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the geographic reach of U.S. antitrust law. It determines if foreign buyers can sue for overseas harm. It shapes global cartel enforcement strategies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 16-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 16-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 21-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 21-36"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 38-40"}]}],"slug":"2003-03-724-f-hoffmann-laroche-ltd-v-empagran-s-a","term":"2003","title":"Can foreign buyers sue U.S. firms for overseas vitamin price fixing?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 16-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 16-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 21-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 21-36"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-03-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-03-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Bailey argued that employers are generally liable for the discriminatory acts of their supervisors.","Mr. Bailey asked if a constructive discharge is the equivalent of a formal discharge.","Mr. Gornstein argued that strict liability applies only when a constructive discharge results from an official company act.","Mr. Gornstein cited demotions as examples of official company acts that trigger strict liability."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-41"}]}],"caption":"Pennsylvania State Police v. Suders","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.381839Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether an employer remains strictly liable when a supervisor's harassment causes an employee to resign rather than face a formal firing.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-03-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-95.html","primary_docket":"03-95","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:41:38.512518Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the scope of employer liability under Title VII. It asks if a supervisor's discriminatory acts that force an employee to quit trigger the same strict liability as a formal termination."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 31, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to limit strict liability to official company acts like demotions.","the opposing side wants the Court to hold employers strictly liable for supervisor harassment that forces a resignation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues strict liability applies only when a constructive discharge results from an official company act.","the opposing side argues employers are strictly liable for discriminatory acts of their supervisors, including those causing a constructive discharge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if the case was submitted after the argument concluded."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the financial and legal exposure of employers for supervisor misconduct. It determines whether a forced resignation carries the same legal weight as a formal firing. The outcome shapes workplace accountability standards nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 39-41"}]}],"slug":"2003-03-95-pennsylvania-state-police-v-suders","term":"2003","title":"Does an employer face strict liability for a supervisor's harassment that forces an employee to quit?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/03-95.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2003-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2003-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","paragraphs":["Virginia argues the compact language is plain and unambiguous.","Maryland cites the 1877 Black-Jenkins Award for its authority.","Virginia claims Maryland never disputed its regulatory role for 180 years.","Maryland asserts it can regulate Virginia citizens placing structures."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-33"}]}],"caption":"Virginia v. Maryland","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.955267Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.987427Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Virginia and Maryland dispute who controls riverfront construction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2003-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2003","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/129%20ORIG..html","primary_docket":"129 ORIG.","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T16:13:04.925875Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Virginia and Maryland fight over river regulation authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2003."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Virginia wants to build structures without Maryland rules.","Maryland wants to regulate Virginia riverfront construction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Virginia argues compact language grants it exclusive control.","Maryland argues historical awards confirm its regulatory authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["How do you identify the historic low-water mark?","Has Virginia ever claimed regulatory authority over piers?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines state power over shared waterways."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-33"}]}],"slug":"2003-129-orig-virginia-v-maryland","term":"2003","title":"Who regulates structures on the Potomac River?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2003/129orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-11-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-11-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Miller argued the Contract Disputes Act applies to these contracts.","Mr. Srinivasan argued Congress imposed statutory caps on contract support costs.","questions_and_answers"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]}],"caption":"Cherokee Nation of Okla. v. Thompson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.994534Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.026216Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Tribes seek damages for withheld funds. The government claims statutory limits bar such claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-11-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1472.html","primary_docket":"02-1472","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:20:15.416984Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether the Contract Disputes Act applies to tribal self-determination contracts. The outcome affects how tribes recover unpaid costs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 9, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Cherokee Nation wants money damages for unpaid contract support costs.","The government wants to avoid liability for withheld administrative funds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Cherokee Nation argues the Contract Disputes Act covers these contracts.","The government argues statutory caps limit the Secretary's payment obligations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked how the two circuit decisions relate.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the Secretary lacks authority to reserve funds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether tribes can recover withheld contract support costs. It defines the scope of federal liability under self-determination statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]}],"slug":"2004-02-1472-cherokee-nation-of-okla-v-thompson","term":"2004","title":"Can tribes sue for unpaid contract support costs?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-11-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-11-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Dellinger argued Title IX stands alone as the only major civil rights statute permitting retaliation claims.","Mr. Gornstein asserted administrative sanctions have never been imposed under Title IX.","Mr. Newsom clarified the scope of the available administrative remedy."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-17"}]}],"caption":"Jackson v. Birmingham Bd. of Ed.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.813071Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A teacher claims a school punished her for reporting sex discrimination. The school argues only administrative fixes apply.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 25-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-11-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/02-1672.html","primary_docket":"02-1672","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:15:23.907121Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether Title IX allows private lawsuits for retaliation. The teacher seeks money damages. The school seeks to limit remedies to administrative fixes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 25-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 30, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The teacher wants a private right to sue for money damages.","The school wants to limit remedies to administrative fixes only."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 25-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The teacher argues Title IX is the only major civil rights law allowing retaliation claims.","The school argues administrative sanctions have never been imposed under Title IX."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 25-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked if the teacher sought an administrative remedy.","Justice Kennedy asked if the core issue is a private cause of action for damages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of Title IX protections. It determines whether victims of retaliation can seek financial compensation. It shapes how schools handle discrimination complaints."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 25-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-17"}]}],"slug":"2004-02-1672-jackson-v-birmingham-bd-of-ed","term":"2004","title":"Can a teacher sue for damages after a school retaliates against a Title IX complaint?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/02-1672.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 25-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-04-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-04-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Moran argued the right to counsel covers first direct felony appeals.","Mr. Schaerr argued the Court should respect state legislative design.","Mr. Restuccia focused on the specific waiver language used by the defendant."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"}]}],"caption":"Halbert v. Michigan","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.378382Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.412497Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether Michigan can refuse to provide free lawyers for indigent defendants seeking their first direct appeal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-04-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-10198.html","primary_docket":"03-10198","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:26:53.312665Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the right to counsel in state criminal appeals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 25, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to strike down the Michigan statute.","State wants the Court to uphold the Michigan statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the right to counsel extends to first direct appeals.","State argues the Court should defer to state legislative choices."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the defendant knew his rights did not include this appeal.","Justice Kennedy asked if the case turned on the adequacy of advice given."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Indigent defendants face a choice between self-representation and no appeal in first-tier cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-10198-halbert-v-michigan","term":"2004","title":"Can a state deny appointed counsel for a first direct appeal?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-10198.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-11-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-11-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Cortina argued the Ninth Circuit violated federal law by reversing the state court.","Mr. Gits argued the state court correctly identified exclusive jury considerations.","Justice Souter questioned the basis for claiming no reasonable likelihood of error.","Justice Kennedy questioned whether the trial court failed to correct the prosecutor."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-15"}]}],"caption":"Brown v. Payton","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.016563Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a prosecutor’s statements about the law confused the jury during a death penalty trial.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-11-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-1039.html","primary_docket":"03-1039","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:17:55.341573Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves a 1982 death sentence. the side that brought the case argues the trial court failed to correct the prosecutor. the opposing side argues the jury understood the legal limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 10, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the state court’s death sentence restored.","the opposing side wants the federal court’s reversal to stand."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Ninth Circuit misapplied federal review standards.","the opposing side argues the state court correctly applied exclusive legal factors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked why a reasonable likelihood of jury mistake does not exist.","Justice Kennedy asked if the trial court erred by not giving a curative instruction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how federal courts review state death penalty trials. It clarifies when prosecutor statements about the law require judicial correction. The outcome affects the finality of state criminal judgments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-15"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-1039-brown-v-payton","term":"2004","title":"Did the prosecutor mislead the jury about legal limits on evidence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1039.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-12-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-12-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Halligan argued the Twenty-First Amendment does not propose a nondiscriminatory ban.","Mr. Casey argued states may restrict importation by out-of-state vendors.","Mr. Bolick argued states may regulate alcohol by one set of rules.","Ms. Sullivan argued the case does not require taking on the three-tier system."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 18-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 18-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 1-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 1-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-54"}]}],"caption":"Granholm v. Heald","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.850763Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.878152Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"States argue they may restrict direct wine sales from out-of-state producers. Producers argue this violates the Commerce Clause.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 18-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 18-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-54"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-12-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-1116.html","primary_docket":"03-1116","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:09:45.893524Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests state power over alcohol sales. States claim the Twenty-First Amendment allows them to favor local vendors. Producers argue this rule discriminates against interstate commerce."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 18-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 18-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-54"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 7, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 38-44"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["States want to keep laws that block out-of-state wine sales.","Producers want to sell wine directly to local stores."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 18-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 18-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["States argue the Twenty-First Amendment allows them to restrict out-of-state alcohol imports.","Producers argue states must apply one set of rules to all alcohol vendors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 18-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 18-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-54"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked why the Constitution did not include specific non-discrimination language.","Justice Kennedy asked if the entire three-tier system must be eliminated."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 1-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 1-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-54"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether states can favor local wine producers. It affects the ability of out-of-state producers to sell directly to retailers. The outcome shapes the balance between state regulation and interstate commerce."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 18-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 18-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-54"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 1-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 1-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-54"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-1116-granholm-v-heald","term":"2004","title":"Can states block out-of-state wine sales to local stores?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 18-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 18-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1116.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-54"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-11-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-11-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Goldstein argued the ADEA embodies Congress' determination against age discrimination.","Mr. Goldstein stated the Act prohibits practices lacking reasonable business justification.","Mr. Nager argued mere statistical correlations do not create a prima facie case.","Justice Breyer questioned the practical application of the business necessity standard."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]}],"caption":"Smith v. City of Jackson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.957818Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.984293Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek a disparate impact ban. The City argues the statute lacks this rule.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 41-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-11-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-1160.html","primary_docket":"03-1160","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:24:07.537579Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. the sides that brought the case argue the law bans practices that harm older workers without business justification. The City argues the statute only bans intentional discrimination. The dispute centers on statutory interpretation and lower court rulings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 41-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 3, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to recognize a disparate impact claim under the ADEA.","The City wants the Court to reject the disparate impact theory."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 41-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the ADEA prohibits practices lacking reasonable business justification.","The City argues the statute does not contain a disparate impact provision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 41-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if the lack of business justification is an affirmative defense.","Justice Kennedy asked if the regulation interprets the prohibitory section of the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of federal age discrimination protections. It determines whether employers face liability for neutral practices that harm older workers. This affects hiring, compensation, and workforce composition decisions nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 41-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-1160-smith-v-city-of-jackson","term":"2004","title":"Does the ADEA ban practices with disparate impact on older workers?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 41-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-12-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-12-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Garre argued the First Amendment allows government speech.","Mr. Tribe addressed questions about labeling government messages.","Mr. Kneedler explained the history of the beef industry depression.","Justice O'Connor asked how this case differs from United Foods."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-1"}]}],"caption":"Veneman v. Livestock Marketing Assn.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.850575Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.884481Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Producers argue the government must fund beef ads. Opponents claim this forces private speech.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 1-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-12-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-1164.html","primary_docket":"03-1164","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:07:43.156622Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Beef Promotion and Research Act funds beef ads. Producers pay fees to support this program. Opponents challenge the funding mechanism."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 1-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 8, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the beef ad program to continue.","the opposing sides want the mandatory fees struck down."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 1-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the First Amendment allows government speech.","the opposing sides argue the program compels private speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 1-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the speech remains government speech without a label.","Justice Stevens asked if meat is fungible across different cuts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of government-funded commercial speech. It affects how the government can support agricultural markets. It clarifies the boundary between public and private expression."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 1-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-1"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-1164-veneman-v-livestock-marketing-assn","term":"2004","title":"Does the First Amendment bar government-funded beef ads?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 1-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-04-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-04-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Boynton stated the fee places significant burdens on interstate commerce.","Mr. Digges described the fee as a $100 annual charge for point-to-point trucks.","Mr. Stewart argued the central question is not about apportioning the fee.","Mr. Hanson noted the companion case involves federal preemption of interstate fees."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-43"}]}],"caption":"American Trucking Assns., Inc. v. Michigan Pub. Serv. Comm'n","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.398095Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.406208Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Truckers challenge a state fee that burdens interstate commerce.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 13-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-04-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-1230.html","primary_docket":"03-1230","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:23:35.571238Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Michigan charges a flat annual fee for trucks. Truckers say this fee burdens interstate commerce. The state defends the fee as a valid regulation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 13-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 26, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["American Trucking wants the fee struck down as unconstitutional.","Michigan wants the fee upheld as a valid state tax."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 13-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["American Trucking argues the fee places significant burdens on interstate commerce.","Michigan argues the fee is a valid regulation of intrastate operations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 13-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if the fee applies only to intrastate deliveries.","Justice Stevens asked if interstate and intrastate carriers pay the same tax."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines how states may tax trucks crossing state lines. It affects the balance between state revenue and national trade."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 13-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-43"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-1230-american-trucking-assns-inc-v-michigan-pub-serv-comm-n","term":"2004","title":"Does Michigan's flat truck fee violate the Commerce Clause?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1230.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 13-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-04-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-04-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","paragraphs":["Rosenkranz stated there is no dispute among parties.","Joseffer argued the lower courts committed legal errors.","Flores cited Black versus Cutter Laboratories."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"}]}],"caption":"Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, LTD.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.368730Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Merck argues the patent law excludes research tools. Integra claims the law covers them.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-04-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-1237.html","primary_docket":"03-1237","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:31:43.738736Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of patentable subject matter. It asks if research tools fall outside patent protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 20, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Merck wants the Court to exclude research tools from patent protection.","Integra wants the Court to allow patents on research tools."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Merck argues the statute excludes research tools from patent coverage.","Integra argues the statute includes research tools in patent coverage."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked if the jury instruction was preserved.","Justice O'Connor asked about the research tools problem."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary of patentable inventions. It shapes the scope of intellectual property rights. It affects the development of scientific research tools."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-1237-merck-kgaa-v-integra-lifesciences-i-ltd","term":"2004","title":"Does the patent law bar claims for research tools?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1237.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-11-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-11-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Samek argued that Congress enacted the statute solely to increase penalties for money laundering conspiracies.","She contended that Congress did not intend to abandon the overt act requirement for these offenses.","Mr. Marcus asserted that the money laundering conspiracy statute does not require proof of an overt act.","He stated that the text of the statute contains no such requirement as a primary reason."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-41"}]}],"caption":"Whitfield v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.803879Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether prosecutors must prove a specific criminal act occurred to charge a conspiracy under federal money laundering laws.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-11-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-1293.html","primary_docket":"03-1293","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:17:31.475617Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the legal requirements for prosecuting money laundering conspiracies. The core issue is whether the statute mandates proof of an overt act. the sides that brought the case argue this requirement remains in effect. The government contends the statute does not require such proof."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 30, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to confirm that proving an overt act is mandatory for a money laundering conspiracy conviction.","The government wants the Court to rule that the statute does not require proof of an overt act for such charges."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue that Congress intended to preserve the overt act requirement when enacting the specific penalty provisions.","The government argues that the statutory text contains no explicit requirement for proving an overt act in conspiracy cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked why the statute lists venue options in the alternative if an overt act were always required.","Justice Scalia asked if the cited provision is the only basis for establishing venue in these cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the evidentiary burden for federal money laundering conspiracy prosecutions. It clarifies whether prosecutors must demonstrate a specific criminal act. The outcome shapes how courts interpret statutory silence on conspiracy elements. It impacts the scope of federal criminal jurisdiction over financial crimes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-41"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-1293-whitfield-v-united-states","term":"2004","title":"Does a money laundering conspiracy require proof of an overt act?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-02-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-02-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Goldstein argues U.S. law applies to domestic tickets.","Mr. Garre warns that applying the law creates conflict.","Mr. Salmons states the ADA lacks extraterritorial intent.","Mr. Frederick emphasizes congressional intent over power."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-7"}]}],"caption":"Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.597919Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.608300Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"American passengers sue a foreign cruise line for disability discrimination.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-02-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-1388.html","primary_docket":"03-1388","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:49:33.285474Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if U.S. disability law applies to foreign-flagged ships."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 28, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the ADA to apply to their foreign cruise.","the opposing side wants the ADA to exclude foreign-flagged vessels."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue U.S. law governs tickets bought domestically.","the opposing side argues applying the law causes international conflict."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asks about the scope of covered ships.","Justice Ginsburg asks if U.S. rules override foreign ports."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the reach of federal disability protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-7"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-1388-spector-v-norwegian-cruise-line-ltd","term":"2004","title":"Does the ADA cover foreign cruise ships?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1388.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-01-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-01-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Clement argued this case mirrors a 130-year-old spy dispute.","Mr. Burman noted the government did not challenge due process rights.","Justice Stevens asked if a spy has no legal recourse at all.","Justice Scalia questioned if spy work blocks salary claims entirely."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 31-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"}]}],"caption":"Tenet v. Doe","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.689302Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.704183Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law bars spies from suing for compensation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 31-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-01-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-1395.html","primary_docket":"03-1395","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:01:47.863107Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests if the government can block spy pay claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 31-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 11, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a court order for their unpaid wages.","the opposing sides want the dismissal of the pay claim to stand."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 31-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue spies retain legal rights to their earned salary.","the opposing sides argue secrecy rules bar any legal claim for pay."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 31-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if this resembles an unenforceable gift promise.","Justice Scalia asked if spies can sue for regular salary."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This defines the legal limits on government secrecy claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 31-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-1395-tenet-v-doe","term":"2004","title":"Can spies sue for unpaid secret work?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1395.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 31-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-12-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-12-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Karlan argued statutory interpretation is a holistic process.","Ms. McKiever argued two requirements must be met for exemption.","Justice Scalia questioned if tax benefits trigger age-based restrictions.","Justice Ginsburg noted the funds were shielded while in the plan."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-31"}]}],"caption":"Rousey v. Jocaway","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.816323Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to exempt IRA funds from bankruptcy. the opposing sides argue the funds are not exempt.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-12-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-1407.html","primary_docket":"03-1407","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:12:17.512808Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a debtor can shield IRA funds from bankruptcy creditors. the sides that brought the case want to keep the funds. the opposing sides want the funds available to creditors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 1, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to keep IRA funds exempt from bankruptcy.","the opposing sides want the IRA funds available to creditors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue statutory interpretation requires a holistic reading.","the opposing sides argue the funds lack full enjoyment due to tax rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked what the word holistic means.","Justice O'Connor asked if the issue was based on age."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of bankruptcy exemptions for retirement funds. It determines whether debtors retain tax-advantaged assets during financial distress. Creditors rely on these funds to satisfy debts. The outcome shapes national bankruptcy policy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-31"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-1407-rousey-v-jocaway","term":"2004","title":"Does a debtor keep tax-free IRA funds in bankruptcy?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1407.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-12-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-12-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Phillips argued officer safety is paramount.","Mr. Hoffman argued the detention was excessive.","Mr. Shanmugam argued restraints are routine and reasonable."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-43"}]}],"caption":"Muehler v. Mena","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.887166Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.921595Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Officers detained a woman during a search. She claims excessive force. They claim safety.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-12-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-1423.html","primary_docket":"03-1423","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:05:15.857058Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Police executed a search warrant. They detained occupants. The woman sued for excessive force. The officers seek qualified immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 8, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Officers want qualified immunity from the lawsuit.","The woman wants the excessive force verdict to stand."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Officers argue restraints ensure safety during searches.","The woman argues the detention was excessive force."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked how to apply qualified immunity here.","Justice O'Connor asked if qualified immunity is at issue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines police authority during searches. It balances officer safety against individual liberty. It sets limits on detention during warrant execution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-43"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-1423-muehler-v-mena","term":"2004","title":"Can police detain occupants during a search warrant execution?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-11-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-11-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued Congress comprehensively regulates the national drug market.","Paul Barnett argued the activity is non-economic and wholly intrastate.","Justice Scalia noted Congress does not want interstate commerce in marijuana.","Justice Stevens asked why the government relies on the possibility of diversion."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]}],"caption":"Ashcroft v. Raich","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.778163Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.790413Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal drug laws override state medical marijuana programs.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-11-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-1454.html","primary_docket":"03-1454","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:16:51.073581Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the reach of federal commerce power over local drug use."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 29, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The federal government wants to enforce its drug ban on all users.","The patients want to grow and use marijuana under state law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues Congress regulates the entire national drug market.","The patients argue local medical use is non-economic and purely intrastate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if these two patients represent typical users.","Justice O'Connor asked if prior cases limit Congress's broad statutory language here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between federal drug enforcement and state medical policies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-1454-ashcroft-v-raich","term":"2004","title":"Does federal law ban homegrown medical marijuana?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-03-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-03-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Chemerinsky argued the injunction violates First Amendment principles.","He claimed the order restricts non-parties and is overbroad.","Mr. Cole argued the side that brought the case targeted the opposing side for tribute.","He stated the side that brought the case admitted intent to engage in this conduct."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"}]}],"caption":"Tory v. Cochran","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.441900Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to void an injunction. the opposing sides seek to keep it in place.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-03-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-1488.html","primary_docket":"03-1488","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:42:35.575500Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a court order stopping specific speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 22, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the injunction voided to protect speech.","the opposing sides want the injunction kept to stop defamation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the order is an unconstitutional prior restraint.","the opposing sides argue the speech is unprotected and intended for tribute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked if the side that brought the case intends to continue the comments.","Justice Kennedy asked if any legal remedy exists beyond damages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the limits of court orders on speech. It balances free expression against protection from defamation. It determines when courts can silence speakers before harm occurs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-1488-tory-v-cochran","term":"2004","title":"Can a court order a speaker to stop defamatory statements?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1488.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-03-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-03-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Chemerinsky argued the monument conveys a theistic message.","Mr. Clement argued the text serves as a legal code.","Justice Scalia questioned the consistency of the religious argument."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"}]}],"caption":"Van Orden v. Perry","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.636189Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.659835Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A man challenges a Texas monument. The state defends its placement.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-03-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-1500.html","primary_docket":"03-1500","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:11:56.225353Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a state can display a religious text on public land. The dispute centers on the meaning of the monument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 2, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The man wants the monument removed from public land.","The state wants the monument to remain in place."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The man argues the display sends a religious message.","The state argues the display has secular legal history."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked about similar displays in courtrooms.","Justice Breyer asked how religious content affects the vote."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of state religious displays. It shapes how governments use public property for symbols."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-1500-van-orden-v-perry","term":"2004","title":"Can Texas display the Ten Commandments on its Capitol grounds?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1500.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-02-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-02-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Smiland argued the 1986 judgment confirms the right to sue in district court.","Mr. Minear argued sovereign immunity bars the suit because the waiver is limited.","Justice Breyer questioned whether the statute allows suits in any court or only the Claims Court."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 30-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 30-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-13"}]}],"caption":"Orff v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.575659Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek district court jurisdiction for a contract claim. The government argues sovereign immunity bars this suit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 19-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-02-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-1566.html","primary_docket":"03-1566","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:51:08.490632Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a specific statute waives sovereign immunity for contract claims in district court. the sides that brought the case argue the 1986 judgment confirms their right to sue there. The government contends the waiver is limited to the Court of Claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 19-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 23, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the district court to hear their breach of contract claim.","The government wants the case dismissed for lack of jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 19-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the 1986 judgment confirms their right to sue in district court.","The government argues the statute only waives immunity for the Court of Claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 19-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked why the district court gave the sides that brought the case three chances to transfer the claim.","Justice Breyer asked how the sides that brought the case could sue in district court if the statute requires the Claims Court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 30-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 30-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines where citizens can sue the government for broken water contracts. It clarifies the scope of sovereign immunity waivers. The outcome shapes access to federal courts for contract disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 19-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 30-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 30-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-13"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-1566-orff-v-united-states","term":"2004","title":"Can a party sue the government in district court for breach of a water contract?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1566.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 19-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-01-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-01-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Lamken argued the statute does not intend expansive Section 1983 liability.","Mr. Waxman argued Section 1983 promises redress for federal right deprivations.","Mr. Feldman argued specific statutory schemes displace general federal remedies."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]}],"caption":"Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.757730Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.787518Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law allows private damages suits against local governments for wireless antenna zoning choices.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 9-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-01-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-1601.html","primary_docket":"03-1601","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:55:00.812952Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal liability for local zoning actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 9-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 19, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Rancho Palos Verdes seeks to block damages claims against local officials.","Abrams seeks to recover monetary damages for the zoning decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 9-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Rancho Palos Verdes argues the Communications Act creates a specific regulatory scheme that excludes general damages.","Abrams argues Section 1983 provides a broad remedy for any federal right violation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 9-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked if racial discrimination claims would trigger Section 1983 liability.","Justice Ginsburg noted Congress limited remedies in the Cable TV Act but left this statute silent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Local governments face potential financial exposure for routine zoning decisions. Wireless carriers gain a powerful tool to challenge local restrictions. The balance between local control and federal telecommunications policy shifts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 9-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-1601-rancho-palos-verdes-v-abrams","term":"2004","title":"Can local officials face damages for antenna zoning decisions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 9-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-03-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-03-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Staver argued the display contains a universally recognized symbol of law.","Mr. Staver noted the Ten Commandments occupy only one-tenth of the display.","Mr. Friedman stated the County posted the display three times in a year.","Mr. Clement compared the display to the creche in Lynch v. Donnelly."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 1-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-1"}]}],"caption":"McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union of Ky.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.638966Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"McCreary County wants to keep a Ten Commandments display. The ACLU argues the display violates the Constitution.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-03-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-1693.html","primary_docket":"03-1693","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:45:50.620016Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["McCreary County posted a Ten Commandments display in its courthouse. The ACLU sued to remove it. The Sixth Circuit agreed with the ACLU. The County now asks the Supreme Court to reverse that lower-court action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 2, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 1-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["McCreary County wants the Supreme Court to reverse the Sixth Circuit decision.","The ACLU wants the Supreme Court to affirm the Sixth Circuit decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["McCreary County argues the display serves a secular legal purpose.","The ACLU argues the display has a religious purpose."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if a display with only the Ten Commandments is constitutional.","Justice Stevens asked if the County abandons its right to make religious displays."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 1-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of religious displays in government buildings. It affects how counties manage public spaces. It shapes the balance between religious expression and government neutrality."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 1-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-1"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-1693-mccreary-county-v-american-civil-liberties-union-of-ky","term":"2004","title":"Does a Ten Commandments display in a courthouse violate the Establishment Clause?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1693.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-02-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-02-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Coleman argued the case is not moot.","Mr. Castanias argued the case is moot.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 30-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 30-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 36-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 36-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-6"}]}],"caption":"Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.579300Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Exxon Mobil and Saudi Basic Industries dispute whether a final state court judgment ends their federal case.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-28"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-02-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-1696.html","primary_docket":"03-1696","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:12:12.599801Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Exxon Mobil argues the case remains live. Saudi Basic Industries argues the case is over."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-28"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 23, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Exxon Mobil wants the federal court to keep hearing the case.","Saudi Basic Industries wants the federal court to dismiss the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-28"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Exxon Mobil claims an ongoing controversy exists between the parties.","Saudi Basic Industries claims the state judgment ends the dispute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-28"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked what issues the district court would resolve.","Justice Souter asked what purpose the federal case serves now."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 30-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 30-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 36-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 36-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-6"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when federal courts must stop acting. It clarifies the boundary between state and federal power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-28"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 30-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 30-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 36-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 36-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-6"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-1696-exxon-mobil-corp-v-saudi-basic-industries-corp","term":"2004","title":"Does a final state court judgment end a federal dispute?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-1696.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-28"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-12-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-12-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Shapiro argued the rule is silent on disclosure.","Mr. Hungar argued both trial judges agreed on facts.","significance_note"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-9"}]}],"caption":"Ballard v. Commissioner","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.846980Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.858892Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Taxpayers seek public access to a judge's report. The IRS argues the rule keeps it private.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-12-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-184.html","primary_docket":"03-184","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:08:20.273757Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a specific court rule hides a judge's report from the public."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 7, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Taxpayers want the public to see the judge's report.","The IRS wants the report to stay private."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Taxpayers argue the rule does not forbid disclosure.","The IRS argues the rule implies privacy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked if the case turns only on the statute.","Justice Ginsburg asked the advocate to read the rule text."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Public access to judicial reasoning shapes trust in tax courts. Transparency affects how taxpayers understand legal outcomes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-9"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-184-ballard-v-commissioner","term":"2004","title":"Does the Tax Court rule bar public release of a special trial judge's report?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-12-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-12-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Cole argues the claims are not about prison conditions.","Mr. Lewis argues the Heck rule applies straightforwardly.","Justice Scalia questions if a habeas action fits this claim.","Justice Souter notes the lack of a clear durational consequence."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-11"}]}],"caption":"Wilkinson v. Dotson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.832103Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Prisoners seek damages for lost good-time credits. The state argues this claim requires proof of actual release.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 15-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-12-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-287.html","primary_docket":"03-287","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:10:51.657938Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Prisoners lost good-time credits due to a procedural error. They sue for damages. The state says they must prove the error caused a longer stay."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 6, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Prisoners want damages for lost credits.","The state wants dismissal of the suit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Prisoners argue the loss of credits is a direct injury.","The state argues no injury exists without proof of delayed release."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asks if this claim fits habeas corpus.","Justice Souter questions if the durational consequence is clear."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when prisoners can sue for lost credits. It sets the standard for proving injury in prison litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-11"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-287-wilkinson-v-dotson","term":"2004","title":"Can prisoners sue for lost good-time credits without proving they will be released earlier?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-287.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 15-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-01-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-01-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue farmers historically sued for crop damage.","the opposing side argues federal law mandates uniform pesticide labels.","the opposing side claims jury verdicts would destroy label uniformity.","the sides that brought the case assert federal law does not bar state claims."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-35"}]}],"caption":"Bates v. Dow Agrosciences LLC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.671597Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Farmers seek to sue for crop damage. Dow argues federal law blocks these claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-01-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-388.html","primary_docket":"03-388","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:04:53.104342Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests if federal pesticide rules block state law suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 10, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to sue for crop damage caused by pesticides.","the opposing side wants to dismiss the suit based on federal preemption."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue federal law does not block state law claims.","the opposing side argues federal law requires uniform labels and blocks suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if warning adequacy matters for liability.","Justice Breyer asked if the outcome depends on specific facts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Farmers face financial risk from pesticide failures. Manufacturers face liability for product defects. Federal uniformity conflicts with state consumer protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-35"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-388-bates-v-dow-agrosciences-llc","term":"2004","title":"Can farmers sue for crop damage despite federal pesticide labels?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-388.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-10-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-10-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Millett cited a prior case to show fair use can exist despite potential confusion.","Ms. Brinkmann argued that an absolute fair-use defense contradicts the Lanham Act's text and history.","Mr. Machat stated the case concerns whether fair-use defendants must prove no likelihood of confusion."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"}]}],"caption":"KP Permanent Make-Up, Inc. v. Lasting Impression, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.054997Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"KP Permanent Make-Up argues the fair-use defense applies regardless of confusion. Lasting Impression argues confusion defeats the defense.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-10-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-409.html","primary_docket":"03-409","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:29:10.403697Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the Lanham Act fair-use defense. KP Permanent Make-Up seeks to use this defense without proving a lack of consumer confusion. Lasting Impression argues that consumer confusion must defeat the defense. The lower court ruled against KP Permanent Make-Up on this issue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 5, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["KP Permanent Make-Up wants the Court to hold that fair use applies even if consumer confusion exists.","Lasting Impression wants the Court to hold that consumer confusion defeats the fair-use defense."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["KP Permanent Make-Up argues that meeting statutory fair-use requirements is sufficient, regardless of confusion.","Lasting Impression argues that the fair-use defense is contrary to the Lanham Act's purpose if confusion exists."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked if consumer confusion is a factor in determining what constitutes fair use.","Justice Scalia asked if the only question is whether the fair-use provision is an exception when confusion exists."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of the trademark fair-use defense. It determines whether businesses can use similar marks if they act in good faith. The outcome affects how companies navigate trademark disputes and consumer protection laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-409-kp-permanent-make-up-inc-v-lasting-impression-inc","term":"2004","title":"Does trademark fair use require proof of no consumer confusion?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-60"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-10-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-10-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Layton argued the Court should maintain its prior precedent.","He stated legislators should determine the minimum age for capital punishment.","Mr. Waxman argued society's evolving standards of decency now draw the line.","He contended everyone agrees some age limit exists for juvenile executions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-47"}]}],"caption":"Roper v. Simmons","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.086696Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether executing a 17-year-old violates the Eighth Amendment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-10-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-633.html","primary_docket":"03-633","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:28:53.738175Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the constitutional limit on juvenile capital punishment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 13, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to ban executions for 17-year-olds.","the opposing side wants the Court to allow states to set their own age limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues society's evolving standards now prohibit this punishment.","the opposing side argues legislators must decide the precise minimum age."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if states could adopt any definition of mental retardation.","Justice O'Connor asked if the Court must look at state approval statistics."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the constitutional floor for juvenile criminal responsibility. It determines whether states can impose the ultimate penalty on adolescents. The outcome shapes national standards for criminal sentencing. It impacts how courts treat young offenders in capital cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-47"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-633-roper-v-simmons","term":"2004","title":"Can states execute 17-year-olds for murder?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-633.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-11-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-11-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Grunder argued the Turner standard applies to prison rights.","She stated California is a hub for race-based gangs.","Mr. Clement argued all race-based policies need strict scrutiny.","Mr. Deixler highlighted the long history of this practice."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-37"}]}],"caption":"Johnson v. California","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.949006Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Prisoners challenge California's policy of separating inmates by race.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-11-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-636.html","primary_docket":"03-636","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:27:32.021818Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["California separates prisoners by race to prevent violence. the sides that brought the case argue this violates the Equal Protection Clause. The state claims this policy is necessary for safety."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 2, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to apply strict scrutiny to the policy.","California wants the Court to uphold the policy under a deferential standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue all race-based government policies face strict scrutiny.","California argues prison safety needs justify the racial classification."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if other states face similar racial violence.","Justice Ginsburg asked if specific violence incidents led to the policy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts review race-based prison policies. It determines the level of judicial scrutiny for such actions. The outcome shapes prison management and constitutional rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-37"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-636-johnson-v-california","term":"2004","title":"Does prison racial segregation require strict scrutiny?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-11-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-11-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Hart argued the Ninth Circuit correctly invalidated the arrest. She stated the officers were personally liable for damages.","Mr. Phillips argued the closely related offense doctrine protects constitutional rights. He claimed it prevents arrests for non-criminal conduct.","Mr. Comey argued Fourth Amendment validity requires an objective assessment. He viewed the facts through a specific legal prism."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 27-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 27-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 1-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-10"}]}],"caption":"Devenpeck v. Alford","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.961954Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Officers arrested a man for recording a police stop. The Ninth Circuit found this violated the Fourth Amendment. The officers argue the arrest was valid.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 27-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 27-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-54"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-11-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-710.html","primary_docket":"03-710","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:18:13.401042Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the closely related offense doctrine. This rule allows arrests for minor, non-criminal acts if they relate to a crime. The Ninth Circuit rejected this rule here. The officers argue the rule protects constitutional rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 27-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 27-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-54"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 8, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The officers want the Ninth Circuit decision overturned. They seek to keep the closely related offense doctrine valid.","Mr. Alford wants the Ninth Circuit decision upheld. He seeks to confirm that recording police is not an arrestable offense."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 27-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 27-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The officers argue the closely related offense doctrine enforces the reasonableness clause. They claim it prevents arrests for non-criminal conduct.","Mr. Alford argues the arrest lacked lawful grounds. He contends recording a police conversation is not a crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 27-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 27-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-54"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked if recording police conversations is lawful in Washington.","Justice O'Connor asked if the arrest was based on the recording act itself."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 1-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-10"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of police power during traffic stops. It determines whether citizens can record officers without fear of arrest. The outcome shapes the balance between public oversight and law enforcement authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 27-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 27-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-54"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 1-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-10"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-710-devenpeck-v-alford","term":"2004","title":"Can police arrest someone for recording a lawful conversation?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 27-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 27-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-710.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-54"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-11-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-11-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","paragraphs":["The government claims the fraud scheme creates collateral U.S. criminal conduct.","the sides that brought the case claim the revenue rule prohibits this specific prosecution.","Justice Scalia questioned the applicability of reciprocity statutes to this case.","Justice Ginsburg noted that no U.S. law is violated by foreign tax enforcement."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-11"}]}],"caption":"Pasquantino v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.013874Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether U.S. prosecutors can charge individuals for defrauding foreign tax authorities.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-11-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-725.html","primary_docket":"03-725","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:20:32.422345Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the reach of federal fraud statutes against foreign sovereigns."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 9, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government seeks to uphold the wire fraud conviction.","the sides that brought the case seek to dismiss the charges as unauthorized."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the statute protects U.S. interests from collateral crime.","the sides that brought the case argue the revenue rule bars enforcing foreign tax laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if reciprocity statutes imply exclusion of Canada.","Justice O'Connor asked if the case avoids indirect enforcement of foreign law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary of federal fraud jurisdiction over foreign states."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-11"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-725-pasquantino-v-united-states","term":"2004","title":"Does federal wire fraud law cover tax evasion against foreign governments?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-725.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-11-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-11-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Boas argued the Court should view the statute as a whole.","He contended focusing on two words ignores the regulatory scheme.","Ms. Millett addressed the meaning of the word any in the statute.","She noted Congress stopped funding an administrative mechanism in 1992."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 1-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 1-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-17"}]}],"caption":"Small v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.951725Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.981671Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the phrase any court excludes federal courts. The government argues it includes them.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 1-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 1-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-11-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-750.html","primary_docket":"03-750","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:24:31.075335Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a federal firearms statute. The phrase any court appears in the law. the sides that brought the case claim this phrase excludes federal courts. The government claims it includes federal courts. The Court must interpret the statutory text."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 1-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 1-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 3, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to read any court as excluding federal courts.","The government wants the Court to read any court as including federal courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 1-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 1-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute forms a coherent regulatory scheme.","The government argues the text plainly includes federal courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 1-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 1-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked how anomalous the side that brought the case's interpretation is.","Justice O'Connor asked if Congress meant to define terms broadly in similar statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The interpretation determines which convictions trigger federal firearms restrictions. It affects the scope of federal criminal jurisdiction. It shapes how courts apply statutory text to real-world conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 1-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 1-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-17"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-750-small-v-united-states","term":"2004","title":"Does the phrase any court include federal courts in federal firearms statutes?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 1-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 1-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-750.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-11-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-11-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Blatt argued the side that brought the case worked primarily on the Super Scoop.","Mr. Connelly cited Chandris and Harbor Tug regarding employee separation.","Mr. Kaplan focused on the Shipping Act and its 1916 enactment.","Justice Kennedy asked about the intent component of the proposed test."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-7"}]}],"caption":"Stewart v. Dutra Constr. Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.889926Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.933120Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a stationary vessel qualifies as a ship under the Jones Act.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-11-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-814.html","primary_docket":"03-814","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:28:22.547383Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the legal definition of a ship. the side that brought the case seeks coverage under the Jones Act. the opposing side argues the vessel does not meet the statutory definition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 1, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to classify the vessel as a ship.","the opposing side wants the Court to deny Jones Act coverage."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the vessel meets the statutory definition of a ship.","the opposing side argues the vessel fails the statutory definition of a ship."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked about gambling boats parked on the Mississippi River.","Justice Scalia asked whether the Court should use section 3 as the definition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines which workers receive Jones Act protections. It clarifies the legal status of stationary vessels. It impacts maritime labor law standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-7"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-814-stewart-v-dutra-constr-co","term":"2004","title":"Does a stationary vessel qualify as a ship under the Jones Act?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-814.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-01-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-01-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Sacks argued the title extinguished before the purchase.","Ms. Halligan argued the 1838 treaty disestablished the reservation.","Mr. Stewart argued the passage of time does not bar the claim.","Mr. Smith argued the Oneidas did not change their position."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-27"}]}],"caption":"City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of N. Y.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.677450Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.710405Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Oneida Nation claims tax exemption on purchased land. The City argues the title extinguished long ago.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 11-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-01-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-855.html","primary_docket":"03-855","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:00:22.485961Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Oneida Nation bought land in New York. They claim aboriginal title remains. The City says the title vanished. The Court must decide if the title survives."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 11-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 11, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Oneida Nation wants a tax exemption on the purchased land.","The City wants the tax exemption denied."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 11-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Oneida Nation argues aboriginal title never extinguished.","The City argues the title vanished before the purchase."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 11-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if title disappears over time.","Justice Kennedy asked if aboriginal title creates Indian country."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines tribal tax immunity on purchased land. It clarifies the scope of aboriginal title. It impacts local tax revenues and tribal sovereignty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 11-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-27"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-855-city-of-sherrill-v-oneida-indian-nation-of-n-y","term":"2004","title":"Does aboriginal title survive without a federal reservation act?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-855.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 11-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-12-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-12-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","paragraphs":["Smith's lawyer argued the judge found Smith not guilty. He claimed this gave Smith final protection. He said the judge's later change violated double jeopardy.","Massachusetts's lawyer argued the trial court could correct its error. She said the prosecution needs a fair chance to prove its case.","Justice Breyer questioned the timing of the acquittal. He asked when it becomes final for double jeopardy purposes.","Justice Kennedy asked why a state court cannot act like a statute does. He questioned the difference between legislative and judicial action."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"}]}],"caption":"Smith v. Massachusetts","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.819162Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Smith argues a judge cannot undo an acquittal. Massachusetts argues a judge can correct errors before the trial concludes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 47-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-12-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-8661.html","primary_docket":"03-8661","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:15:49.721774Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a trial judge can reverse an acquittal before the trial ends. Smith claims this violates double jeopardy. Massachusetts claims the judge can correct errors before the trial concludes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 47-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 1, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Smith wants the conviction overturned. He argues the judge cannot undo an acquittal.","Massachusetts wants the conviction to stand. It argues the judge can correct errors before the trial ends."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 47-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Smith argues an acquittal ends the case. He claims the judge cannot reverse that finding later.","Massachusetts argues the trial was not over. It claims the judge can correct errors before the trial concludes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 47-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked when an acquittal counts for double jeopardy purposes.","Justice Kennedy asked why a state court cannot act like a statute does."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when a judge can change a verdict. It affects how states handle trial errors. It shapes the finality of criminal judgments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 47-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-8661-smith-v-massachusetts","term":"2004","title":"Can a judge reverse an acquittal before the trial ends?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-8661.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 47-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-10-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-10-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Mills argued the statute is not a detention law.","Mr. Kneedler argued the government must protect its borders.","Ms. Dahl argued the same words mean the same thing."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-60"}]}],"caption":"Clark v. Martinez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.092307Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.113861Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government claims it can hold inadmissible aliens forever. the sides that brought the case argue this violates due process.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-10-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-878.html","primary_docket":"03-878","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:28:38.682134Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The government seeks to detain inadmissible aliens indefinitely. the sides that brought the case want release from detention."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 13, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants to keep detaining inadmissible aliens.","the sides that brought the case want the court to order their release."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues it has fundamental power to exclude aliens.","the sides that brought the case argue the statute does not permit indefinite detention."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked how the rule applies to border crossers.","Justice Stevens asked if the statute draws that distinction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-60"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of government detention power. It determines how long the state can hold people. It impacts due process rights for non-citizens."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-60","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-60"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-878-clark-v-martinez","term":"2004","title":"Can the government detain inadmissible aliens indefinitely?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-878.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-11-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-11-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","paragraphs":["The government contends that the Internal Revenue Code defines gross income broadly.","The taxpayer contends that the assignment of income doctrine does not apply.","The taxpayer argues that unrelated persons jointly generating income changes the tax treatment."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-7"}]}],"caption":"Commissioner v. Banks","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.917973Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.921564Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a client must report the full settlement amount or only the net amount received after paying legal fees.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-54"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-11-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-892.html","primary_docket":"03-892","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:28:02.808867Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if a taxpayer must include attorney fees in gross income. The government argues the full recovery is taxable. The taxpayer argues only the net amount is taxable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-54"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 1, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the taxpayer to report the full settlement amount as income.","The taxpayer wants to report only the net amount received after paying fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that gross income includes all income from any source.","The taxpayer argues that the assignment of income doctrine does not apply here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-54"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked about attorney fees in class action suits.","Justice Souter asked why the rule does not apply to class actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines how taxpayers report civil rights settlements. It affects the calculation of taxable income for many litigants. The outcome defines the scope of federal taxing power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-54"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-7"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-892-commissioner-v-banks","term":"2004","title":"Does a taxpayer owe tax on attorney fees deducted from a civil rights settlement?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-892.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-54"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-01-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-01-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Lange argued stay and abeyance is proper.","Mr. Lange cited unique case facts for this approach.","Mr. Long argued Congress crafted a strict exhaustion scheme.","Mr. Long emphasized prompt federal resolution goals."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-3"}]}],"caption":"Rhines v. Weber","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.728180Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek a stay to exhaust state claims. the opposing sides argue this violates federal exhaustion rules.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-01-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-9046.html","primary_docket":"03-9046","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:57:28.497128Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests federal habeas procedure. It asks if courts can pause deadlines. the sides that brought the case want time to fix state claims. the opposing sides want strict deadline enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 12, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a stay to exhaust state claims.","the opposing sides want strict deadline enforcement without stays."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue stay and abeyance fits unique facts.","the opposing sides argue Congress designed strict exhaustion schemes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if granting a stay is an abuse of discretion.","Justice O'Connor asked if reversing prior precedent is required."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute shapes federal habeas timelines. It affects prisoner access to state courts. It balances state sovereignty against federal oversight."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-3"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-9046-rhines-v-weber","term":"2004","title":"Can federal courts pause habeas deadlines for unexhausted state claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9046.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-11-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-11-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Thompson argued the categorical method requires strict reliance on statutory elements.","She contended ambiguous convictions obtained under nongeneric statutes cannot be used as predicates.","Mr. Elwood argued police reports help clarify the specific property involved in the crime.","He stated the Court can look to conviction records to determine predicate status."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-16"}]}],"caption":"Shepard v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.991437Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether judges may consult police reports to classify ambiguous state burglary convictions under federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-11-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-9168.html","primary_docket":"03-9168","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:23:19.306173Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Shepard v. United States tests the limits of the categorical method. This approach requires courts to look only at the statutory elements of a prior conviction. The case asks if courts may examine supporting documents when a statute covers multiple types of property."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 8, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction excluded from federal sentencing calculations.","The government wants the conviction counted as a qualifying predicate offense."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues courts must ignore police reports and rely solely on statutory text.","The government argues police reports provide necessary context for ambiguous statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked if supporting documents show the property was a building, car, or boat.","Justice Scalia asked for a definition of a nongeneric burglary statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-16"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how federal courts interpret state criminal records. It determines whether judges can use police reports to clarify ambiguous convictions. This process affects federal sentencing calculations for career criminals. It impacts the consistency of federal sentencing guidelines nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-2","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-2"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-16"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-9168-shepard-v-united-states","term":"2004","title":"Can courts use police reports to define ambiguous burglary convictions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 14-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9168.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 14-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-11-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-11-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","paragraphs":["Lisa Madigan argued the sniff is not a search. She cited Place and Edmond as precedent for this view.","Robert Wray stated the stop was lawful. He noted the stop lasted less than nine minutes.","Michael Meczyk argued the state lacked justification. He claimed the sniff invaded Cabales' Fourth Amendment interests."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]}],"caption":"Illinois v. Caballes","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.022403Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Illinois argues a dog sniff is not a search. Cabales argues the sniff invaded his privacy rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-11-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-923.html","primary_docket":"03-923","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:19:43.248999Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a drug dog sniff during a lawful traffic stop counts as a Fourth Amendment search. Illinois claims the sniff needs no justification. Cabales claims the sniff violated his privacy rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 10, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Illinois wants the Court to rule the dog sniff is not a search. This would let police use dogs freely during traffic stops.","Cabales wants the Court to rule the dog sniff is a search. This would require police to have a valid reason before using a dog."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Illinois argues a dog sniff is not a search. They cite prior cases saying sniffs need no Fourth Amendment justification.","Cabales argues the sniff invaded his privacy. He says the state offered no valid Fourth Amendment justification for the action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if officers knew Cabales in advance. He noted they do not arrest every speeding driver.","Justice Kennedy asked if the location mattered more than the target. He questioned the nature of the place searched."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines police power during traffic stops. It determines if dogs can sniff cars without suspicion. The outcome shapes privacy rights on public roads."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-923-illinois-v-caballes","term":"2004","title":"Does a drug dog sniff during a traffic stop require probable cause?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-11-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-11-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","paragraphs":["The state argued that explicit consent requirements hinder effective defense strategies.","The client argued that lawyers cannot concede guilt without the client's presence and agreement.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 28-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 28-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-38"}]}],"caption":"Florida v. Nixon","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.905468Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Florida argues that a lawyer may concede guilt to save a client's life. The client argues that this action requires explicit consent.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 28-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 28-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-11-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-931.html","primary_docket":"03-931","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:25:52.970106Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case centers on a lawyer's decision to admit guilt during trial. The client claims this violated his rights. The state claims the strategy was effective."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 28-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 28-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 2, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The state wants the Court to allow lawyers to concede guilt without explicit consent.","The client wants the Court to require explicit consent before a lawyer concedes guilt."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 28-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 28-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The state argues that requiring consent prevents lawyers from using the most effective defense strategy.","The client argues that a lawyer cannot admit guilt without the client's explicit agreement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 28-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 28-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if a Strickland ruling on the merits is required.","Justice Scalia asked if the issue involves inadequate performance by counsel."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-38"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of a lawyer's authority to admit guilt. It affects how defendants control their own trial strategy. It shapes the standard for evaluating ineffective assistance of counsel."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 28-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 28-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-38"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-931-florida-v-nixon","term":"2004","title":"Can a lawyer admit guilt without the client's explicit consent?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 28-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 28-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-931.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-01-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-01-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","paragraphs":["William Sullivan argued that the case presents two different views of necessary loss.","Michael Hungar argued that buying at an inflated price causes no immediate loss.","Justice Breyer asked for a list of problems with the simple theory."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 1-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 1-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]}],"caption":"Dura Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Broudo","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.719348Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.721958Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Investors claim Dura Pharmaceuticals misled the market. The company argues they suffered no loss until they sold shares.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 1-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 1-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-01-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-932.html","primary_docket":"03-932","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:58:54.297187Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how courts measure financial harm in securities fraud. The dispute centers on the timing of that harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 1-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 1-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 12, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Dura Pharmaceuticals wants the Court to require proof of actual sale at a lower price.","Broudo wants the Court to accept a stock price drop as proof of loss."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 1-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 1-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Dura Pharmaceuticals argues that holding stock at an inflated price is not a loss.","Broudo argues that buying stock at an inflated price is an immediate loss."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 1-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 1-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the rule looks to market value rather than explicit representations.","Justice Kennedy asked what problems the trial court would face with the lower court opinion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how investors prove financial harm. It sets the standard for measuring loss in market-wide fraud claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 1-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 1-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-932-dura-pharmaceuticals-inc-v-broudo","term":"2004","title":"Does a stock price drop prove securities fraud loss?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 1-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 1-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-932.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-11-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-11-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Mitchell argued the state claim properly raised the federal issue.","Mr. Hood argued the defendant failed to make a valid federal claim.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-54"}]}],"caption":"Howell v. Mississippi","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.787445Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case argues his state claim met federal standards. The state argues it did not.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-11-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-9560.html","primary_docket":"03-9560","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:15:40.280774Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if a state claim counts as a federal one. This affects federal court access for state prisoners."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 29, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the federal claim treated as raised.","Mississippi wants the federal claim treated as unraised."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the state claim covers the federal issue.","Mississippi argues the state claim is too broad to match federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if the state scheme differs from federal rules.","Justice Scalia asked if state standards must always comply with federal requirements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-54"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This defines how state prisoners access federal courts. It clarifies the link between state and federal legal standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-54"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-9560-howell-v-mississippi","term":"2004","title":"Does a state law claim satisfy federal exhaustion rules?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9560.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-02-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-02-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","paragraphs":["Wycoff argued state filings toll the federal deadline.","Eisenberg argued Pennsylvania uses a flat one-year limit.","Wycoff claimed Pace presented federal waiver-overcoming claims."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-35"}]}],"caption":"Pace v. DiGuglielmo","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.582199Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.611081Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a state post-conviction filing stops the federal habeas clock.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 19-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-02-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-9627.html","primary_docket":"03-9627","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:49:10.678150Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Pace seeks federal habeas review. The warden argues the deadline expired. The case tests the tolling effect of state filings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 28, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Pace wants the state filing to toll the federal deadline.","The warden wants the federal deadline to remain strict."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Pace argues state filings pause the federal clock.","The warden argues state filings do not toll the deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if unpleaded exceptions defeat proper filing.","Justice Kennedy asked about Pennsylvania claim-by-claim pleading rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the interaction between state and federal deadlines. It determines when a prisoner loses federal review rights. The outcome shapes access to federal courts for state inmates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-35"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-9627-pace-v-diguglielmo","term":"2004","title":"Does a state post-conviction filing toll the federal habeas deadline?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9627.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 19-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-03-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-03-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Clement argued the government does not violate the Establishment Clause when it removes burdens on religious exercise.","Mr. Goldberger stated the underlying facts involving the motion to dismiss are in serious dispute.","Mr. Cole argued RLUIPA directly and impermissibly advances religion in the unique prison environment.","Justice Stevens questioned whether federal money involvement lessens the burden of defending the statute under the Establishment Clause."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-15"}]}],"caption":"Cutter v. Wilkinson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.439088Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.462191Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Prisoners argue the law unconstitutionally advances religion. The government argues it follows tradition by removing state-imposed burdens.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 7-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-03-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-9877.html","primary_docket":"03-9877","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:45:00.732253Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a federal law violates the Constitution. The law requires prisons to ease burdens on religious exercise. Prisoners claim this advances religion. The government claims this follows tradition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 7-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 21, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Prisoners want the law struck down as unconstitutional.","The government wants the law upheld as constitutional."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 7-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Prisoners argue the law impermissibly advances religion in prisons.","The government argues easing burdens follows the best traditions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 7-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if the Establishment Clause issue matches City of Boerne.","Chief Justice Rehnquist asked if Congress can rewrite the Constitution differently than the Court did in Boerne."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Prisoners face state-imposed burdens on religious exercise. The law requires officials to ease those burdens. This creates a unique incentive for religion in prisons. The outcome defines the limits of federal power over religious accommodation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 7-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-15"}]}],"slug":"2004-03-9877-cutter-v-wilkinson","term":"2004","title":"Does RLUIPA violate the Establishment Clause by easing prison burdens on religious exercise?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/03-9877.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 7-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-10-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-10-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued the guidelines system handles traditional judicial tasks.","Kelly argued the judge added years based on unproven facts.","Justice Ginsburg questioned the distinction between legislative maximums and guidelines."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 31-35"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Booker","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.057692Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.084066Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal judges may increase sentences using facts not proven by a jury.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 31-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-10-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-104.html","primary_docket":"04-104","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:31:19.590628Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial in federal sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 31-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 4, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants to keep the current sentencing guidelines system intact.","Booker wants the judge's added sentence years struck down as unconstitutional."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 31-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the guidelines system is too complex for jury trials.","Booker argues the Sixth Amendment requires juries to find all facts increasing sentences."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 31-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the jury trial right was argued in prior cases.","Justice Souter asked why complexity alone does not eliminate Sixth Amendment rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue determines how federal courts calculate criminal sentences for thousands of defendants weekly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 31-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 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lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-45"}]}],"slug":"2004-04-104-united-states-v-booker","term":"2004","title":"Can a judge impose a higher sentence based on facts not found by a jury?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-104.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 31-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-02-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-02-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Bullock argued the case tests eminent domain limits. He stated every home produces more revenue if it becomes a mall.","Mr. Horton argued the takings clause provides just compensation. He stated two reasons against a specific legal standard.","Justice Breyer noted private use always has some public benefit. He cited increasing jobs or taxes as examples.","Justice O'Connor asked if the Court has ever found a limit exceeded. She referenced the Berman opinion on legislative determinations."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-33"}]}],"caption":"Kelo v. New London","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.550535Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the city cannot seize private homes for private developers. The city argues economic revitalization serves a public purpose.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-02-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-108.html","primary_docket":"04-108","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:52:13.354572Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the limits of the Fifth Amendment. It asks if a city can take private property for private use. The city claims this action boosts local jobs and taxes. the sides that brought the case claim this violates the public use requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 22, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 3-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the seizure. They argue private development is not a public use.","The city wants the Court to uphold the seizure. It argues economic growth serves the public interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Fifth Amendment limits eminent domain power. They claim private profit is not a public use.","The city argues economic revitalization is a public purpose. It claims this action creates jobs and tax revenue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the depressed economy distinguishes this case. She noted the city wanted to build up the community.","Justice Scalia asked if elevating a depressed city is a better justification. He compared this to making a prosperous city more prosperous."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of government power. It determines if cities can seize homes for private developers. The outcome shapes property rights and local economic policy. It balances individual ownership against collective economic goals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-33"}]}],"slug":"2004-04-108-kelo-v-new-london","term":"2004","title":"Does economic development qualify as a public use for eminent domain?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-02-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-02-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Bennett argued federal courts have deferentially reviewed legislation affecting property for seventy years.","Mr. Kneedler stated the rational basis standard goes to the heart of the judicial role.","Mr. Stewart identified the issue as the content of the regulatory takings doctrine."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-9"}]}],"caption":"Lingle v. Chevron U. S. A. Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.547727Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek a stricter judicial review standard for property regulations. the opposing sides defend the current rational basis approach.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-02-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-163.html","primary_docket":"04-163","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:53:09.433980Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the standard for reviewing economic regulations that affect property rights. the sides that brought the case argue for a higher level of scrutiny. the opposing sides support the existing rational basis test."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 22, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to adopt the substantially advances test for regulatory takings claims.","the opposing sides want the Court to maintain the rational basis standard for reviewing economic legislation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the substantially advances test is grounded in long-recognized legal principles.","the opposing sides argue the rational basis standard is central to the judicial role in a democracy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked if discrete property rights justify higher scrutiny than general economic regulation.","Justice Scalia questioned why the Court repeatedly states certain legal principles."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of judicial review for property regulations. It determines how strictly courts examine state economic laws affecting private property interests."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-9"}]}],"slug":"2004-04-163-lingle-v-chevron-u-s-a-inc","term":"2004","title":"Should courts apply the rational basis test to regulatory takings claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-163.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-04-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-04-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Hallward-Driemeier argued the statute text supports a six-year limit.","Mr. Hurt stated the statutory text clearly requires a six-year limit.","Justice Stevens questioned if retaliation victims often bring qui tam actions.","Justice Breyer noted the broad business support for the district's position."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-37"}]}],"caption":"Graham County Soil & Water Conservation Dist. v. United States ex rel. Wilson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.346014Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether a six-year or three-year limit bars a worker's retaliation claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-54"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-04-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-169.html","primary_docket":"04-169","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:32:56.865524Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the statute of limitations for False Claims Act retaliation suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-54"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 20, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The district seeks a six-year limit for the retaliation claim.","The worker seeks a three-year limit for the retaliation claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The district argues the statute text mandates a six-year limit.","The worker argues the retaliation claim falls outside the six-year rule."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-54"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if retaliation victims often bring qui tam actions.","Justice Breyer asked about the practical impact on businesses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome sets the deadline for workers to sue for retaliation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-54"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-37"}]}],"slug":"2004-04-169-graham-county-soil-water-conservation-dist-v-united-states-ex-rel-wilson","term":"2004","title":"Does the six-year limit apply to False Claims Act retaliation claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-169.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-54"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-03-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-03-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Hungar cited the 1996 Act's policy of preserving a free market.","Mr. Cappuccio argued broadband combines two ingredients into one product.","Mr. Goldstein emphasized the statutory text regarding service definitions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-47"}]}],"caption":"National Cable & Telecommunications Assn. v. Brand X Internet Services","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.519883Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.544677Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Cable companies argue broadband is an unregulated information service. Internet providers claim it is a regulated telecommunications service.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-03-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-277.html","primary_docket":"04-277","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:39:46.109386Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on how to classify broadband internet under the 1996 Telecommunications Act. the sides that brought the case argue the statute preserves a free market. the opposing sides argue the FCC can regulate the service."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 29, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Cable companies want the FCC to stop regulating broadband internet.","Internet providers want the FCC to keep regulating broadband internet."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Cable companies argue broadband is an information service under the statute.","Internet providers argue broadband is a telecommunications service under the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked about the FCC's tentative decision on DSL regulation.","Justice Scalia asked about the history of bundled technology sales."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal regulation over internet access. It determines whether broadband providers face strict service rules. It shapes the competitive landscape for internet delivery."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-47"}]}],"slug":"2004-04-277-national-cable-telecommunications-assn-v-brand-x-internet-services","term":"2004","title":"Does the FCC have authority to regulate broadband internet as a telecommunications service?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-03-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-03-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","paragraphs":["John Eastman argued the tragedy does not create a property interest.","He stated the restraining order did not grant a property right.","Mr. Reichel argued students receive more process than protective order holders.","He claimed the town provides less process than required by precedent."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-19"}]}],"caption":"Castle Rock v. Gonzales","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.436328Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Jessica Gonzales claims a Colorado statute created a property right to police enforcement. The Town of Castle Rock argues no such right exists.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-03-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-278.html","primary_docket":"04-278","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:44:43.112705Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a state statute creates a federal property interest. The dispute centers on the meaning of the word shall in a protective order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 21, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 3-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Jessica Gonzales wants the Court to find a property right to enforcement.","The Town of Castle Rock wants the Court to reject that property right."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Gonzales argues the statute mandates police action and creates a property interest.","Castle Rock argues private citizens lack a judicially cognizable interest in arrest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked how Colorado interprets the mandatory language.","Justice Scalia asked if the property interest question is state law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal due process protections. It determines whether state statutes can create enforceable property rights. The outcome shapes police accountability for protective orders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-19"}]}],"slug":"2004-04-278-castle-rock-v-gonzales","term":"2004","title":"Does a mandatory protective order create a federal property right to police enforcement?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-278.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-04-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-04-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","paragraphs":["Maureen Mahoney argued that destroying documents before a formal proceeding was not a crime in 2001.","Maureen Mahoney stated that the SEC investigation was the only official proceeding.","Michael Dreeben argued that Arthur Andersen's conduct explains why Congress enacted the statute.","Michael Dreeben asserted that the statute protects against anticipatory document destruction."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-9"}]}],"caption":"Arthur Andersen LLP v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.427419Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.459128Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Arthur Andersen LLP and the United States dispute whether destroying documents before a formal proceeding starts constitutes a federal crime.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-04-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-368.html","primary_docket":"04-368","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:22:08.159082Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Arthur Andersen LLP seeks to overturn a lower-court conviction. The United States wants to uphold that conviction. The case tests the scope of federal obstruction statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 27, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-55"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Arthur Andersen LLP wants the Supreme Court to reverse its lower-court conviction.","The United States wants the Supreme Court to affirm the lower-court conviction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Arthur Andersen LLP argues that destroying documents before a formal proceeding starts is not a federal crime.","The United States argues that destroying documents in anticipation of a proceeding violates federal obstruction laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if violating other provisions still counts as a violation.","Justice O'Connor asked if the safe-harbor provision negates the statute's effect."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the legal boundary for document destruction. It determines when corporate actions become federal crimes. It impacts how companies manage records during investigations. It clarifies the scope of federal obstruction statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-9"}]}],"slug":"2004-04-368-arthur-andersen-llp-v-united-states","term":"2004","title":"Does destroying documents before a formal proceeding violate federal obstruction law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-368.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-01-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-01-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Poe argued the Tenth Circuit struck down a rule adopted by nearly half the states.","Mr. Linger stated party integrity should be defined by the party, not the state.","Justice Kennedy noted the state interest in protecting major parties conflicts with prior holdings protecting third parties."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-3"}]}],"caption":"Clingman v. Beaver","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.760461Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether state laws can exclude third-party candidates from major-party primaries to protect party integrity.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-01-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-37.html","primary_docket":"04-37","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:53:28.386188Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of state power over primary elections. The core conflict involves the right of political parties to control their own membership versus the state's interest in preventing voter confusion. The Court must balance these competing First Amendment interests."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 19, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the state rule struck down to allow third-party candidates in primaries.","the opposing sides want the state rule upheld to prevent major-party members from voting for third-party candidates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue party integrity is defined by the party, not the state, and state interference violates First Amendment rights.","the opposing sides argue states have a valid interest in protecting major parties from losing members to third parties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked about the difference between small and large party interests regarding election deadlines.","Justice Scalia questioned whether a party chairman would defend the state system if not named as a party."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between state election administration and party autonomy. It determines how states manage primary access for third parties. The outcome shapes the structure of American political competition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-3"}]}],"slug":"2004-04-37-clingman-v-beaver","term":"2004","title":"Can States Ban Third-Party Candidates From Major-Party Primaries?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-03-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-03-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Verrilli stated infringement is the only significant use of the services.","Mr. Taranto argued the software has large and growing legitimate uses.","Mr. Clement claimed the lower decision allows businesses to build on infringement.","Mr. Verrilli described the situation as a shell game."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-7"}]}],"caption":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.505933Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.508574Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Studios claim Grokster and StreamCast induce infringement. The companies argue their tools have legal uses.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-03-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-480.html","primary_docket":"04-480","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:38:21.150900Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests when software sellers face copyright liability. Studios argue the tools serve no legal purpose. The companies claim the tools have broad legitimate uses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 29, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Studios want the Court to hold the companies liable for infringement.","Companies want the Court to protect their software distribution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Studios argue the tools serve only infringing purposes.","Companies argue the tools have significant legitimate uses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if the claim of no legitimate use is accurate.","Justice O'Connor asked if the Court could address active inducement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of secondary copyright liability. It determines when software sellers face legal responsibility for user actions. The outcome shapes the future of digital file-sharing tools."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-7"}]}],"slug":"2004-04-480-metro-goldwyn-mayer-studios-inc-v-grokster-ltd","term":"2004","title":"Does selling tools for file sharing create copyright liability?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 33-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-03-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-03-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argued the state failed to provide notice.","the opposing sides argued Ohio's procedures are sufficient for due process.","advocates debated whether a liberty interest exists in this context."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"}]}],"caption":"Wilkinson v. Austin","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.535307Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.567605Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Prisoners challenge Ohio's transfer procedures to its supermax facility.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-03-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-495.html","primary_docket":"04-495","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:37:57.803478Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Ohio moved inmates to its supermax prison. The state claims its process meets due process. the sides that brought the case argue the state failed to provide notice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 30, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to find a liberty interest exists.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold Ohio's current procedures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the state failed to provide adequate notice.","the opposing sides argue Ohio's procedures satisfy due process requirements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked whether a liberty interest exists.","Justice Scalia asked where the liberty interest lies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the procedural rights of inmates. It determines what notice states must provide. It shapes the scope of due process in prisons."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"}]}],"slug":"2004-04-495-wilkinson-v-austin","term":"2004","title":"Does Ohio's supermax placement process satisfy due process?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-04-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-04-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Smith argued the Sixth Circuit exceeded its authority under appellate rules and Supreme Court precedent.","Mr. Shors argued the court of appeals corrected a clear error in its prior decision.","Justice Kennedy asked if the mandate issuance can be extended after certiorari denial.","Justice Souter asked if the court can extend or truncate the time for action."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"}]}],"caption":"Bell v. Thompson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.375628Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a lower court can withdraw its final judgment after the Supreme Court declines to hear the case.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-04-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-514.html","primary_docket":"04-514","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:25:01.575317Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of appellate court power. The core issue is whether a court of appeals retains authority to withdraw its mandate after the Supreme Court denies certiorari."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 26, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Supreme Court to declare the Sixth Circuit's withdrawal of its mandate invalid.","the opposing side wants the Supreme Court to uphold the Sixth Circuit's power to withdraw its mandate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Sixth Circuit exceeded its authority under appellate rules and Supreme Court precedent.","the opposing side argues the court of appeals engaged in sua sponte reconsideration to correct a clear error."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the side that brought the case's argument would nullify the Calderon decision.","Justice Breyer asked why the opposing side does not treat the action as a Rule 41(b) motion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the finality of appellate judgments. It determines when a lower court can alter its decision after higher court review ends. The outcome affects the stability of legal proceedings and the authority of appellate courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"}]}],"slug":"2004-04-514-bell-v-thompson","term":"2004","title":"Can a court of appeals withdraw its mandate after the Supreme Court denies review?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-514.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-03-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-03-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Bergmann argued the one-year period has two possible start dates.","Mr. Feldman argued the government's interpretation limits relief further.","Justice Breyer asked why the government's view might be better.","Justice Souter asked why a district court decision should not give notice."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-25"}]}],"caption":"Dodd v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.474707Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.488898Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case argues the deadline starts when a new legal rule emerges. The government argues it starts when the first petition ends.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-54"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-03-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-5286.html","primary_docket":"04-5286","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:44:23.380261Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the start date for a one-year filing limit. The limit applies to federal prisoners seeking a second habeas review. The parties disagree on the triggering event for this deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-54"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 22, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the clock to start when a new legal rule appears.","The government wants the clock to start when the first petition concludes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case claims a new rule triggers the one-year deadline.","The government claims the end of the first petition triggers the deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-54"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Rehnquist asked what relief a nullity actually allows.","Justice O'Connor asked which court determines retroactivity under the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Prisoners face strict deadlines to challenge their convictions. A late filing bars all further review. The start date defines who gets a second chance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-54"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-25"}]}],"slug":"2004-04-5286-dodd-v-united-states","term":"2004","title":"When does the one-year clock start for a federal prisoner's second habeas petition?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5286.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-54"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-03-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-03-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","paragraphs":["Rosemary Percival argued that the trial court violated Deck's due process rights by forcing him to appear in restraints.","She asserted that the Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments guarantee a fair and reliable sentencing proceeding.","The State's advocate argued that the trial court needs discretion to fashion security measures like restraints.","She emphasized that this discretion is particularly important in penalty phase cases to maintain safety."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 12-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 12-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-15"}]}],"caption":"Deck v. Missouri","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.613675Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a defendant can be forced to wear visible restraints during the penalty phase without the state proving a specific security need.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 12-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 12-10"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-03-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-5293.html","primary_docket":"04-5293","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:47:38.466960Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Carman Deck argues that visible shackles during sentencing violate his due process rights. The State of Missouri argues that trial courts hold broad discretion to order security measures. The core conflict involves the allocation of the burden of proof for justifying restraints."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 12-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 12-10"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 1, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Deck wants the Court to rule that the state must prove a specific security threat before using visible restraints.","Missouri wants the Court to affirm that trial courts possess broad discretion to order security measures without a specific evidentiary burden."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 12-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 12-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Deck contends that shackling during sentencing violates the Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments by undermining the reliability of the proceeding.","Missouri contends that the trial court needs discretion to fashion security measures, particularly in penalty phase cases, to ensure safety."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 12-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 12-10"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the state bears the burden of proof when compromising a defendant's right not to be shackled.","Justice Souter asked for the basic justification for shackling and whether insufficient bailiffs caused the measure during trial itself."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the constitutional limits on visible restraints during criminal sentencing. It determines whether defendants retain a right to appear unshackled unless the state proves a specific threat. The outcome shapes the balance between courtroom security and the integrity of the judicial process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 12-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 12-10"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-15"}]}],"slug":"2004-04-5293-deck-v-missouri","term":"2004","title":"Must a state prove a specific security threat before shackling a defendant during sentencing?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 12-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 12-10"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-01-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-01-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","paragraphs":["Nolas argued counsel failed to secure any life history documents.","Lovitt argued the investigation showed records contained nothing useful.","Scalia questioned whether experts would naturally discuss childhood problems."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-35"}]}],"caption":"Rompilla v. Beard","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.745156Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.753955Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A death row inmate claims his lawyer ignored key records. The state says the lawyer acted reasonably.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-01-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-5462.html","primary_docket":"04-5462","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:14:34.244176Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the standard for ineffective assistance of counsel in capital cases. It asks if a lawyer must dig deeper when initial records look empty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 18, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Rompilla wants a new trial based on ineffective counsel.","Beard wants the death sentence to stand."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Rompilla argues his lawyer ignored available life history records.","Beard argues the lawyer's investigation was objectively reasonable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked about the number of relatives who testified.","Justice Scalia questioned the intent behind using expert witnesses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the duty of lawyers in death penalty cases. It sets the bar for investigating a defendant's past. The outcome shapes future capital sentencing procedures nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-57","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-57"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-35"}]}],"slug":"2004-04-5462-rompilla-v-beard","term":"2004","title":"Did trial counsel fail to investigate a defendant's life history?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5462.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-04-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-04-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Blatt argued the relevant conduct is the facts asserted in the original habeas grounds.","She stated this reference point preserves Congress' intent to accelerate habeas proceedings.","Mr. Chan argued Congress made an important change to habeas proceedings in 1996.","He noted the Court is asked to consider the relation back doctrine for the first time in this context."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-47"}]}],"caption":"Mayle v. Felix","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.348808Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to amend their habeas petition after the one-year deadline. the opposing sides argue the amendment fails because it adds new facts.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-04-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-563.html","primary_docket":"04-563","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:34:45.368950Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how courts apply the relation back doctrine to habeas petitions. The core dispute involves the one-year statute of limitations under AEDPA. the sides that brought the case want to add new claims to their existing petition. the opposing sides want the court to reject the new claims as time-barred. The Court must decide if the new claims relate back to the original filing date."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 19, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the court to allow their amended habeas petition to relate back to the original filing date.","the opposing sides want the court to reject the amended petition because it adds new facts after the deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the relevant conduct is the set of facts asserted in the original habeas grounds.","the opposing sides argue the new claims fail because they introduce facts not present in the original filing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the Court is wrong about the potential for a gaping hole in AEDPA.","Justice Scalia asked if there is no way for the State to protect itself against late amendments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of the one-year habeas deadline. It determines whether prisoners can add new claims to old petitions. The outcome shapes the finality of state court judgments. It balances the need for prompt resolution against the right to seek relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-47"}]}],"slug":"2004-04-563-mayle-v-felix","term":"2004","title":"Does a new habeas claim relate back to the original filing date?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-563.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-03-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-03-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","paragraphs":["Medellin's counsel argued the case is exceptionally important. He requested the Court hold the case. He wanted to return to Texas first.","Texas counsel argued the Court should avoid international law issues. He said the case involves state law. He emphasized the need for clarity on private rights.","Justice Rehnquist asked about creating a private right of action. He noted this is not typically covered by the Court.","Justice O'Connor suggested the Court might dismiss the case. She questioned the necessity of analyzing enforceability."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 3-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 3-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 20-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 20-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-59","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-59"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-21"}]}],"caption":"Medellin v. Dretke","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.484910Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.517084Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Jose Medellin seeks to enforce an International Court of Justice judgment. Texas officials argue the judgment lacks domestic legal force.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 3-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 3-18"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-03-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-5928.html","primary_docket":"04-5928","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:41:05.515844Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Jose Medellin asks the Court to enforce an ICJ judgment. He claims the judgment grants him individual rights. Texas officials argue the judgment does not create private rights. They say the case belongs in state courts. The dispute centers on the legal effect of international judgments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 3-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 3-18"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 28, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 20-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 20-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Medellin wants the Court to enforce the ICJ judgment. He seeks a private right of action in U.S. courts.","Texas officials want the Court to dismiss the case. They argue the ICJ judgment creates no private rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 3-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 3-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Medellin argues the ICJ judgment grants him individual rights. He claims this creates a federal habeas claim.","Texas officials argue the ICJ judgment does not create private rights. They say the case involves state law issues."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 3-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 3-18"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked if the Court should dismiss the case. She questioned the need to analyze enforceability.","Justice Ginsburg asked if ICJ judgments typically grant individual rights. She noted this is unusual for such judgments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 20-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 20-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-59","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-59"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the legal force of international judgments. It determines whether individuals can enforce ICJ rulings in U.S. courts. The outcome shapes the relationship between international law and domestic law. It affects how states handle international court decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 3-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 3-18"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 20-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 20-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-59","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-59"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-21"}]}],"slug":"2004-04-5928-medellin-v-dretke","term":"2004","title":"Does an ICJ judgment create a private right of action in U.S. courts?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 3-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-5928.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 3-18"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-04-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-04-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","paragraphs":["Zagrans cited Merrell Dow to limit prior federal question cases.","Walton argued the case involves only federal law questions.","Gornstein argued federal law must supply the cause of action."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-45"}]}],"caption":"Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.316771Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether federal law controls a state tax sale dispute.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-04-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-603.html","primary_docket":"04-603","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:35:48.073066Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if federal law governs a state tax sale claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 18, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the case dismissed from state court.","the opposing side wants the case to proceed in state court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues federal law creates the cause of action.","the opposing side argues state law supplies the cause of action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked if Merrell Dow overruled quiet title cases.","Justice Kennedy asked about separate supporting case lines."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines where tax sale claims are heard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-45"}]}],"slug":"2004-04-603-grable-sons-metal-products-inc-v-darue-engineering-mfg","term":"2004","title":"Does a state tax sale claim raise a substantial federal question?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-603.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-04-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-04-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Cole stated the evidence proves Stumpf's guilt.","Mr. Cole noted the lower court freed him on habeas review.","Mr. Freedman described the arguments made in the first trial.","Justice Souter questioned the link between the plea and the sentence."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"}]}],"caption":"Bradshaw v. Stumpf","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.345997Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A state prosecutor argues a judge's error did not break the plea. The defendant argues the error forced a wrongful sentence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-04-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-637.html","primary_docket":"04-637","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:11:22.338038Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["John Stumpf pleaded guilty to aggravated murder. A lower court freed him on habeas review. The state says the plea remained valid despite the judge's error."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 19, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The state wants to keep the guilty plea and sentence intact.","The defendant wants the lower court's release order to stand."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The state argues the plea was voluntary despite the judge's error.","The defendant argues the judge's error tainted the sentencing process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if the prosecutor identified Stumpf as the triggerman.","Justice O'Connor asked if sentencers relied on the judge's belief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when a judge's mistake invalidates a guilty plea. It sets the standard for reviewing plea agreements. It protects the finality of criminal convictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"}]}],"slug":"2004-04-637-bradshaw-v-stumpf","term":"2004","title":"Did a judge's mistaken belief about the killer violate a guilty plea?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-04-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-04-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case assert the Eleventh Circuit wrongly banned Rule 60(b) in habeas cases.","the opposing sides maintain the rule is unavailable absent fraud in habeas proceedings.","Justice O'Connor questioned if broad Rule 60(b) use would increase filings."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-43"}]}],"caption":"Gonzalez v. Crosby","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.378371Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.409812Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to use Rule 60(b) to correct habeas corpus errors. the opposing sides argue this rule is unavailable in such cases.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-04-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-6432.html","primary_docket":"04-6432","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:27:09.718903Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of Rule 60(b) in federal habeas proceedings. the sides that brought the case argue the rule allows courts to correct certain errors. the opposing sides claim the rule is categorically unavailable in habeas cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 25, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want federal courts to use Rule 60(b) to correct habeas errors.","the opposing sides want courts to deny Rule 60(b) relief in habeas cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Rule 60(b) remains available to fix specific habeas errors.","the opposing sides argue Rule 60(b) is categorically unavailable in habeas proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the rule refers to AEDPA in any circumstance.","Justice Ginsburg asked why Florida denied relief in the post-conviction proceeding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the tools available to correct federal habeas errors. It shapes how courts handle procedural mistakes in prisoner litigation. The outcome clarifies the boundary between habeas and civil procedure rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-43"}]}],"slug":"2004-04-6432-gonzalez-v-crosby","term":"2004","title":"Can federal courts use Rule 60(b) to fix habeas errors?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6432.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-04-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-04-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Bedrick argued the state must disclose reasons for strikes.","Mr. Schalit argued the challenger must prove a prima facie case.","Justice Kennedy questioned the rigor of the proposed standard.","Justice O'Connor asked if the standard relies on Title VII cases."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-7"}]}],"caption":"Johnson v. California","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.338538Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on who bears the burden of proof when a juror challenges a strike as racially motivated.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-04-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-6964.html","primary_docket":"04-6964","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:35:27.260037Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the standard for proving racial discrimination in jury selection. the side that brought the case argues the state must explain its strikes. The state argues the challenger must prove bias first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 18, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the state to explain its jury strikes.","The state wants the challenger to prove racial bias first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the state must disclose reasons for strikes.","The state argues the challenger must prove a prima facie case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if a lack of answer presumes the challenge is correct.","Justice Scalia asked what happens if the state does not provide an answer."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the legal standard for detecting racial bias in jury selection. It determines how courts evaluate claims of discriminatory strikes. The outcome shapes the fairness of criminal trials nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-7"}]}],"slug":"2004-04-6964-johnson-v-california","term":"2004","title":"Who must prove racial bias in jury selection?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-6964.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-03-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-03-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Stearns argued that the Court should treat pendent party jurisdiction as a logical extension of prior law.","Mr. Phillips cited the Zahn decision to support the view that class actions require all members to meet the amount requirement.","Justice Stevens questioned why the minimum remedy is not simply dismissing non-qualifying parties.","Justice O'Connor suggested that the statute implies the court has jurisdiction over the action but not defective claims."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 1-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 1-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 4-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 4-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 30-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 30-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 12-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 12-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 18-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 18-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 1-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 1-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 18-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 18-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 21-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 21-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 34-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 34-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 34-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 34-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 10-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 10-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-31"}]}],"caption":"Exxon Mobile Corp. v. Allapattah Services, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.626673Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.642816Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Parties dispute whether federal courts must dismiss entire cases when some claims lack the required amount in controversy.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 12-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 12-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 18-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 18-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-36"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-03-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-70.html","primary_docket":"04-70","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:48:04.056144Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal diversity jurisdiction. The core issue is how courts handle mixed claims where some meet the statutory amount threshold and others do not. The Court must define the proper procedural remedy for these jurisdictional defects."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 12-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 12-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 18-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 18-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-36"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 1, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 21-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 21-34"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Exxon Mobil wants the Court to allow dismissal of only non-qualifying parties.","Allapattah Services wants the Court to require dismissal of the entire case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 12-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 12-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 18-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 18-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-36"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Exxon Mobil argues that dismissing specific parties preserves valid claims and avoids unnecessary prejudice.","Allapattah Services argues that partial dismissal creates complex issue preclusion problems and violates statutory text."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 12-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 12-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 18-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 18-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-36"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked why courts cannot simply dismiss parties lacking the jurisdictional amount.","Justice Breyer questioned whether adding a plaintiff changes the original jurisdictional basis."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 1-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 1-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 4-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 4-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 30-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 30-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 18-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 18-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 1-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 1-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 34-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 34-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 34-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 34-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 10-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 10-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of federal court power over mixed claims. It determines how judges manage cases with varying claim values. The outcome shapes procedural efficiency and fairness for litigants nationwide. It clarifies the balance between statutory text and practical case management."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 12-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 12-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 18-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 18-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-36"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 1-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 1-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 4-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 4-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 30-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 30-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 18-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 18-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 1-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 1-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 21-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 21-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 34-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 34-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 34-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 34-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 10-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 10-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-31"}]}],"slug":"2004-04-70-exxon-mobile-corp-v-allapattah-services-inc","term":"2004","title":"Can a federal court dismiss only non-qualifying parties in a diversity case?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 12-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 12-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 18-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 18-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/04-70.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-36"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2004-10-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2004-10-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","paragraphs":["Kansas advocate John Draper presented three issues for the Court.","United States advocate Feldman agreed with Colorado on the river master issue.","Colorado advocate Robbins disputed the similarity of other river compacts.","Justices questioned the logic of using a ten-year model for dry years."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-25"}]}],"caption":"Kansas v. Colorado","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:30.044093Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Kansas and Colorado dispute how to measure water usage and whether a new official should oversee the process.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 15-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2004-10-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/105%20ORIG..html","primary_docket":"105 ORIG.","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:30:43.088086Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Kansas argues the current water measurement method is flawed. The state wants a river master to manage the dispute. Colorado opposes appointing a new official. It argues the existing legal framework handles the issue well."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 4, 2004."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Kansas wants the Court to appoint a river master to manage the water dispute.","Colorado wants the Court to reject the appointment of a river master."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Kansas argues the current ten-year model unfairly penalizes dry years.","Colorado argues the existing decree and model adequately conserve subsurface reservoirs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked why the Court should not average the methodology over seven years.","Justice Kennedy asked if the decree aims to conserve subsurface reservoirs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines how states calculate water credits during dry years. It also decides whether a new official manages interstate water disputes. This affects future resource allocation between neighboring states."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-25"}]}],"slug":"2004-105-orig-kansas-v-colorado","term":"2004","title":"Should the Court appoint a river master to manage water disputes?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/105original.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 15-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-01-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-01-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","paragraphs":["Alaska's counsel argued the statehood act is insufficient. He cited the Idaho case principles. He emphasized the need for explicit ratification.","The United States counsel argued for federal retention. He referenced the Glacier Bay context. He disputed the adequacy of Alaska's showing.","Justices questioned the clarity of congressional intent. They probed the relationship between park status and land title. They examined the specific statutory language."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]}],"caption":"Alaska v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.671650Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.698717Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Alaska claims title to submerged lands in Glacier Bay. The United States argues it retained those lands.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-01-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2004","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/128%20ORIG..html","primary_docket":"128 ORIG.","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T15:02:03.596315Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests state ownership of underwater lands. The dispute centers on Glacier Bay National Park. Alaska seeks title to these submerged areas. The federal government asserts it kept them."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 10, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Alaska wants title to the submerged lands in Glacier Bay.","The United States wants to retain title to those submerged lands."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Alaska argues the statehood act lacks explicit retention language.","The United States argues Congress intended to keep the lands."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked about the narrow main clause.","Justice O'Connor asked about congressional notice of inclusion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state ownership of underwater resources. It clarifies federal retention of park lands. It impacts coastal state sovereignty. It affects management of navigable waters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]}],"slug":"2004-128-orig-alaska-v-united-states","term":"2004","title":"Does Alaska own the submerged lands in Glacier Bay?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2004/128orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-10-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-10-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Phillips argued that the Portal Act excludes walking time occurring outside the workday.","Mr. Goldstein argued that the outcome follows directly from prior precedent defining principal activities broadly.","justice_souter_questioned_whether_integral_activities_are_principal_activities","justice_oconnor_cited_prior_opinions_agreeing_that_principal_activities_include_integral_tasks"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-25"}]}],"caption":"IBP, Inc. v. Alvarez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.214600Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.247023Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Employers argue that walking and waiting time is unpaid because it occurs outside the main work tasks. Workers argue that this time is essential to their jobs and must be paid.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-10-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/03-1238.html","primary_docket":"03-1238","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:09:48.783745Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how courts define the start and end of a workday. The dispute centers on whether time spent walking to gear stations and waiting for equipment counts as compensable work."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 3, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The employer wants the Court to rule that walking and waiting time are not principal activities and thus unpaid.","The workers want the Court to rule that walking and waiting time are integral to the job and must be paid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The employer argues that the Portal Act excludes time spent before or after principal activities, which they define as the core production tasks.","The workers argue that previous precedent defines principal activities to include all integral and indispensable tasks, such as changing into required gear."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if integral activities are distinct from principal activities.","Justice O'Connor noted that prior opinions agreed that principal activities include integral and indispensable tasks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether millions of workers receive pay for time spent preparing for and ending their shifts. It sets the national standard for calculating daily wages in industries requiring protective equipment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-25"}]}],"slug":"2005-03-1238-ibp-inc-v-alvarez","term":"2005","title":"Does the Portal Act require employers to pay for walking and waiting time tied to mandatory gear changes?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/03-1238.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-02-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-02-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Hopper argued the agencies pushed the limits of congressional authority contrary to the statute's text.","General Clement cited a prior unanimous decision upholding jurisdiction over adjacent wetlands.","Mr. Stoepker stated the record shows the wetlands are hydrologically isolated from navigable waters."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 27-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 27-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-21"}]}],"caption":"Rapanos v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.690869Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.708641Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal agencies can regulate wetlands that lack a direct hydrological connection to navigable waters.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-54"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-02-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1034.html","primary_docket":"04-1034","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:52:58.927359Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of federal power over water pollution. the sides that brought the case argue the agencies exceeded their authority. The government argues the agencies acted within their legal mandate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-54"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 21, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to limit federal jurisdiction to waters with a clear connection to navigable streams.","The government wants the Court to uphold the agencies' broad interpretation of the Clean Water Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the agencies ignored the plain text of the statute and overreached their authority.","The government argues the agencies properly regulated wetlands adjacent to navigable waters to protect water quality."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-54"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if proving discharge into a tributary suffices to prove a violation.","Justice Ginsburg asked where the line should be drawn for major tributaries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 27-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 27-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary of federal environmental regulation. It determines which wetlands fall under federal protection. It impacts landowners and state regulators nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-54"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 27-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 27-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-21"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1034-rapanos-v-united-states","term":"2005","title":"Does the Clean Water Act cover wetlands isolated from navigable waters?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1034.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-54"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-03-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-03-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Gartlan argued Article 36 confers individual rights.","Mr. Stancil argued the treaty was violated directly.","Ms. Williams called the requested rule revolutionary.","Mr. Thro argued treaty claims should not exceed constitutional claims."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]}],"caption":"Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.643741Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.669413Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek individual treaty rights. Oregon argues the treaty binds states only.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 13-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-03-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-10566.html","primary_docket":"04-10566","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:38:37.919981Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on Article 36 of the Vienna Convention. the sides that brought the case claim it creates individual rights. Oregon asserts it creates state obligations only."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 29, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want individual enforceable consular rights.","Oregon wants the treaty to bind states only."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Article 36 creates individual rights.","Oregon argues the treaty creates state obligations only."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked about individual refusal of consular contact.","Justice Ginsburg asked about treaty partner views on individual rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines whether individuals can sue over consular notification failures. It shapes how states handle foreign detainees. It clarifies the scope of treaty enforcement in criminal trials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-10566-sanchez-llamas-v-oregon","term":"2005","title":"Does the Vienna Convention grant individuals enforceable consular rights?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-10566.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 13-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-11-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-11-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Goldstein argued that the Court should find consent searches unreasonable when a co-occupant objects.","Mr. Goldstein stated that the Court looks to broader social understandings rather than specific family dynamics.","Justice O'Connor questioned whether social acceptability determines the validity of such consent.","Justice Kennedy explored the scope of a search when one spouse consents to limited areas."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"}]}],"caption":"Georgia v. Randolph","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.166730Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.193514Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether police may search a home when one resident consents and another expressly refuses.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-11-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1067.html","primary_docket":"04-1067","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:09:42.398141Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of consent searches in shared living spaces. It asks if a single resident's permission overrides a co-occupant's explicit objection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 8, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Georgia wants the Court to hold that one resident's consent validates the search despite the other's objection.","Randolph wants the Court to hold that a co-occupant's express objection blocks the search."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Georgia argues that social norms allow one resident to admit police even if the other disagrees.","Randolph argues that a co-occupant's express objection makes the search unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if a wife could limit a search to specific areas despite her husband's objection.","Justice O'Connor asked if it is socially acceptable to let police in against a spouse's wishes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance between individual privacy and police authority in shared homes. It clarifies how courts evaluate consent when residents disagree. The outcome shapes future searches in apartments and houses. It protects or limits the rights of co-occupants. It guides law enforcement on valid consent standards. It impacts how families interact with police during investigations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1067-georgia-v-randolph","term":"2005","title":"Can one co-occupant consent to a search if another objects?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1067.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-11-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-11-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","paragraphs":["The government argued the lower court wrongly created an exception to the law.","The church argued the government's position conflicts with religious freedom statutes.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-47"}]}],"caption":"Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficiente Uniao Do Vegetal","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.103488Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.130529Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government argues the law bans all Schedule 1 drugs. The church argues the law must allow religious exceptions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-11-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1084.html","primary_docket":"04-1084","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:13:15.540867Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The government seeks to uphold a total ban on a specific drug. The church seeks a legal exception for its religious use."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 1, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-52"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the total ban on the drug.","The church wants the Court to allow its religious use of the drug."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the law categorically prohibits the substance without exceptions.","The church argues the law must accommodate its specific religious practice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the government acted uniformly regarding peyote exemptions.","Justice Scalia noted that making an exception did not cause negative consequences."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance between federal drug laws and religious freedom. It determines whether a total ban can override specific religious practices."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-47"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1084-gonzales-v-o-centro-espirita-beneficiente-uniao-do-vegetal","term":"2005","title":"Does the Controlled Substances Act override religious freedom claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1084.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-12-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-12-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Karlan argued the government conceded the lower court erred.","Mr. Stewart argued review should align with the statute's structure.","Justice Scalia questioned the realism of describing the search as unrelated to employment."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-17"}]}],"caption":"Whitman v. Department of Transportation","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.009669Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.013072Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Civil Service Reform Act bars federal courts from hearing constitutional claims by federal employees.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-12-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1131.html","primary_docket":"04-1131","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:04:56.333843Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a federal employee who challenged a drug test. The lower court dismissed the claim. The employee argues the court had jurisdiction. The government argues the statute limits review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 5, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The employee wants the Supreme Court to allow federal courts to hear the constitutional claim.","The government wants the Supreme Court to limit judicial review of the claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The employee argues the statute does not clearly bar all judicial review of constitutional claims.","The government argues the negotiated grievance procedure strips federal courts of jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the search was unrelated to employee action.","Justice Kennedy asked if the jurisdictional question was raised in briefs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal court jurisdiction over employee constitutional claims. It determines whether statutory grievance procedures bar judicial review. The outcome shapes the balance between agency authority and individual rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-17"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1131-whitman-v-department-of-transportation","term":"2005","title":"Can federal courts review employee constitutional claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1131.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-11-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-11-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Heldman argued Section 1447(c) allows fee awards when cases remand to state court.","Mr. Heldman noted no statute grants fees to defendants who successfully defend removal.","Mr. Chilton stated Congress has granted defendants removal rights since 1789.","Mr. Chilton asserted the opposing sides removed the case properly without dispute."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-33"}]}],"caption":"Martin v. Franklin Capital Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.164208Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek fees for defending a removal motion. the opposing sides argue no statute grants this right.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-11-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1140.html","primary_docket":"04-1140","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:10:36.289912Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether federal law allows a defendant to recover attorney fees. The defendant successfully defended a motion to remand the case to state court. the sides that brought the case argue the removal statute implies this fee right. the opposing sides argue no statute grants fees for this specific defense."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 8, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to award them attorney fees for defending the removal.","the opposing sides want the Court to deny the fee request because no statute grants it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Section 1447(c) implies a fee award for successful removal defenses.","the opposing sides argue no statute provides fees for defendants who successfully defend removal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the fee issue was significant when the statute lacked fee provisions.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned if Congress understood Rule 11 overlap when passing the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines if defendants can recover costs for defending removal. It affects the financial risk of removing cases to federal court. It clarifies the scope of fee-shifting statutes in federal procedure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-33"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1140-martin-v-franklin-capital-corp","term":"2005","title":"Can a defendant recover attorney fees after successfully defending a removal?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1140.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-11-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-11-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","paragraphs":["General Ayotte argued the lower court relied on rare scenarios.","Ms. Dalven argued some teens face immediate medical emergencies.","Justice Breyer questioned the existence of a health exemption."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-17"}]}],"caption":"Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New Eng.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.984107Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Planned Parenthood argues the state law forces doctors to break medical ethics. The state claims the law protects minors.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 19-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-11-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1144.html","primary_docket":"04-1144","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:05:54.332273Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["New Hampshire requires doctors to notify parents before a minor gets an abortion. Doctors can seek a court order to skip this step. The state says this process is safe. Doctors say it creates dangerous delays and legal risks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 30, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The state wants the law to stay in effect.","Planned Parenthood wants the law struck down."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The state argues the law allows doctors to seek court orders.","Planned Parenthood argues the law creates unmanageable legal risks for doctors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked what specific law protects doctors from prosecution.","Justice Kennedy asked if the protection comes from the statute or policy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how states can regulate minor access to abortion. It balances parental rights against medical urgency. It sets standards for state laws involving minors and healthcare."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-17"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1144-ayotte-v-planned-parenthood-of-northern-new-eng","term":"2005","title":"Does New Hampshire's parental notification law violate constitutional rights?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1144.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 19-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-12-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-12-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","paragraphs":["General Clement argued the Solomon Amendment conditions funding on equal access. He stated this is what any donor would expect from funded institutions.","Mr. Rosenkranz argued the case is not about barring recruiters. He stated Congress wanted more than just entry to campus.","Justice Breyer noted the statute originated during the Vietnam era. He pointed out it addressed universities excluding military personnel.","Justice Scalia argued the statute requires more than equal access. He stated it demands specific treatment for military recruiters."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 1-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-54"}]}],"caption":"Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.040863Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.048534Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Universities argue the law forces them to host military recruiters. The government argues the law merely conditions funding on equal access.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-12-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1152.html","primary_docket":"04-1152","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:02:09.368614Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the Solomon Amendment. This law ties federal funding to campus access for military recruiters. Universities claim this violates their First Amendment rights. The government claims the law is a valid spending condition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 6, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the Solomon Amendment. It seeks to keep federal funding tied to equal campus access for military recruiters.","The universities want the Court to strike down the Solomon Amendment. They seek to end the funding condition that forces them to host military recruiters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the law is a valid spending condition. It claims universities accept federal funds and must accept equal access for military recruiters.","The universities argue the law compels speech. They claim the government cannot force them to host recruiters they view as discriminatory."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked why the defense relies on the Spending Clause. He questioned why it does not rely on the power to raise armies.","Justice Ginsburg asked if a statutory interpretation would avoid the constitutional question. She asked if that interpretation would be unreasonable under current law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 1-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-54"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of federal funding conditions. It determines whether the government can tie grants to specific campus access policies. The outcome shapes the balance between federal power and institutional autonomy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 1-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-54"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1152-rumsfeld-v-forum-for-academic-and-institutional-rights-inc","term":"2005","title":"Does the Solomon Amendment violate university speech rights?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1152.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-11-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-11-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","paragraphs":["Andrew Frey argued for the side that brought the case, Wachovia Bank.","He stated the main office location defines the bank's state citizenship.","He rejected the idea that every branch office creates a new state of citizenship.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned whether the main office address changes with charter amendments."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-39"}]}],"caption":"Wachovia Bank, N.A. v. Schmidt","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.943960Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Wachovia Bank argues its main office defines its state citizenship. Schmidt argues every branch location counts.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 43-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-11-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1186.html","primary_docket":"04-1186","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:07:27.312694Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests how federal courts determine a national bank's state citizenship. This status controls whether a federal court has jurisdiction over the bank."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 43-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 28, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Wachovia Bank wants the Court to limit state citizenship to the main office location.","Schmidt wants the Court to count every branch office location as a state of citizenship."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 43-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Wachovia Bank argues the main office defines the bank's state citizenship under federal law.","Schmidt argues the bank is a citizen of every state where it maintains a branch."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 43-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the main office address changes when the charter amends it.","Justice O'Connor asked when the relevant statute was enacted in 1887."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines which federal courts can hear cases against national banks. It affects the geographic scope of federal jurisdiction for these institutions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 43-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-39"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1186-wachovia-bank-n-a-v-schmidt","term":"2005","title":"Where is a national bank located for federal court jurisdiction?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1186.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 43-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-11-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-11-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","paragraphs":["General Clement argued the ADA validly abrogates state immunity.","Mr. Bagenstos argued the ADA is congruent with prison needs.","Mr. Schaerr argued the Rehabilitation Act requires intentional conduct."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 23-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 23-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Georgia","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.182836Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.196118Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal disability law overrides state immunity in prison cases.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-11-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1203.html","primary_docket":"04-1203","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:08:51.814692Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal disability law against state power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 9, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 23-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 23-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The United States wants the ADA to override state immunity in prison cases.","Georgia wants to keep its sovereign immunity from federal disability suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The United States argues the ADA is a valid exercise of congressional power.","Georgia argues the ADA exceeds Congress's authority over state prisons."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if constitutional barriers exist for these claims.","Justice Scalia asked about exhaustion requirements under prison laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 23-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 23-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance between federal disability rights and state control."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 23-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 23-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1203-united-states-v-georgia","term":"2005","title":"Does the ADA strip state sovereign immunity for prison disability claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1203.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-11-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-11-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Untereiner argued the Court previously ended the case by reversing the liability judgment and vacating the injunction.","Mr. Chemerinsky argued the Seventh Circuit acted correctly by sending the case back to the district court.","Ms. Blatt stated the United States position that the Hobbs Act requires intended robbery or extortion.","Ms. Blatt argued private parties cannot obtain injunctive relief under RICO."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 1-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 1-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-11"}]}],"caption":"Scheidler v. National Organization for Women, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.977604Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.006732Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Clinic owners and anti-abortion activists dispute whether the Hobbs Act allows private parties to seek court orders against protest activities.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 1-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 1-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-11-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1244.html","primary_docket":"04-1244","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:05:44.421868Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Hobbs Act and RICO. the sides that brought the case argue the law requires proof of robbery. the opposing sides argue the law covers broader coercive conduct. The United States supports the sides that brought the case' narrow reading."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 1-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 1-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 30, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 43-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the court to end the case by reversing the liability judgment and vacating the injunction.","the opposing sides want the court to allow the district court to decide if the injunction can remain based on specific violence counts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 1-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 1-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Hobbs Act requires an intended robbery or extortion, which private parties cannot prove under RICO.","the opposing sides argue the Seventh Circuit acted correctly by remanding the case to determine if the injunction could remain based on physical violence counts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 1-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 1-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if the Court resolved the statutory construction issue previously.","Justice Scalia asked if plausible statutory readings determine meaning and how the lower court could have rendered judgment without resolving the issue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines whether private parties can use federal racketeering laws to stop protests. It determines if the Hobbs Act requires proof of robbery or if it covers broader coercive conduct. The outcome shapes the legal tools available for resolving conflicts between businesses and protest groups."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 1-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 1-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-11"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1244-scheidler-v-national-organization-for-women-inc","term":"2005","title":"Can private groups sue for injunctions under RICO without proving robbery?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 1-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 1-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1244.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-11-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-11-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Landau argued federal law controls the dispute.","Mr. Bland argued state law remains valid.","justice_questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-7"}]}],"caption":"Buckeye Check Cashing, Inc. v. Cardegna","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.974914Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.997164Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A check-cashing company wants a judge to dismiss a lawsuit. A customer wants an arbitrator to hear the case.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-11-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1264.html","primary_docket":"04-1264","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:06:49.662261Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Buckeye Check Cashing seeks a court dismissal. Cardegna seeks arbitration. The dispute centers on who decides contract validity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 29, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Buckeye Check Cashing wants a judge to dismiss the case.","Cardegna wants an arbitrator to decide the dispute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Buckeye Check Cashing argues federal law preempts state rules.","Cardegna argues state law controls contract validity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked how to describe the court's role.","Chief Justice Roberts asked about void versus voidable contracts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who decides contract disputes. It shapes access to arbitration. It impacts consumer protection laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-7"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1264-buckeye-check-cashing-inc-v-cardegna","term":"2005","title":"Who decides if a contract is void?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1264.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-02-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-02-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's counsel argued the state waived the deadline defense by not raising it.","the opposing side's counsel argued the judge's action was consistent with habeas rules.","the opposing side's counsel stated the case is not about the state's waiver.","Justice Ginsburg questioned whether the lower court opinion mandated the dismissal or allowed it."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 13-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 13-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]}],"caption":"Day v. McDonough","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.763142Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.786558Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a federal judge can independently dismiss a prisoner's petition for release if the state failed to raise the deadline defense.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-02-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1324.html","primary_docket":"04-1324","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:03:52.639577Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves a prisoner seeking release from state custody. The state argued the petition arrived too late. The lower court dismissed the petition without the state formally raising the deadline issue. The prisoner argues the state gave up this defense by not raising it earlier."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 27, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 13-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 13-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the dismissal overturned because the state waived the deadline defense.","the opposing side wants the dismissal to stand because the petition was filed late."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the state gave up the deadline defense by not raising it early.","the opposing side argues the judge can independently dismiss late petitions to protect the system."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the lower court opinion used the word must or could.","Justice Kennedy asked if the district court has discretion to refer the case to the state."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 13-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 13-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the power of federal judges to enforce filing deadlines. It affects how states defend against late petitions. It shapes the balance between finality and access to courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 13-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 13-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1324-day-v-mcdonough","term":"2005","title":"Can a federal judge dismiss a late habeas petition on their own?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1324.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-11-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-11-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","paragraphs":["Andrew Pincus argued that illegal tying requires exploiting control over a tying product.","Justice Breyer questioned why a patent holder would seek a patent without expecting price power.","Justice Scalia asked if refuting the presumption equals demonstrating market power."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"}]}],"caption":"Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.956050Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.968168Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Illinois Tool Works argues a patent on a razor blade creates market power for the entire razor system. Independent Ink disputes this legal presumption.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-11-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1329.html","primary_docket":"04-1329","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:07:07.761516Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a patent on a single component legally implies market power for the larger product. Illinois Tool Works seeks to establish this presumption. Independent Ink argues the presumption is legally incorrect."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 29, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Illinois Tool Works wants the Court to recognize a patent as evidence of market power for the larger product.","Independent Ink wants the Court to reject the presumption that a component patent implies market power for the whole product."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Illinois Tool Works argues that a patent on a component legally establishes market power for the entire product.","Independent Ink argues that a patent on a component does not legally establish market power for the entire product."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked if a patent spreads to cover the larger product.","Justice Stevens asked if a patent generating metering implies more power than average patents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines how courts assess market power in patent cases. It determines whether a component patent legally implies control over the entire product market. This standard affects antitrust litigation involving patented goods."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1329-illinois-tool-works-inc-v-independent-ink-inc","term":"2005","title":"Does a patent on a component create market power for the whole product?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1329.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-11-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-11-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Congress protected federal employee morale.","the opposing sides argue the court of appeals lacked jurisdiction.","justice_scaia_questioned_if_the_bar_exceeds_res_judicata","justice_souter_questioned_if_the_bar_resembles_res_judicata"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-5"}]}],"caption":"Will v. Hallock","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.938551Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to dismiss a Bivens claim. the opposing sides argue the prior dismissal does not bar it.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-11-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1332.html","primary_docket":"04-1332","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:07:45.307733Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a prior federal tort claim dismissal blocks a later Bivens action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 28, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Bivens claim dismissed as barred.","the opposing sides want the Bivens claim to proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the prior dismissal creates a complete bar.","the opposing sides argue the dismissal does not preclude the new suit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the bar exceeds res judicata.","Justice Souter asked if the bar resembles res judicata."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of preclusion in federal civil rights litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-5"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1332-will-v-hallock","term":"2005","title":"Does a dismissed federal tort claim bar a later Bivens suit?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-01-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-01-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","paragraphs":["Merrill Lynch argues the statute uses one consistent definition for all parties.","Dabit argues the definition changes based on who brings the lawsuit.","Justice Roberts noted that preemption might require a narrower reading than enforcement.","Justice Scalia asked about the SEC's enforcement authority in this specific area."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-13"}]}],"caption":"Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. v. Dabit","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.941208Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Investors and a brokerage firm dispute whether federal law preempts state class action claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-01-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1371.html","primary_docket":"04-1371","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:53:54.963299Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act. The statute preempts certain state securities class actions. The parties disagree on how broadly to read the phrase in connection with. This phrase appears in federal securities laws. The interpretation determines which court hears these cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 18, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Merrill Lynch wants the Supreme Court to affirm the removal to federal court.","Dabit wants the Supreme Court to reverse the removal and keep the case in state court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Merrill Lynch argues the phrase in connection with has one broad meaning for all plaintiffs.","Dabit argues the phrase has a narrower meaning for private investors than for regulators."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if a rule of lenity applies to civil liability.","Justice Stevens asked if the word the functions like his or her in the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether investors can sue in state court. It affects the balance of power between state and federal courts. It shapes the future of securities class actions nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-13"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1371-merrill-lynch-pierce-fenner-smith-inc-v-dabit","term":"2005","title":"Does federal law block state securities class actions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-03-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-03-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Srinivasan argued the statute streamlines removal of reentered aliens.","He stated Congress did not intend to exempt current illegal residents.","Mr. Gossett argued the statute applies only prospectively.","He cited ordinary tools of statutory construction to support his view."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-54"}]}],"caption":"Fernandez-Vargas v. Gonzales","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.596633Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a 1996 immigration law applies to aliens who reentered before the statute took effect.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-03-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1376.html","primary_docket":"04-1376","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:42:24.453005Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a 1996 immigration statute. The core issue is whether the law applies to aliens already in the country. the side that brought the case argues the law applies only to future reentries. the opposing side argues the law applies to all current removals. The Court must interpret the statute's effective date."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 22, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to limit the statute to future reentries.","the opposing side wants the Court to apply the statute to current removals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute applies only prospectively to new reentries.","the opposing side argues the statute applies to all future removal proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the statute applies prospectively to all future removals.","Justice Ginsburg asked if any courts accepted the argument that the statute is clear."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-54"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the reach of immigration removal statutes. It determines which aliens face expedited removal. It clarifies the effective date of federal laws. It impacts the rights of non-citizens in the country. It shapes future legislative drafting for immigration policy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-54"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1376-fernandez-vargas-v-gonzales","term":"2005","title":"Does the 1996 reinstatement provision apply to aliens already in the country?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1376.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-01-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-01-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","paragraphs":["General Dreeben argued the warrant particularly described the place and things to be seized.","Mr. Reichel noted that triggering events are commonly not so clean.","Justice Kennedy suggested that adding a qualification makes a big change in warrant usage.","Justice Souter emphasized an ongoing obligation of reasonableness in how searches are carried out."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Grubbs","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.911449Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.928895Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether law enforcement must wait for a specific event to happen before executing a search warrant.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-01-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1414.html","primary_docket":"04-1414","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:53:35.748226Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the validity of anticipatory search warrants. The government argues these warrants are legal if probable cause exists at issuance. The defendant argues execution requires a specific triggering event to occur first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 18, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the search and affirm the conviction.","The defendant wants the Court to suppress the evidence and reverse the conviction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the warrant was valid because it described the place and items clearly.","The defendant argues the search was unreasonable because the triggering event did not occur."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if the executing officer must be the same officer who obtained the warrant.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if execution before the triggering event invalidates the warrant due to lack of probable cause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of anticipatory search warrants. It determines when police may enter a home. It balances privacy rights against law enforcement needs. It sets a standard for future warrant executions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1414-united-states-v-grubbs","term":"2005","title":"Can police execute a search warrant before a specific triggering event occurs?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1414.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-01-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-01-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued that due process requires notice efforts conforming to what a reasonable person would do.","the side that brought the case stated that providing the best notice is in the state's interest for efficient tax collection.","the opposing side argued that the notice provided satisfied the reasonably calculated test for due process.","the opposing side noted that the state sent the notice by certified mail to the last known address."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-21"}]}],"caption":"Jones v. Flowers","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.907963Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.916898Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a state must investigate why a mailed notice failed before selling property for unpaid taxes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-01-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1477.html","primary_docket":"04-1477","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:54:36.629198Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of state notice duties. the side that brought the case argues the state must investigate failed mailings. the opposing side argues the state met its duty by mailing to the last known address."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 17, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to require states to investigate failed notices before selling property.","the opposing side wants the Court to hold that mailing to the last known address satisfies due process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues due process requires notice efforts that a reasonable person would use to ensure receipt.","the opposing side argues the state satisfied the constitutional test by sending notice via certified mail to the known address."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia questioned whether sending notice to a known address denies due process if it fails.","Justice Ginsburg asked how much the owner owed and whether other recipients failed to receive letters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the minimum steps states must take to protect property owners from tax sales. It balances state efficiency against individual rights to notice. The outcome shapes how governments handle failed communications in property disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-21"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1477-jones-v-flowers","term":"2005","title":"Does due process require states to investigate failed tax sale notices?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1477.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-01-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-01-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","paragraphs":["Kneedler argued probable cause defeats the retaliation claim.","Kneedler rejected the qualified immunity standard as a solution.","Mccartan argued malicious prosecution is not the proper legal analog."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-45"}]}],"caption":"Hartman v. Moore","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.851433Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.876278Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A man claims postal inspectors prosecuted him for his speech. He seeks damages. The inspectors deny this claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-01-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1495.html","primary_docket":"04-1495","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:57:51.474456Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Hartman v. Moore"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 10, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Hartman wants a damages award for retaliatory prosecution.","Moore wants the dismissal of the lawsuit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Hartman argues the First Amendment bars targeting for speech.","Moore argues probable cause defeats the retaliation claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if a person has a right not to be singled out for speech.","Justice Stevens asked if this right exists at common law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of First Amendment protections against government retaliation. It determines whether citizens can sue for damages when prosecutors act on speech. The outcome shapes the balance between free expression and law enforcement discretion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-45"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1495-hartman-v-moore","term":"2005","title":"Can a prosecutor target someone for protected speech?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1495.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-02-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-02-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","paragraphs":["Freno stated Medicaid paid over $215,000 for care.","Blair noted settlement proceeds were less than total damages.","Millett argued private parties often deplete settlement funds first."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-7"}]}],"caption":"Arkansas Dept. of Health and Human Servs. v. Ahlborn","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.754144Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Arkansas seeks full medical reimbursement from a reduced settlement. Ahlborn argues the state must accept a proportional share.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 7-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-02-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1506.html","primary_docket":"04-1506","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:50:24.504261Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["A state Medicaid program paid for accident care. The recipient later received a smaller settlement. The state wants its full costs back. The recipient wants a reduced payment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 7-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 27, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Arkansas wants full reimbursement of its medical costs.","Ahlborn wants to pay only a proportional share."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 7-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Arkansas argues it is entitled to full recovery.","Ahlborn argues the state must accept a reduced share."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 7-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens questioned how a settlement occurred without notice.","Justice Breyer asked if parties can settle claims unilaterally."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state recovery limits. It affects Medicaid budgets nationwide. It determines how settlements allocate costs. It impacts patient financial liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 7-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-7"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1506-arkansas-dept-of-health-and-human-servs-v-ahlborn","term":"2005","title":"Does Medicaid recover full medical costs from a reduced settlement?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1506.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 7-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-02-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-02-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Rowe argued the water flow through the dams is a discharge.","Mr. Kayatta argued the river is a single body of water.","Mr. Minear argued the term discharge means flowing out.","Justice Scalia asked if the water is unchanged below the dam."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme 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9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"}]}],"caption":"S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Bd. of Environmental Protection","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.703331Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.735030Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"S. D. Warren argues water moving through its dams is not a discharge. Maine and the United States argue it is a discharge.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-02-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1527.html","primary_docket":"04-1527","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:53:17.863873Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether water flowing through a dam is a discharge. This status triggers state water-quality certification requirements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 21, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["S. D. Warren wants the Court to rule that water passing through its dams is not a discharge.","Maine and the United States want the Court to rule that water passing through the dams is a discharge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["S. D. Warren argues the river is a single body of water. It claims moving water through a dam is not a discharge into that same body.","Maine and the United States argue the term discharge means flowing out. They claim operating the dams results in a discharge into navigable waters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if the water has a slightly different chemical composition.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the water is a discharge even if it is the same water."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether states can require water-quality certifications for hydropower dams. This affects how states regulate water quality near dams."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1527-s-d-warren-co-v-maine-bd-of-environmental-protection","term":"2005","title":"Does water passing through a dam count as a discharge under the Clean Water Act?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1527.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-02-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-02-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Bopp argued candidates must freely express views on public issues.","Mr. Sorrell asserted money buys access to officials.","Ms. Wright asked why voters do not simply vote out corrupt officials."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 1-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-11"}]}],"caption":"Randall v. Sorrell","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.766020Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue Vermont's spending limits violate free speech. the opposing sides claim the limits prevent corruption.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 1-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 17-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-02-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1528.html","primary_docket":"04-1528","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:47:19.761814Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests state power to limit campaign money. the sides that brought the case seek to strike down the limits. the opposing sides seek to keep them in place."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 1-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 28, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down Vermont's spending limits.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold Vermont's spending limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 1-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue spending limits violate First Amendment free speech rights.","the opposing sides argue spending limits serve a compelling interest in preventing corruption."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 1-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the sides that brought the case argue no limits on expenditures exist.","Justice Stevens asked why further hearings to justify limits would be inappropriate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between free speech and election integrity. It shapes how states regulate political money. It affects every candidate's ability to speak. It determines the scope of anti-corruption laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 1-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-11"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1528-randall-v-sorrell","term":"2005","title":"Can States Cap Campaign Spending to Prevent Corruption?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 1-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1528.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 17-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-01-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-01-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Bopp argued the case involves a fundamental First Amendment question.","He stated the government cannot shield lawmakers from grassroots lobbying.","General Clement noted the Court upheld title II definitions in McConnell.","Justice Souter expressed a problem with the side that brought the case's argument structure."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"}]}],"caption":"Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. Federal Election Comm'n","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.889286Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to air ads about congressional votes. The agency claims these ads violate campaign finance laws.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-01-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1581.html","primary_docket":"04-1581","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:55:01.479609Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of electioneering communication rules. the sides that brought the case argue these rules infringe on free speech. The agency argues the rules prevent corporate influence on elections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 17, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to air ads about congressional votes without penalty.","The agency wants to enforce bans on ads it deems electioneering communications."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the First Amendment protects issue advocacy about lawmakers.","The agency argues these ads function as electioneering communications."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked about the content of the website linked in the ads.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the side that brought the case took a position before the election window opened."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between political speech and campaign activity. It determines how much corporate money can influence legislative debates. The outcome shapes the balance between free expression and election integrity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1581-wisconsin-right-to-life-inc-v-federal-election-comm-n","term":"2005","title":"Can the government ban issue ads that target lawmakers?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1581.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Estrada argued the Eleventh Circuit erred in granting immunity.","Mr. Himmelfarb cited precedent establishing that cities and counties lack immunity.","Mr. Hart argued delegated sovereign functions create residual immunity."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"}]}],"caption":"Northern Ins. Co. of N. Y. v. Chatham County","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.801988Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Chatham County claims state-like immunity. Northern Insurance argues counties lack this protection.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1618.html","primary_docket":"04-1618","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:46:23.854030Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether a county qualifies as an arm of the state. This status grants immunity from federal admiralty suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 1, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Northern Insurance wants the Court to deny the county immunity.","Chatham County wants the Court to uphold its immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Northern Insurance argues counties lack sovereign immunity in admiralty cases.","Chatham County argues delegated sovereign functions grant it immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if immunity depends on a case-by-case inquiry.","Justice Scalia asked if an entity can have immunity in admiralty but not elsewhere."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of county immunity in federal courts. It determines whether local governments face admiralty liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1618-northern-ins-co-of-n-y-v-chatham-county","term":"2005","title":"Can a county claim sovereign immunity in federal admiralty court?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Olson argued the taxpayers lack standing.","Mr. Cole agreed with DaimlerChrysler on standing and merits.","Mr. Enrich discussed standing and Commerce Clause issues."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]}],"caption":"DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.799326Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Ohio taxpayers seek to block a state tax credit. DaimlerChrysler argues they lack legal standing to sue.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1704.html","primary_docket":"04-1704","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:47:02.761170Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Ohio taxpayers want to stop a state tax credit. They claim the credit harms their tax bills. DaimlerChrysler wants the court to dismiss the case. It argues the taxpayers lack legal standing to sue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 1, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Taxpayers want to block the state tax credit.","DaimlerChrysler wants the court to dismiss the lawsuit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Taxpayers argue the tax credit causes them direct financial harm.","DaimlerChrysler argues the taxpayers lack legal standing to sue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked who would have standing to sue.","Justice Scalia asked if anyone could challenge the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who can sue over state tax laws. It sets limits on taxpayer lawsuits. It affects how states design tax incentives."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1704-daimlerchrysler-corp-v-cuno","term":"2005","title":"Can Ohio Taxpayers Challenge State Tax Credits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1704.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-03-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-03-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Rovelli argued the policy targets dangerous inmates.","Mr. Marcus argued the ban does not violate rights.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"}]}],"caption":"Beard v. Banks","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.629089Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Prisoners claim a book ban violates free speech. The state says safety requires the rule.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-03-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1739.html","primary_docket":"04-1739","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:40:21.037198Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Pennsylvania bans books for its most dangerous inmates. Prisoners say this violates their First Amendment rights. The state argues the ban improves behavior and safety."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 27, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Prisoners want the book ban struck down.","The state wants the book ban upheld."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Prisoners argue the ban violates free speech rights.","The state argues the ban is a safety measure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked how long inmates stay in this unit.","Justice Kennedy asked if any inmate stayed for two years."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines prison speech limits. It balances inmate rights against facility safety. The outcome shapes future prison policies nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-1739-beard-v-banks","term":"2005","title":"Can prisons ban books for dangerous inmates?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-1739.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-11-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-11-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","paragraphs":["Maryland's lawyer said warnings stop police abuse.","Blake's lawyer said warnings hide intentional coercion.","Justice Ginsburg noted the trial judge found police used bad tactics.","Justice Kennedy questioned if lying about the death penalty is badgering."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-41"}]}],"caption":"Maryland v. Blake","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.106363Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.133209Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Maryland argues that a warning cures a bad interrogation. Blake argues that such warnings hide police abuse.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 1-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-11-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-373.html","primary_docket":"04-373","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:13:32.517789Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether police can fix a bad interrogation with a warning. Maryland says this practice stops abuse. Blake says it hides bad police tactics."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 1-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 1, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Maryland wants the Court to allow police to fix bad interrogations with warnings.","Blake wants the Court to ban police from fixing bad interrogations with warnings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 1-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Maryland argues that warnings stop police from abusing suspects during questioning.","Blake argues that warnings hide intentional police coercion and bad tactics."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 1-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked if the suspect knew he faced the death penalty.","Justice Kennedy asked if holding a hand to a burning iron is voluntary."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how police must handle suspect rights. It shapes how courts judge police conduct. It protects citizens from coercive interrogation tactics."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 1-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-41"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-373-maryland-v-blake","term":"2005","title":"Can police fix a bad interrogation with a warning?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-373.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 1-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-03-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-03-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","paragraphs":["David Frederick argued tax fraud is not a valid RICO predicate. He stated the case concerns underpayment of taxes.","Justice Roberts asked if illicit proceeds reinvested in a facility satisfy RICO elements.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the plaintiff could rely on New York State proceedings.","Justice Kennedy questioned the validity of the opposing side's core legal premise."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-45"}]}],"caption":"Anza v. Ideal Steel Supply Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.605733Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Ideal Steel argues Anza suffered direct harm from tax evasion. Anza claims the Second Circuit wrongly expanded RICO liability.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-03-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-433.html","primary_docket":"04-433","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:39:58.749009Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of civil RICO claims. It asks if a competitor can sue a rival for tax fraud. The dispute centers on standing and causation under federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 27, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Anza wants the Court to reverse the Second Circuit. It seeks to dismiss the RICO claim entirely.","Ideal Steel wants the Court to affirm the Second Circuit. It seeks to proceed to trial in New York."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Anza argues tax fraud does not harm competitors directly. It claims RICO requires a direct line of causation.","Ideal Steel argues tax fraud creates an unfair market advantage. It claims this directly harms rival businesses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if every competitor of a tax cheat has a RICO claim.","Justice Souter asked if this case differs from Holmes regarding direct causation lines."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who can sue under RICO. It determines if tax fraud creates civil liability for competitors. It shapes the scope of federal racketeering law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-45"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-433-anza-v-ideal-steel-supply-corp","term":"2005","title":"Can a competitor sue for RICO damages based on a rival's tax fraud?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-433.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-12-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-12-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","paragraphs":["William Lockyer argued the Supreme Court must defer to state court fact-finding in habeas review.","He stated the Ninth Circuit did not simply apply the wrong standard of deference.","Drozdowski argued the Ninth Circuit correctly found the state court's fact determination unreasonable.","He claimed the prosecutor failed to provide a single persuasive reason for striking the juror."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-54"}]}],"caption":"Rice v. Collins","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.028992Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a prosecutor must provide a specific reason for striking a juror during a Batson challenge.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-12-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-52.html","primary_docket":"04-52","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:03:55.149127Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the standard of review for state court fact-finding in habeas corpus proceedings. It focuses on the prosecutor's obligation to explain juror strikes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 5, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Supreme Court to affirm the state court's deference to the prosecutor's explanation.","the opposing sides want the Supreme Court to uphold the Ninth Circuit's finding that the prosecutor's explanation was insufficient."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Supreme Court must defer to state court fact-finding under federal habeas statutes.","the opposing sides argue the state court unreasonably determined facts because the prosecutor gave no persuasive reason for the strike."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the state fact-finder merely gave the benefit of the doubt to the prosecutor.","Justice Souter asked if the district attorney claimed youth alone did not explain the strike because other young jurors remained unchallenged."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-54"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the minimum explanation a prosecutor must provide when striking a juror. It clarifies how federal courts review state court decisions in habeas proceedings. The outcome shapes the practical application of Batson challenges in criminal trials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-54"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-52-rice-v-collins","term":"2005","title":"Does the Batson challenge require a specific reason for striking a juror?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-52.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-12-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-12-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Mahoney argued the complaint alleged Domino's breached its contract with JWM.","She stated the complaint did not allege violations of McDonald's personal contracts.","Mr. Lichtenstein argued John McDonald forfeited his 1981 protection by choosing corporate ownership.","He contended section 1981 imposes a nondiscrimination duty outside contract law."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"}]}],"caption":"Domino's Pizza, Inc. v. McDonald","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.038108Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Domino's argues John McDonald lost his 1981 protections by forming a corporation. McDonald claims the federal law applies to him personally.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-12-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-593.html","primary_docket":"04-593","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:03:26.220007Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether federal anti-discrimination law protects individuals who own corporations. Domino's says corporate form changes the legal relationship. McDonald says the law protects the person, not just the entity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 6, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Domino's wants the Court to rule that corporate ownership voids individual federal contract rights.","McDonald wants the Court to rule that federal law protects him personally despite his corporate structure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Domino's argues that forming a corporation forfeits the individual's 1981 statutory protection.","McDonald argues that section 1981 imposes a nonnegotiable duty that ignores corporate form."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked what damages the plaintiff sought in this specific case.","Justice Kennedy asked if a directly discriminated individual can recover emotional distress damages alongside lost profits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of federal anti-discrimination protections for business owners. It determines whether corporate structures can shield companies from individual liability. The outcome shapes how small business owners access federal courts for contract disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-593-domino-s-pizza-inc-v-mcdonald","term":"2005","title":"Does corporate ownership strip an individual of federal contract rights?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-03-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-03-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Franklin argued the claim covers a doctor's mental correlation.","Mr. Hungar argued the claim satisfies patent law requirements.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-11"}]}],"caption":"Laboratory Corp. of America Holdings v. Metabolite Laboratories, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.576816Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether a patent claim covers a doctor's mental correlation of test results.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-03-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-607.html","primary_docket":"04-607","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:44:00.216778Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case concerns a patent claim for a medical test. The parties argue over the scope of that claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 21, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to reverse the lower-court action.","the opposing side wants the Court to affirm the lower-court action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the claim covers a doctor's mental correlation.","the opposing side argues the claim satisfies patent law requirements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked where the lower-court opinion is wrong.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the case is a definiteness case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of medical test patents. It affects how doctors interpret test results. It impacts the cost of medical diagnostics."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-11"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-607-laboratory-corp-of-america-holdings-v-metabolite-laboratories-inc","term":"2005","title":"Does a patent cover a doctor's mental correlation of test results?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-607.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-10-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-10-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","paragraphs":["General Clement argued the federal law bans prescribing drugs for suicide.","Mr. Atkinson argued states can regulate medical practice responsibly.","Justice Souter questioned if the statute authorizes doctors to prescribe lethal drugs.","Justice O'Connor questioned if a new Attorney General could change the rule."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"}]}],"caption":"Gonzales v. Oregon","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.244311Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.252773Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The federal government argues Oregon's law forces doctors to break federal drug rules. Oregon argues the federal law does not cover this medical practice.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-10-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-623.html","primary_docket":"04-623","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:18:49.151512Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the federal Controlled Substances Act. The government claims the law bans prescribing drugs for suicide. Oregon claims the law only regulates drug distribution, not medical practice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 5, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the federal rule banning the prescriptions.","Oregon wants the Court to strike down the federal rule and keep its law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the federal law bans using drugs to facilitate suicide.","Oregon argues the federal law does not regulate state medical practice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if the federal statute specifically authorizes doctors to prescribe lethal drugs.","Justice O'Connor asked if a new Attorney General could change the rule based on personal views."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between federal drug regulation and state medical authority. It determines whether federal law overrides state decisions on end-of-life care. The outcome shapes the balance of power between federal and state governments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-623-gonzales-v-oregon","term":"2005","title":"Can the federal government ban doctors from prescribing lethal drugs in Oregon?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-623.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-10-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-10-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","paragraphs":["Kansas argues its tax targets distributors off-reservation.","The tribe argues state law cannot reach tribal trust land.","justice_breyer_questioned_tax_structure","justice_breyer_questioned_retailer_impact"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-5"}]}],"caption":"Wagnon v. Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.225487Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.255255Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Kansas claims its fuel tax applies to sales on tribal land. The tribe argues state law cannot reach that territory.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-10-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-631.html","primary_docket":"04-631","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:21:50.514142Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Kansas imposes a tax on fuel distributors. The Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation imposes a separate tax on tribal stations. The parties dispute whether state law can tax sales on tribal trust land."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 3, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Kansas wants the Court to uphold its fuel tax on tribal sales.","The tribe wants the Court to strike down the state tax on its land."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Kansas argues its tax legally targets distributors off-reservation.","The tribe argues state law cannot tax sales on tribal trust land."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked how the tribe responds to the state's tax structure.","Justice Breyer questioned whether the tax effectively targets local retailers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary of state taxing power over tribal land. It determines whether states can tax commercial activity on reservations. The outcome shapes federalism and tribal sovereignty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-5"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-631-wagnon-v-prairie-band-potawatomi-nation","term":"2005","title":"Can Kansas tax fuel sold on tribal land?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-631.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-10-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-10-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Hurd argued the law protects disabled children.","Mr. Garre described the parents' private school enrollment.","Mr. Salmons argued traditional burden rules apply here."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-15"}]}],"caption":"Schaffer v. Weast","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.276587Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.282740Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Parents and school districts disagree on who must prove a special education plan failed.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-10-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-698.html","primary_docket":"04-698","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:18:31.245757Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks who bears the burden of proof in special education disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 5, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Parents want the school to prove the plan was appropriate.","Schools want parents to prove the plan was inappropriate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Parents argue the law protects children from discrimination.","Schools argue traditional rules place the burden on challengers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked if states can set burden rules.","Justice Scalia asked if federal base schools are covered."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines who pays for private school tuition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-15"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-698-schaffer-v-weast","term":"2005","title":"Who must prove a school violated special education law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-698.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-10-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-10-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Frederick argued the case is a routine diversity matter.","He stated the original defendants are proper and diverse parties.","Mr. Joseph argued the property manager is not a real party.","He contended the lower court judgment should stand."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 1-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 1-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 1-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 1-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-45"}]}],"caption":"Lincoln Property Co. v. Roche","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.285422Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A tenant sued a state board and a property manager. The state board claims the manager is not a real party. The manager claims it is a proper defendant.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 1-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 1-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-10-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-712.html","primary_docket":"04-712","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:08:56.708750Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how courts identify the true parties in a lawsuit. It asks if a company managing a property is a distinct legal entity for jurisdiction. The answer affects which courts hear real estate disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 1-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 1-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 11, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The tenant wants the case to proceed in federal court.","The property manager wants the case to stay in state court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 1-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 1-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The tenant argues the property manager is a real party in interest.","The property manager argues it is not a real party in interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 1-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 1-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if the defendant ever claimed to sue itself.","Justice Souter questioned if proper service makes a party the only one for diversity checks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 1-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 1-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines who counts as a party in federal court. It shapes access to federal tribunals for business disputes. It clarifies the role of property managers in litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 1-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 1-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 1-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 1-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-45"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-712-lincoln-property-co-v-roche","term":"2005","title":"Does a real estate firm's ownership of a property defeat federal diversity jurisdiction?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 1-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 1-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-712.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-11-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-11-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Chatman argued the Ninth Circuit decision was wrong.","She stated the rule frustrates Congress's intent.","She emphasized the federal interest in avoiding stale claims.","Mr. Stris argued the case follows prior precedent directly. He stated the risk is too great in this context."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"}]}],"caption":"Evans v. Chavis","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.214605Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.221876Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the phrase proves timeliness. the opposing sides argue it does not. The Court must decide if this phrase settles the deadline dispute.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-11-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-721.html","primary_docket":"04-721","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:09:21.545205Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a state court's specific wording settles a deadline dispute. the sides that brought the case want the phrase to prove timeliness. the opposing sides want the phrase to carry no legal weight. The outcome affects how federal courts handle stale claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 9, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the phrase to prove the petition was timely.","the opposing sides want the phrase to carry no legal weight."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the phrase proves timeliness and respects finality.","the opposing sides argue the phrase does not prove timeliness."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if state courts can set their own deadlines.","Justice Breyer asked why the phrase does not prove timeliness."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Federal courts must manage stale habeas claims. State courts must maintain conviction finality. The phrase determines if a petition is stale. This affects the balance between federal and state interests."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-721-evans-v-chavis","term":"2005","title":"Does a state court's use of the phrase on the merits prove a habeas petition was timely?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-721.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-10-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-10-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Maynard argued the Act waives immunity for federal employee torts.","She stated the Act applies private person liability principles.","She criticized the Ninth Circuit for using state entity standards.","Justice Kennedy questioned the liability of the United States for private inspectors."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-43"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Olson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.314245Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on which legal standards govern federal employee tort claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-10-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-759.html","primary_docket":"04-759","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:16:50.718082Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of federal sovereign immunity waivers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 12, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The United States seeks application of private person liability standards.","Olson seeks application of state governmental entity liability standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The United States argues the Act requires private person liability principles.","Olson argues the Act requires state entity liability principles."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked about hypothetical Arizona statutes for private inspectors.","Justice Souter asked about the relevance of a specific statutory section."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the legal standard for federal tort liability claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-43"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-759-united-states-v-olson","term":"2005","title":"Does the Federal Tort Claims Act apply private or state liability standards?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-759.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-01-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-01-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Nager argued the lower court erred in finding a per se violation. He cited stipulated facts to support his position.","Mr. Minear argued the pricing agreement is not a per se violation. He provided two specific reasons for this legal conclusion.","Mr. Alioto answered Justice Souter's question about price-fixing intent. He stated the companies did not advise they would fix prices."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]}],"caption":"Texaco Inc. v. Dagher","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.841909Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.864039Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Texaco and Shell argue their joint venture pricing is legal. Dagher claims it is an illegal price-fixing agreement.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-01-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-805.html","primary_docket":"04-805","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:58:08.002789Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether two companies can set prices for a joint venture without breaking antitrust law. The lower court found a per se violation. Texaco and Shell seek reversal. Dagher seeks affirmation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 10, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Texaco and Shell want the Court to reverse the lower court decision. They argue their joint venture pricing is lawful.","Dagher wants the Court to affirm the lower court decision. He argues the pricing agreement is an illegal per se violation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Texaco and Shell argue the joint venture pricing is not a per se violation. They claim the agreement is lawful under the rule of reason.","Dagher argues the pricing agreement is a per se violation. He claims the companies acted as a single entity to fix prices."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if a document exists that proves the pricing agreement.","Justice Breyer asked for specific citations regarding price-setting authority in the joint venture agreement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the legal limits of joint venture pricing. It determines whether competitors can coordinate prices through a shared business structure. The outcome shapes antitrust enforcement for collaborative business models."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-805-texaco-inc-v-dagher","term":"2005","title":"Does a joint venture price agreement violate the Sherman Act?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-805.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-11-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-11-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked why the Court should interpret the exception broadly.","Justice O'Connor asked if the waiver aimed to cover auto accidents by postal trucks.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if a broken package from a thrown delivery is covered.","Ms. Millett stated that sovereign immunity waiver principles are central to the statute."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 1-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-5"}]}],"caption":"Dolan v. Postal Service","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.161461Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.189058Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Dolan seeks damages for a late package. The Postal Service denies liability under the federal waiver.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 1-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-11-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-848.html","primary_docket":"04-848","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:11:01.081419Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of a federal statute. It waives sovereign immunity for postal negligence. The term negligent transmission defines the limit. Courts must decide if late delivery fits this term."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 1-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 7, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Dolan wants the Court to find late delivery is negligent transmission.","The Postal Service wants the Court to limit the term to physical damage."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 1-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Dolan argues the waiver covers any failure to deliver on time.","The Postal Service argues the waiver only covers physical mishandling of mail."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 1-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if negligent transmission covers late deliveries.","Justice Scalia asked if the Court already construed the waiver broadly in Kosak v. United States."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal liability for postal errors. It determines when citizens can sue the government for mail delays. It clarifies the boundary between physical damage and service failures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 1-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-5"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-848-dolan-v-postal-service","term":"2005","title":"Does the postal negligence waiver cover late deliveries?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 1-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-11-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-11-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Blatt asserted the Higher Education Act waives time limits for student loan collection.","Mr. Wolfman argued the Social Security Act bans benefit attachment unless expressly overridden.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-7"}]}],"caption":"Lockhart v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.137039Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a specific statute overrides the general ban on collecting student loans from Social Security benefits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-11-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-881.html","primary_docket":"04-881","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:12:52.785670Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if a specific law can override a general ban on debt collection from Social Security benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 2, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to reverse the lower court judgment.","The government wants the Court to affirm the lower court judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Social Security Act bans benefit attachment unless Congress expressly refers to it.","The government argues the Higher Education Act waives time limits for student loan collection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked what remedy exists for the situation.","Justice Scalia asked if one Congress can bind a future Congress through statutory language."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of federal debt collection powers against protected benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-7"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-881-lockhart-v-united-states","term":"2005","title":"Can Congress waive the Social Security Act's ban on debt collection?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-881.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-10-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-10-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","paragraphs":["The college argues state immunity blocks federal bankruptcy enforcement.","The creditor argues federal bankruptcy laws must bind all states.","Justice Stevens asked why the automatic stay binds the state.","Justice O'Connor asked why sovereign immunity does not extend to the stay."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"}]}],"caption":"Central Va. Community College v. Katz","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.091685Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal bankruptcy laws override state sovereign immunity.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-10-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-885.html","primary_docket":"04-885","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:14:55.586911Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of federal power over state entities in bankruptcy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 31, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The college wants to keep its sovereign immunity from federal bankruptcy rules.","The creditor wants the federal bankruptcy laws to apply to the state college."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The college argues state immunity blocks federal bankruptcy enforcement.","The creditor argues federal bankruptcy laws must bind all states."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked why the automatic stay binds the state.","Justice O'Connor asked why sovereign immunity does not extend to the stay."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance between federal bankruptcy power and state sovereignty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-885-central-va-community-college-v-katz","term":"2005","title":"Can Congress force states to follow federal bankruptcy rules?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-885.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-01-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-01-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the blood evidence is inconclusive.","the opposing side argues the blood proves guilt.","questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-23"}]}],"caption":"House v. Bell","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.886549Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.901995Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The case tests if blood on jeans proves guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-01-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-8990.html","primary_docket":"04-8990","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:57:38.741958Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether blood on jeans proves guilt beyond a reasonable doubt."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 11, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction overturned.","the opposing side wants the conviction upheld."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the blood evidence is inconclusive.","the opposing side argues the blood proves guilt."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the district court found the blood not from a spill.","Justice Scalia asked if the side that brought the case claims the district court was clearly erroneous."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts weigh physical evidence in criminal trials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-23"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-8990-house-v-bell","term":"2005","title":"Does blood on jeans prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-8990.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 9-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-10-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-10-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Phillips argued the case involves competition between dealers.","Mr. Englert noted sixty-six years passed since the law passed.","chief_justice_roberts_asked_if_the_language_covers_potential_purchasers"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-5"}]}],"caption":"Volvo Trucks North America, Inc. v. Reeder-Simco GMC, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.076551Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.100746Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Volvo Trucks and Reeder-Simco GMC dispute whether a dealer who loses a bid can sue for price discrimination.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-10-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-905.html","primary_docket":"04-905","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T22:07:35.148666Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Robinson-Patman Act. The law bans sellers from charging different prices to different buyers. The dispute centers on whether a dealer who loses a competitive bid counts as a buyer under this law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 31, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-52"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Volvo Trucks wants the Court to say the law does not cover lost bids.","Reeder-Simco GMC wants the Court to say the law covers lost bids."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Volvo Trucks argues the law requires a completed sale to apply.","Reeder-Simco GMC argues the law covers potential buyers in competitive bidding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked about dealers receiving different concessions over time.","Justice Stevens asked if ordinary inventory sales involve two purchasers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who can sue for unfair pricing. It affects how manufacturers compete with dealers. It shapes the rules for competitive bidding in commerce."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-5"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-905-volvo-trucks-north-america-inc-v-reeder-simco-gmc-inc","term":"2005","title":"Does the Robinson-Patman Act cover dealers who lose competitive bids?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-12-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-12-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Williams argued that the Eighth Amendment requires juries to consider mitigation related to the defendant's background or offense circumstances.","Mr. Shanmugam argued that prohibiting guilt-phase relitigation during sentencing does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment.","Justice O'Connor questioned whether the Oregon Supreme Court misapprehended the facts regarding the defendant's presence during the crime.","Justice Breyer asked if the Oregon court mistakenly believed the defendant was not present during the crime."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-47"}]}],"caption":"Oregon v. Guzek","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.060416Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.070164Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Oregon seeks to prevent a defendant from arguing guilt-phase doubts during sentencing. The defendant claims this violates the Eighth Amendment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-12-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-928.html","primary_docket":"04-928","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:01:40.422351Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a state can block a defendant from arguing guilt-phase doubts during a death penalty hearing. The defendant claims this violates the Eighth Amendment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 7, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Oregon wants the Court to affirm the state's ban on guilt-phase arguments during sentencing.","Guzek wants the Court to allow him to argue guilt-phase doubts during his death penalty hearing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Oregon argues that prohibiting guilt-phase relitigation during sentencing does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment.","Guzek argues that the Eighth Amendment requires juries to consider mitigation related to the defendant's background or offense circumstances."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice O'Connor asked if some of the mother's testimony would be admissible at the penalty stage under Oregon law.","Justice Breyer asked if the Oregon court misapprehended the facts regarding the defendant's presence during the crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether states can restrict what defendants argue during death penalty hearings. It affects the scope of mitigation evidence in capital sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-47"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-928-oregon-v-guzek","term":"2005","title":"Can a state bar a defendant from arguing guilt-phase doubts during a death penalty hearing?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-928.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-01-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-01-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Joseffer argued the rule depends on interpreting congressional intent in the statutes.","Mr. Prendergast disputed the claim that the plaintiff properly alleged the defendant was an employer.","source_ids"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"}]}],"caption":"Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.878962Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the 15-employee threshold defines court power or a legal element.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-01-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-944.html","primary_docket":"04-944","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:57:06.048288Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp. asks if the 15-employee rule limits federal court jurisdiction. The lower court treated this number as a jurisdictional bar. The parties disagree on whether this threshold defines court power or a claim element."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 11, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Arbaugh wants the Court to treat the 15-employee rule as a jurisdictional limit.","Y & H Corp. wants the Court to treat the 15-employee rule as a claim element."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Arbaugh argues the statute grants jurisdiction only to employers with 15 or more employees.","Y & H Corp. argues the employee count is a factual element of the discrimination claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked why Congress would make a disadvantage jurisdictional rather than an element.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the employee count determines whether a party is covered by the law at all."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether federal courts can dismiss discrimination claims based solely on employee count. It defines the scope of federal judicial power over Title VII disputes. It clarifies the procedural path for plaintiffs with smaller employers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-944-arbaugh-v-y-h-corp","term":"2005","title":"Does Title VII require 15 employees for federal court jurisdiction?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-944.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-02-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-02-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's counsel stated the search lacked individualized suspicion.","the side that brought the case's counsel argued no adequate safeguards limited officer discretion.","California's counsel cited high recidivism rates as justification.","California's counsel argued the search is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 33-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 33-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"}]}],"caption":"Samson v. California","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.705991Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.737867Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"California law allows officers to search parolees without specific evidence of crime. the side that brought the case argues this violates the Fourth Amendment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-02-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-9728.html","primary_docket":"04-9728","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:50:49.820642Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Fourth Amendment. It asks if a state can require parolees to accept warrantless searches based solely on their status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 22, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 33-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 33-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the search declared unconstitutional.","California wants the search upheld as reasonable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the officer had unlimited discretion to search.","California argues parole is a privilege exchanged for search consent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if refusing a search is a dire consequence.","Justice Kennedy asked if a parole officer could threaten revocation to force consent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 33-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 33-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of state power over released offenders. It balances public safety against individual privacy rights. The outcome shapes how states manage parole populations nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 33-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 33-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-9728-samson-v-california","term":"2005","title":"Can police search parolees without individualized suspicion?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-9728.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2005-10-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2005-10-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Kirkland stated the classification determines how courts assess invalid factors.","Ms. Rivkind argued the jury instructions show the law is a weighing statute.","Justice Souter questioned the differentiation from other states' eligibility factor instructions.","Justice Kennedy noted the distinction is artificial but serves a specific purpose."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-7"}]}],"caption":"Brown v. Sanders","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:29.280069Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether California's statute mandates weighing special circumstances during sentencing.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2005-10-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-980.html","primary_docket":"04-980","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T14:17:04.994661Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines how courts treat invalid eligibility factors in capital sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 11, 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks a ruling that the statute is a weighing law.","the opposing side seeks a ruling that the statute is not a weighing law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Ms. Kirkland argues the statute is a weighing law under established precedent.","Ms. Rivkind argues the jury instructions clarify the statute is a weighing law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if the law calls them special circumstances.","Justice Kennedy asked why the distinction between weighing and non-weighing states exists."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The classification determines how courts assess invalid factors in death penalty cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-7"}]}],"slug":"2005-04-980-brown-v-sanders","term":"2005","title":"Does California's death penalty law require weighing special circumstances?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/04-980.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-03-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-03-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Verrilli described the specific benefits provided by the plan.","Mr. Strain emphasized the strict requirements for bankruptcy priorities.","questions_and_answers"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-37"}]}],"caption":"Howard Delivery Service, Inc. v. Zurich American Ins.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.573943Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a workers' compensation plan fits the legal definition of an employee benefit plan.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-03-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-128.html","primary_docket":"05-128","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:43:39.652285Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if a workers' compensation plan counts as an employee benefit plan. This classification determines bankruptcy priority for unpaid premiums."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 21, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the plan excluded from the employee benefit definition.","the opposing sides want the plan included in the employee benefit definition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue bankruptcy priorities require clear statutory language.","the opposing sides argue the plan fits the standard employee benefit definition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked for the strongest authority for the initial presumption.","Justice Scalia noted ERISA explicitly excludes workers' compensation from the definition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of employee benefit plans. This classification affects bankruptcy priority for insurance premiums. The ruling clarifies statutory definitions for future cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-37"}]}],"slug":"2005-05-128-howard-delivery-service-inc-v-zurich-american-ins","term":"2005","title":"Does a workers' compensation plan qualify as an employee benefit plan under ERISA?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-128.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-03-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-03-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Phillips argued for the sides that brought the case. He emphasized the need for judicial discretion in granting injunctions.","Mr. Minear argued for the United States. He stated patent rights must consider available remedies.","Mr. Waxman argued for the opposing sides. He defended the right to automatic injunctive relief."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 1-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 1-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-13"}]}],"caption":"eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.672059Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.675687Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to limit automatic injunctions. the opposing sides demand permanent bans on infringers.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 1-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 1-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-03-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-130.html","primary_docket":"05-130","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:37:53.404972Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on patent remedies. the sides that brought the case argue courts must weigh all factors before issuing injunctions. the opposing sides claim patent holders deserve automatic bans on infringers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 1-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 1-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 29, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want courts to deny automatic injunctions.","the opposing sides want courts to grant permanent bans on infringers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 1-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 1-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue courts must consider market alternatives before issuing injunctions.","the opposing sides argue patent holders deserve property protection through automatic bans."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 1-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 1-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the lower court action was proper.","Justice Scalia asked why the free market cannot solve the problem."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines patent remedy standards. It affects how courts balance property rights against market competition. The outcome shapes future patent enforcement strategies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 1-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 1-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-13"}]}],"slug":"2005-05-130-ebay-inc-v-mercexchange-l-l-c","term":"2005","title":"Should courts always grant injunctions for patent infringement?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 1-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 1-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-130.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-04-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-04-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kuntz argued for a clear rule.","He said the statute imposes a certain obligation.","He urged the Court not to expand fees.","Mr. Vladeck argued the text authorizes expert costs."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-19"}]}],"caption":"Arlington Central School Dist. Bd. of Ed. v. Murphy","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.440090Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Parents seek expert fees. The district opposes this award.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-04-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-18.html","primary_docket":"05-18","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:30:20.487188Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests statutory text. It defines recoverable costs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 19, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The district wants to limit costs to attorneys' fees.","The parents want to recover expert witness fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The district argues the statute excludes expert fees.","The parents argue the statute includes expert fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked about consultant hours.","Justice Breyer questioned the word costs' meaning."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This defines school district financial liability. It shapes special education litigation costs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-19"}]}],"slug":"2005-05-18-arlington-central-school-dist-bd-of-ed-v-murphy","term":"2005","title":"Do IDEA costs include expert witness fees?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-18.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-04-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-04-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","paragraphs":["The insurer's counsel argued the case arises under federal law because it enforces a federal government contract.","The employee's counsel argued the contract rights are private, not federal, under existing legal inquiries.","Chief Justice Roberts probed the validity of the legal authority cited by the insurer's counsel.","Justice Ginsburg questioned whether the statute actually requires a federal forum for these reimbursement claims."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-17"}]}],"caption":"Empire HealthChoice Assurance, Inc. v. McVeigh","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.491516Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.508345Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a private insurer must pay a federal employee for medical costs after a tort settlement.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-04-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-200.html","primary_docket":"05-200","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:26:00.100194Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the legal nature of a federal employee health plan contract. The core issue is whether enforcing this specific contract constitutes a federal claim. The outcome determines which court system handles these reimbursement disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 25, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The insurer wants the Supreme Court to reverse the dismissal and allow its federal claim to proceed.","The employee wants the Supreme Court to affirm the dismissal and keep the case out of federal court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The insurer argues the contract enforces federal government duties, creating a federal claim under federal law.","The employee argues the contract is a private agreement, so the claim lacks a federal basis."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the legal authority cited by the insurer has ever been applied in twenty years.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned why a private employee relationship qualifies as a government contract for these purposes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the jurisdiction for federal employee health plan reimbursement disputes. It clarifies whether private insurers can sue in federal court to recover costs from tort settlements. The ruling shapes the legal landscape for federal benefits administration and private contract enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 1-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 1-17"}]}],"slug":"2005-05-200-empire-healthchoice-assurance-inc-v-mcveigh","term":"2005","title":"Does a federal employee health plan contract create a federal claim?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-200.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Smith argued the Texas legislature acted only to maximize Republican representation.","Ms. Perales argued Texas violated the Equal Protection Clause by using race excessively.","Ms. Perales stated the state removed 100,000 Latinos from district 23.","Ms. Perales claimed the state then crafted a razor-thin Latino majority district."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 27-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 27-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 109, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 109, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 111, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 111, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 111, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 111, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 49-17"}]}],"caption":"League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.813103Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.834930Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.857864Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Texas claims it used race to create a compact district. Challengers say the state used race to pack voters and dilute their power.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 27-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 27-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 109, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 109, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 111, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 111, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-204.html","primary_docket":"05-204","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:46:39.850088Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Texas redrew its congressional map in 2003. The state says it used race to create a compact district. Challengers argue the state used race to pack voters. The Court must decide if this use of race violates the Constitution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 27-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 27-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 109, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 109, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 111, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 111, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 1, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 109, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 109, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 49-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Texas wants the Court to allow race as a main reason for drawing a compact district.","Challengers want the Court to strike down the map for using race to pack voters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 27-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 27-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 109, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 109, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 111, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 111, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Texas argues that using race to create a compact district is permissible under the law.","Challengers argue that using race to create a thin majority district violates equal protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 27-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 27-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 109, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 109, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 111, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 111, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if race can be a predominant motive for a compact district.","Justice Scalia asked if creating a majority-minority district is a racial reason regardless of compactness."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 111, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 111, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how states can use race in redistricting. It determines whether compactness justifies racial considerations. It affects how states draw future congressional maps. It shapes the balance between racial representation and equal protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 27-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 27-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 109, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 109, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 111, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 111, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 109, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 109, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 111, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 111, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 49-17"}]}],"slug":"2005-05-204-league-of-united-latin-american-citizens-v-perry","term":"2005","title":"Can Texas use race to draw a compact district if it is the main reason for the map?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 27-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 27-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 109, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 109, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 111, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 111, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-04-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-04-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Phillips argued that the jury instructions did not apply the correct legal standard for retaliation.","Mr. Donati argued that reassigning and suspending White without pay constituted discrimination.","Justice Breyer asked if excluding a woman from a key meeting could harm her career and count as a violation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"}]}],"caption":"Burlington N. & S. F. R. Co. v. White","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.391811Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.420623Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Burlington Northern argues that minor workplace reassignments do not constitute actionable retaliation. White contends that such actions violate federal anti-discrimination laws.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-04-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-259.html","primary_docket":"05-259","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:35:47.950422Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case centers on whether federal law protects employees from non-economic workplace mistreatment after filing discrimination charges. The dispute involves the scope of retaliation claims under Title VII."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 17, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Burlington Northern wants the Court to limit retaliation claims to tangible economic losses.","White wants the Court to recognize non-economic workplace mistreatment as actionable retaliation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Burlington Northern argues that minor reassignments and suspensions do not meet the legal threshold for retaliation.","White argues that excluding an employee from work activities after a charge constitutes illegal retaliation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if excluding an employee from a specific role for a year counts as retaliation.","Justice Ginsburg asked if excluding an employee from a weekly lunch meeting constitutes retaliation under the current definition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of federal protections for employees who report discrimination. It determines whether employers can impose non-economic penalties without legal consequence. This standard affects workplace conduct and employee rights nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 1-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 1-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"}]}],"slug":"2005-05-259-burlington-n-s-f-r-co-v-white","term":"2005","title":"Does a Title VII retaliation claim require tangible economic harm?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-259.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-03-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-03-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Stris argued that the plan seeks monetary reimbursement from beneficiaries.","Mr. Coleman asserted that subrogation claims fit within equitable limits.","Mr. Feldman stated that the case seeks a specifically identifiable fund."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 25-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 25-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-41"}]}],"caption":"Sereboff v. Mid Atlantic Medical Services, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.638182Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a health plan can force beneficiaries to return specific settlement money.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 25-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 25-54"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-03-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-260.html","primary_docket":"05-260","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:39:43.944526Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of equitable relief under ERISA section 502(a)(3)."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 25-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 25-54"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 28, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to bar the plan from seeking specific funds.","the opposing sides want the Court to allow the plan to recover the settlement money."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 25-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 25-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue that contractual reimbursement claims are not equitable relief.","the opposing sides argue that subrogation claims are inherently equitable and enforceable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 25-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 25-54"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked how the case differs from Barnes v. Alexander.","Justice Souter asked why an injunction is needed if funds are identifiable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the financial remedies available to employee health plans."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 25-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 25-54"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-41"}]}],"slug":"2005-05-260-sereboff-v-mid-atlantic-medical-services-inc","term":"2005","title":"Can ERISA plans use equitable relief to recover specific settlement funds?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 25-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-260.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 25-54"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-04-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-04-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Dreeben argued the Sixth Amendment secures a fair trial through adversary procedures.","Mr. Fisher argued removing chosen counsel violates the Sixth Amendment immediately.","Justice Scalia asked when the Court first required the state to provide counsel.","Justice Stevens asked why the choice of counsel does not protect autonomy."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 1-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 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Gonzalez-Lopez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.408922Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.426299Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A defendant fired his chosen lawyer. He wants a new trial. The government says the error did not harm him.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-04-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-352.html","primary_docket":"05-352","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:56:40.307609Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests when a court must restart a trial after removing a defendant's chosen lawyer."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 18, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The defendant wants a new trial because he lost his chosen lawyer.","The government wants to keep the verdict because the error did not change the outcome."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The defendant argues the Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to a specific chosen lawyer.","The government argues the Sixth Amendment only guarantees a fair trial, not a specific lawyer."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if a client directs the defense strategy.","Chief Justice Roberts asked how a client chooses between two different defense strategies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 1-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-54"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of the right to choose a lawyer. It affects every criminal defendant who fires or loses their chosen attorney."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 1-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-54"}]}],"slug":"2005-05-352-united-states-v-gonzalez-lopez","term":"2005","title":"Does firing a chosen lawyer require a new trial?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-352.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-04-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-04-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Frederick argued the general rule prohibits appeal.","Mr. Perry argued Judge Easterbrook committed no errors.","Justice Scalia questioned the jurisdictional approach of the federal court.","Justice Kennedy asked about the theoretical basis for the comment."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"}]}],"caption":"Kircher v. Putnam Funds Trust","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.475920Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.504687Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to appeal a remand order. the opposing sides argue the order is not appealable.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-04-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-409.html","primary_docket":"05-409","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:27:21.599465Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the appealability of remand orders under SLUSA. the sides that brought the case want to appeal the order. the opposing sides want the order to stand."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 24, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to appeal the remand order.","the opposing sides want the remand order to stand."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the remand order is appealable.","the opposing sides argue the general rule prohibits appeal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if federal courts decide substantive issues before remanding.","Justice Kennedy asked about the basis for the now or never comment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of federal appellate review. It affects how parties challenge remand orders. It shapes the balance between federal and state courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"}]}],"slug":"2005-05-409-kircher-v-putnam-funds-trust","term":"2005","title":"Can parties appeal a federal remand order under SLUSA?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-409.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-03-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-03-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Perkell argued Congress intended to require inmates to comply with administrative grievance procedures.","Mr. Feder argued a procedural default rule should not be read into the PLRA.","Mr. Himmelfarb argued the Ninth Circuit decision contradicts the text, history, and purposes of the PLRA."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]}],"caption":"Woodford v. Ngo","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.608513Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Prison Litigation Reform Act forces inmates to exhaust internal prison appeals before filing federal lawsuits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-03-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-416.html","primary_docket":"05-416","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:41:45.154680Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Prison Litigation Reform Act. the sides that brought the case argue the law mandates using prison grievance procedures. the opposing sides claim the law allows inmates to skip those steps. The United States supports the sides that brought the case. The core conflict involves statutory interpretation and procedural requirements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 22, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to mandate that inmates use prison grievance procedures before suing.","the opposing sides want the Court to allow inmates to ignore prison grievance procedures when filing suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute text, history, and purpose require exhaustion of administrative remedies.","the opposing sides argue a procedural default rule should not be read into the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked about deference to first-line decisionmakers in prison settings.","Justice Breyer asked about the language of a predecessor act regarding available remedies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the procedural path for inmate lawsuits. It determines whether prisoners must navigate internal prison systems first. The outcome shapes access to federal courts for incarcerated individuals. It clarifies the balance between prison administration and judicial review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]}],"slug":"2005-05-416-woodford-v-ngo","term":"2005","title":"Must inmates use prison grievance systems before suing?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-416.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-04-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-04-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","paragraphs":["Mohawk Industries argues that a corporation is a single legal entity.","The plaintiffs argue that the company and recruiters formed a criminal group.","Justice Breyer questioned the logic of excluding corporations from enterprise definitions.","Justice Scalia questioned whether the issue was properly before the Court."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-1"}]}],"caption":"Mohawk Industries, Inc. v. Williams","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.519545Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.547947Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Mohawk Industries and the plaintiffs dispute whether a single company can form a criminal enterprise under federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 17-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-04-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-465.html","primary_docket":"05-465","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:23:56.354069Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Mohawk Industries seeks to limit the definition of a RICO enterprise. The plaintiffs argue the company acted as a criminal group."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 26, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Mohawk Industries wants the Court to rule that a corporation cannot be a RICO enterprise.","The plaintiffs want the Court to allow a corporation to be a RICO enterprise."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Mohawk Industries argues that a corporation is a single legal entity, not a group.","The plaintiffs argue that the company and its recruiters formed a concerted criminal venture."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if five individuals could form an enterprise.","Justice Scalia asked why the issue was not raised in lower courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal racketeering laws. It determines who can be sued for organized crime. It affects corporate liability and civil rights enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-1"}]}],"slug":"2005-05-465-mohawk-industries-inc-v-williams","term":"2005","title":"Can a corporation be a RICO enterprise?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 31-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 31-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 17-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-04-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-04-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Gray argued the city police need flexibility to act.","Mr. Studebaker cited emergency aid and exigent circumstances as legal bases.","Mr. Mcnulty argued officers must not watch violence escalate."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-21"}]}],"caption":"Brigham City v. Stuart","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.453986Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Police entered a home to stop a fight. The city argues this was legal. The resident argues it violated his rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-54"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-04-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-502.html","primary_docket":"05-502","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:28:44.037839Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The city wants a rule allowing entry to stop violence. The resident wants a rule requiring a warrant first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-54"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 24, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The city wants a rule allowing entry to stop violence.","The resident wants a rule requiring a warrant first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The city argues officers need no warrant to stop imminent harm.","The resident argues officers must get a warrant before entering."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-54"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if police know when to use telephone warrants.","Justice Scalia asked if officers must always use telephone warrants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when police can enter homes without warrants. It affects public safety and privacy rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-54"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-21"}]}],"slug":"2005-05-502-brigham-city-v-stuart","term":"2005","title":"Can police enter a home without a warrant to stop a fight?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-502.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-54"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-03-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-03-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's advocate stated the caller knowingly told a government agent about a crime. This makes the statements testimonial.","the opposing side's advocate stated the operator asked questions to respond to an emergency. This makes the statements non-testimonial.","Justice Ginsburg noted the call was initiated by the victim. She described it as a cry for help.","Justice Roberts asked about a scenario where a victim yells at a neighbor. This tests the scope of the emergency exception."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-45"}]}],"caption":"Davis v. Washington","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.538996Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.552369Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a victim's 911 call seeking aid counts as formal testimony under the Confrontation Clause.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-03-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-5224.html","primary_docket":"05-5224","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:59:48.164721Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the boundary between emergency calls and formal testimony. The Confrontation Clause limits the use of out-of-court statements. The core issue is whether a 911 call seeking help qualifies as testimonial evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 20, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to declare the 911 statements testimonial. This would exclude the statements from evidence at trial.","the opposing side wants the court to declare the 911 statements non-testimonial. This would allow the statements as evidence at trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the caller knowingly reported a crime to a government agent. This makes the statements testimonial under the Confrontation Clause.","the opposing side argues the operator asked questions to address an emergency. This makes the statements non-testimonial and admissible."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked what the caller wanted if not help. This probes the intent behind the 911 call.","Justice Breyer asked how the Confrontation Clause differs from hearsay rules. This seeks a clear legal distinction between the two concepts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when emergency calls become formal testimony. It affects how courts treat victim statements in domestic violence cases. The outcome shapes the balance between public safety and defendant rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-45"}]}],"slug":"2005-05-5224-davis-v-washington","term":"2005","title":"Does a 911 call for help count as testimony?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5224.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-03-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-03-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","paragraphs":["Richard Friedman argued for Hammon. He said her statements were accusatory. He claimed they satisfied the definition of testimony.","Michael Fisher argued for Indiana. He said the statements were emergency reports. He compared them to 911 calls.","Justice Alito questioned the nature of 911 calls. He asked if they are always testimonial.","Justice Breyer challenged the state's broad definition. He worried it excludes too much evidence."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"}]}],"caption":"Hammon v. Indiana","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.541686Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.570421Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The case tests whether statements made to officers at a crime scene qualify as testimonial evidence under the Confrontation Clause.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-03-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-5705.html","primary_docket":"05-5705","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:46:00.281196Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Amy Hammon told police officers about a domestic violence incident. Indiana prosecutors used her statements at trial. She argues these statements were testimonial. The state argues they were emergency reports. The Court must define the line between these two types of statements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 20, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Hammon wants the Court to rule that her statements were testimonial. She wants the state to exclude them from evidence.","Indiana wants the Court to rule that her statements were non-testimonial. It wants to admit them as evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Hammon argues her statements were made to build a case. She claims this makes them testimonial under the Constitution.","Indiana argues her statements were made to address an emergency. It claims this makes them non-testimonial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if a 911 call describing a hit-and-run is testimonial.","Justice Breyer asked if the state's rule excludes statements far removed from prosecution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines what counts as testimony. It affects how police handle domestic violence calls. It shapes the rights of victims and defendants in court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"}]}],"slug":"2005-05-5705-hammon-v-indiana","term":"2005","title":"Does a domestic violence victim's statement to police count as testimony?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5705.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-04-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-04-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","paragraphs":["David Goldberg argued Clark lost his fair trial right. He stated Arizona law required proof of intent.","General Clement argued Arizona's law is constitutional. He stated the state controls the defense definition.","Justice Kennedy asked if the state deemed testimony irrelevant. He sought clarification on the state's position."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-45"}]}],"caption":"Clark v. Arizona","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.460555Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Eric Clark argues Arizona barred relevant mental state evidence. The state claims it controls the insanity defense definition.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 45-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-04-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-5966.html","primary_docket":"05-5966","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:29:09.015644Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests state power to define insanity. It also tests limits on mental state evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 45-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 19, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Clark wants the Court to strike down Arizona's insanity law. He seeks to admit his mental state evidence.","Arizona wants the Court to uphold its insanity law. It seeks to keep mental state evidence excluded."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 45-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Clark argues Arizona violated his Fourteenth Amendment rights. He claims the state barred relevant evidence.","Arizona argues it has discretion to define the insanity defense. It claims the Constitution allows this choice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 45-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked about the name guilty except insane. She questioned what specific crime Clark committed.","Justice Breyer asked if Clark knew right from wrong. He questioned the cognitive element of the defense."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state control over criminal defenses. It shapes how courts handle mental illness evidence. It impacts future insanity defense trials nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 45-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-45"}]}],"slug":"2005-05-5966-clark-v-arizona","term":"2005","title":"Can states limit insanity defense evidence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-5966.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 45-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-04-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-04-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Jett argued the government must disprove duress beyond a reasonable doubt.","Mr. Gornstein argued the defendant must prove duress because it is an affirmative defense.","Justice Souter questioned whether the defendant freely chooses to commit the crime.","Justice Souter asked what the added element of the defense is."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-37"}]}],"caption":"Dixon v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.485711Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on which party bears the burden of proof for the duress defense.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-04-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-7053.html","primary_docket":"05-7053","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:24:41.654835Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks who must prove the facts of a duress defense."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 25, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the government to disprove duress beyond a reasonable doubt.","The government wants the defendant to prove duress by a preponderance of the evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues duress is an affirmative defense that excuses criminal conduct.","The government argues the defendant must prove the defense because it excuses serious conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked what the added element of the defense is.","Justice Souter asked if the defendant chooses to commit the crime despite pressure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the standard for proving a defendant acted under threat."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 1-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-37"}]}],"slug":"2005-05-7053-dixon-v-united-states","term":"2005","title":"Who must prove a defendant acted under duress?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-7053.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-04-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-04-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Whisman argued that a judge deciding facts that raise a sentence violates the Sixth Amendment.","Mr. Link argued that the error in this case could not be subjected to harmless error analysis.","Ms. Millett argued that failure to submit an element to a jury is subject to harmless error analysis.","Mr. Whisman distinguished his case by noting the defendant was never put on notice of aggravated murder."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-31"}]}],"caption":"Washington v. Recuenco","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.379990Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.394619Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a judge may find facts that increase a sentence beyond the standard range.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-54"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-04-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-83.html","primary_docket":"05-83","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:57:30.390370Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial. It asks if a judge can decide facts that raise a sentence above the standard range. the side that brought the case argues this violates constitutional rights. the opposing side argues the error was harmless."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-54"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 17, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to declare the judge’s fact-finding unconstitutional.","the opposing side wants the Court to allow harmless error analysis for this mistake."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues a judge cannot decide facts that increase punishment above the standard range.","the opposing side argues this error is nonstructural and subject to harmless error review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-54"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if the firearm must be operable.","Justice Kennedy questioned if the prosecutor thought there was no error regarding the deadly weapon definition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between judge and jury powers in sentencing. It determines who decides facts that raise criminal penalties. The outcome shapes the core of the jury trial right in criminal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-54"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 1-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 1-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 1-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-31"}]}],"slug":"2005-05-83-washington-v-recuenco","term":"2005","title":"Can a judge decide facts that raise a criminal sentence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-83.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-54"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-04-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-04-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Doss argued that challenges to execution procedures belong in civil rights actions.","Mr. Shanmugam argued that failing to name an alternative equates to challenging the sentence itself.","Justice Scalia questioned the practical implications of allowing repeated challenges to new methods.","Justice Souter inquired about the specific injunctive relief requested by the side that brought the case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-11"}]}],"caption":"Hill v. McDonough","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.515440Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a prisoner must propose a lawful alternative method to challenge a state's execution protocol.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 45-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-04-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2005","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-8794.html","primary_docket":"05-8794","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:23:39.055680Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of prisoner rights regarding execution methods. It defines the procedural path for challenging state protocols."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 45-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 26, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks to block the state's execution method.","the opposing side seeks to proceed with the current execution method."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 45-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the state's method violates constitutional standards.","the opposing side argues the prisoner must propose a lawful alternative method."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 45-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the prisoner could challenge any new state method.","Justice Souter asked what specific relief the side that brought the case requested."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the procedural requirements for challenging execution methods. It clarifies the balance between prisoner rights and state authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 45-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-11"}]}],"slug":"2005-05-8794-hill-v-mcdonough","term":"2005","title":"Can a prisoner block an execution method without naming a legal alternative?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2005/05-8794.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 45-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-11-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-11-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Dabney argued the patent claim is broadly worded. He stated the Solicitor General agrees it is invalid.","Mr. Hungar argued the motivation test is bad policy. He claimed it produces wrong answers in cases like this.","Mr. Goldstein referenced the supplemental joint appendix. He promised to quote from the provided documents."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-15"}]}],"caption":"KSR International Co. v. Teleflex, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.131020Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.165770Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a rigid legal test wrongly protects patents that combine known elements without a clear reason.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-11-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/04-1350.html","primary_docket":"04-1350","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:57:27.436427Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["KSR International challenges a patent for an adjustable pedal. Teleflex defends the patent's validity. The core issue is the legal standard for obviousness."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 28, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["KSR International wants the Court to reject the rigid motivation test. They argue this test wrongly protects weak patents.","Teleflex wants the Court to keep the strict test. They argue this test provides clear rules for patent validity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["KSR International argues the current test contradicts the Patent Act. They claim it asks the wrong legal question.","Teleflex argues the motivation test is essential. They claim it prevents arbitrary invalidation of patents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the argument holds against recent Federal Circuit decisions.","Justice Breyer asked for a clear definition of the term motivation in this context."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how easily patents can be invalidated. It affects the cost and speed of innovation across industries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-15"}]}],"slug":"2006-04-1350-ksr-international-co-v-teleflex-inc","term":"2006","title":"Should courts require a specific motivation to combine prior art before invalidating a patent?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/04-1350.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-02-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-02-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","paragraphs":["Microsoft's counsel argued that patent law protects against making components in the U.S.","AT&T's counsel argued that Microsoft supplies the precise machine-readable sequence of commands.","Justice Kennedy asked if the disk, not the information, is the component."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"}]}],"caption":"Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.275330Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Microsoft and AT&T dispute whether sending digital code overseas counts as exporting components.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-02-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-1056.html","primary_docket":"05-1056","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:43:54.762542Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Microsoft argues that digital code is not a physical component. AT&T argues that the code itself is the critical component."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 21, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Microsoft wants the Court to rule that digital code is not a component.","AT&T wants the Court to rule that digital code is a component."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Microsoft argues that Section 271(f) covers only physical parts shipped abroad.","AT&T argues that the object code is the critical component sent from the U.S."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if precedent exists for the parties' stipulation.","Justice Scalia asked if a bet on a court outcome creates standing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of U.S. patent law for digital products. It determines whether companies can avoid liability by sending code abroad. The outcome shapes global software distribution and patent enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-1056-microsoft-corp-v-at-t-corp","term":"2006","title":"Does shipping software code abroad violate U.S. patent law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1056.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-11-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-11-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Russell argued that the jury found the employer paid the side that brought the case less than male employees. He stated that the employer did this because of her sex. He emphasized the ongoing nature of the pay disparity.","Mr. Nager argued that a claim is timely only if it concerns acts during the filing period. He stated that the Court has repeatedly said this. He emphasized the importance of the initial discriminatory act.","Mr. Gornstein argued that a claim brought within 180 days of a decision is timely. He referenced the specific timeframe for filing charges. He focused on the decision not to equalize pay.","Mr. Richards agreed with the premise that intent must be shown. He confirmed the requirement for discriminatory intent at the time of the paycheck."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file 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58, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-33"}]}],"caption":"Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.088099Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.117338Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether an employee can sue for pay discrimination based on a past decision that continues to affect current wages.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-11-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-1074.html","primary_docket":"05-1074","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:58:02.979973Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the statute of limitations for pay discrimination claims. The core issue is whether each paycheck issued after a discriminatory pay decision constitutes a new violation. the side that brought the case argues that ongoing effects of a past act keep the claim alive. the opposing side contends that only the initial discriminatory act matters for timeliness."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 27, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to rule that each paycheck issued after a discriminatory pay decision is a new actionable violation. She seeks to allow her claim to proceed despite the time elapsed since the initial pay decision.","the opposing side wants the Court to rule that only the initial discriminatory act matters for timeliness. It seeks to dismiss the claim because the initial act occurred outside the filing period."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that the ongoing effect of a discriminatory pay decision creates a continuous violation. She contends that each paycheck reflects the original discriminatory intent and thus remains actionable.","the opposing side argues that a claim is timely only if it concerns discriminatory acts taken during the filing period. It contends that the initial pay decision is the sole relevant act for determining timeliness."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the rule changes if a new owner uses the old disparity for bonuses.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the side that brought the case faces the same defense in Title VII cases as in other contexts. She also asked why the Equal Pay Act claim dropped out of the case. She questioned the incremental nature of the pay spread argument. Justice Alito asked if intent to discriminate must exist when each paycheck is issued."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the window for employees to challenge pay disparities. It determines whether past discriminatory decisions remain actionable through their ongoing financial effects. The outcome shapes how long workers can seek redress for unequal pay. It clarifies the relationship between initial discriminatory acts and subsequent paychecks. The ruling impacts the scope of Title VII protections for current employees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-33"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-1074-ledbetter-v-goodyear-tire-rubber-co","term":"2006","title":"Does a pay disparity persisting after the initial discriminatory act remain actionable under Title VII?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1074.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-11-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-11-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia questioned the link between car emissions and state injury.","Justice Kennedy asked if proving global warming is necessary for standing.","The EPA argued Congress did not authorize greenhouse gas regulation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-11"}]}],"caption":"Massachusetts v. EPA","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.147426Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Massachusetts and other states ask the Court to compel the EPA to set limits on vehicle greenhouse gases. The EPA argues Congress did not grant it that power.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-11-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-1120.html","primary_docket":"05-1120","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:50:18.233140Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether the EPA must regulate carbon dioxide from cars. The states claim this pollution harms them. The agency says its law does not cover this issue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 29, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Massachusetts wants the Court to order the EPA to set car emission limits.","The EPA wants the Court to dismiss the case for lack of standing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Massachusetts argues the EPA has the legal duty to regulate vehicle emissions.","The EPA argues Congress did not grant it authority to regulate greenhouse gases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if only new cars would be affected by new rules.","Justice Kennedy asked if the Court must decide global warming to find injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines if the EPA controls vehicle pollution. It shapes federal environmental regulation power. It affects state climate protection efforts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-11"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-1120-massachusetts-v-epa","term":"2006","title":"Can states force the EPA to regulate car emissions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1120.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-11-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-11-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","paragraphs":["Barnett argued the lower court decision allows weak claims to survive.","Kellogg argued the rules do not require detailed factual pleading.","richards argued the complaint meets the necessary legal threshold."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-19"}]}],"caption":"Bell Atlantic v. Twombly","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.100844Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Competitors dispute whether simple market parallelism proves a Sherman Act violation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-11-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-1126.html","primary_docket":"05-1126","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:50:39.244920Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the legal standard for dismissing antitrust claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 27, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Bell Atlantic seeks dismissal of the antitrust claim.","Twombly seeks to keep the complaint alive for trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Bell Atlantic argues parallel action alone does not prove agreement.","Twombly argues simple factual statements satisfy pleading rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if the complaint alleges a specific contract.","Justice Breyer asked if minimal injury claims survive dismissal motions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This standard defines how easily antitrust suits reach trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-19"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-1126-bell-atlantic-v-twombly","term":"2006","title":"Does parallel market behavior prove a conspiracy?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1126.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-01-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-01-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","paragraphs":["Steiker argued the prior ruling barred the jury from weighing Smith's evidence.","Cruz argued two postulates govern the case.","Schaerr argued for the state's position."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-7"}]}],"caption":"Smith v. Texas","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.081569Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.114551Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Smith argues Texas ignored his mitigating evidence. Texas claims the jury considered it anyway.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-01-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-11304.html","primary_docket":"05-11304","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:45:42.374616Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Smith seeks a new trial. Texas wants to keep the death sentence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 17, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Smith wants a new trial. He claims the jury ignored his mitigating evidence.","Texas wants to keep the sentence. It claims the jury considered the evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Smith argues the jury instruction barred consideration of his mitigating evidence.","Texas argues the jury considered the evidence despite the instruction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if harmless error analysis applies here.","Justice Scalia asked if the jury actually considered the evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how juries weigh mitigating evidence in death penalty trials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-7"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-11304-smith-v-texas","term":"2006","title":"Can Texas ignore mitigating evidence in death penalty cases?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-11304.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-03-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-03-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Shapiro argued that prior decisions require implied antitrust immunity.","Mr. Lovell argued that implied immunity is not favored by the Court.","General Clement argued that the government must reconcile both legal regimes."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"}]}],"caption":"Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC v. Billing","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.251757Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.254846Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Investors sue brokers over fee structures. Brokers claim federal regulation blocks these claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 25-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-03-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-1157.html","primary_docket":"05-1157","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:33:57.884486Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests if federal securities rules block private antitrust lawsuits against broker fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 25-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 27, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to affirm implied antitrust immunity.","the opposing sides want the Court to reject implied antitrust immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 25-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue prior decisions require immunity for regulated fees.","the opposing sides argue immunity requires a clear conflict with federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 25-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if laddering fits the legal theory.","Justice Scalia asked if the statute specifically states the principle."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between securities regulation and antitrust enforcement. It determines whether private investors can challenge broker fee structures in court. The outcome shapes the scope of federal regulatory authority over financial markets."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 25-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-1157-credit-suisse-securities-usa-llc-v-billing","term":"2006","title":"Does securities regulation shield broker fees from antitrust suits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1157.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 25-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-11-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-11-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Solomon argued the right to sue begins when the violation occurs.","Justice Ginsburg asked how this case differs from the Heck decision.","Justice Souter asked if the confession happened before judicial intervention."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-5"}]}],"caption":"Wallace v. Kato","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.240957Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on the timing of civil lawsuits for Fourth Amendment violations.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-11-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-1240.html","primary_docket":"05-1240","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:02:11.753271Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks when a person may sue for an illegal search. One side argues the right to sue begins immediately upon the violation. The other side argues the right to sue waits until the criminal conviction is overturned."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 6, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants to sue immediately after the illegal search occurs.","the opposing side wants the lawsuit to wait until the criminal conviction is invalidated."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the right to sue arises when the Fourth Amendment violation happens.","the opposing side argues the right to sue depends on the conviction being invalidated."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the argument applies when other evidence exists.","Justice Scalia asked if the challenge must necessarily invalidate the conviction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the start of the clock for suing over illegal searches. It determines how long citizens wait to seek redress. It shapes the balance between criminal proceedings and civil rights claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-5"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-1240-wallace-v-kato","term":"2006","title":"When can a person sue for an illegal search?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1240.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-10-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-10-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","paragraphs":["Andrew Frey argued the Oregon courts failed to apply State Farm.","Mr. Peck argued the Oregon courts properly treated the instruction as an enigma.","questions_in_argument"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-41"}]}],"caption":"Philip Morris USA v. Williams","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.207957Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Philip Morris seeks to remove a jury award for harm to nonparties. Williams defends the award as proper.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-10-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-1256.html","primary_docket":"05-1256","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:06:07.125403Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Philip Morris USA v. Williams"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 31, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Philip Morris wants the Court to remove the award for nonparty harm.","Williams wants the Court to keep the award for nonparty harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Philip Morris argues the Oregon courts failed to apply State Farm correctly.","Williams argues the Oregon courts properly treated the proposed instruction as an enigma."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked how to handle a wrong legal view focused by a denied instruction.","Justice Scalia asked if the Court could remand for official error."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of punitive damages. It determines whether juries can punish for harm to nonparties. It shapes future tort litigation outcomes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-41"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-1256-philip-morris-usa-v-williams","term":"2006","title":"Can a jury award damages for harm to nonparties?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1256.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-12-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-12-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Mahoney argued the Tenth Circuit correctly denied the relator a share.","Ms. Vullo argued the relator is an original source under the statute.","Justice Scalia questioned if the government should also be barred from recovery if the relator is not an original source."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"}]}],"caption":"Rockwell International Corp. v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.168348Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.199871Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Rockwell International and the United States dispute whether a relator must be an original source to share in a False Claims Act award.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 39-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-12-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-1272.html","primary_docket":"05-1272","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:52:19.658407Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the False Claims Act. It asks if a relator must be an original source to share in a fraud award. The lower court denied the relator a share. The government disagrees with that result."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 39-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 5, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Rockwell wants the court to deny the relator a share of the award.","The United States wants the court to allow the relator to share in the award."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 39-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Rockwell argues the relator lacked direct knowledge of the specific fraud.","The United States argues the relator qualifies as an original source under the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 39-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if a relator who knows of a plan can share in a different fraud.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if a relator can recover on a fraud found during an investigation of another fraud."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines who can share in fraud recoveries. It affects how whistleblowers report government fraud. It shapes the financial incentives for reporting illegal conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 39-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-1272-rockwell-international-corp-v-united-states","term":"2006","title":"Can a whistleblower share in a fraud award without being an original source?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 39-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-04-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-04-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","paragraphs":["David Frederick argued the Eighth Circuit correctly allowed removal.","He stated Philip Morris follows detailed Federal Trade Commission rules.","Justice Roberts questioned if companies can use different testing methods.","He asked if the FTC would allow lower tar figures in ads."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-49"}]}],"caption":"Watson v. Phillip Morris Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.879435Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal regulations allow a company to remove a state tort claim to federal court.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-04-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-1284.html","primary_docket":"05-1284","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:21:59.066121Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Watson sued Philip Morris in state court. The company sought removal to federal court. The Eighth Circuit allowed the move. The Supreme Court reviewed the lower court action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 25, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Watson wants the case to remain in state court.","Philip Morris wants the case moved to federal court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Philip Morris argues federal regulations make it a federal officer.","Watson argues state law claims do not create federal officer status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if contractors execute government law.","Justice Ginsburg asked about government contractor precedents like Agent Orange."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal officer removal. It affects how companies use federal regulations in state lawsuits. It shapes the balance between state and federal judicial power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-49"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-1284-watson-v-phillip-morris-co","term":"2006","title":"Can a state lawsuit against a regulated company move to federal court?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1284.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-11-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-11-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Blanchard argued the dual banking system exemplifies cooperative federalism.","Mr. Srinivasan asserted the issue involves conflict preemption, not field preemption.","Mr. Long stated that undisputed principles help focus the legal issue before the Court."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-39"}]}],"caption":"Watters v. Wachovia Bank, N. A.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.136617Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue state law applies to the subsidiary. the opposing sides claim federal law preempts state regulation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-11-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-1342.html","primary_docket":"05-1342","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:55:38.658529Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal preemption over state banking laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 29, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want state law to apply to the mortgage subsidiary.","the opposing sides want federal law to preempt state regulation of the subsidiary."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the dual banking system supports state regulatory authority.","the opposing sides argue conflict preemption bars state regulation of the subsidiary."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Why did the bank create a subsidiary instead of operating directly?","Does the parent bank need visibility into the subsidiary's activities to protect itself from liability?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary between state and federal banking regulation. It determines whether states can inspect and limit mortgage operations of national bank subsidiaries. This affects consumer protection and the structure of the national banking system."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-39"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-1342-watters-v-wachovia-bank-n-a","term":"2006","title":"Can states regulate a national bank's mortgage subsidiary?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1342.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-01-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-01-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case claim these laws block out-of-state competitors.","the opposing sides argue public ownership serves the public interest.","justice_breyer_noted_public_ownership_differs_from_private_franchises","justice_ginsburg_noted_prior_cases_assumed_private_actors"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-15"}]}],"caption":"United Haulers Assn., Inc. v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.012060Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue local flow control laws favor public entities. the opposing sides claim public ownership justifies these restrictions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 5-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-01-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-1345.html","primary_docket":"05-1345","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:52:00.078170Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether the dormant Commerce Clause bars local laws that favor public waste haulers. the sides that brought the case seek to strike down these ordinances. the opposing sides want the Court to uphold them."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 5-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 8, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the local flow control ordinances.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the local flow control ordinances."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 5-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue these laws impose severe barriers to interstate commerce.","the opposing sides argue public ownership justifies these local restrictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 5-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if the Constitution forbids public ownership of waste industries.","Justice Ginsburg asked if prior cases addressed the public-private distinction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of local control over waste management. It determines whether public entities receive special treatment in commerce law. The outcome shapes how states regulate essential services."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 5-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-15"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-1345-united-haulers-assn-inc-v-oneida-herkimer-solid-waste-management-authority","term":"2006","title":"Does public ownership exempt local waste laws from dormant Commerce Clause review?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1345.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 5-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-11-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-11-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","paragraphs":["General Clement argued the case presents a familiar constitutional question.","Ms. Smith argued that intact delivery is a central hallmark of the procedure.","Ms. Gartner argued that the government cannot ban pre-viability abortions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-39"}]}],"caption":"Gonzales v. Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.272193Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a federal law banning a specific late-term abortion method is constitutional.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 27-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-11-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-1382.html","primary_docket":"05-1382","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:00:39.883815Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case challenges the Federal Partial-Birth Abortion Act. The government argues the law is valid. The challengers argue the law is unconstitutional."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 27-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 8, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the federal ban.","The challengers want the Court to strike down the federal ban."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 27-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the law presents the same constitutional question as prior cases.","The challengers argue the government cannot ban pre-viability abortions without a health exception."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 27-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked about medical literature regarding patient suitability.","Justice Kennedy asked about the likelihood of intact delivery during standard procedures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of federal power over late-term abortion methods. It determines whether specific medical procedures face federal restrictions. It impacts access to certain reproductive healthcare options."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 27-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-39"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-1382-gonzales-v-planned-parenthood-federation-of-america-inc","term":"2006","title":"Does the federal ban on intact D&E procedures violate the Constitution?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1382.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 27-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-01-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-01-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","paragraphs":["Travelers claims the lower court rule exists outside the Bankruptcy Code.","Pacific Gas and Electric asserts state law provides for these fees.","Justice Kennedy asked about standard promissory notes in bankruptcy.","Justice Roberts asked if lawyers routinely recover fees in insolvency."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]}],"caption":"Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. of America v. Pacific Gas & Elec. Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.064533Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.076603Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal bankruptcy law permits fee awards to unsecured creditors.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-01-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-1429.html","primary_docket":"05-1429","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:47:16.905298Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Travelers seeks to overturn a Ninth Circuit rule. Pacific Gas and Electric defends the lower court decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 16, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Travelers wants the Court to reject the Ninth Circuit rule.","Pacific Gas and Electric wants the Court to keep the fee award."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Travelers argues the rule creates unwarranted federal common law.","Pacific Gas and Electric argues state law standards apply to unsecured claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if fees are normally recovered in such cases.","Justice Souter asked about the remoteness of the contingency here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of fee awards in bankruptcy. It affects how unsecured creditors recover costs. It clarifies the structure of the Bankruptcy Code."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-1429-travelers-casualty-surety-co-of-america-v-pacific-gas-elec-co","term":"2006","title":"Can a bankruptcy court award attorney fees to an unsecured creditor?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1429.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-04-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-04-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","paragraphs":["Crown Vantage argues it had no duty to consider a merger.","The union argues the law requires considering a merger as a fiduciary duty.","justice_question"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]}],"caption":"Beck v. PACE Int'l Union","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.855486Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Crown Vantage wants to end over-funded pension plans without merging them. The union argues the law requires considering a merger first.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-04-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-1448.html","primary_docket":"05-1448","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:22:23.328651Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Crown Vantage filed for bankruptcy and ended twelve pension plans. The union claims the company ignored a legal duty to consider merging those plans. The company says it had no such duty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 24, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Crown Vantage wants the Court to say it had no duty to consider a merger.","The union wants the Court to say the company must consider a merger before terminating plans."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Crown Vantage argues an employer has no fiduciary duty to consider merging plans.","The union argues the law defines a fiduciary duty that includes considering a merger."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked whether the duty is a fiduciary or sponsor obligation.","Justice Souter asked what options exist when a plan terminates, including mergers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of an employer's duty when ending pension plans. It determines whether companies must explore merging plans before terminating them. The outcome shapes how employers manage over-funded pension assets during bankruptcy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-1448-beck-v-pace-int-l-union","term":"2006","title":"Must an employer consider merging pension plans before terminating them?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-01-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-01-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","paragraphs":["Ronald Van Amberg argued Congress enacted the equalization formula in 1994.","Justice Alito questioned whether the statutory language is truly unambiguous.","Justice Ginsburg noted the Department proposed the formula to Congress.","Justice Scalia asked if the same Secretary issued the new regulation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-19"}]}],"caption":"Zuni Public School Dist. v. Department of Education","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.044293Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Zuni Public School District argues the law mandates a local comparison. The Department of Education claims the statute allows a national standard.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-01-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-1508.html","primary_docket":"05-1508","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:47:58.071118Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case concerns how federal funds reach schools near federal lands. Zuni Public School District seeks a specific funding formula. The Department of Education defends its current calculation method."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 10, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Zuni Public School District wants the Court to mandate a local comparison for funding.","The Department of Education wants the Court to allow its national funding standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Zuni Public School District argues the statute explicitly requires comparing schools to local agencies.","The Department of Education argues the statute permits using a national baseline for calculations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked when the prior regulations were promulgated.","Justice Breyer asked what specific items the agency distributes to schools."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines how federal funds reach schools near federal lands. The outcome affects the financial stability of these educational institutions. It clarifies the scope of federal funding formulas for public schools."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-19"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-1508-zuni-public-school-dist-v-department-of-education","term":"2006","title":"Does the Impact Aid Act require comparing schools to local agencies?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1508.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-02-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-02-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Ainsa argued the general statute waives sovereign immunity for third parties.","Ms. Maynard argued specific remedies foreclose general remedies when purposes conflict.","Justice Roberts asked how strict construction of immunity waivers applies here.","Justice Ginsburg asked why a prior case noted the specific statute was unavailable."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-15"}]}],"caption":"EC Term of Years Trust v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.285555Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a specific tax refund statute blocks a third party from using a general sovereign immunity waiver to sue the government.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-02-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-1541.html","primary_docket":"05-1541","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:43:02.604084Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves a trust seeking a tax refund. The trust argues a general statute allows its suit. The government argues a specific statute controls and blocks the suit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 26, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The trust wants the Court to allow its refund suit under the general statute.","The government wants the Court to block the suit because the specific statute controls."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The trust argues the general statute waives sovereign immunity for third parties.","The government argues the specific statute forecloses the general remedy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the specific-over-general principle applies in tax law.","Justice Stevens asked if the two statutes serve separate functions regarding collection and amount."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines if third parties can sue for refunds under general statutes. It affects how taxpayers challenge government tax collections. It clarifies the scope of sovereign immunity waivers in tax disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-15"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-1541-ec-term-of-years-trust-v-united-states","term":"2006","title":"Can a third party sue for a tax refund under a general statute when a specific statute exists?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1541.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-01-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-01-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Cattani argued the Ninth Circuit's rejection of the state court's factual finding was improper under AEDPA.","Mr. Verrilli clarified the scope of the waiver argument before the Court.","Justice Stevens questioned whether the Constitution requires a procedure to ensure a voluntary waiver of rights.","Justice Scalia noted the defendant confirmed in open court that he did not want mitigating evidence introduced."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-35"}]}],"caption":"Schriro v. Landrigan","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.019825Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.035200Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a defendant can voluntarily waive the constitutional right to present mitigating evidence during sentencing.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-01-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-1575.html","primary_docket":"05-1575","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:48:58.538572Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the validity of a defendant's waiver of mitigating evidence. the side that brought the case argues the lower court erred in rejecting the state court's factual finding. the opposing side contends the waiver was not voluntary or informed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 9, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Supreme Court to affirm the district court's finding that the defendant waived his rights.","the opposing side wants the Supreme Court to reverse the district court's finding and restore the mitigating evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Ninth Circuit improperly rejected the state court's factual determination under the AEDPA standard.","the opposing side argues the record does not show a voluntary and informed waiver of constitutional rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the district court can only hold a hearing at a specific time.","Justice Scalia asked how the defendant could claim a lack of waiver after confirming in open court that he did not want mitigating evidence introduced."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of a defendant's ability to waive constitutional rights in capital sentencing. It clarifies the standard for reviewing state court factual findings in federal habeas cases. The outcome impacts the procedural rights of defendants facing the death penalty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-35"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-1575-schriro-v-landrigan","term":"2006","title":"Can a defendant waive the right to present mitigating evidence in a death penalty case?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1575.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-01-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-01-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","paragraphs":["General McKenna argued the statute limits fee use.","He said it requires nonmember consent for political spending.","Mr. West argued the statute burdens First Amendment rights.","He cited three points supporting his position."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"}]}],"caption":"Davenport v. Washington Ed. Assn.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.046964Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to strike down a state law. the opposing sides defend the statute.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-01-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-1589.html","primary_docket":"05-1589","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:48:17.211019Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests a state statute. The law limits union fee use. It requires nonmember consent for political spending."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 10, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the state statute.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the state statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute burdens First Amendment rights.","the opposing sides argue the statute protects election fairness."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked about state court interpretation.","Justice Kennedy asked if the Court can disregard state law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines state power over union funds. It shapes political speech rules. It affects public employee unions nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-1589-davenport-v-washington-ed-assn","term":"2006","title":"Can states require union consent for nonmember fee spending?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1589.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-12-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-12-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Himmelfarb argued that the Ninth Circuit's holding is clearly incorrect.","He stated that even the opposing side does not defend the exclusion of aiding and abetting.","Mr. Meade argued that the case does not involve a conviction under California's car theft statute.","He emphasized that the specific statute requires an intent to steal."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-15"}]}],"caption":"Gonzales. v. Duenas-Alvarez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.176280Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government argues that aiding and abetting theft qualifies as an aggravated felony. the opposing side argues that the statute requires a direct intent to steal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-12-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-1629.html","primary_docket":"05-1629","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:53:49.465979Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether federal immigration law treats aiding and abetting theft as a qualifying aggravated felony. The Ninth Circuit ruled that California's theft definition is broader than the generic federal definition. The government seeks to reverse that ruling. the opposing side seeks to affirm it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 5, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to rule that aiding and abetting theft is an aggravated felony.","the opposing side wants the Court to rule that aiding and abetting theft is not an aggravated felony."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that the Ninth Circuit's exclusion of aiding and abetting is legally incorrect.","the opposing side argues that the statute requires a direct intent to steal, which aiding and abetting lacks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the Court should decide the issue as a matter of first impression.","Justice Scalia asked if the opposing side can seek to uphold the judgment on other grounds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of aggravated felony theft for immigration removal. It determines whether indirect participation in theft triggers mandatory deportation. The outcome shapes how federal courts interpret state theft statutes in immigration proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-15"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-1629-gonzales-v-duenas-alvarez","term":"2006","title":"Does aiding and abetting count as a theft offense for immigration removal?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1629.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-02-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-02-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's counsel stated the facts were undisputed. He argued the officer did not violate the Fourth Amendment. He emphasized the nine-mile pursuit at high speeds.","the opposing side's counsel responded to questions about the proposed rule. He focused on the balance of risks. He argued the officer must consider harm to others and the suspect.","Justices probed the relevance of speed to potential death. They examined the scope of the case. They questioned the proposed balancing test for police force."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-13"}]}],"caption":"Scott v. Harris","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.296306Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Deputy Scott shot a fleeing driver. The driver claims this violated his Fourth Amendment rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-02-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-1631.html","primary_docket":"05-1631","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:43:28.036356Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of police force during a chase. It asks if an officer can end a dangerous pursuit by shooting the driver."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 26, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants a finding that the officer acted lawfully. He seeks dismissal of the liability claim.","the opposing side wants a finding that the officer violated the Fourth Amendment. He seeks personal liability for the officer."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the officer did not violate the Constitution. He claims the high-speed chase created a danger that justified the force.","the opposing side argues the officer used excessive force. He claims the officer failed to balance risks to the public and the suspect."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the fleeing driver caused the danger.","Justice Breyer questioned why the side that brought the case conceded certain points about the case scope. He noted the case involved many factors. He asked why the shopping center distraction mattered less than the speed. He asked if speed determined the likelihood of death. He asked if the rule requires balancing harm to others versus the fleeing person."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when police may use deadly force to end a chase. It sets the standard for officer liability in high-speed pursuits. It balances public safety against individual rights during emergencies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-13"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-1631-scott-v-harris","term":"2006","title":"Can police use deadly force to stop a high-speed chase?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-1631.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-11-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-11-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Pincus argued Brooke Group standards should apply to buyer claims.","Mr. Shanmugam argued aggressive bidding is usually procompetitive.","Mr. Haglund argued market realities should trump per se rules."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-43"}]}],"caption":"Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Ross-Simmons Hardwood Lumber Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.106849Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether aggressive buyer bidding violates antitrust law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-11-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-381.html","primary_docket":"05-381","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:57:48.112794Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Weyerhaeuser argues Brooke Group standards apply to buyer claims. Ross-Simmons argues aggressive bidding is procompetitive."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 28, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Weyerhaeuser wants the Court to apply Brooke Group standards to buyer claims.","Ross-Simmons wants the Court to reject applying Brooke Group to buyer claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Weyerhaeuser argues Brooke Group standards should apply to buyer purchase prices.","Ross-Simmons argues aggressive bidding is usually procompetitive and not a violation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if predatory price cutting alone establishes a Section 2 violation.","Justice Stevens asked if the conduct plus monopoly power establishes a violation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the legal standard for buyer-side antitrust claims. It clarifies when aggressive bidding violates Section 2. The outcome shapes future antitrust litigation involving input markets."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-43"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-381-weyerhaeuser-co-v-ross-simmons-hardwood-lumber-co","term":"2006","title":"Does Brooke Group apply to buyer-side antitrust claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-381.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-10-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-10-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's counsel argued the instruction restricts mitigation to pre-crime facts.","the opposing side's counsel argued the case does not turn on factor (k) alone.","Justice Stevens questioned the distinction between pre-crime and post-crime evidence.","Justice Kennedy asked if the instruction mandates a single moral determination."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 41-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 41-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-47"}]}],"caption":"Ayers v. Belmontes","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.293572Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.301206Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case argues the instruction limits mitigation to pre-crime facts. the opposing side claims it allows full moral consideration.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-22"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-10-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-493.html","primary_docket":"05-493","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:20:18.348201Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on California's penalty-phase instruction. the side that brought the case claims it restricts jurors to pre-crime facts. the opposing side argues it permits broad moral judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-22"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 3, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 41-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 41-4"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks a ruling that the instruction unconstitutionally limits mitigation evidence.","the opposing side seeks a ruling that the instruction allows full consideration of all relevant facts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the instruction excludes post-crime mitigating evidence from jury consideration.","the opposing side argues the instruction supports a single moral determination of all circumstances."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-22"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if the instruction distinguishes pre-crime and post-crime facts.","Justice Kennedy asked if the instruction requires a single moral determination."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 41-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 41-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of mitigating evidence in capital sentencing. It determines whether jurors weigh post-crime conduct. It shapes the constitutional limits of state penalty instructions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-22"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 41-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 41-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-47"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-493-ayers-v-belmontes","term":"2006","title":"Does California's catchall instruction bar jurors from weighing post-crime evidence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 5-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-493.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 5-22"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-10-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-10-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kneedler stated two requirements for a state drug offense to be an aggravated felony.","He said the conduct must be punishable under federal law and be a felony.","Mr. Long defined a drug-trafficking crime as a felony punishable under federal statutes.","He emphasized that the term punishable is a key term in the definition."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-21"}]}],"caption":"Lopez v. Gonzales","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.048903Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue state drug crimes are not federal aggravated felonies. The government disagrees.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-10-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-547.html","primary_docket":"05-547","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:21:43.229544Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if state drug crimes are federal aggravated felonies. This status affects immigration removal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 3, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the state drug crime excluded from federal aggravated felony status.","The government wants the state drug crime included as a federal aggravated felony."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the state crime lacks the specific federal statutory elements.","The government argues the state crime matches the federal definition of a drug trafficking crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked how the phrase illicit trafficking adds meaning to the statute.","Justice Alito asked if any state trafficking offenses fall outside the federal definition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines if state drug convictions trigger federal immigration penalties. It defines the scope of federal aggravated felony status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-21"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-547-lopez-v-gonzales","term":"2006","title":"Does a state drug crime count as a federal aggravated felony?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-547.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-10-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-10-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Grant argued the lower court misinterpreted the Westfall Act.","He claimed this interpretation unfairly deprives tort plaintiffs of basic procedural protections.","Justice Souter noted the government stated the employee acted within job scope.","Justice Ginsburg emphasized the employee was on premises claiming authority."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 51-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-25"}]}],"caption":"Osborn v. Haley","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.197164Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A state tort plaintiff and a federal employee dispute whether the Westfall Act bars state court review of the employee's job-related conduct.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 51-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-10-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-593.html","primary_docket":"05-593","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:53:31.544091Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Westfall Act transfers federal employee tort cases to federal court. It grants immunity if the employee acted within their job scope. The dispute centers on whether state courts can review that scope claim before transfer."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 51-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 30, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants state courts to review the employee's scope-of-employment claim before transferring the case.","the opposing side wants federal courts to decide the immunity question first, blocking state court review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 51-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the lower court misread the Westfall Act, stripping plaintiffs of basic procedural protections.","the opposing side argues federal law controls the immunity threshold, requiring federal court jurisdiction before state law applies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 51-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if the government's statement about job scope defines the immunity defense.","Justice Ginsburg asked why the claim is state law if federal immunity is the threshold issue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether state courts can examine federal employee conduct claims. It affects access to state tort remedies for injured parties. It shapes the balance between federal immunity and state judicial power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 51-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-25"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-593-osborn-v-haley","term":"2006","title":"Does a federal employee's claim of acting within job duties block state court tort claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 51-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-11-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-11-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case claim the new rule does not meet strict standards.","the opposing sides claim the new rule is a fundamental watershed change.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the relationship between the new rule and existing statutes.","Justice Scalia emphasized the equitable nature of habeas corpus relief."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-9"}]}],"caption":"Whorton v. Bockting","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.238176Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to block a new rule. the opposing sides demand its application.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-11-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-595.html","primary_docket":"05-595","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:04:29.754702Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a new legal standard applies to old convictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 1, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the new rule to stay out of old cases.","the opposing sides want the new rule to fix their conviction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the new rule fails strict retroactivity tests.","the opposing sides argue the new rule is a fundamental watershed change."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the new rule is contrary to established law.","Justice Scalia asked if habeas relief allows broad judicial discretion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the reach of new constitutional rights in prison."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-9"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-595-whorton-v-bockting","term":"2006","title":"Should new constitutional rules apply to old prison cases?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-10-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-10-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kester argued the dispute is concrete.","Ms. Mahoney described the complaint's four counts.","Ms. Maynard argued the dispute involves money."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"}]}],"caption":"MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.325151Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.350114Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"MedImmune seeks to challenge a patent's validity. Genentech argues the license contract bars that suit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-10-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-608.html","primary_docket":"05-608","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:19:18.508506Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["MedImmune wants to invalidate a patent. Genentech wants to enforce the license contract."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 4, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-14"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["MedImmune wants to invalidate the patent.","Genentech wants to enforce the license contract."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["MedImmune argues the dispute is concrete.","Genentech argues the contract bars the suit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked how a licensee challenges validity.","Justice Souter asked if the issue is jurisdictional."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines patent license enforcement. It affects how companies challenge patents. It shapes the balance between contract and patent law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-608-medimmune-inc-v-genentech-inc","term":"2006","title":"Can a patent licensee sue to invalidate a patent while paying royalties?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-10-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-10-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the sentencing law violates the Sixth Amendment. They claim judges cannot find facts to raise sentences. They rely on the Blakely and Apprendi precedents. They say this process bypasses jury trial rights.","California argues the law is constitutional. It claims the judge's choice is a discretionary act. It says this does not require jury fact-finding. It argues the system remains reasonable and lawful.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the similarity to the federal system. He noted the lack of precedent on upward departures. He asked about the advisory nature of the guidelines.","Justice Breyer questioned the statutory interpretation. He asked how the law justifies higher terms. He sought clarification on the legal basis for the judge's choice."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-13"}]}],"caption":"Cunningham v. California","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.359785Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"California's sentencing law lets judges pick higher terms based on facts they find. the sides that brought the case argue this violates jury trial rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-10-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-6551.html","primary_docket":"05-6551","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:13:57.590835Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests California's Determinate Sentencing Law. The law sets three possible terms for a crime. Judges choose the term based on facts. the sides that brought the case claim this process violates the Sixth Amendment. They argue only a jury can find facts that raise a sentence. California argues the judge's choice is a discretionary act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 11, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the sentencing scheme. They seek a ruling that judges cannot find facts to raise sentences. They want to ensure all sentencing facts go to a jury.","California wants the Court to uphold the sentencing law. It seeks a ruling that judicial discretion does not violate the Sixth Amendment. It wants to keep the current sentencing structure intact."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the law violates the Sixth Amendment. They claim judges cannot find facts that increase sentences. They rely on the Blakely and Apprendi precedents. They say this process bypasses jury trial rights.","California argues the law is constitutional. It claims the judge's choice is a discretionary act. It says this does not require jury fact-finding. It argues the system remains reasonable and lawful."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if California's system resembles the federal system after Booker. He noted the Court had not addressed upward departure reasonableness.","Justice Breyer asked how the statute allows judges to go above the middle term. He questioned the justification for this under California law. He asked for the answer based on the Black opinion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of judicial power in sentencing. It determines who finds facts that raise a sentence. It protects the right to a jury trial. It shapes how states structure their sentencing laws. It impacts the balance between judicial discretion and constitutional rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-13"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-6551-cunningham-v-california","term":"2006","title":"Does a judge's fact-finding for a higher sentence violate the Sixth Amendment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-6551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-10-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-10-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","paragraphs":["BP's counsel argued the statute covers all contract actions.","BP's counsel stated the provision applies to agency adjudications.","The government's counsel argued the statute applies only to court suits.","The government's counsel cited the presumption against government limitations."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"}]}],"caption":"BP America Production Co. v. Burton","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.320076Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.320112Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"BP argues the six-year limit applies to agency proceedings. The government says it applies only to court suits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-10-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-669.html","primary_docket":"05-669","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:18:04.611507Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["BP America Production seeks to recover money from a government contract. The government denies the claim. The dispute centers on whether a federal time limit bars the claim. BP argues the limit applies to agency actions. The government argues the limit applies only to court suits. The Court must decide which interpretation is correct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 4, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["BP wants the Court to apply the six-year limit to agency proceedings.","The government wants the Court to limit the statute to court suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["BP argues the statute covers all contract actions, including agency adjudications.","The government argues the statute applies only to suits in court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if administrative proceedings are distinct from actions.","Justice Scalia asked which text supports the government's view."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal time limits. It determines when the government can pursue contract claims. It affects how agencies handle disputes. It shapes the balance between agency and court processes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-669-bp-america-production-co-v-burton","term":"2006","title":"Does the federal statute of limitations bar agency contract claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-669.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-10-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-10-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","paragraphs":["Global Crossing argues FCC rules create a private right to sue.","Metrophones argues only the FCC can enforce these specific rules.","questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"}]}],"caption":"Global Crossing Telecommunications, Inc. v. Metrophones Telecommunications, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.304034Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.332339Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Global Crossing and Metrophones dispute whether FCC pay phone rules create a private right to sue for damages.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-10-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-705.html","primary_docket":"05-705","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:16:21.858692Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Global Crossing seeks a private right to sue for unpaid compensation. Metrophones argues only the FCC can enforce these rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 10, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 3-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Global Crossing wants a private right to sue for unpaid compensation.","Metrophones wants to block private lawsuits over these FCC rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Global Crossing argues FCC rules create a private right to sue.","Metrophones argues only the FCC can enforce these specific rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked where the obligation may be enforced.","Justice Scalia asked if a later regulation made the obligation clear."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines if companies can sue for unpaid pay phone compensation. It affects how telecom companies recover money under FCC rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-705-global-crossing-telecommunications-inc-v-metrophones-telecommunications-inc","term":"2006","title":"Can pay phone companies sue for unpaid compensation under FCC rules?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-705.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-10-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-10-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Andre stated the sides that brought the case filed administrative grievances with the Michigan Department of Corrections.","Ms. Olivieri stated Congress enacted the Prison Litigation Reform Act to reduce the flood of prisoner litigation.","Justice Breyer noted that many prisoner claims are hard to decipher and often lack substance.","Justice Breyer asked if the solution requires amending the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-17"}]}],"caption":"Jones v. Bock","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.227310Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Prisoners argue they need not prove they used internal complaint systems. Officials argue courts must dismiss cases lacking that proof.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 15-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-10-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-7058.html","primary_docket":"05-7058","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:53:12.119791Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if federal courts must dismiss prisoner lawsuits that fail to prove the use of internal prison complaint systems."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 30, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want courts to accept their lawsuits without proof of internal complaint use.","the opposing sides want courts to dismiss lawsuits that lack proof of internal complaint use."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Prison Litigation Reform Act does not require proof of internal complaint use.","the opposing sides argue the Prison Litigation Reform Act requires proof of internal complaint use."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if courts could request pleadings that state the facts of exhaustion.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if ignoring the exhaustion requirement makes a claim frivolous regardless of merit substance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether federal courts must screen prisoner lawsuits for internal complaint use. It affects the volume of cases courts must process. It impacts how quickly prisoners can seek legal remedies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-17"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-7058-jones-v-bock","term":"2006","title":"Must prisoners prove they used prison complaint systems before suing?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-7058.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 15-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-10-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-10-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Phillips argued the core issue is the equivalence doctrine under FELA.","Ms. Perry argued the lower court instruction correctly stated federal law.","Justice Scalia questioned the likelihood of a massive legal change."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-39"}]}],"caption":"Norfolk Southern R. Co. v. Sorrell","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.328586Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a railroad must prove a direct causal link between a worker's negligence and their injury to reduce damages.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 51-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-10-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-746.html","primary_docket":"05-746","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:14:48.236023Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Norfolk Southern Railway seeks to overturn a lower court ruling. The lower court applied a standard requiring a direct causal link. The railroad argues this standard is incorrect under federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 51-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 10, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Norfolk Southern wants the Court to reject the direct causal link standard.","Sorrell wants the Court to keep the direct causal link standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 51-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Norfolk Southern argues the common law doctrine of equivalence applies under FELA.","Sorrell argues the lower court instruction accurately states federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 51-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked about the specific wording of the requested negligence charge.","Chief Justice Roberts noted the instruction tracks statutory language closely."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts calculate worker negligence in injury claims. It determines the financial liability of railroads for workplace accidents. It shapes the legal standard for proving causation in federal employment law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 51-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-39"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-746-norfolk-southern-r-co-v-sorrell","term":"2006","title":"Does FELA require a direct causal link between plaintiff negligence and injury?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-746.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 51-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-10-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-10-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","paragraphs":["The defendant's attorney argued the state court opinion contained a legal error.","The state's attorney argued the state court reached the correct result despite the error.","Justices questioned the proper standard for reviewing state court applications of Supreme Court law."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-19"}]}],"caption":"Carey v. Musladin","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.356902Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a state court applied the correct legal standard when it denied a defendant's claim that spectator photo buttons prejudiced his trial.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-10-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-785.html","primary_docket":"05-785","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:11:35.503198Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a criminal defendant who claimed that photo buttons worn by spectators violated his constitutional rights. The state court rejected this claim. The defendant now argues the state court used the wrong legal standard. The state argues the state court reached the correct result despite a flawed explanation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 11, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The defendant wants the Supreme Court to reverse the state court decision and find a constitutional violation.","The state wants the Supreme Court to affirm the state court decision and uphold the conviction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The defendant argues the state court applied an incorrect legal standard for evaluating spectator conduct.","The state argues the state court reached the correct result, so the error was harmless."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if the state court's standard focused on the risk of improper factors influencing the jury.","Chief Justice Roberts asked how to review a state court that reached the correct result but used the wrong standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the standard for reviewing state court decisions on jury impartiality. It clarifies how federal courts handle state court errors in applying constitutional law. The outcome sets a precedent for evaluating spectator conduct in criminal trials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-19"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-785-carey-v-musladin","term":"2006","title":"Do spectator photo buttons violate a criminal defendant's Sixth Amendment rights?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-785.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-11-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-11-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","paragraphs":["Sean Donahue argued the Clean Air Act requires a permit for any physical change that increases emissions.","Justice Scalia asked if the case is a regulatory interpretation question rather than a statutory one.","Justice Alito suggested that expert disagreement indicates the regulations are not clear on their face.","Chief Justice Roberts noted that agencies can change interpretations over time if rules are ambiguous."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-7"}]}],"caption":"Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.231136Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Environmental groups and Duke Energy dispute how to measure pollution increases under federal air rules.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-11-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-848.html","primary_docket":"05-848","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:52:47.703217Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Clean Air Act requires owners of large pollution sources to get a permit before making changes that increase emissions. The parties disagree on how to measure those increases. Environmental Defense argues the rules require a permit for any physical change that raises output. Duke Energy argues the rules allow changes if the increase stays below a set limit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 1, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Environmental Defense wants the Court to require a permit for any physical change that raises emissions.","Duke Energy wants the Court to allow changes that stay below a specific emission limit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Environmental Defense argues the law defines a modification as any physical change that increases pollution.","Duke Energy argues the regulations allow changes if the increase remains below a set threshold."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if agency opinions existed when the legal challenge began.","Justice Alito asked if expert disagreement shows the rules are unclear on their face."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when power plants must get permits for upgrades. It affects how companies manage pollution controls. It shapes the balance between environmental protection and industrial flexibility. The outcome sets a standard for measuring emission increases nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-7"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-848-environmental-defense-v-duke-energy-corp","term":"2006","title":"Does a physical change that raises emissions require a new permit?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-848.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-04-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-04-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Frederick explained Powerex's creation by the British Columbia government.","Mr. Simon asserted two independent reasons for appellate jurisdiction.","Mr. Hallward-Driemeier argued the review bar applies only to specific remands."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-17"}]}],"caption":"Powerex Corp. v. Reliant Energy Services, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.770197Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal courts of appeals can review a district court's remand order when the remand rests on jurisdictional grounds rather than procedural defects.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-04-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-85.html","primary_docket":"05-85","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:31:40.151180Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Powerex Corp. and Reliant Energy Services, Inc. dispute the scope of appellate jurisdiction over remand orders. The case tests the interaction between statutory removal provisions and the general bar on appealing remands."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 16, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Powerex wants the appellate court to review the remand order.","Reliant wants the appellate court to dismiss the appeal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Powerex argues the bar on review applies only to procedural remands.","Reliant argues the statutory bar prevents review of any remand order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if the lower court remanded for jurisdictional reasons.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if statutory changes weaken prior precedent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of federal appellate power over state court remands. It clarifies when parties can challenge jurisdictional determinations in federal courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-17"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-85-powerex-corp-v-reliant-energy-services-inc","term":"2006","title":"Can a party appeal a remand order based on jurisdictional grounds?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-85.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-10-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-10-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Bonner stated Lawrence sought relief in Florida state courts.","She noted the state courts denied his application.","Justice Breyer questioned whether the state judgment remains pending.","He suggested the application stays pending for at least ninety days."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-7"}]}],"caption":"Lawrence v. Florida","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.211566Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Lawrence argues his state application tolls the deadline. Florida says the deadline runs regardless.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-10-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-8820.html","primary_docket":"05-8820","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:06:57.958179Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a pending state post-conviction application pauses the federal filing deadline. Lawrence claims the deadline stops while his state case is active. Florida claims the deadline continues running. The Court must decide which interpretation applies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 31, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Lawrence wants the Court to pause the federal deadline during his state application.","Florida wants the Court to keep the federal deadline running during his state application."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Lawrence argues his state application is pending and tolls the federal deadline.","Florida argues AEDPA does not toll the deadline for state post-conviction processes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if the state judgment remains pending for ninety days.","Justice Scalia asked which specific text governs the current dispute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when the federal filing clock stops. It affects every prisoner seeking state relief. It clarifies the interaction between state and federal deadlines. It determines the scope of equitable tolling under AEDPA."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-7"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-8820-lawrence-v-florida","term":"2006","title":"Does a pending state post-conviction application stop the federal filing clock?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-8820.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-12-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-12-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Korrell argued the district denied over 300 children admission based on race.","General Clement argued the district plan ignores the two most racially concentrated high schools.","Justice Ginsburg asked if schools can have a race-conscious objective without using racial means."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-41"}]}],"caption":"Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.179903Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Parents challenge a district plan that uses race to assign students to schools.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-12-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-908.html","primary_docket":"05-908","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:54:40.833014Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether public schools may use race to assign students."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 4, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Parents want the court to strike down the district's race-based assignment plan.","The district wants the court to allow race-conscious student assignments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Parents argue the district denied admission to over 300 children solely because of their race.","The district argues it needs to address racial isolation in its schools."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if the case resembles affirmative action contexts.","Justice Kennedy asked if schools can use race for site selection of new buildings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the limits of race-conscious policies in public education."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-41"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-908-parents-involved-in-community-schools-v-seattle-school-district","term":"2006","title":"Can schools use race to assign students?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-908.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-12-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-12-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue that race-based assignments are unconstitutional.","the opposing sides argue that race-based assignments promote integration.","Justice Ginsburg questioned the procedural history of the student's application.","Chief Justice Roberts inquired about potential damages claims."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"}]}],"caption":"Meredith v. Jefferson County Bd. of Ed.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.144617Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Parents dispute whether a school board may use race to assign students after a desegregation order ends.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-12-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-915.html","primary_docket":"05-915","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:54:22.492750Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves a school board's student assignment policy. The board used race to assign students. the sides that brought the case argue this violates the Constitution. the opposing sides argue the policy serves a compelling interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 4, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the race-based assignment policy.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the race-based assignment policy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue that using race to assign students violates the Equal Protection Clause.","the opposing sides argue that using race to assign students serves a compelling governmental interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked whether the student appealed a late application.","Chief Justice Roberts asked whether the student had a claim for damages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether school boards may use race in student assignments. It affects how districts manage integration. It shapes the scope of the Equal Protection Clause in education."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-17"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-915-meredith-v-jefferson-county-bd-of-ed","term":"2006","title":"Can a school board use race to assign students after a desegregation order ends?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-915.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-11-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-11-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Fisher argued that the case requires a new fact finding.","Mr. Collins argued that the petition is barred as a successive filing.","Mr. Roberts argued that reasonable jurists could distinguish between Apprendi and Blakely."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-39"}]}],"caption":"Burton v. Stewart","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.268465Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether judges need a jury to find new facts before imposing consecutive sentences based on prior convictions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 51-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-11-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-9222.html","primary_docket":"05-9222","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:00:55.827850Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial. It asks if a judge can impose consecutive sentences using only prior convictions without a new jury finding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 51-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 7, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to require a jury to find new facts before imposing consecutive sentences.","the opposing side wants the Court to allow judges to impose consecutive sentences based solely on prior convictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 51-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that consecutive sentences require a new jury finding of fact under the Sixth Amendment.","the opposing side argues that prior convictions are sufficient to justify consecutive sentences without a new jury finding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 51-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if the rule applies to this specific case despite other examples.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if enhanced sentences for prior convictions violate Blakely principles."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of judicial sentencing power. It determines whether judges can rely on prior convictions to increase sentences. The outcome shapes the balance between judicial discretion and jury rights in criminal sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 51-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-39"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-9222-burton-v-stewart","term":"2006","title":"Does a prior conviction require a new fact finding for consecutive sentences?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9222.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 51-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-11-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-11-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Crawford argued that the Eleventh Circuit misinterpreted the statute's otherwise clause.","Mr. Marcus argued that the side that brought the case's conviction fits the violent felony definition.","Justice Scalia noted that climbing a ladder is only one manner of attempt.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if Florida law treats curtilage entry as completed burglary."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-31"}]}],"caption":"James v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.262106Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a Florida attempted burglary conviction qualifies as a violent felony under federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-11-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-9264.html","primary_docket":"05-9264","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:01:48.846214Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Armed Career Criminal Act. The statute enhances sentences for repeat offenders with violent felony records. The core issue is whether attempted burglary fits the statute's definition of a violent crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 7, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["James wants the court to rule that attempted burglary is not a violent felony.","The government wants the court to rule that attempted burglary is a violent felony."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["James argues that attempted burglary lacks the serious risk of physical injury required by the statute.","The government argues that attempted burglary categorically involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if climbing a ladder constitutes a substantial step toward burglary.","Justice Alito asked if attempted generic burglary presents a serious risk of physical injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines how federal courts classify state attempted burglary convictions. This classification directly impacts sentencing enhancements for repeat offenders. The ruling defines the boundary of violent felony status under federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-31"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-9264-james-v-united-states","term":"2006","title":"Does attempted burglary count as a violent felony?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-9264.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-02-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-02-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Andre argued parents should have unlimited pro se rights.","Mr. Bergeron argued the common law rule remains intact.","Mr. Salmons argued Congress granted parents direct rights under the act."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-3"}]}],"caption":"Winkelman v. Parma City School Distr.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.017129Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.048917Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Parents claim direct rights under disability law. Schools argue common law bars their self-representation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-02-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-983.html","primary_docket":"05-983","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:41:44.261617Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether parents can act as their own lawyers in federal court. They seek to bypass the rule requiring attorneys. Schools argue this rule remains valid despite disability statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 27, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Parents want to litigate their own cases without hiring attorneys.","Schools want to enforce the rule requiring parents to hire lawyers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Parents argue Congress granted them direct rights under the disability act.","Schools argue the common law rule banning self-representation still applies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if parents can only seek reimbursement and procedural rights.","Justice Kennedy asked if recognizing parental rights ends the case immediately."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether parents must hire lawyers to protect their children's education. It affects the cost and accessibility of federal court for families. It defines the scope of parental rights in disability law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-3"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-983-winkelman-v-parma-city-school-distr","term":"2006","title":"Can non-lawyer parents sue in federal court without attorneys?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-983.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-11-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-11-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Brunstad argued the court must deny abusive motions.","He cited Section 105 and inherent judicial power.","Ms. Blatt argued courts have inherent authority to sanction bad faith.","She stated courts must prevent abuse of process."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-41"}]}],"caption":"Marrama v. Citizens Bank of Mass.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.259349Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Marrama argues the court lacks power to deny his conversion request. Citizens Bank argues the court must deny it to punish bad faith.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 11-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-11-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-996.html","primary_docket":"05-996","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:02:29.055481Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Marrama seeks to convert his Chapter 7 case to Chapter 13. He claims the lower court wrongly denied this request. Citizens Bank argues the denial was a valid sanction for his bad faith conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 11-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 6, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Marrama wants the Supreme Court to reverse the denial of his conversion request.","Citizens Bank wants the Supreme Court to affirm the denial of his conversion request."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 11-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Marrama argues the bankruptcy court lacks inherent authority to deny conversion as a sanction.","Citizens Bank argues the court has inherent authority to deny conversion to prevent abuse."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 11-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if Marrama made the same argument to the bankruptcy court.","Justice Scalia asked if the case is moot because Marrama is ineligible for Chapter 13."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of bankruptcy court power to sanction bad faith. It determines whether courts can deny relief to punish procedural abuse. This affects how debtors interact with the bankruptcy system."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 11-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-41"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-996-marrama-v-citizens-bank-of-mass","term":"2006","title":"Can a bankruptcy court deny conversion to Chapter 13 as a sanction for bad faith?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 11-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2006-10-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2006-10-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","paragraphs":["The government argued that omitting an element is harmless. It cited a prior case involving jury instructions.","The defendant argued the Constitution mandates a single charging method. It stated that method is the federal indictment.","Justice Kennedy noted the lack of objection opportunities. He contrasted grand jury indictments with trial objections.","Justice Scalia asked if the Court must wait for a verdict. He questioned if the error is only clear after conviction."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-7"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Resendiz-Ponce","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.321372Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government argues a missing indictment element is harmless. The defendant argues it is a constitutional violation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2006-10-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/05-998.html","primary_docket":"05-998","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T13:17:43.039507Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a federal indictment must list every offense element. The government claims a missing element is harmless if evidence proves guilt. The defendant claims the Constitution requires a complete indictment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 10, 2006."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to affirm the conviction. It argues the missing element is harmless error.","The defendant wants the Court to reverse the conviction. It argues the missing element violates the Constitution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues a missing indictment element is harmless. It cites precedent allowing harmless error in jury instructions.","The defendant argues the Constitution requires a complete indictment. It claims no other charging method exists."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the Court can answer the generic harmless error question. He questioned if the specific defect nature matters.","Chief Justice Roberts asked about probable cause timing. He wondered if prosecutors can indict before gathering all evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the minimum requirements for federal criminal indictments. It determines whether prosecutors can omit elements and rely on trial evidence. The outcome shapes the balance between prosecutorial discretion and defendant rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-7"}]}],"slug":"2006-05-998-united-states-v-resendiz-ponce","term":"2006","title":"Can a missing indictment element be harmless error?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/05-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-01-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-01-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Hallward-Driemeier argued that adjudicating merits without jurisdiction is impermissible. He stated it is different for a court to decline to exercise jurisdiction it might possess. He supported the side that brought the case's position as amicus curiae.","Mr. Castanias argued that it is not novel for a federal court to choose among threshold grounds. He cited the Ruhrgas against Marathon precedent. He suggested this rule controls the current case.","Ms. Higgins argued the Court should affirm the Third Circuit judgment. She stated personal jurisdiction is a requirement articulated in Gulf Oil versus Gilbert. She argued this requirement remains before the doctrine may be evaluated."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-47"}]}],"caption":"Sinochem Int'l Co. v. Malaysia Int'l Shipping Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.016269Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Sinochem argues a court can dismiss a case for inconvenient forum without proving jurisdiction. Malaysia International Shipping Corp. argues the court must prove jurisdiction first.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-01-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-102.html","primary_docket":"06-102","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:50:32.096647Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Sinochem International Co. seeks to dismiss a shipping dispute. It argues the court should not decide if it has jurisdiction. It claims the case belongs in a Chinese court. Malaysia International Shipping Corp. opposes this dismissal. It argues the court must prove it has jurisdiction before dismissing the case. The Third Circuit Court of Appeals rejected Sinochem's argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 9, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Sinochem wants the Supreme Court to reverse the Third Circuit decision. It wants the dismissal for inconvenient forum to stand. It argues this avoids deciding a difficult jurisdictional question.","Malaysia International Shipping Corp. wants the Supreme Court to affirm the Third Circuit decision. It wants the case to proceed to a jurisdictional determination. It argues dismissing without jurisdiction violates legal requirements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Sinochem argues a court can choose among threshold grounds to deny a case. It claims it is not novel for a court to dismiss for forum non conveniens. It asserts this approach avoids adjudicating merits over which the court may lack jurisdiction.","Malaysia International Shipping Corp. argues personal jurisdiction is a mandatory requirement. It cites the Gulf Oil precedent. It contends a forum non conveniens dismissal presupposes the existence of personal jurisdiction. It argues the court must establish this before evaluating convenience."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if a forum non conveniens dismissal has ongoing consequences as the law of the case. He questioned if the ruling that Chinese law governs has no effect beyond the Philadelphia court.","Justice Ginsburg asked why the parties discuss judicial fora when there was an agreement to arbitrate. She noted that Gulf Oil says forum non conveniens presupposes personal jurisdiction and proper venue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the order of legal analysis in federal courts. It determines whether courts can avoid jurisdictional questions by dismissing cases as inconvenient. It affects the rights of parties to have their cases heard in a specific forum. It clarifies the relationship between jurisdiction and procedural dismissals. It impacts the efficiency of the federal judicial system."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-47"}]}],"slug":"2006-06-102-sinochem-int-l-co-v-malaysia-int-l-shipping-corp","term":"2006","title":"Can a court dismiss a case for inconvenient forum without first proving it has jurisdiction?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-102.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-01-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-01-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Brinkmann argued the petition was untimely.","Mr. Waxman argued the Organic Act supports review.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the existence of a justiciable controversy.","Justice Scalia asked when the Ninth Circuit lost jurisdiction."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-39"}]}],"caption":"Limtiaco. v. Camacho","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.006047Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether the Supreme Court can review a conflict between two Guamanian officials over the Organic Act.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-01-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-116.html","primary_docket":"06-116","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:51:41.119021Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves a dispute between two Guamanian officials. The core issue is whether the Supreme Court has jurisdiction to hear the matter."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 8, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Ms. Brinkmann wants the Court to dismiss the case for lack of jurisdiction.","Mr. Waxman wants the Court to reverse the lower court decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Ms. Brinkmann argues the certiorari petition was filed too late.","Mr. Waxman argues the Organic Act supports the Court's jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the test involves colorable jurisdiction under a clear federal statute.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the Court had a case or controversy under Article III."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether the Supreme Court can resolve internal disputes between territorial officials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-39"}]}],"slug":"2006-06-116-limtiaco-v-camacho","term":"2006","title":"Does the Supreme Court have jurisdiction to review a dispute between two Guamanian officials?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-116.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-04-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-04-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","paragraphs":["John Howley argued these are tax enforcement lawsuits.","He stated the only issue is whether a tax is owed.","Vikram Srinivasan argued tax actions are not property cases.","He said attaching a lien does not change the case nature."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"}]}],"caption":"Permanent Mission of India to United Nations v. City of New York","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.013096Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"India's UN mission argues tax liens do not create real property rights. New York City claims the liens trigger jurisdiction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 7-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-04-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-134.html","primary_docket":"06-134","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:23:53.665894Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether a tax lien creates a real property right. India's mission says the case remains a tax dispute. New York City says the lien makes it a property case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 24, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["India's mission wants the tax claims dismissed to preserve its sovereign immunity.","New York City wants the tax claims to proceed to collect the unpaid debts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["India's mission argues tax liens do not create real property rights.","New York City argues the liens transform the case into a property dispute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the counterclaim follows Federal Rules rather than conventions.","Justice Scalia asked how a lienholder can foreclose without a property interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of diplomatic immunity for tax debts. It determines whether cities can collect taxes from foreign missions. The outcome affects municipal finances and international relations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"}]}],"slug":"2006-06-134-permanent-mission-of-india-to-united-nations-v-city-of-new-york","term":"2006","title":"Does a tax lien convert a property tax dispute into a real property case?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-134.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 7-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-02-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-02-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","paragraphs":["General Clement argued that taxpayer standing is narrow. He cited Flast v. Cohen. He stated that standing applies to congressional spending.","Justice Scalia questioned the consistency of the position. He noted the establishment clause concern in both cases.","Justice Ginsburg asked if standing exists for congressional legislation. She compared it to the executive order in question.","General Clement argued that denying standing does not stop lawsuits. He noted that directly injured plaintiffs can still sue."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-9"}]}],"caption":"Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.026237Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.061474Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether taxpayers can challenge executive spending that allegedly favors religion.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-02-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-157.html","primary_docket":"06-157","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:40:33.201703Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of taxpayer standing. It asks if citizens can sue over executive actions that use public funds for religious purposes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 28, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to deny taxpayer standing for this challenge.","the opposing side wants the Court to allow taxpayers to sue over executive spending."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["General Clement argues that taxpayer standing is limited to specific congressional spending.","Mr. Bowen argues that taxpayers should challenge executive actions favoring religion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked why the position is consistent with requiring a statute.","Justice Scalia asked if the establishment clause concern applies to both cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who can challenge government spending. It determines if taxpayers can sue over executive religious favoritism. It shapes the scope of judicial review over public funds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-9"}]}],"slug":"2006-06-157-hein-v-freedom-from-religion-foundation-inc","term":"2006","title":"Can taxpayers sue over executive spending that favors religion?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-157.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-03-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-03-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","paragraphs":["The plaintiff's lawyer argued for a new constitutional tort.","The defendant's lawyer argued against recognizing this new claim.","Justices questioned the specific damages and available remedies."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-37"}]}],"caption":"Wilkie v. Robbins","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.921354Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.951751Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A rancher claims federal agents harassed him. The government says he lacks a legal remedy.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-03-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-219.html","primary_docket":"06-219","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:39:58.614040Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if a person can sue the government for harassment. The plaintiff seeks damages for alleged interference. The defendant argues no such legal claim exists."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 19, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The plaintiff wants a new legal right to sue for harassment.","The defendant wants the Court to reject this new legal claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The plaintiff argues the Constitution allows a direct lawsuit for harassment.","The defendant argues existing laws do not provide this specific remedy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked what specific harm the plaintiff suffered.","Justice Scalia asked what remedy the plaintiff would receive if he won."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of government liability for harassment. It determines if citizens can sue for non-property harms. The outcome shapes future interactions between citizens and federal agencies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-37"}]}],"slug":"2006-06-219-wilkie-v-robbins","term":"2006","title":"Can a rancher sue the government for harassment without a specific property loss?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-03-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-03-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Spillars argued for the side that brought the case. She stated the fairness standard is general. She requested more leeway for state courts under AEDPA. She emphasized the need for deference to state decisions.","Mr. Blume argued for the opposing side. He referenced the former prosecutor's brief. He discussed the penalty phase closing argument. He defended the conduct of the trial prosecutor. He highlighted the context of the specific remarks.","Justice Stevens questioned the accuracy of the legal argument. He asked if the argument misstated the law. He probed the specific wording used by the prosecutor. He sought to understand the legal implications of the remarks.","Justice Souter inquired about the relevance of a historical figure. He asked if the argument related to evidence. He sought to clarify the connection between the reference and the case facts. He wanted to understand the purpose of that specific mention."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-9"}]}],"caption":"Roper v. Weaver","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.923911Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.954715Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a prosecutor's closing argument improperly pressured the jury to return a death verdict.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-03-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-313.html","primary_docket":"06-313","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:36:44.600288Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the limits of prosecutorial conduct during a capital trial's penalty phase. The core issue involves the interpretation of a specific closing argument. The lower court found the argument acceptable under existing standards. the side that brought the case challenges that finding as a constitutional violation. the opposing side defends the lower court's decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 21, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to reverse the lower court's decision. the side that brought the case argues the prosecutor's argument was unconstitutional. the side that brought the case seeks a new penalty phase or a life sentence. the side that brought the case claims the argument improperly influenced the jury's decision.","the opposing side wants the Court to affirm the lower court's decision. the opposing side argues the prosecutor's argument was within legal bounds. the opposing side seeks to uphold the death sentence. the opposing side claims the argument did not violate the Constitution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case contends the prosecutor's argument created an improper duty. the side that brought the case argues this duty pressured the jury to choose death. the side that brought the case claims this violated the defendant's right to a fair trial. the side that brought the case asserts the argument was a misstatement of the law.","the opposing side contends the prosecutor's argument was a permissible appeal. the opposing side argues the argument did not explicitly demand a death verdict. the opposing side claims the argument referenced the evidence and the case's severity. the opposing side asserts the lower court applied the correct legal standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if the argument contained misstatements of the law. Justice Stevens inquired if explicitly stating a duty to return death would be improper. Justice Souter questioned the relevance of a specific historical reference. Justice Kennedy asked if the argument was based on an improper emotional appeal. Justice Scalia sought clarification on the underlying premise of the argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundaries of prosecutorial rhetoric in capital trials. It clarifies when an argument about duty becomes an unconstitutional pressure. The outcome affects the fairness of future death penalty proceedings. It sets a standard for reviewing lower court decisions. The ruling impacts the rights of defendants in high-stakes criminal cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-9"}]}],"slug":"2006-06-313-roper-v-weaver","term":"2006","title":"Does a prosecutor's duty argument violate the Constitution?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-313.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Redding argued the Federal Circuit was wrong.","He claimed district court jurisdiction existed before new laws.","Mr. Marcus argued the Tax Court has exclusive power.","He cited the structure of the interest abatement statute."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]}],"caption":"Hinck v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.851816Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek district court review. The government demands exclusive Tax Court jurisdiction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-376.html","primary_docket":"06-376","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:26:44.054301Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on statutory interpretation. the sides that brought the case argue district courts retain jurisdiction. The government claims the Tax Court holds exclusive power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want district court access for interest claims.","The government wants exclusive Tax Court jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue prior jurisdiction survived new statutes.","The government cites sovereign immunity principles."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked about specific statutory citations.","Justice Ginsburg questioned the fairness of limited access."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Taxpayers face different forums for interest disputes. Wealthier taxpayers may access district courts. This creates unequal legal pathways for similar claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]}],"slug":"2006-06-376-hinck-v-united-states","term":"2006","title":"Which court hears tax interest abatement claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-376.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-04-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-04-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the state court's finding was not objectively unreasonable.","the opposing sides argue the state court's finding was objectively unreasonable.","questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-49"}]}],"caption":"Uttecht v. Brown","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.820491Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to keep a state court's factual finding. the opposing sides want a federal court to overturn that finding.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-04-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-413.html","primary_docket":"06-413","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:45:17.658970Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the standard for federal habeas review of state court facts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 17, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the federal court to uphold the state court's factual finding.","the opposing sides want the federal court to overturn the state court's factual finding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the state court's finding was not objectively unreasonable.","the opposing sides argue the state court's finding was objectively unreasonable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked how a defense failure to object affects the analysis.","Justice Kennedy asked when a specific juror was considered during voir dire."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of federal power to correct state court errors. It shapes how often federal courts intervene in state criminal cases. It affects the finality of state court judgments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-49"}]}],"slug":"2006-06-413-uttecht-v-brown","term":"2006","title":"Does a state court's factual finding survive federal review if it seems unreasonable?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-413.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-04-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-04-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Himmelfarb argued the lower court used the wrong legal standard.","Ms. Mahoney argued the TSSAA has broad discretion to set rules.","Mr. Blumstein argued the TSSAA overreached its regulatory authority."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]}],"caption":"Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.823249Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Brentwood Academy claims the TSSAA violated its First Amendment rights by banning recruiting.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-04-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-427.html","primary_docket":"06-427","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:27:47.709728Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The TSSAA is a private group that sets rules for high school sports. Brentwood Academy is a private school that joined the group. The school wants to recruit players from other schools. The TSSAA banned this practice. The school sued the group. The lower court ruled for the school. The TSSAA asked the Supreme Court to review the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 18, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The TSSAA wants the Court to uphold its recruiting ban.","Brentwood Academy wants the Court to strike down the ban."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The TSSAA argues its rules are valid conditions of membership.","Brentwood Academy argues the ban violates its free speech rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the case involves commercial speech.","Justice Ginsburg asked if cross-school recruiting was previously allowed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of private athletic associations. It affects how schools manage recruiting. It shapes the balance between group rules and individual rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]}],"slug":"2006-06-427-tennessee-secondary-school-athletic-assn-v-brentwood-academy","term":"2006","title":"Can a private athletic association ban schools from recruiting players?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-427.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-03-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-03-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","paragraphs":["Olson argued the per se rule is misguided and anticompetitive.","Coykendall argued discouraging price cuts is bad antitrust policy.","Hungar argued the Dr. Miles rule conflicts with modern jurisprudence.","Underwood argued the agreement prevents discounts and price competition."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"}]}],"caption":"Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.935136Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Leegin argues the per se rule is outdated. PSKS argues it prevents harmful price fixing.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 41-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-03-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-480.html","primary_docket":"06-480","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:35:51.510899Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on how courts evaluate resale price maintenance agreements. Leegin seeks a flexible standard. PSKS seeks strict prohibition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 41-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 26, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Leegin wants the Court to replace the per se rule with the rule of reason.","PSKS wants the Court to keep the per se rule for resale price maintenance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 41-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Leegin argues the per se rule is outdated and anticompetitive.","PSKS argues the agreement prevents price competition among retailers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 41-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked how to decide when economists disagree on consumer impact.","Justice Stevens asked why to distinguish if the advocate admits per se unlawfulness."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines how courts evaluate vertical price agreements. It affects retail pricing strategies. It shapes antitrust enforcement standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 41-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"}]}],"slug":"2006-06-480-leegin-creative-leather-products-inc-v-psks-inc","term":"2006","title":"Should courts apply the rule of reason to resale price maintenance?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-480.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 41-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-03-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-03-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Phillips argued Congress acted decisively in 1995 to curb abusive litigation. He stated the traditional notice pleading rule was rejected for securities complaints.","Mr. Miller argued the Seventh Circuit correctly applied a holistic view. He stated this approach responds to concerns about abusive private actions.","Mr. Shanmugan noted abusive actions impose substantial costs on companies. He argued meritorious private actions supplement government enforcement of securities laws."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 36-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 36-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"}]}],"caption":"Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.967731Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.985554Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether courts must apply a higher standard of proof at the pleading stage than at trial.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 36-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 36-50"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-03-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-484.html","primary_docket":"06-484","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:33:11.581304Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the standard for pleading securities fraud claims. the sides that brought the case argue Congress rejected notice pleading to curb abusive litigation. the opposing sides argue the Seventh Circuit correctly applied a holistic view of the complaint. The core conflict centers on the required level of proof for intent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 36-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 36-50"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 28, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to affirm the higher pleading standard. They argue this curbs abusive private securities litigation.","the opposing sides want the Court to reject the higher standard. They argue the Seventh Circuit correctly applied a holistic view."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 36-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 36-50"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case assert Congress decisively acted to curb abusive private securities litigation. They claim the traditional notice pleading rule was categorically rejected.","the opposing sides assert the Seventh Circuit had the correct approach. They argue for a holistic view of the entire complaint."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 36-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 36-50"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the pleading standard must match the summary judgment standard. He questioned if facts sufficient to defeat summary judgment satisfy pleading requirements.","Justice Kennedy asked if the trial judge must apply a higher standard of proof than the jury. He inquired whether the strong inference standard exceeds a fifty percent likelihood."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the burden for filing securities fraud suits. It determines whether plaintiffs must prove a strong inference of intent. This standard shapes the viability of private enforcement actions against companies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 36-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 36-50"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"}]}],"slug":"2006-06-484-tellabs-inc-v-makor-issues-rights-ltd","term":"2006","title":"Does the securities fraud pleading standard require a strong inference of intent?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 36-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-484.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 36-50"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-03-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-03-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued the direct review standard is deeply rooted in law.","the opposing side argued federal habeas is an extraordinary remedy limited by federalism.","Justice Scalia questioned the logic of applying different standards to similar errors.","Justice Breyer asked what the majority opinion meant regarding the standard."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 45-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-19"}]}],"caption":"Fry v. Pliler","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.918471Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case seeks the direct review standard for constitutional errors. the opposing side argues for the stricter collateral review standard.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 45-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-03-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-5247.html","primary_docket":"06-5247","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:37:30.516474Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case concerns the standard for reviewing constitutional errors in federal habeas petitions. the side that brought the case argues for the direct review standard. the opposing side argues for the collateral review standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 45-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 20, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the direct review standard applied to his habeas petition.","the opposing side wants the collateral review standard applied to his habeas petition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 45-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the direct review standard is deeply rooted in law.","the opposing side argues federal habeas is an extraordinary remedy limited by federalism."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 45-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia questioned the logic of applying different standards to similar errors.","Justice Breyer asked what the majority opinion meant regarding the standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The standard determines whether a prisoner can challenge a conviction. It affects the scope of federal habeas relief. It balances state sovereignty against individual rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 45-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-19"}]}],"slug":"2006-06-5247-fry-v-pliler","term":"2006","title":"Which Harmlessness Standard Applies in Federal Habeas Review?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5247.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 45-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-03-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-03-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Mancino argued the side that brought the case followed the district court's specific order.","Mr. Stewart argued the deadline is jurisdictional and cannot be waived.","Justice Kennedy noted the rule includes equitable conditions and time limits.","Chief Justice Roberts emphasized the drafters wanted a safety valve with limits."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-51"}]}],"caption":"Bowles v. Russell","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.954640Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a late appeal filing is invalid because the deadline is strict.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 23-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-03-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-5306.html","primary_docket":"06-5306","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:46:03.619234Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests if a specific time limit for appeals is a rigid rule or a flexible guideline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 23-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 26, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Russell wants the late appeal dismissed because the deadline is strict.","Bowles wants the late appeal accepted because the judge allowed it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 23-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Russell argues the 14-day limit is mandatory and courts cannot change it.","Bowles argues the judge’s order created a valid 30-day window."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 23-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if courts can accept late filings without objections.","Chief Justice Roberts asked why the appellant waited until the end of the period."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines whether judges can extend strict appeal deadlines. It affects every person who appeals a civil judgment. It determines if a missed deadline ends a case immediately. It shapes how courts manage their own schedules. It impacts the finality of lower court decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 23-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-51"}]}],"slug":"2006-06-5306-bowles-v-russell","term":"2006","title":"Can a district court extend the 14-day appeal deadline?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5306.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 23-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-04-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-04-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if all preliminary judgments must be judged alike.","Justice Kennedy asked if a no-fee rule creates pressure to continue litigation.","Justice Kennedy asked if parties keep cases alive solely for attorney fees."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-15"}]}],"caption":"Sole v. Wyner","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.793828Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.826830Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek fees after a preliminary injunction. the opposing sides argue the injunction does not prove a federal law violation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-04-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-531.html","primary_docket":"06-531","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:30:54.358647Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a preliminary injunction creates liability for attorney fees. the sides that brought the case argue the injunction proves a federal law violation. the opposing sides argue the injunction does not establish that violation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 17, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want attorney fees because they claim the injunction proves a federal law violation.","the opposing sides want no fees because they claim the injunction does not prove a federal law violation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue liability for fees and federal law violations go hand in hand.","the opposing sides argue a preliminary injunction does not determine a federal law violation occurred."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if evidence showed content was the actual criterion.","Justice Souter asked how to interpret the court's subsequent statement about that evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines when preliminary injunctions trigger fee liability. It affects how courts handle fee requests after temporary orders. It shapes the cost of seeking preliminary relief in federal court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-15"}]}],"slug":"2006-06-531-sole-v-wyner","term":"2006","title":"Can a preliminary injunction trigger attorney fee liability?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-531.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Hungar argued that the opposing side seeks to circumvent statutory limitations by manufacturing a parallel mechanism for relief.","Mr. Armstrong stated that a cost recovery action is an equitable action for restitution without a jury trial.","Mr. Geck noted that more than 400,000 contaminated sites require the work of private parties for cleanup."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-35"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Atlantic Research Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.830095Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a party responsible for pollution can use a specific statute to recover costs from other responsible parties.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-562.html","primary_docket":"06-562","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:25:58.860849Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a federal cleanup statute. It asks if a liable party can sue other liable parties for cost recovery."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to bar the opposing side from using the cost recovery statute against other liable parties.","the opposing side wants the Court to allow the use of the cost recovery statute to recover costs from other liable parties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that Congress created a specific mechanism for liable parties to share costs, which limits their options.","the opposing side argues that the cost recovery statute allows any private party to seek restitution for cleanup expenses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if the court must determine the innocence of the party bringing the action first.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the Court was wrong to say the statute provides a cause of action for private parties in a prior case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who can sue for pollution cleanup costs. It determines the financial burden on private parties and the government. It shapes the legal framework for environmental liability nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-35"}]}],"slug":"2006-06-562-united-states-v-atlantic-research-corp","term":"2006","title":"Can a liable party sue other liable parties for cleanup costs?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-02-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-02-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","paragraphs":["The government advocate argued the appellate court correctly applied a presumption of reasonableness.","the side that brought the case advocate argued judges are no longer bound by the specific guideline range.","Justice Breyer questioned whether a judge must provide more than a simple guideline citation.","Justice Scalia asked how to reconcile conflicting statutory language regarding sentencing reasons."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-19"}]}],"caption":"Rita v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.988166Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether appellate courts must treat district court sentences as reasonable by default.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 3-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-02-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-5754.html","primary_docket":"06-5754","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:44:35.931250Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the standard of review for federal sentencing decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 3-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 20, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the appellate court to presume the sentence is reasonable.","the side that brought the case wants the appellate court to review the sentence without a presumption."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 3-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the appellate court applied the correct presumption of reasonableness.","the side that brought the case argues judges are no longer tied to the specific sentencing range."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 3-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the statute requires the court to consider specific factors.","Justice Breyer asked if simply citing the guideline sentence is sufficient reasoning."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This standard determines how much deference appellate courts give to district judges."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 3-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-19"}]}],"slug":"2006-06-5754-rita-v-united-states","term":"2006","title":"Must appellate courts presume district court sentences are reasonable?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-5754.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 3-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-04-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-04-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Farr argued Congress delegated definition power to the Department of Labor.","Mr. Salmons argued the statute text imposes no employer identity limit.","Mr. Becker argued the Department of Labor defined the term in 1975."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 20-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 20-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-5"}]}],"caption":"Long Island Care at Home, Ltd. v. Coke","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.762639Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.788405Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the statute exempts all home-care workers. the opposing sides claim the exemption covers only direct hires.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 20-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 20-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-04-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-593.html","primary_docket":"06-593","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:32:05.875308Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Fair Labor Standards Act. It asks if the companionship exemption applies to agency workers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 20-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 20-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 16, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 31-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the exemption to cover agency workers.","the opposing sides want the exemption limited to direct hires."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 20-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 20-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute text controls the exemption scope.","the opposing sides argue the agency regulation defines the exemption scope."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 20-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 20-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked about the Department of Labor's initial position.","Justice Scalia asked for the definition of a footman."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines pay rules for millions of home-care workers. It defines the boundary between exempt and non-exempt labor. It shapes the balance between statutory text and agency rulemaking."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 20-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 20-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-5"}]}],"slug":"2006-06-593-long-island-care-at-home-ltd-v-coke","term":"2006","title":"Does the Fair Labor Standards Act allow agencies to hire home-care workers without paying overtime?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 20-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-593.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 20-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-04-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-04-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Manning argued the case involves a legislative act.","Mr. Salzman argued the office has absolute immunity.","Mr. Caballero argued the decision is not a legislative act."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-25"}]}],"caption":"Office of Sen. Mark Dayton v. Hanson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.858219Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.906535Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A former staffer claims his employer violated labor laws. The Senator argues Congress cannot be sued for such acts.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-04-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-618.html","primary_docket":"06-618","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:43:56.375573Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a Member of Congress can be sued for employment decisions. The former staffer wants a court to review his claim. The Senator wants the court to dismiss the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 24, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The staffer wants a court to review his employment claim.","The Senator wants the court to dismiss the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The staffer argues the office is a regular employer.","The Senator argues Congress has special immunity from such suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked which pages contain the relevant text.","Justice Souter asked why the lower court gave no explanation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of congressional power. It determines if Congress must follow standard labor laws. It affects how Members of Congress manage their staff."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-25"}]}],"slug":"2006-06-618-office-of-sen-mark-dayton-v-hanson","term":"2006","title":"Can a Member of Congress Be Sued for Hiring Decisions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-618.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Campbell argued that flashing lights seize every person in the car.","Mr. Zall argued that the state views the situation as having two components.","justice_questioned_by_souter","justice_questioned_by_alito"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-7"}]}],"caption":"Brendlin v. California","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.855404Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a passenger is legally seized during a routine traffic stop.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-8120.html","primary_docket":"06-8120","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:27:25.302916Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if a passenger is seized when police stop a car."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to rule that passengers are seized during stops.","The state wants the Court to rule that passengers are not seized during stops."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that activating lights seizes everyone inside the vehicle.","The state argues that the stop targets the driver, not the passenger."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if being in a stopped vehicle means you are seized.","Justice Alito asked if the officer recognized the defendant as a parole violator."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This ruling defines the scope of police authority during traffic stops. It determines when passengers gain Fourth Amendment protections. It clarifies the legal status of individuals in stopped vehicles."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-7"}]}],"slug":"2006-06-8120-brendlin-v-california","term":"2006","title":"Does a traffic stop seize the vehicle's passengers?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-8120.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-01-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-01-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Mahoney argued the Ninth Circuit's interpretation of willfulness was flawed. She requested a remand to explore communications with counsel.","Mr. Shorr argued Congress intended to require knowing violations when it used specific language. He claimed the statute here lacks that explicit requirement.","Ms. Millett argued the Court of Appeals correctly included a reckless disregard component. She asserted this fits the civil context of the law."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-51"}]}],"caption":"Safeco Ins. Co. of America v. Burr","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:28.049733Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Safeco argues willfulness requires actual knowledge. Burr argues it includes reckless disregard of legal duties.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-01-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-84.html","primary_docket":"06-84","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:47:32.430751Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the definition of willful violation under the Fair Credit Reporting Act. Safeco seeks a narrow standard. Burr seeks a broader standard covering reckless conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 16, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Safeco wants the Court to limit willfulness to actual knowledge of a legal violation.","Burr wants the Court to confirm willfulness includes reckless disregard of legal duties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Safeco argues Congress expressly required knowing violations elsewhere in the statute. It claims the absence of that language here implies a lower standard.","Burr argues the civil context of the statute supports a recklessness component. It claims the lower court correctly applied this broader definition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked about reckless disregard.","Justice Breyer questioned the clarity of the term reckless in legal contexts. He asked about the difference between standards. He noted the Model Penal Code attempted clarification based on Court opinions. He asked if parties could not have been conscious of risk given their legal consultations. He asked if actual knowledge is required."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The definition of willfulness determines liability for insurance companies. It affects how firms manage legal risk. It shapes the standard for civil penalties under the Fair Credit Reporting Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-51"}]}],"slug":"2006-06-84-safeco-ins-co-of-america-v-burr","term":"2006","title":"Does willful violation require actual knowledge or include reckless disregard?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-84.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-04-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-04-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","paragraphs":["General Clement argued the Court previously upheld similar restrictions in McConnell.","Mr. Bopp argued the government contradicts its own expert testimony.","Justice Ginsburg asked about other issue ads in the record.","Justice Scalia noted many ads are not issue ads."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-17"}]}],"caption":"Federal Election Comm'n v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.887640Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.890413Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The FEC argues issue ads must follow campaign rules. Wisconsin Right to Life claims this bans protected speech.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-04-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2006","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-969.html","primary_docket":"06-969","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:21:04.586242Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether electioneering communication rules apply to issue ads. The FEC seeks to enforce these restrictions. Wisconsin Right to Life seeks to broadcast ads without following them."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 25, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The FEC wants the Court to uphold the ban on issue ads.","Wisconsin Right to Life wants the Court to strike down the ban."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The FEC argues issue ads function as campaign speech.","Wisconsin Right to Life argues issue ads discuss policy, not candidates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the statement covered all ads or only issue ads.","Chief Justice Roberts asked how the Court determines if this case is typical."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between political speech and campaign finance regulation. It determines how groups discuss policy during election seasons. It shapes the scope of First Amendment protections for advocacy groups."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-17"}]}],"slug":"2006-06-969-federal-election-comm-n-v-wisconsin-right-to-life-inc","term":"2006","title":"Can the FEC ban issue ads that lack express candidate advocacy?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2006/06-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-10-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-10-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","paragraphs":["The government advocate argued the Seventh Circuit misconstrued the statute. He stated the law covers all gross receipts, not just profits.","The defense advocate argued paying expenses is necessary for business. He stated paying winners is essential to gambling operations.","Justice Souter asked if robbery in a dark alley is automatically concealment. He sought to clarify the statutory elements.","Justice Ginsburg asked about Judge Easterbrook's qualification regarding business-like operations. She cited gambling and contraband sales as examples."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-15"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Efrain Santos and Benedicto Diaz","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.993593Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government argues the law covers all crime receipts. The defendants argue it covers only profits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-10-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1005.html","primary_docket":"06-1005","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:14:31.031993Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the federal money laundering statute. The government seeks to convict the defendants. The defendants seek to overturn their convictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 3, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the conviction. It argues the statute covers all gross receipts from a crime.","The defendants want the Court to reverse the conviction. They argue the statute covers only net profits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government contends the statute prohibits laundering all gross receipts. It rejects the profit-only interpretation.","The defendants contend the statute prohibits laundering only profits. They argue paying expenses is necessary for business operations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked why the advocate stopped speaking. He noted he did not know the advocate was finished.","Justice Scalia asked why Congress would make all betting operations automatically violate two criminal statutes. He found this outcome extraordinary."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of federal money laundering laws. It determines whether all crime receipts or only profits trigger criminal liability. This affects how prosecutors charge financial crimes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-15"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-1005-united-states-v-efrain-santos-and-benedicto-diaz","term":"2007","title":"Does the federal money laundering statute cover all crime proceeds or only profits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1005.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-12-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-12-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","paragraphs":["Stephen Bright argued the lower court made errors. He said the state ignored prior Supreme Court lessons.","The state argued the defense failed to object. They said the defense missed the chance to challenge the removals.","Justice Alito asked if the defense claimed three strikes were racial. He sought clarification on the specific number of jurors."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-5"}]}],"caption":"Snyder v. Louisiana","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.548016Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Louisiana prosecutors removed five Black jurors. The defense claims this violated federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 11-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-12-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-10119.html","primary_docket":"06-10119","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:41:15.987654Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests if prosecutors removed jurors based on race. The defense argues this broke federal rules. The state argues the removals were legal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 11-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 4, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The defense wants the Court to find a legal violation. They want a new trial without these jurors.","The state wants the Court to keep the lower court's view. They want the conviction to stand."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 11-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The defense argues the state broke federal rules. They say the removals ignored prior Supreme Court guidance.","The state argues the defense failed to object. They say the defense missed the chance to challenge the removals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 11-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if counsel could have challenged the removals later. She questioned why they did not act sooner.","Chief Justice Roberts asked why the defense did not object earlier. He noted the burden to object falls on the defense."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how prosecutors must remove jurors. It protects the right to a fair jury. It ensures race does not influence jury selection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 11-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-5"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-10119-snyder-v-louisiana","term":"2007","title":"Did prosecutors use race to remove jurors?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-10119.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 11-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-01-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-01-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Klausner stated that Kentucky retirement eligibility relies on twenty years of service or age fifty-five.","He argued that age is not a negative concept in this context.","He cited Justice White's view that all retirement plans distinguish based on age.","Justice Breyer questioned the factual basis of the pension calculation differences between workers with ten and twenty years of service."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-41"}]}],"caption":"Kentucky Retirement Systems v. EEOC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.420487Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Kentucky calculates disability pensions using age. The EEOC claims this practice discriminates against older workers.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-01-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1037.html","primary_docket":"06-1037","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:50:47.072022Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Kentucky sets retirement eligibility based on twenty years of service or age fifty-five. The state argues age is a standard factor in all retirement plans. The EEOC contends Kentucky uses age to disadvantage older disabled employees. The Court must decide if this specific calculation method violates federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 9, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Kentucky wants the Court to reverse the lower court judgment.","The EEOC wants the Court to affirm the lower court judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Kentucky argues age is a necessary factor in all retirement plans.","The EEOC argues Kentucky explicitly uses age to disadvantage older workers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if a worker with twenty years of service receives more than one with ten.","Justice Breyer asked if the state credits a disabled worker with twenty years of service."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how states calculate disability pensions. It determines whether age can serve as a factor in these calculations. The outcome affects the financial security of disabled public employees nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-41"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-1037-kentucky-retirement-systems-v-eeoc","term":"2007","title":"Does Kentucky's disability pension formula violate federal age discrimination law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1037.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-01-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-01-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","paragraphs":["Virginia claims probable cause makes arrests reasonable.","Moore claims states can restrict officer authority beyond federal rules.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"}]}],"caption":"Virginia v. Moore","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.438864Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.450781Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Virginia argues state rules cannot override federal search standards. Moore argues state rules define valid searches.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-01-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1082.html","primary_docket":"06-1082","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:47:18.963708Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether state law can invalidate a search that federal law permits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 14, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Virginia wants the Court to uphold the search under federal law.","Moore wants the Court to suppress the evidence under state law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Virginia argues probable cause satisfies the Fourth Amendment.","Moore argues states may impose stricter search limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if the arrest was ongoing.","Justice Scalia asked if federal employees can conduct broad searches."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between state and federal search powers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-1082-virginia-v-moore","term":"2007","title":"Does state law control search validity?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1082.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-03-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-03-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Fisher argued the state label determines the federal classification.","Ms. Saharsky argued the maximum prison term determines the federal classification.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-51"}]}],"caption":"Burgess v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.231464Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a state crime is a federal felony based on its label or its maximum prison term.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-03-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-11429.html","primary_docket":"06-11429","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:42:07.457084Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests how federal law defines a felony drug offense. The definition hinges on the maximum possible prison sentence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 24, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the state offense treated as a misdemeanor.","The government wants the state offense treated as a felony."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the state label controls the federal classification.","The government argues the maximum prison term controls the federal classification."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked how the state offense compares to a felony.","Justice Kennedy asked if this interpretation is time-honored since Granderson."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This definition determines federal sentencing enhancements for drug crimes. It affects how courts classify state offenses. It impacts the length of federal prison terms."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-51"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-11429-burgess-v-united-states","term":"2007","title":"Does a state misdemeanor count as a federal felony if it carries a one-year sentence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11429.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-01-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-01-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Katze argued that the issue is whether DWI is a violent felony for sentencing.","Ms. Kruger stated that drunk driving endangers lives by its very nature.","Justice Breyer compared burglary and drunk driving to test the risk standard.","Justice Ginsburg noted that all listed crimes present a serious risk of injury."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-51"}]}],"caption":"Begay v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.478050Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a drunk driving conviction qualifies as a violent felony under federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-01-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-11543.html","primary_docket":"06-11543","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:46:59.863454Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if a drunk driving offense fits the legal definition of a violent felony. This classification changes the possible prison sentence for the defendant."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 15, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to reject the violent felony label for drunk driving.","The government wants the court to accept the violent felony label for drunk driving."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that drunk driving lacks the specific intent to harm required for a violent felony.","The government argues that drunk driving inherently creates a serious risk of physical injury to others."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if vehicular homicide fits the definition of a crime risking physical injury.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned whether the legal canon of ejusdem generis applies to the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines the statutory sentencing range for defendants with prior drunk driving convictions. It defines the scope of the Armed Career Criminal Act. It impacts how courts classify offenses involving risk rather than intent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-51"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-11543-begay-v-united-states","term":"2007","title":"Does drunk driving count as a violent felony for sentencing?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-01-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-01-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Newton argued the side that brought the case was absent and lacked an interpreter during the consent process.","Ms. Blatt argued the decision to use a magistrate is a strategic call for counsel.","Justice Roberts asked if the right is derivative of other fair trial rights.","Justice Scalia questioned which article of the Constitution governs the magistrate's role."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-51"}]}],"caption":"Gonzalez v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.391904Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a magistrate judge may conduct jury selection when the defendant was absent and did not personally consent.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-01-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-11612.html","primary_docket":"06-11612","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:52:14.417207Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the constitutional limits on magistrate judges. It tests whether a magistrate can perform core judicial functions like jury selection. The core issue is the defendant's right to a fair trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 8, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction overturned because he did not personally consent to the magistrate's role.","The government wants the conviction upheld because the attorney's consent was sufficient."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the magistrate lacked authority because the defendant was absent and did not consent.","The government argues the attorney's strategic decision to consent was legally sufficient."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if waiving a jury trial is easily understood by ordinary people.","Justice Ginsburg noted the lack of objections to the magistrate's proceedings by the defendant's side."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of magistrate judge authority. It clarifies the defendant's right to participate in jury selection. It protects the integrity of the federal judicial system."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-51"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-11612-gonzalez-v-united-states","term":"2007","title":"Can a magistrate judge conduct jury selection without the defendant's direct consent?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-11612.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-11-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-11-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued the deadline is a nonwaivable jurisdictional limit on the court's authority.","The government argued the deadline is a strict jurisdictional limit that bars the right and remedy.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"}]}],"caption":"John R. Sand & Gravel Co. v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.641782Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a six-year filing deadline acts as a strict jurisdictional bar or a waivable procedural rule.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-11-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1164.html","primary_docket":"06-1164","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:02:24.938044Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the legal nature of a six-year filing deadline for tax refund claims against the United States."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 6, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to treat the deadline as a waivable procedural rule.","The government wants the Court to treat the deadline as a strict jurisdictional bar."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the deadline is a nonwaivable limit on the court's authority to enter money judgments.","The government argues the deadline is a strict jurisdictional limit that bars the right and remedy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the deadline bars the right as well as the remedy.","Justice Breyer asked how the Court should write the opinion on this issue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue determines whether taxpayers lose their claims permanently if they miss the filing deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-1164-john-r-sand-gravel-co-v-united-states","term":"2007","title":"Does a six-year filing deadline strip courts of power to hear tax refund claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1164.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-01-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-01-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Meade argued Congress created two distinct rules. He asked the Court to reconcile them. He noted all aliens may file one motion.","Mr. Kneedler stated a motion does not suspend departure. He emphasized the Board's order sets a fixed time. He argued the obligation remains active during the appeal.","questions_detail"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]}],"caption":"Dada v. Mukasey","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.389238Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case argues a motion to reopen pauses the departure clock. The government says the deadline remains fixed.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-01-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1181.html","primary_docket":"06-1181","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:54:01.554136Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests how two immigration rules interact. One rule sets a short exit window. The other allows a one-time appeal. The Court must define their relationship."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 7, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the deadline to pause during the appeal.","Government wants the deadline to remain fixed and strict."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the appeal process suspends the exit clock.","Government argues the exit clock never stops during an appeal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked why the government allows reopening for all aliens.","Justice Alito asked if diligent pursuit is required for equitable tolling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the finality of immigration deadlines. It clarifies the balance between strict exit rules and appeal rights. The outcome shapes how agencies process late filings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-1181-dada-v-mukasey","term":"2007","title":"Does a motion to reopen suspend a voluntary departure deadline?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1181.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-03-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-03-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Rothfeld argued the Philippines waived immunity by participating in U.S. litigation. He stated the lower court ignored sovereign immunity principles. He claimed the Philippines would lose on statute of limitations grounds.","Mr. Swift argued no adequate alternative remedy exists for human rights victims. He stated the Philippines has no remedy in either country. He emphasized the lack of effective legal recourse for victims.","Mr. Kneedler argued sovereign immunity must weigh heavily in jurisdictional decisions. He stated that immunity from suit is a critical factor. He contended the court must respect the sovereign status of the Philippines."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-49"}]}],"caption":"Republic of Philippines v. Pimentel","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.200801Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.204422Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Philippines seeks to stop U.S. courts from deciding who owns assets it claims Ferdinand Marcos stole.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-03-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1204.html","primary_docket":"06-1204","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:37:10.948679Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Philippines argues U.S. courts lack jurisdiction over its sovereign property. It claims Marcos stole these assets while president. the opposing sides argue U.S. courts can settle ownership disputes. They claim the Philippines waived immunity by participating in the case. The core conflict involves competing claims to the same assets."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 17, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Philippines wants U.S. courts to dismiss the case. It wants ownership settled in Philippine courts. It claims sovereign immunity bars U.S. jurisdiction.","the opposing sides want U.S. courts to decide ownership. They want to recover assets they claim were stolen. They argue the Philippines waived immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Philippines argues sovereign immunity prevents U.S. courts from adjudicating its property claims. It asserts Philippine courts have exclusive jurisdiction over these assets.","the opposing sides argue the Philippines waived immunity by appearing in U.S. courts. They contend U.S. law governs the ownership dispute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the opposing sides have a right to intervene in Philippine corruption court proceedings.","Justice Souter asked if the Philippines claims all assets in the estate belong to it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether sovereign immunity bars U.S. courts from resolving property disputes involving foreign governments. It defines the scope of U.S. judicial power over foreign state assets. It impacts how nations protect stolen property abroad. It clarifies the balance between sovereign dignity and private rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-49"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-1204-republic-of-philippines-v-pimentel","term":"2007","title":"Can U.S. courts settle ownership of assets the Philippines claims were stolen?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1204.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 37-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-12-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-12-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","paragraphs":["Sprint's lawyer argued that the decision-maker's actions are the only relevant facts for the case.","Mendelsohn's lawyer argued that evidence of other supervisors' bias can sometimes help prove the specific claim.","Justice Kennedy questioned whether the lower court's short order truly banned all pattern evidence."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-5"}]}],"caption":"Sprint/United Management Co. v. Mendelsohn","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.560771Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.575764Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Sprint argues that evidence of other supervisors' bias is irrelevant to a specific worker's claim. The worker argues this evidence helps prove their own supervisor acted unfairly.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-12-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1221.html","primary_docket":"06-1221","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:41:37.933959Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how courts handle evidence of bias by other managers. The dispute centers on whether a worker can show their own supervisor acted unfairly by pointing to similar actions by different managers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 3, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Sprint wants the Court to confirm that evidence of other supervisors' bias is generally irrelevant to a specific worker's claim.","Mendelsohn wants the Court to allow evidence of other supervisors' bias to help prove their own supervisor acted unfairly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Sprint argues that an employment decision is made by the specific person who made it, so other managers' actions do not matter.","Mendelsohn argues that evidence of discrimination by other supervisors is sometimes admissible to help prove discrimination by the plaintiff's own supervisor."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if a connection exists between the other supervisors' actions and the specific claim.","Justice Scalia asked whether the district court explained its order based on specific evidence rules or general discretion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how workers prove bias in individual employment disputes. It clarifies whether evidence of company-wide patterns helps or hinders a single worker's legal claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-5"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-1221-sprint-united-management-co-v-mendelsohn","term":"2007","title":"Can a worker use evidence of other supervisors' bias to prove their own supervisor's discrimination?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1221.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-10-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-10-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","paragraphs":["The broker's lawyer argued the law covers bad faith failure to enforce rules.","The exchange's lawyer argued the statute limits suits to contract purchases and sales.","Justice Kennedy posed a hypothetical about negligent enforcement of fraud rules.","Justice Souter asked if the Court needed to decide a specific issue that morning."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 5-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 5-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-43"}]}],"caption":"Klein & Co. Futures v. Board of Trade of City of New York","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.604219Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.610480Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A futures broker claims an exchange breached its duty by ignoring its own rules. The exchange argues the law does not allow such a lawsuit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 5-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 5-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-10-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1265.html","primary_docket":"06-1265","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:42:00.643313Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a federal law. The law lets certain parties sue exchanges for bad faith. The core question is what counts as a covered transaction. The parties disagree on the definition of that term."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 5-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 5-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 29, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The broker wants a ruling that allows it to sue the exchange for ignoring its rules.","The exchange wants a ruling that bars the broker from suing it under this specific law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 5-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 5-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The broker argues the law covers the exchange's failure to enforce required rules.","The exchange argues the law only covers the purchase and sale of contracts, not rule enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 5-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 5-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked the broker to define the specific transactions relied upon.","Justice Roberts asked where the substantive limitation on the transaction comes from in the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who can sue financial exchanges. It clarifies the scope of federal oversight. It affects the accountability of market regulators. It shapes the rights of brokers in disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 5-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 5-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-43"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-1265-klein-co-futures-v-board-of-trade-of-city-of-new-york","term":"2007","title":"Does a futures broker have the right to sue an exchange for failing to enforce its own rules?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 5-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 5-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-11-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-11-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","paragraphs":["The taxpayer claims the statute allows full deductions for unique trust costs.","The IRS contends these costs fall under a general deduction limit.","Justices questioned whether specific repairs are distinctive to trust management.","Justices asked about the burden of proof for claiming this exception."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-3"}]}],"caption":"Knight v. Commissioner","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.516114Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Taxpayers and the IRS dispute whether specific trust costs qualify for a deduction exception.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-11-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1286.html","primary_docket":"06-1286","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:58:49.332956Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of a tax code exception for trust expenses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 27, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The taxpayer wants the court to allow a full deduction for specific trust costs.","The IRS wants the court to apply a standard deduction limit to those costs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The taxpayer argues these costs are unique to managing trust property.","The IRS argues these costs are standard investment management expenses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the taxpayer bear the burden of proving the exception applies?","Are costs like roof repairs distinctive to trust property preservation?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines which trust expenses receive full tax deductions. It affects how trustees calculate taxable income for estates. It clarifies the boundary between unique trust duties and general investment costs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-3"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-1286-knight-v-commissioner","term":"2007","title":"Do trust expenses for preserving property count as investment management fees?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1286.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-11-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-11-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","paragraphs":["Phillips argued Congress created a straightforward tax test.","Hallward-Driemeier argued federal law creates a discrimination right.","Calvert argued the federal exception is narrow and specific."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-33"}]}],"caption":"CSX Transportation, Inc. v. Georgia State Bd. of Equalization","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.636449Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.668249Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"CSX seeks federal review of Georgia's tax valuation. Georgia defends its state process.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-11-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1287.html","primary_docket":"06-1287","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:03:06.952498Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["CSX argues federal law allows courts to fix state tax errors. Georgia argues states control their own tax methods."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 5, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["CSX wants federal courts to correct state tax errors.","Georgia wants to keep control over its tax methods."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["CSX claims federal law bans discriminatory state tax methods.","Georgia claims federal law does not create a review right."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Roberts asked if federal courts should set valuation rules.","Alito asked how appeals courts resolve conflicting district findings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines federal power over state tax administration. It affects how railroads pay taxes nationwide. It shapes the balance between state and federal authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-33"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-1287-csx-transportation-inc-v-georgia-state-bd-of-equalization","term":"2007","title":"Can federal courts judge state railroad tax methods?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1287.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-02-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-02-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Garre argued the Age Discrimination Act does not prohibit retaliation.","Mr. Guerra argued federal workers lack remedies for age retaliation.","Justice Scalia questioned if plain language covers retaliation.","Chief Justice Roberts noted the complexity of existing civil service remedies."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"}]}],"caption":"Gomez-Perez v. Potter","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.522050Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.549385Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Federal workers seek direct court access for age retaliation. The government argues existing civil service rules cover these disputes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-02-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1321.html","primary_docket":"06-1321","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:42:22.408027Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether federal employees can sue directly for age-based retaliation. The government argues the Civil Service Reform Act handles these disputes. the side that brought the case argues the Age Discrimination Act allows direct court access."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 19, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants direct court access for age retaliation claims.","The government wants to limit these claims to civil service procedures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Age Discrimination Act covers retaliation.","The government argues the statute does not expressly prohibit retaliation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if retaliation counts as age discrimination.","Chief Justice Roberts asked how this adds to complex civil service remedies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Federal workers need clear paths to challenge age-based retaliation. The outcome defines the scope of federal employment protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-1321-gomez-perez-v-potter","term":"2007","title":"Does the Age Discrimination Act cover federal retaliation claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1321.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-11-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-11-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued Congress required timely notice and conciliation before a suit.","the opposing side argued the intake form initiates the statutory process.","Justice Alito asked if an EEOC error in notifying the employer invalidates the charge.","Justice Souter asked why the plaintiff should bear the penalty for an EEOC mistake."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-21"}]}],"caption":"Federal Express Corp. v. Holowecki","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.656301Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a preliminary intake form satisfies the legal requirement for a formal charge before filing an age discrimination lawsuit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 9-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-11-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1322.html","primary_docket":"06-1322","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:00:54.550495Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the procedural steps required before an employee can sue for age discrimination. The core issue is the legal status of the initial EEOC intake form. the side that brought the case argues this form is not a formal charge. the opposing side argues it serves as a valid charge. The Court must define the trigger for the statutory waiting period."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 6, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The employer wants the Court to declare the intake form invalid as a charge.","The employee wants the Court to declare the intake form a valid charge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The employer argues the intake form lacks the legal status of a formal charge.","The employee argues the intake form initiates the statutory conciliation process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the form explicitly stated it was not a charge.","Justice Ginsburg asked if EEOC officers complete the formal charge for unrepresented filers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the start date for the statutory waiting period. It determines whether employees must wait for a formal charge or an intake form. This rule affects the timing of all age discrimination lawsuits. It shapes the administrative burden on the EEOC. It impacts the rights of unrepresented employees in federal courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-21"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-1322-federal-express-corp-v-holowecki","term":"2007","title":"Does an EEOC intake form count as a formal charge?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 9-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-11-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-11-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","paragraphs":["New Jersey's counsel stated that boundaries determine where states can grant land.","New Jersey's counsel argued that boundaries determine where states exercise police powers.","Delaware's counsel noted the compact lacked detailed language on land transfer.","Delaware's counsel argued New Jersey agreed to dismiss its boundary suit."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-51"}]}],"caption":"New Jersey v. Delaware","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.529838Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"New Jersey and Delaware dispute who owns underwater land near a wharf.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-11-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-134.html","primary_docket":"06-134","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:58:30.468028Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The states argue over the legal effect of a 1905 compact. They disagree on whether the document transferred land ownership or merely allowed wharf construction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 27, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["New Jersey wants the Court to confirm it owns the subaqueous land.","Delaware wants the Court to confirm it owns the subaqueous land."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["New Jersey argues the compact did not transfer land ownership to Delaware.","Delaware argues the compact implicitly conveyed the land to Delaware."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if New Jersey lacks constitutional power to grant Delaware land.","Justice Alito asked what specific rights New Jersey holds over the subaqueous land now."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["State boundaries determine where governments can grant land and enforce environmental laws. This dispute defines the scope of state police powers over shared waterways."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-51"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-134-new-jersey-v-delaware","term":"2007","title":"Does a 1905 compact transfer subaqueous land ownership between states?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-134orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-01-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-01-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Brinkmann argued the lower court expanded the operational-function tax.","Mr. Barov stated Illinois taxes income earned by the Lexis unit in Illinois.","questions_detail"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"}]}],"caption":"MeadWestvaco Corp. v. Illinois Dept. of Revenue","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.484785Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"MeadWestvaco argues Illinois cannot tax the sale of its Lexis unit. The state claims the unit earned income in Illinois.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-01-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1413.html","primary_docket":"06-1413","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:43:47.889545Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["MeadWestvaco wants the Illinois tax on the Lexis sale struck down. The state wants to keep that tax revenue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 16, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["MeadWestvaco wants the Court to strike down the Illinois tax on the Lexis sale.","Illinois wants the Court to uphold the tax on the Lexis sale."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["MeadWestvaco argues the tax violates constitutional limits on state taxing power.","Illinois argues the tax targets income earned by the Lexis unit in Illinois."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if only the domicile state could impose the tax.","Justice Stevens asked if Illinois could tax a truck sale by a New York owner."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state power to tax business sales. It affects how companies structure interstate transactions. It determines which state collects revenue from corporate divisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-1413-meadwestvaco-corp-v-illinois-dept-of-revenue","term":"2007","title":"Can Illinois tax a New York company for selling a business unit?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1413.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-02-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-02-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","paragraphs":["CBOCS West argues the statute text excludes retaliation.","Humphries argues the statute enforces anti-discrimination goals.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"}]}],"caption":"CBOCS West v. Humphries","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.326380Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether federal law covers employee retaliation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 51-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-02-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1431.html","primary_docket":"06-1431","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:41:55.367189Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a federal civil rights statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 51-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 20, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["CBOCS West wants the Court to reject the retaliation claim.","Humphries wants the Court to uphold the retaliation claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 51-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["CBOCS West argues the statute lacks a retaliation provision.","Humphries argues the statute protects against retaliatory acts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 51-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the 1991 amendment changed prior law.","Justice Ginsburg asked if retaliation existed before 1991."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of federal employment protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 51-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-1431-cbocs-west-v-humphries","term":"2007","title":"Does Section 1981 allow retaliation claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1431.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 51-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-02-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-02-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Schertler argued the statute does not demand proof that proceeds will be cleansed after crossing the border.","Mr. Beard argued the statute requires intent to minimize the criminal taint of unlawful proceeds.","Justice Stevens asked for clarification on what constitutes a method of transportation in this context.","Justice Breyer questioned whether a literal reading of the statute supports the side that brought the case's interpretation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-41"}]}],"caption":"Regalado Cuellar v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.329131Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether transporting cash from a drug deal constitutes money laundering under federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-02-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1456.html","primary_docket":"06-1456","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:38:30.430277Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Regalado Cuellar moved cash from a drug transaction across a border. The government convicted him of money laundering. Cuellar argues the law requires intent to hide the money's criminal origin. The government argues the law targets hiding the money itself."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 25, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Cuellar wants the conviction overturned because he did not intend to hide the money's criminal origin.","The United States wants the conviction to stand because the law targets hiding the money itself."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Cuellar argues the statute requires intent to minimize the criminal taint of proceeds, not just conceal existence.","The United States argues the statute contains no requirement to prove the money will be cleansed later."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked what crime exists if possessing money is criminal but not laundering.","Chief Justice Roberts asked why transporting money does not conceal ownership or location."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal money laundering laws. It determines whether simple transport of drug proceeds triggers criminal liability. The outcome shapes how prosecutors charge financial crimes involving illegal proceeds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-41"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-1456-regalado-cuellar-v-united-states","term":"2007","title":"Does moving drug money across a border count as laundering?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1456.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-02-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-02-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kneedler argued FERC reasonably denied the contract modification request.","Mr. Garre stated FERC believed it retained some interpretive authority.","Mr. Wright emphasized FERC understood itself to lack discretion here."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-31"}]}],"caption":"Morgan Stanley Capital Group Inc. v. Public Utility Distr. No. 1 of Snohomish Cty.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.326324Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Morgan Stanley and Snohomish County dispute whether FERC must or may alter existing power contracts.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-02-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1457.html","primary_docket":"06-1457","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:42:08.456567Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Morgan Stanley and Snohomish County dispute whether FERC must or may alter existing power contracts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 19, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Morgan Stanley wants FERC to keep the power contracts unchanged.","Snohomish County wants FERC to modify the power contracts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Morgan Stanley argues FERC lacks discretion to change the contracts.","Snohomish County argues FERC has authority to modify the contracts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if FERC felt bound by Supreme Court orders.","Justice Kennedy asked if FERC authority is retroactive or limited to fraud."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of federal agency power over private energy contracts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-31"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-1457-morgan-stanley-capital-group-inc-v-public-utility-distr-no-1-of-snohomish-cty","term":"2007","title":"Does FERC lack discretion to modify wholesale power contracts?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-01-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-01-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Schleimer argued the arbitration clause should be enforced.","Mr. Brunstad argued the state statute does not invalidate the agreement.","justice_souter_questioned_implicit_option","justice_scaria_questioned_parallel_proceedings"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]}],"caption":"Preston v. Ferrer","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.448009Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether state law invalidates an arbitration clause in a talent agency contract.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-01-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1463.html","primary_docket":"06-1463","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:48:05.155917Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests if a state statute overrides a private arbitration agreement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 14, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the arbitration clause enforced.","the opposing side wants the state statute to void the clause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the arbitration clause remains valid.","the opposing side argues state law invalidates the agreement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if implicit option of California law is at issue.","Justice Scalia questioned if arbitration clauses exclude parallel proceedings automatically."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines if state laws can override private arbitration agreements. It affects how talent agency disputes are resolved. It impacts the enforceability of contractual arbitration clauses nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-1463-preston-v-ferrer","term":"2007","title":"Does California law bar arbitration for talent agency disputes?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-02-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-02-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","paragraphs":["Warner-Lambert argues federal law preempts state tort claims.","Kent argues state law permits tort claims against drug makers.","questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-25"}]}],"caption":"Warner-Lambert Co. v. Kent","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.358753Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Warner-Lambert argues federal law bars state tort suits. Kent argues state law allows these claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-02-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1498.html","primary_docket":"06-1498","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:40:09.218870Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Warner-Lambert argues federal law preempts state tort claims. Kent argues state law permits these claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 25, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Warner-Lambert wants the Court to dismiss Kent's state tort claims.","Kent wants the Court to allow her state tort claims to proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Warner-Lambert argues federal law preempts state tort claims against drug makers.","Kent argues state law permits tort claims against drug makers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if immunity and its limits are inseparable.","Justice Scalia asked if Congress allows tort actions for FDA violations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether state courts can hear drug injury claims. It affects patient access to legal remedies. It shapes the balance between federal regulation and state law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-25"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-1498-warner-lambert-co-v-kent","term":"2007","title":"Does federal law block state tort claims against drug makers?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Russell argued the case presents a narrow question about disparate impact.","Chief Justice Roberts noted the ADEA prohibition is narrower than Title VII.","Justice Kennedy asked if a nondiscriminating alternative makes a practice unreasonable.","Justice Alito questioned if a practice can be age-based and reasonable simultaneously."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"}]}],"caption":"Meacham v. Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.173682Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on which party must prove an employment practice was reasonable under the ADEA.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1505.html","primary_docket":"06-1505","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:29:16.207850Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the allocation of the burden of persuasion for the reasonable factor other than age defense."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the employer to bear the burden of persuasion.","the opposing sides want the employee to bear the burden of persuasion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute makes this an affirmative defense for the employer.","the opposing sides argue the employee must prove the practice was unreasonable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does a nondiscriminating alternative make a reasonable practice unreasonable?","Is it a strain to say a practice was age-based but reasonable?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This determines which party must prove the reasonableness of an employment practice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-1505-meacham-v-knolls-atomic-power-laboratory","term":"2007","title":"Who bears the burden of proving an age-based practice was reasonable?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1505.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-01-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-01-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Cline argued the tax code excludes non-shareholder payments from capital return rules.","Ms. Maynard argued the taxpayer must prove specific factual elements for the defense.","justice_souter_asked_about_the_significance_of_the_phrase_with_respect_to_the_stock.","justice_kennedy_asked_if_the_corporation_balance_sheet_exists_in_the_record."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-15"}]}],"caption":"Boulware v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.408365Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.416969Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a shareholder can claim a tax-free return of capital for funds taken from a corporation while acting in a non-shareholder capacity.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-01-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1509.html","primary_docket":"06-1509","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:40:02.293185Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the tax treatment of corporate distributions. The core issue is whether a shareholder can claim a tax-free return of capital for funds taken from a corporation while acting in a non-shareholder capacity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 8, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The taxpayer wants the court to accept the return of capital defense.","The government wants the court to reject the return of capital defense."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The taxpayer argues the tax code excludes non-shareholder payments from capital return rules.","The government argues the taxpayer must prove specific factual elements for the defense."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked about the significance of the phrase with respect to the stock.","Justice Kennedy asked if the corporation’s balance sheet exists in the record."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between shareholder and non-shareholder financial actions. It determines how taxpayers calculate their tax liability on corporate distributions. It clarifies the legal standard for claiming a return of capital."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-15"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-1509-boulware-v-united-states","term":"2007","title":"Does a shareholder receive a tax-free return of capital when taking money from a corporation without stock ownership?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1509.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-01-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-01-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","paragraphs":["The government advocate stated that the Act is a key tool for incapacitating serial offenders.","The defendant advocate claimed the government's theory conflicts with the statutory language.","Justice Roberts asked how the recidivist status differs from other sentencing factors.","Justice Kennedy inquired about statutes that use the term offender instead of offense."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Gonzaga Rodriquez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.469869Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.498431Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a defendant's criminal history legally increases the statutory maximum penalty for a current offense.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-01-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1646.html","primary_docket":"06-1646","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:46:40.594724Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests how courts calculate the highest possible sentence for a new crime when the defendant has prior convictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 15, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the court to allow prior convictions to raise the maximum sentence for the current crime.","The defendant wants the court to limit the maximum sentence based only on the current offense's statutory text."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that recidivism statutes define prior offenses partly by their maximum imprisonment terms.","The defendant argues that the statutory language does not support using prior convictions to increase the current maximum."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked why the higher maximum would not apply to a first-time offender.","Justice Stevens asked if a dispute over recidivist status requires the record to establish it definitively."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue determines how judges calculate the highest possible prison term for repeat offenders. It affects the severity of sentences for crimes committed by individuals with prior records. The outcome shapes the balance between punishing current conduct and accounting for criminal history."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-1646-united-states-v-gonzaga-rodriquez","term":"2007","title":"Does a prior conviction raise the maximum sentence for a new crime?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1646.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-03-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-03-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","paragraphs":["The government argued that Iraq has the sovereign right to try the detainee.","The detainee argued that federal courts must review his detention claims.","Justices questioned whether executive agreements can remove federal court jurisdiction."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 5-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 5-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-49"}]}],"caption":"Munaf v. Geren","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.268791Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.293993Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal courts must release a U.S. citizen detained in Iraq to face a foreign criminal trial.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-03-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1666.html","primary_docket":"06-1666","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:39:28.298904Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a U.S. citizen detained in Iraq. The government claims it must keep him in custody to prevent a foreign trial. The detainee claims he has a right to challenge his detention in federal court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 25, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 13-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants to keep the detainee in U.S. custody to prevent a foreign trial.","The detainee wants a federal court to order his release to face the foreign trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that Iraq has sovereign jurisdiction to try the detainee for crimes committed there.","The detainee argues that federal courts have jurisdiction to review his detention under habeas corpus."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the lack of a formal judgment distinguishes this case from prior precedents.","Justice Souter asked if an executive agreement with a foreign force eliminates habeas jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 5-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 5-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of executive power over citizens abroad. It determines whether federal courts can review detention decisions made to avoid foreign trials. The outcome shapes the balance between national security and individual liberty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 5-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 5-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-49"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-1666-munaf-v-geren","term":"2007","title":"Can the U.S. government detain a citizen in Iraq to prevent a foreign trial?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1666.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-03-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-03-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Wolfman stated the Federal Circuit awarded attorney fees to Richlin.","He noted the court denied market-rate paralegal fees.","He argued statutory attorney fees exclude paralegal work.","Mr. Yang stated the Act authorizes two distinct expense categories."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-21"}]}],"caption":"Richlin Security Service Co. v. Chertoff","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.228747Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Richlin Security seeks market-rate paralegal fees. The government argues a statutory cap limits these costs.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-03-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1717.html","primary_docket":"06-1717","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:37:18.667903Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Equal Access to Justice Act lets private parties recover legal costs from the government. The dispute centers on whether paralegal work counts as attorney fees. Richlin argues paralegal fees are separate expenses. The government claims a statutory cap limits all non-attorney costs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 19, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Richlin wants market-rate paralegal fees as distinct expenses.","The government wants a statutory cap on paralegal fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Richlin argues paralegal fees are separate from attorney fees.","The government argues paralegal fees fall under the attorney fee cap."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked about the cap difference between 1988 and the Act.","Justice Kennedy asked for two reasons why the government cap is wrong."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts calculate paralegal costs in government litigation. It affects the financial burden on private parties suing the state. It clarifies the scope of recoverable legal expenses under federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-21"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-1717-richlin-security-service-co-v-chertoff","term":"2007","title":"Does the Equal Access to Justice Act allow paralegal fees at market rates?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-1717.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-12-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-12-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Zieve argued the case tests preemption of state claims.","Mr. Kneedler focused on the consequences of the side that brought the case's argument.","Mr. Olson highlighted Congress's balance of safety and availability."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"}]}],"caption":"Riegel v. Medtronic, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.545280Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal pre-market approval bars state law claims for device injuries.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-12-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-179.html","primary_docket":"06-179","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:55:22.250015Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal preemption for medical devices."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 4, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the state law claims to proceed.","the opposing side wants the federal approval to block the claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues federal approval does not preempt state requirements.","the opposing side argues federal approval creates preemptive requirements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if manufacturers can market improvements without new FDA action.","Justice Kennedy asked if the jury performs the same task as the FDA."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the balance between device safety and patient access."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-179-riegel-v-medtronic-inc","term":"2007","title":"Does federal device approval block state injury lawsuits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-10-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-10-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Grossman argued the statute bans any deceptive device in securities trades.","Mr. Shapiro argued the investors seek to expand an implied cause of action.","Mr. Hungar argued the lower court correctly applied prior precedent.","Mr. Grossman questioned why a contract existed if the advertising cost nothing."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 30-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 30-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-48"}]}],"caption":"Stoneridge Investment Partners, LLC v. Scientific-Atlanta, Inc., ET AL","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.733787Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.756955Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Investors seek damages from a vendor that allegedly helped a company inflate earnings. The vendor argues federal law bars such suits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 30-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 30-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 46-26"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-10-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-43.html","primary_docket":"06-43","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:13:04.866852Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal securities fraud laws. It asks whether private investors can sue third parties who aid a company in misleading shareholders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 30-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 30-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 46-26"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 9, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 28-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Investors want to recover money lost from alleged fraud.","The vendor wants the lawsuit dismissed to avoid liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 30-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 30-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 46-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Investors argue the law bans all deceptive acts in securities trades.","The vendor argues prior precedent bars private suits against third parties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 30-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 30-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 46-26"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the vendor knew the company would use the data.","Justice Scalia asked what specific facts prove the vendor intended to defraud."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-48"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines who investors can sue for securities fraud. It shapes the reach of federal anti-fraud protections for shareholders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 30-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 30-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 46-26"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-48"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-43-stoneridge-investment-partners-llc-v-scientific-atlanta-inc-et-al","term":"2007","title":"Can investors sue third-party vendors for aiding securities fraud?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 30-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 30-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 46-26"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-11-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-11-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","paragraphs":["Maine's lawyer said Congress encouraged states to handle youth access.","The association's lawyer said the law relates to carrier service.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the law dictates carrier actions.","Justice Souter noted the goal was ending state patchwork."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-51"}]}],"caption":"Rowe v. New Hampshire Motor Transp. Assn.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.542570Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Maine requires carriers to follow state rules for tobacco delivery. The association argues this violates federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 27-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-11-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-457.html","primary_docket":"06-457","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:58:15.191225Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether federal law blocks Maine from regulating tobacco delivery."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 27-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 28, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Maine wants to enforce its tobacco delivery rules.","The association wants the state law struck down."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 27-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Maine argues Congress left tobacco regulation to states.","The association argues the state law relates to carrier service."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 27-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the state law relate to carrier service?","Did Congress intend to preempt state tobacco rules?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state power over tobacco delivery. It shapes how states regulate public health risks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 27-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-51"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-457-rowe-v-new-hampshire-motor-transp-assn","term":"2007","title":"Does Maine's tobacco delivery law violate federal preemption?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-457.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 27-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-10-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-10-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Koch argued that receiving a gun does not constitute use under the statute.","Ms. Maynard argued that accepting a gun in a drug trade is using it.","Justice Alito questioned why Congress would penalize one party but not the other in a trade.","Justice Ginsburg noted that possession is also indictable under the amended statute."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-25"}]}],"caption":"Michael A. Watson v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.725742Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether accepting a firearm in a drug trade satisfies the federal statute's definition of using a gun.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-10-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-571.html","primary_docket":"06-571","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:12:44.731204Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a federal firearms statute. the side that brought the case argues that receiving a gun does not count as using it. The government contends that accepting the gun in a drug trade is a form of use."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 9, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction overturned because receiving a gun is not using it.","The government wants the conviction upheld because accepting a gun in a drug trade is using it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that the statute requires active use, not passive receipt of a firearm.","The government argues that accepting a gun in exchange for drugs constitutes use under the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked why the danger of converting a gun to a weapon matters here.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the government should address the specific charging issue first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the legal meaning of using a firearm in drug crimes. It determines the scope of federal penalties for gun-related offenses. It clarifies the boundary between possession and use in criminal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-25"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-571-michael-a-watson-v-united-states","term":"2007","title":"Does receiving a gun for drugs count as using it?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-10-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-10-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","paragraphs":["Michael Nachmanoff argued the district court properly considered Section 3553(a) factors.","Paul Dreeben argued the statutory ratio reflects a coherent congressional judgment.","Justice Scalia questioned whether the Sentencing Commission should have acted more proportionately.","Justice Kennedy asked if Congress could have mandated the specific rationale used by the Fourth Circuit."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-7"}]}],"caption":"Derrick Kimbrough v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.673877Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether district courts may impose lower sentences for crack cocaine offenses despite the statutory 100-to-1 quantity ratio.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-10-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-6330.html","primary_docket":"06-6330","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:17:45.556505Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Derrick Kimbrough challenges his federal sentence. He argues the district court properly exercised discretion under Section 3553(a). The government contends the statutory ratio mandates a specific sentencing structure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 2, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Kimbrough wants the Supreme Court to affirm the district court's lower sentence.","The United States wants the Supreme Court to reverse the lower sentence and uphold the statutory ratio."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Kimbrough argues Section 3553(a) allows judges to consider individual circumstances over rigid ratios.","The United States argues the 100-to-1 ratio reflects a coherent congressional judgment that courts must respect."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if the incoherence argument applies broadly to all sentencing ratios.","Justice Souter asked if any sentencing assumption other than the 100-to-1 ratio is unreasonable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether federal judges retain discretion to deviate from the crack-to-powder cocaine sentencing ratio. It affects the consistency of federal drug sentencing nationwide. It shapes the balance between legislative mandates and judicial discretion in criminal punishment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-7"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-6330-derrick-kimbrough-v-united-states","term":"2007","title":"Can a judge reject the 100-to-1 crack sentencing ratio?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6330.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-10-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-10-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Koerner argued the 1985 decision relied on broad remedial clauses in federal law.","Mr. Gardephe stated IDEA authorizes tuition reimbursement when a child is denied a proper public education.","Mr. Garre contended the district cannot refuse both a proper public placement and private tuition payment.","Mr. Koerner clarified the law is a funding grant, not a constitutional requirement."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-9"}]}],"caption":"Board of Education of the City School District of the City of New York v. Tom F., on Behalf of Gilbert F., a Minor Child","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.671047Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.707308Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A family seeks tuition reimbursement after the district failed to provide a suitable public education for a child with a disability.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-10-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-637.html","primary_docket":"06-637","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:18:26.335417Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a school district must pay for private school tuition when it fails to provide a free and appropriate public education."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 1, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The district wants to avoid paying for the private school placement.","The family wants the district to reimburse the private school tuition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The district argues the family must first accept a public placement, even if inadequate.","The family argues the district must pay for private school when it fails to provide a proper public education."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the outcome changes if the child attended public school for only eleven days.","Justice Scalia questioned whether the advocate added new elements to the legal question."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether school districts can deny proper public education and refuse to fund private alternatives for disabled students."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-9"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-637-board-of-education-of-the-city-school-district-of-the-city-of-new-york-v-tom-f-o","term":"2007","title":"Can a school district deny a child a proper public placement and refuse to pay for private school tuition?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-637.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-11-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-11-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Trower argued Kentucky's tax treats private entities equally.","Mr. Brunstad argued Kentucky did not take over the national bond market.","Justice Souter questioned the relevance of prior precedent to this case.","Justice Ginsburg asked if private activity bonds were considered below."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-21"}]}],"caption":"Department of Revenue of Ky. v. Davis","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.639191Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Kentucky exempts local bond interest from state tax. the sides that brought the case claim this favors local government over private competitors.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-11-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-666.html","primary_docket":"06-666","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:03:49.599100Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Kentucky taxes interest on out-of-state municipal bonds. It exempts interest on bonds issued by Kentucky and its local governments. the sides that brought the case argue this tax scheme discriminates against interstate commerce. the opposing sides argue the tax treats all private entities equally."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 5, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the tax exemption as unconstitutional.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the tax exemption as a valid state policy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the exemption favors local government over private competitors.","the opposing sides argue the exemption treats all private entities the same."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the state effectively controls the market.","Justice Breyer asked about consumer losses in the dairy industry."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["State tax policies shape the national municipal bond market. Discriminatory taxes distort interstate commerce. This case defines the limits of state tax authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-21"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-666-department-of-revenue-of-ky-v-davis","term":"2007","title":"Does Kentucky's tax exemption for local bond interest violate the Commerce Clause?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-666.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-10-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-10-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","paragraphs":["The government advocate stated that restoring a right does not mean leaving it alone.","The government advocate argued the statute is not absurd and is clear on point.","the side that brought the case advocate explained that the provision determines which convictions constitute a prior felony.","the side that brought the case advocate noted the exemption clause prescribes ways a conviction is exempt."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-23"}]}],"caption":"Logan v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.607808Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a state's restoration of civil rights removes a prior misdemeanor from the federal violent felony definition.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-10-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-6911.html","primary_docket":"06-6911","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:05:37.960951Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the federal firearms ban. The government argues the statute clearly includes restored misdemeanors. the side that brought the case argues the exemption clause removes them."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 30, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to exclude restored misdemeanors from the violent felony definition.","The government wants the Court to include restored misdemeanors in the violent felony definition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute's exemption clause removes restored convictions from the ban.","The government argues the statute clearly defines these offenses as violent felonies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the minority approach applies to most states.","Justice Scalia asked about the individualized nature of state determinations in restoration cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal firearm restrictions. It determines which prior convictions trigger enhanced penalties. The outcome shapes how states manage civil rights restoration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-23"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-6911-logan-v-united-states","term":"2007","title":"Does a restored misdemeanor conviction count as a violent felony?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-6911.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-10-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-10-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","paragraphs":["General Clement argued that speech proposing unlawful transactions is unprotected. He stated that falsely proposing such transactions is also unprotected.","Mr. Diaz argued that the law carries severe penalties. He claimed the statute is vague and overbroad on its face.","Justice Roberts asked about a movie reviewer describing a film. He questioned if such a review violates the law.","Justice Ginsburg asked about a film showing a twelve-year-old. She questioned if the actor is a young adult."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-3"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Williams","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.591681Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government argues that describing illegal images is a crime. The defendant argues that describing them is protected speech.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-10-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-694.html","primary_docket":"06-694","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:06:42.426991Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of free speech. The government claims that describing child pornography is illegal. The defendant claims that describing it is protected expression. The Court must decide if the law is too broad."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 30, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the law. It seeks to criminalize describing child pornography.","The defendant wants the Court to strike down the law. It seeks to protect speech about illegal materials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that proposing an unlawful transaction is not protected speech. It claims that falsely proposing such a transaction is also unprotected.","The defendant argues that the law is unconstitutionally vague. It claims the statute captures protected speech about materials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if describing a war crime film violates the statute. He questioned if a person describing such a film commits a crime.","Justice Souter asked about receiving unsolicited child pornography. He asked if reporting it to police violates the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between illegal conduct and protected speech. It determines whether describing illegal images is a crime. The outcome shapes how citizens discuss sensitive materials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-3"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-694-united-states-v-williams","term":"2007","title":"Does describing child pornography violate federal law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-10-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-10-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","paragraphs":["The state advocate said voters followed Supreme Court guidance. They adopted a top-two system to balance interests.","The party advocate said the law converts a core right into a mere endorsement. It undermines the party's ability to win public support.","Justice Scalia noted a candidate can join a party. He said a party cannot disassociate from that candidate.","Justice Roberts asked if the described ballot format was accurate. He sought clarity on the final ballot appearance."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-47"}]}],"caption":"Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.978269Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Washington voters adopted a top-two system that lets parties choose nominees but forces them to share the ballot with outsiders.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-10-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-713.html","primary_docket":"06-713","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:43:28.014347Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 1, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The state wants to keep the top-two system. It wants to force parties to share the ballot with outsiders.","The party wants to stop the forced sharing. It wants to control who appears on its ballot line."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The state argues the law follows Supreme Court guidance. It claims the system respects party autonomy while allowing outsider access.","The party argues the law strips its core rights. It claims the state turned its right to choose nominees into a mere endorsement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the ballot shows party preference for a candidate.","Justice Alito asked if the initiative aimed to change the system minimally after a prior case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance between party control and voter access. It shapes how states design primary elections. It affects the power of political parties to select their own nominees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-47"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-713-washington-state-grange-v-washington-state-republican-party","term":"2007","title":"Can a state force political parties to share ballot access with non-endorsed candidates?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-04-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-04-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Madden argued that the sentencing process failed due to lack of notice.","Mr. Rutledge argued for two alternative grounds to support the lower court.","Mr. Roberts argued that Rule 32 requires notice for new grounds."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-21"}]}],"caption":"Irizarry v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.134600Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a judge must announce new sentencing reasons before the final sentence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 37-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-04-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-7517.html","primary_docket":"06-7517","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:33:11.615521Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the timing of judicial explanations during sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 37-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 15, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks a rule requiring advance notice of new sentencing reasons.","The government seeks to allow judges to state new reasons at the final hearing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 37-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that surprise sentencing reasons violate fair process.","The government argues that judges need flexibility to explain sentences fully."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 37-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the notice rule fits advisory guidelines.","Justice Ginsburg asked what the judge intended with the evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue defines how clearly judges must explain their sentencing choices."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 37-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-21"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-7517-irizarry-v-united-states","term":"2007","title":"Must judges explain new sentencing reasons before the verdict?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7517.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 37-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-10-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-10-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Olson argued the primary process discouraged qualified candidates.","Mr. Olson claimed the process spawned expensive and corrupting fundraising.","Mr. Rossman stated the signature requirement was no barrier to participation.","Mr. Schwarz argued the district court found severe burdens on insurgents."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-43"}]}],"caption":"New York State Board of Elections, ET AL. v. Margarita Lopez Torres, ET AL.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.720096Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"New York mandates party primaries for judicial nominations. Challengers claim this rule burdens voter participation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-10-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-766.html","primary_docket":"06-766","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:16:04.487826Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["New York requires political parties to select judicial candidates via primary. Challengers argue this rule burdens voter participation. The state claims the rule prevents corruption."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 3, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["New York wants the Court to uphold its mandatory primary rule.","Challengers want the Court to strike down the mandatory primary rule."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["New York argues the rule prevents corrupt fundraising practices.","Challengers argue the rule imposes severe burdens on voters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if burdensome registration requirements violate primary openness.","Justice Scalia asked if voluntary party adoption of primaries would also be unconstitutional."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state power over judicial candidate selection. It balances party autonomy against voter access. The outcome shapes how states manage judicial elections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-43"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-766-new-york-state-board-of-elections-et-al-v-margarita-lopez-torres-et-al","term":"2007","title":"Can New York force parties to use primaries for judicial nominations?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-766.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-10-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-10-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","paragraphs":["Jeffrey Green argued that the district court's sentence was rational and should be sustained.","Michael Dreeben argued that appellate courts need specific benchmarks to review below-guideline sentences.","questions_detail"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-43"}]}],"caption":"Brian Michael Gall v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.686088Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether appellate courts must defer to district court sentencing decisions that deviate from federal guidelines.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-10-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-7949.html","primary_docket":"06-7949","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:18:07.636137Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the standard of review for federal drug sentences. the side that brought the case argues for a deferential approach. The government seeks a stricter benchmark for reasonableness."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 2, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Supreme Court to adopt a deferential standard for reviewing below-guideline sentences.","The government wants the Supreme Court to require appellate courts to apply a stricter reasonableness benchmark."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that any rational judge could impose the sentence, so it must be sustained.","The government argues that appellate courts need clear benchmarks to distinguish reasonable from unreasonable deviations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts questioned whether a conspiracy leader who blows the whistle would still be charged.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the judge gave credit for leaving the conspiracy but not stopping it entirely."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines how federal courts evaluate sentencing discretion. It impacts the consistency of drug sentencing nationwide. It shapes the balance between judicial independence and uniform legal standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-43"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-7949-brian-michael-gall-v-united-states","term":"2007","title":"Should appellate courts apply a deferential standard when reviewing federal drug sentences?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-7949.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-10-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-10-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Butler argued the Minnesota Supreme Court incorrectly claimed federal law prevented it from deciding prisoner access.","Mr. Diamond asserted federal law controls the retroactivity of new constitutional rulings.","Justice Roberts noted Teague exceptions depend on the nature of the underlying right."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-49"}]}],"caption":"Danforth v. Minnesota","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.624108Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case argues federal law controls retroactivity. the opposing side claims state courts decide which prisoners gain access to new rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 7-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-10-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-8273.html","primary_docket":"06-8273","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:04:08.782302Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether federal law dictates when new constitutional rules apply to old convictions. the side that brought the case seeks uniform national standards. the opposing side defends state autonomy in applying these rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 31, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to mandate federal retroactivity rules for all states.","the opposing side wants the Court to allow states to set their own retroactivity standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues federal law exclusively controls the retroactivity of new constitutional rulings.","the opposing side argues state courts must decide which prisoners can raise federal challenges."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if determining non-retroactivity is a substantive federal law decision.","Justice Kennedy questioned if state courts are reaching questions federal law forbids."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the balance between federal uniformity and state judicial power. It determines whether prisoners nationwide receive identical access to new constitutional protections. The outcome shapes the finality of criminal convictions across the country."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-49"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-8273-danforth-v-minnesota","term":"2007","title":"Can states ignore federal retroactivity rules for new constitutional rights?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-8273.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 7-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-11-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-11-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","paragraphs":["LaRue's counsel argued Section 502(a)(2) permits recovery of individual losses.","DeWolff's counsel argued the statute requires plan-level losses.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the availability of investment choices.","Justice Scalia requested specific code numbers for the provisions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"}]}],"caption":"James LaRue v. DeWolff, Boberg & Associates Inc., et al.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.516132Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a participant can recover losses from their individual account under ERISA Section 502(a)(2).","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 45-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-11-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-856.html","primary_docket":"06-856","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:59:59.752991Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["James LaRue seeks to recover losses from his individual account. DeWolff, Boberg & Associates argues the statute only covers plan-level losses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 45-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 26, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["LaRue wants to recover losses from his individual account.","DeWolff wants the Court to limit recovery to plan-level losses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 45-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["LaRue argues Section 502(a)(2) covers individual account losses.","DeWolff argues the statute only covers losses to the plan as a whole."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 45-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the plan document is in the record.","Justice Scalia asked for the specific code sections involved."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of fiduciary liability for individual retirement accounts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 45-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-856-james-larue-v-dewolff-boberg-associates-inc-et-al","term":"2007","title":"Can a participant sue for losses in their individual account under ERISA Section 502(a)(2)?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-856.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 45-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-10-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-10-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued the statute's text limits the bar to customs and excise officers.","the opposing side argued the statute broadly covers all law enforcement property seizures.","Justice Scalia questioned the purpose of a later statutory exception if the initial bar is narrow.","Justice Ginsburg challenged the side that brought the case's example of DEA agents as auxiliary customs officers."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-11"}]}],"caption":"Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.219816Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a federal statute bars tort claims for property seized by law enforcement officers outside customs duties.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-10-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-9130.html","primary_docket":"06-9130","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:07:49.107050Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a federal statute that limits tort claims against the government. The statute bars claims arising from the detention of goods by customs officers. the side that brought the case argues this bar applies only to customs and excise officers. the opposing side argues the bar covers all law enforcement officers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 29, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to limit the statutory bar to customs and excise officers only.","the opposing side wants the Court to apply the statutory bar to all law enforcement officers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute's text specifically targets customs and excise law enforcement activities.","the opposing side argues the statute broadly bars claims for property detained by any federal law enforcement officer."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked what purpose a later statutory provision serves if the initial bar is narrow.","Justice Ginsburg questioned whether DEA agents searching for narcotics fit the definition of auxiliary customs officers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This interpretation determines which federal employees face tort liability for property seizures. It defines the boundary between customs enforcement and general law enforcement. It shapes the scope of government immunity in property disputes. It clarifies the statutory text for future litigation. It balances government operational flexibility against individual property rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-11"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-9130-ali-v-federal-bureau-of-prisons","term":"2007","title":"Does the Federal Tort Claims Act bar suits over property seized by non-customs officers?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-9130.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Posner argued the insurer's profit motive should not affect the review.","Mr. Rosenkranz argued the Court should keep its prior unanimous ruling.","Ms. Saharsky argued the Court must consider the conflict of interest."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-25"}]}],"caption":"Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Glenn","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.198135Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Parties dispute whether a court must consider an insurer's financial conflict when it denies a claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 7-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-923.html","primary_docket":"06-923","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:28:57.864047Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests how courts review insurer claim denials. One side argues profit motives must influence the review. The other side argues the conflict is irrelevant to the legal standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 7-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The insurer wants a neutral review standard that ignores its profit motive.","The claimant wants a stricter review standard that weighs the insurer's profit motive."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 7-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The insurer argues the conflict of interest is legally irrelevant to the review.","The claimant argues the conflict of interest must be a factor in the review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 7-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the insurer must prove it separated profit and claims staff.","Justice Scalia asked if a fiduciary with financial interests is inherently conflicted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts treat insurer profit motives. It sets the standard for reviewing denied health claims. It affects the balance between insurer autonomy and claimant protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 7-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-25"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-923-metropolitan-life-ins-co-v-glenn","term":"2007","title":"Should courts weigh insurer profit motives when reviewing denied claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-923.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 7-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-01-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-01-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Hungar argued that authorized sales remove items from patent protection.","Ms. Mahoney argued that the district court properly dismissed the claims.","Justice Stevens asked which transaction triggered the exhaustion doctrine.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the case depends on contract wording."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-21"}]}],"caption":"Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.481868Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.513432Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Quanta argues that selling components exhausts patent rights. LG argues that selling components does not exhaust those rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-01-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-937.html","primary_docket":"06-937","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:45:01.670412Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Quanta Computer and LG Electronics dispute whether selling patented components exhausts patent rights. Quanta argues that an authorized sale removes items from patent protection. LG argues that the sale did not exhaust the system and method patents. The Court must decide which interpretation applies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 16, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Quanta wants the Court to hold that selling components exhausts patent rights.","LG wants the Court to hold that selling components does not exhaust patent rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Quanta argues that an authorized sale removes items from patent protection.","LG argues that the sale did not exhaust the system and method patents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked which transaction triggered the exhaustion doctrine.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the case depends on contract wording."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of patent exhaustion. It determines when patent rights end after a sale. It affects how companies structure component sales. It shapes the balance between patent holders and buyers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-21"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-937-quanta-computer-inc-v-lg-electronics-inc","term":"2007","title":"Does selling patented components exhaust patent rights?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-937.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-03-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-03-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Goldsmith argued California defunded employer speech. He claimed this conflicts with federal policy.","Mr. Gottesman argued California financed one side of debates. He said the law created an anomaly.","Mr. Hungar argued state laws frustrate national policy. He cited the Linn decision as precedent."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-15"}]}],"caption":"Chamber of Commerce of United States v. Brown","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.231420Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.261636Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Employers claim federal law preempts a state ban on union speech. The state argues it controls its own grant funds.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-03-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-939.html","primary_docket":"06-939","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:33:22.765207Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests if federal labor law overrides state grant rules. The dispute centers on employer speech about unions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 19, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Employers want the state law struck down. They argue federal law protects their speech rights.","The state wants to keep the law. It claims it controls its own spending."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Employers argue federal law preempts the state ban. They cite prior Supreme Court precedent on speech.","The state argues it funds specific purposes. It claims it can exclude union speech from grants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the state must show its interest. She questioned the facial challenge approach.","Justice Breyer asked why the state excludes union speech. He noted the state pays for all costs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state control over grant funds. It shapes employer speech rights in public projects. It balances federal labor policy with state autonomy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-15"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-939-chamber-of-commerce-of-united-states-v-brown","term":"2007","title":"Does federal law block states from banning employer union speech in grants?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-939.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-10-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-10-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","paragraphs":["Donovan argued treaties require compliance with ICJ decisions.","Cruz argued the memo is not binding federal law.","Roberts asked who enforces treaty constraints domestically."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-41"}]}],"caption":"Jose Ernesto Medellin, v. Texas","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.737744Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.759831Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Medellin argues a presidential memo makes an ICJ order binding. Texas argues the memo lacks legal force.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 41-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-10-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-984.html","primary_docket":"06-984","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:09:21.717762Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Medellin seeks a state court review of his sentence. Texas refuses to follow the international order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 41-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 10, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Medellin wants Texas courts to review his sentence.","Texas wants to ignore the international court order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 41-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Medellin claims treaties and a memo create binding federal law.","Texas claims the memo does not create binding federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 41-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if treaties can require unconstitutional state acts.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the ICJ ever orders specific sentences."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the power of presidential memos. It determines if international orders bind state courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 41-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-41"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-984-jose-ernesto-medellin-v-texas","term":"2007","title":"Can a President's memo bind state courts to follow an international court order?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 41-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2007-11-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2007-11-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Brinkmann asserted the FAA provides exclusive grounds for vacating awards.","She stated those grounds do not include legal error.","Mr. Phillips argued the parties agreed to specific review procedures.","He noted the agreement allowed district court review after the award."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-3"}]}],"caption":"Hall Street Associates, L.L.C. v. Mattel, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.698149Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.704444Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Parties dispute if contracts can add legal error review to arbitration awards.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2007-11-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-989.html","primary_docket":"06-989","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T12:00:36.231962Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if the Federal Arbitration Act limits court review of arbitration awards. The Act lists specific grounds for vacating awards. Parties argue whether contracts can add new review standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 7, 2007."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the district court to enforce the contractual review clause.","the opposing side wants the court to limit review to statutory grounds only."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the contract defines the scope of judicial review.","the opposing side argues the FAA provides exclusive grounds for vacating awards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if nonbinding arbitration exists.","Justice Kennedy asked for a standard to distinguish valid review clauses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary between private arbitration and public court oversight. It determines whether parties can contractually expand judicial review of arbitration awards. This affects the finality of commercial dispute resolution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-3"}]}],"slug":"2007-06-989-hall-street-associates-l-l-c-v-mattel-inc","term":"2007","title":"Can parties expand FAA review grounds?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/06-989.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-03-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-03-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Fisher argued the trial court acted to prevent chaos.","Mr. Stancil argued the Sixth Amendment grants the defense to the accused.","justice_questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-21"}]}],"caption":"Indiana v. Edwards","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.290417Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.299481Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Indiana argues a higher competency standard prevents trial chaos. Edwards argues the Sixth Amendment guarantees self-representation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-03-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-208.html","primary_docket":"07-208","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:37:47.416055Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a state can force a competent defendant to accept counsel. The core conflict pits trial order against constitutional autonomy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 26, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Indiana wants the Court to allow a higher competency standard for self-representation.","Edwards wants the Court to protect the right to self-representation for competent defendants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Indiana argues a higher standard prevents the trial from descending into a farce.","Edwards argues the defense belongs to the accused, not the state."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia questioned whether the proposed test is vague.","Justice Ginsburg asked if speech impediments would automatically bar self-representation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between judicial control and personal liberty. It determines whether states can override a defendant's choice of counsel. The outcome shapes the fundamental structure of criminal trials nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-21"}]}],"slug":"2007-07-208-indiana-v-edwards","term":"2007","title":"Can a court deny self-representation to a competent defendant?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-208.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-01-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-01-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case claim the law burdens fundamental voting rights.","the opposing sides assert no evidence shows widespread lack of ID.","the opposing sides argue some identity verification is always required."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-27"}]}],"caption":"Crawford v. Marion County Election Board","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.423345Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.453602Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case claim the law burdens voting. the opposing sides say it prevents fraud.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 45-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-01-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-21.html","primary_docket":"07-21","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:48:23.999337Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests Indiana's voter ID law. the sides that brought the case seek to strike it down. the opposing sides defend the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 45-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 9, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to invalidate the photo ID requirement.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the photo ID requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 45-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the law imposes substantial burdens on voters.","the opposing sides argue the law is necessary to verify voter identity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 45-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if any association could sue on behalf of voters.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if standing relies on specific party members."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of voting rights protections. It sets standards for state election administration rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 45-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-27"}]}],"slug":"2007-07-21-crawford-v-marion-county-election-board","term":"2007","title":"Does Indiana's photo ID law violate the right to vote?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-21.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 45-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-04-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-04-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Becker argued both questions should be answered yes.","He stated the plaintiff must rely on the misrepresentation.","Mr. Debruin claimed the sides that brought the case submitted false affidavits.","He stated they filled the auction room with related entities."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 11-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-13"}]}],"caption":"Bridge v. Phoenix Bond & Indemnity Co. Long Family Land & Cattle Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.100001Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek damages for liens they claim rivals won through fraud. the opposing sides argue the law requires direct reliance.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 11-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 47-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-04-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-210.html","primary_docket":"07-210","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:35:52.427210Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of civil RICO fraud claims. the sides that brought the case want compensation for lost bids. the opposing sides want to limit liability to direct victims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 11-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 47-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 14, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a damages award for lost auction bids.","the opposing sides want dismissal of the fraud claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 11-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 47-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue RICO covers injuries proximately caused by fraud.","the opposing sides argue the statute requires direct reliance on lies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 11-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 47-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if the text supports a proximate cause standard.","Justice Kennedy asked if the tort fails without the fraud violation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines who can sue for fraud under RICO. It sets the boundary for civil liability in auction disputes. It clarifies the link between criminal acts and civil damages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 11-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 47-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-13"}]}],"slug":"2007-07-210-bridge-v-phoenix-bond-indemnity-co-long-family-land-cattle-co","term":"2007","title":"Must a RICO fraud plaintiff rely on the misrepresentation?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 11-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 47-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-02-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-02-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","paragraphs":["The company argued the law targets government fraud.","The government argued the law protects all fund recipients.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-47"}]}],"caption":"Allison Engine Co. v. United States Ex Rel. Sanders","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.358741Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal fraud laws apply to false claims made to private subcontractors.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 21-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-02-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-214.html","primary_docket":"07-214","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:39:06.600827Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the False Claims Act. It asks if the law covers fraud on private entities receiving federal funds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 21-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 26, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The company wants the law limited to fraud on the government.","The government wants the law to cover fraud on subcontractors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 21-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The company argues the statute targets only government defrauding.","The government argues the statute covers all federal fund recipients."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 21-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked about the definition of a claim.","Justice Kennedy asked if a claim must be presented to the government."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the reach of federal fraud enforcement. It determines liability for private contractors. It shapes compliance costs for defense suppliers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 21-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-47"}]}],"slug":"2007-07-214-allison-engine-co-v-united-states-ex-rel-sanders","term":"2007","title":"Does the False Claims Act cover fraud on subcontractors?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 21-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-02-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-02-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","paragraphs":["Dellinger argued the spill was a historic environmental tragedy.","Fisher argued the lower court rulings align with mainstream tort law.","Dellinger denied Exxon expected or approved the specific reckless act."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-49"}]}],"caption":"Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.361438Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.385403Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Exxon seeks a cap on punitive damages for the Valdez spill. Baker argues maritime law allows full compensation for reckless conduct.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-02-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-219.html","primary_docket":"07-219","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:37:42.718012Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether maritime law limits punitive damages for corporate negligence. Exxon argues a one-year cap applies. Baker argues full compensation is required for reckless acts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 27, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Exxon wants a cap on punitive damages for employee negligence.","Baker wants full punitive damages for reckless corporate conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Exxon argues maritime law limits punitive damages to one year's wages.","Baker argues general tort law allows full compensation for recklessness."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter questioned why maritime rules differ from other industries.","Justice Kennedy asked if a captain leaving despite weather is managerial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the financial risk for corporate negligence in shipping. It sets the standard for compensating victims of environmental disasters. It balances corporate liability against employee misconduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 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lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-49"}]}],"slug":"2007-07-219-exxon-shipping-co-v-baker","term":"2007","title":"Can a shipowner limit punitive damages for an employee's reckless spill?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-219.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-03-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-03-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","paragraphs":["Walter Dellinger argued the Amendment responded to fears about federal control of state militias.","Paul Clement argued the text guarantees an individual right independent of militia service.","Chief Justice Roberts noted that acknowledging an individual right shifts the focus to the reasonableness of regulations."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 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31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 43-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-31"}]}],"caption":"District of Columbia v. Heller","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.981358Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.013174Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Second Amendment grants individuals a personal right to own firearms or only protects collective militia service.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 3-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-03-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-290.html","primary_docket":"07-290","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:38:09.893452Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Second Amendment. One side argues it protects individual self-defense. The other side argues it protects only organized militia service."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 3-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 18, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the local ban on handgun possession.","The individual wants the Court to strike down the local ban on handgun possession."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 3-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the Amendment protects only the right to serve in a state militia.","The individual argues the Amendment protects a personal right to keep firearms for self-defense."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 3-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked why the text says the right of the people if it only applies to militias.","Justice Scalia asked how a personal guarantee and a militia assurance can coexist without contradiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 43-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines whether citizens can keep guns for personal safety. It determines the balance between individual liberty and public safety laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 3-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 43-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-31"}]}],"slug":"2007-07-290-district-of-columbia-v-heller","term":"2007","title":"Does the Second Amendment protect individual gun ownership?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 3-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-03-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-03-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","paragraphs":["The company argues the government must return interest to fully remedy the tax error.","The government argues the refund deadline bars the company from recovering interest.","questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-21"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Clintwood Elkhorn Mining Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.235204Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government claims it can keep interest on refunded taxes after the refund deadline passes. The mining company argues the government must return that interest.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-03-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-308.html","primary_docket":"07-308","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:41:10.639787Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether the government must return interest on refunded taxes after the statutory refund deadline expires. The company argues the government must return that interest. The government argues it can keep the interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 24, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The company wants the government to return the interest on the refunded taxes.","The government wants to keep the interest on the refunded taxes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The company argues the government must return interest to fully remedy the tax error.","The government argues the refund deadline bars the company from recovering interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked why the parties want to split the tax and interest components.","Justice Breyer asked if the company can recover both payments and interest after three years."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether the government can retain interest on refunded taxes. It affects how taxpayers recover money from the government. It defines the scope of tax refund remedies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-21"}]}],"slug":"2007-07-308-united-states-v-clintwood-elkhorn-mining-co","term":"2007","title":"Can the government keep interest on refunded taxes after the refund deadline passes?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-308.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-03-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-03-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Makar argued the exemption applies to post-confirmation transfers.","Mr. Brunstad argued cash scarcity makes pre-confirmation transfers critical.","justice_breyer_questioned_the_impact_of_unconfirmed_plans_on_tax_liability.","justice_breyer_probed_the_relevance_of_transfer_timing_relative_to_confirmation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"}]}],"caption":"Florida Dept. of Revenue v. Piccadilly Cafeterias, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.323669Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.356004Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Florida and Piccadilly Cafeterias dispute whether the tax exemption applies to transfers made before a bankruptcy plan confirms.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-03-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-312.html","primary_docket":"07-312","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:37:21.943763Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of a federal tax exemption in bankruptcy. The dispute centers on the timing of asset transfers relative to plan confirmation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 26, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Florida wants the tax exemption to apply only to transfers after plan confirmation.","Piccadilly wants the tax exemption to cover transfers made before plan confirmation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Florida argues the statute naturally exempts only post-confirmation transfers.","Piccadilly argues the exemption covers transfers occurring before confirmation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if the tax remains valid if a plan never confirms.","Justice Breyer asked whether the transfer timing relative to confirmation matters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the tax burden for businesses restructuring under bankruptcy law. It clarifies when asset transfers trigger stamp taxes. This affects the financial viability of many Chapter 11 cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"}]}],"slug":"2007-07-312-florida-dept-of-revenue-v-piccadilly-cafeterias-inc","term":"2007","title":"Does the bankruptcy stamp tax exemption cover pre-confirmation transfers?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-312.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-04-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-04-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","paragraphs":["Andrew Herman argued the law regulates personal spending.","General Clement argued the candidate did not limit his own spending.","Justice Souter noted the law did not deter the candidate."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"}]}],"caption":"Davis v. Federal Election Comm’n","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.167270Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A candidate argues a federal law violates free speech by forcing him to spend more money to match a poorer opponent.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-04-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-320.html","primary_docket":"07-320","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:30:37.029553Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if the government can regulate a candidate's personal campaign spending."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 22, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The candidate wants the law struck down as a free speech violation.","The commission wants the law upheld to level the playing field."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The candidate argues the law forces him to spend more money.","The commission argues the law does not restrict the wealthy candidate's spending."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the law actually deters spending.","Chief Justice Roberts asked for case law supporting the candidate's claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the limits of government power over campaign finance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"}]}],"slug":"2007-07-320-davis-v-federal-election-comm-n","term":"2007","title":"Can a law force wealthy candidates to spend more to match opponents?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-04-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-04-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","paragraphs":["Jeffrey Fisher argued that no one has been executed for rape in forty-three years.","He claimed a long-standing national consensus exists against this punishment.","He stated that Louisiana's attempt violates the Eighth Amendment.","Ms. Clark described the brutal nature of the specific crime involved."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-31"}]}],"caption":"Kennedy v. Louisiana","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.240645Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.254878Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Louisiana seeks to execute a man for raping a child. The defendant argues the Eighth Amendment forbids this punishment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-04-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-343.html","primary_docket":"07-343","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:31:26.693843Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Court must decide if the Eighth Amendment bars the death penalty for rape. Louisiana argues the crime causes unique harm. The defendant claims a national consensus opposes this penalty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 16, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Louisiana wants to execute the defendant for raping a child.","The defendant wants the Court to strike down his death sentence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Louisiana argues that violent child rape causes irreparable harm.","The defendant argues that a national consensus opposes this penalty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if states could define the class as rapists of children under twelve.","Justice Scalia asked how to describe a particularly heinous rape of a child."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of capital punishment for non-homicide crimes. It determines whether states can execute offenders for severe sexual violence. The outcome shapes future sentencing laws for violent crimes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-31"}]}],"slug":"2007-07-343-kennedy-v-louisiana","term":"2007","title":"Can states impose the death penalty for child rape?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-343.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-04-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-04-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Rosenbaum argued Taylor had no legal relationship with prior parties.","Mr. Hallward-Driemeier argued the privity finding follows established principles.","Ms. Stetson addressed the meaning of privity to avoid a freewheeling test."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"}]}],"caption":"Taylor v. Sturgell","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.137273Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.140927Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a non-party can be bound by a prior judgment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 39-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-04-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-371.html","primary_docket":"07-371","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:32:44.268968Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of res judicata for non-parties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 39-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 16, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Taylor wants the prior judgment to have no effect on his case.","Sturgell wants the prior judgment to bind Taylor."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 39-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Taylor argues a lawsuit does not decide the rights of non-parties.","Sturgell argues the lower court correctly found privity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 39-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked why the lack of collusion matters.","Justice Alito asked if the facts show collusion to avoid preclusion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who can be bound by prior judgments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 39-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"}]}],"slug":"2007-07-371-taylor-v-sturgell","term":"2007","title":"Does a prior lawsuit bind a stranger to that case?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-371.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 39-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-04-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-04-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Banker argued tribes lack inherent sovereign power over nonmembers.","Mr. Gannon argued tribes retain legitimate civil authority over nonmember land.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the practical enforcement of tribal taxes.","Justice Ginsburg compared tax collection to a gas station scenario."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"}]}],"caption":"Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land & Cattle Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.102650Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether tribal courts hold jurisdiction over a nonmember bank for tax collection.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 7-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-04-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-411.html","primary_docket":"07-411","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:36:22.843069Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Plains Commerce Bank seeks to avoid tribal court jurisdiction. The Long Family Land and Cattle Company wants the tribe to collect taxes from the bank."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 7-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 14, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The bank wants the tribe to lose jurisdiction over it.","The tribe wants to collect taxes from the bank."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 7-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The bank argues tribes lack inherent power over nonmembers.","The tribe argues political branches have not removed civil jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 7-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if tribal court jurisdiction exists in a hypothetical case.","Justice Souter asked if regulatory authority exceeds adjudicatory authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of tribal authority over nonmember businesses. It determines whether tribes can enforce tax laws against outside entities. The outcome shapes the balance of power between tribal and state governments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 7-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"}]}],"slug":"2007-07-411-plains-commerce-bank-v-long-family-land-cattle-co","term":"2007","title":"Can a tribe tax a nonmember bank on reservation land?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-411.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 7-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-03-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-03-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Spinelli argued the magistration marks the start of a criminal prosecution.","Mr. Coleman argued the magistration does not begin a criminal prosecution.","Justice Roberts questioned how the proceeding could be adversarial without the prosecution present.","Justice Kennedy sought a specific rule to tell states when counsel must be appointed."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-45"}]}],"caption":"Rothgery v. Gillespie County","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.200813Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a pre-charge magistration triggers the right to counsel.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-03-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-440.html","primary_docket":"07-440","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:36:04.794878Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Rothgery argues the magistration starts the prosecution. The county argues it does not."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 17, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Rothgery wants the Court to rule that the magistration starts the right to counsel.","The county wants the Court to rule that the magistration does not start the right."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Rothgery argues the magistration is an initial appearance that starts the prosecution.","The county argues no formal charges existed, so the right had not attached."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if Texas could bar an attorney from the magistration.","Justice Ginsburg asked exactly when the right to counsel attached in this case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when states must provide counsel to arrested individuals. It sets a clear rule for state courts. It affects the rights of all criminal defendants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-45"}]}],"slug":"2007-07-440-rothgery-v-gillespie-county","term":"2007","title":"Does a Texas magistration start the Sixth Amendment right to counsel?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-440.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-03-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-03-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","paragraphs":["General Mukasey argued the lower court added an element. He said the statute does not require a direct link. He claimed the word during is purely temporal.","Mr. Hillier argued the lower court acted correctly. He said the lie must relate to the crime. He claimed the government tried to charge a sure thing.","Justice Breyer asked if a foreseeable relationship is enough. He suggested the explosives made the lie necessary. He tested the boundary of the legal requirement.","Justice Ginsburg asked why prosecutors chose this specific charge. She questioned the logical link to the false statement. She explored the prosecutor's strategic decision."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-41"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Ressam","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.261533Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government argues a false statement about explosives fits the statute. The defendant argues the law requires a specific connection to the crime.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-03-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-455.html","primary_docket":"07-455","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:34:58.333906Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the meaning of a federal law. The law adds prison time for lying about explosives. The dispute centers on the word during. The government says this word marks time. The defendant says it marks a relationship. The lower court sided with the defendant. The government seeks to remove that requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 25, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the lower court to drop the extra requirement. It wants the conviction to stand as originally found.","The defendant wants the lower court to keep the extra requirement. It wants the conviction to fail because of that gap."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the statute only needs a time connection. It claims the lower court added words not in the law.","The defendant argues the statute needs a direct relationship. It claims the lie must relate to the specific crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if Congress could add time for wearing a watch during a crime.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the word during only refers to time in the statute text."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts read federal sentencing laws. It clarifies when a false statement triggers extra prison time. It sets a standard for linking lies to specific criminal acts. It affects how prosecutors build cases involving explosives. It shapes the balance between statutory text and judicial interpretation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-41"}]}],"slug":"2007-07-455-united-states-v-ressam","term":"2007","title":"Does lying about explosives require a direct link to the crime?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-455.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-04-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-04-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Metcalf argued federal courts should not review everyday employer decisions.","Mr. Katyal stated the Ninth Circuit required a suspect class for claims.","Ms. Blatt argued class-of-one claims fail in public employment contexts.","Justice Roberts asked if minor time-sheet errors justify a termination decision."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-51"}]}],"caption":"Engquist v. Oregon Dept. of Agriculture","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.137283Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.170074Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A fired worker claims her boss acted out of personal animus. The state argues courts cannot review such subjective personnel choices.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-04-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-474.html","primary_docket":"07-474","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:31:42.770004Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of the Equal Protection Clause. It asks if a single public employee can sue for damages when a boss acts out of personal dislike. The state argues this power belongs to the employer, not the courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 21, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants a court to award damages for personal animus.","The state wants courts to avoid reviewing subjective personnel decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Constitution bans arbitrary treatment of any individual.","The state argues courts lack power to second-guess everyday employment choices."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if a supervisor can simply dislike an employee.","Justice Scalia asked if the state accepts a rational-basis test."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between public accountability and private management. It determines whether courts can police subjective workplace motives. It shapes the daily reality of public-sector employment relationships."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-51"}]}],"slug":"2007-07-474-engquist-v-oregon-dept-of-agriculture","term":"2007","title":"Can a public employee sue for damages based on personal dislike?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-474.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-01-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-01-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Verrilli argued Kentucky's procedures pose a danger of cruel executions.","Mr. Englert agreed that proper administration of the first drug prevents pain.","Chief Justice Roberts noted an expert agreed proper administration yields a humane death.","Justice Kennedy asked if an argument exists assuming perfect administration."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-15"}]}],"caption":"Baze v. Rees","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.379034Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case claim the state's execution method risks severe pain. The state argues proper administration prevents suffering.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 45-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-01-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-5439.html","primary_docket":"07-5439","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T11:53:43.209504Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a specific chemical protocol for execution constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. The dispute centers on the risk of pain during the process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 45-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 7, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the three-drug protocol as unconstitutional.","The state wants the Court to uphold the current execution method."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 45-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the protocol poses a danger of cruel and inhumane executions.","The state argues proper administration of the first drug ensures a painless death."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 45-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked about the specific dosage of the first drug.","Justice Ginsburg asked if adequate monitoring could eliminate all risk of error."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the constitutional limits on state execution methods. It determines whether procedural safeguards satisfy Eighth Amendment standards. The ruling sets a precedent for future challenges to lethal injection protocols."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 45-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-15"}]}],"slug":"2007-07-5439-baze-v-rees","term":"2007","title":"Does Kentucky's three-drug lethal injection protocol violate the Eighth Amendment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-5439.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 45-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-04-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-04-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Burkhardt argued the Court must look to the common law at the time of the framing.","Mr. De Nicola argued the common law never required intent to tamper as a prerequisite."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-41"}]}],"caption":"Giles v. California","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.170080Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a defendant's intent to prevent a witness from testifying justifies admitting that witness's prior statements.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-04-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-6053.html","primary_docket":"07-6053","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:31:19.063420Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the Confrontation Clause. It limits the use of out-of-court statements. The clause requires witnesses to face the accused. An exception exists for witness unavailability. The exception is called forfeiture by wrongdoing. The core question is the scope of this exception. Specifically, it asks if intent to silence is required."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 22, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the lower court's admission of evidence overturned.","The state wants the lower court's admission of evidence maintained."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the common law requires intent to silence the witness.","The state argues the common law does not require specific intent to silence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the witness gave notice of testifying in California.","Justice Breyer asked how much the Court should follow eighteenth-century common law rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of the Confrontation Clause. It determines when out-of-court statements are admissible. It affects criminal trials involving unavailable witnesses. It clarifies the forfeiture by wrongdoing exception. It impacts the rights of the accused. It shapes the rules for admitting hearsay evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-41"}]}],"slug":"2007-07-6053-giles-v-california","term":"2007","title":"Does a defendant's intent to silence a witness allow their out-of-court statements into evidence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-6053.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-03-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-03-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Newsom argued that the appeal is timely and the Court has jurisdiction to resolve the merits.","Mr. Shanmugam asserted that the Voting Rights Act requires preclearance for any change in voting practices.","Ms. Karlan cited prior cases to argue that the law was in force and effect.","Mr. Newsom suggested that legislative or administrative changes might not require preclearance under existing dicta."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-23"}]}],"caption":"Riley v. Kennedy","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.265171Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.296731Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Alabama argues state courts need no federal approval to invalidate redistricting plans. Opponents claim the Voting Rights Act requires such approval for any voting change.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-03-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2007","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-77.html","primary_docket":"07-77","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:36:42.707539Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal preclearance requirements under the Voting Rights Act. The dispute centers on whether state judicial actions that alter voting maps require prior federal approval."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 24, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Alabama wants the Court to rule that state courts do not need federal approval to invalidate redistricting laws.","Opponents want the Court to rule that state courts must seek federal approval before any change to voting practices takes effect."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Alabama argues that judicial decisions are not legislative or administrative changes, so they fall outside the preclearance requirement.","Opponents argue that the Voting Rights Act requires preclearance for any change in voting practices, including those made by state courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked how a state trial judge can rule if the opposing sides win and preclearance is required.","Justice Souter asked if state courts have invalidated redistricting laws on state constitutional grounds and if those opinions were precleared."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the power of state courts to change voting rules. It determines whether federal approval is needed for judicial redistricting decisions. The outcome shapes the balance of power between state and federal governments in voting rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-23"}]}],"slug":"2007-07-77-riley-v-kennedy","term":"2007","title":"Must state courts seek federal approval before striking down redistricting laws?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2007/07-77.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-11-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-11-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued failure to report presents no serious risk of injury.","The government argued the risk matches the danger of burglary.","Justice Kennedy questioned whether the general nature of the crime controls the analysis.","Justice Kennedy asked if the frequency of violent escapes changes the legal outcome."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-15"}]}],"caption":"Chambers v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.904468Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a failure-to-report escape statute qualifies as a violent felony under the Armed Career Criminal Act.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-11-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-11206.html","primary_docket":"06-11206","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:07:07.311449Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the ACCA's residual clause. It asks if a crime that does not involve direct physical force still fits the definition of a violent felony. The Court must determine how to assess the risk of harm for such offenses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 10, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to hold that failure to report is not a violent felony.","The government wants the Court to hold that failure to report is a violent felony."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the crime lacks serious potential risk of injury to others.","The government argues the crime creates a risk comparable to burglary."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the Court looks to the general nature of the crime for violence.","Justice Kennedy asked if the proportion of violent escapes affects the decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary of violent felony classifications. It determines which non-physical crimes trigger enhanced federal sentences. The outcome shapes sentencing consistency for career offenders nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-15"}]}],"slug":"2008-06-11206-chambers-v-united-states","term":"2008","title":"Does failure to report count as a violent felony?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-11206.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-11-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-11-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","paragraphs":["Waxman argued the conflict between state and federal law is stark.","Kneedler argued state duties conflict with the FDA safety determination.","Frederick cited specific regulations to support the preemption argument.","Ginsburg questioned how benefits outweigh the risk of amputation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"}]}],"caption":"Wyeth v. Levine","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.945915Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Wyeth argues federal law blocks state tort claims. Levine argues state law allows injury suits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-11-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1249.html","primary_docket":"06-1249","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:16:27.884102Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Wyeth seeks dismissal of state tort claims. Levine seeks a damages award for injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 3, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Wyeth wants the state tort claim dismissed.","Levine wants the state tort claim to proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Wyeth argues federal approval preempts state duties.","Levine argues state duties do not conflict with federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Roberts asked why the Drug Act lacks express preemption.","Souter asked if the FDA required the specific label text."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance between federal drug regulation and state tort law. It determines whether injured patients can sue manufacturers under state law. It shapes the scope of federal preemption in product liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"}]}],"slug":"2008-06-1249-wyeth-v-levine","term":"2008","title":"Can state tort laws override federal drug safety approvals?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1249.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-10-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-10-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","paragraphs":["Eric Schnapper argued Crawford's report was protected opposition. He stated she reported specific harassment by a director. He claimed this conduct fell under the first clause of section 704(a).","Ms. Blatt argued the case should resolve under the opposition clause. She stated employees do not need magic words to express opposition. She argued they do not need to initiate the interview to be protected.","Mr. Young argued Title VII resulted from a congressional compromise. He stated it balanced employee and employer interests. He warned against too broad an entry into retaliation claims."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-37"}]}],"caption":"Crawford v. Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson Cty.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.037843Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Vicky Crawford reported harassment to city officials. Her employer fired her. She claims retaliation. The city argues her report was not protected opposition.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-10-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/06-1595.html","primary_docket":"06-1595","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:22:15.700320Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of Title VII protection. It asks if an employee's specific report of harassment qualifies as opposition to unlawful conduct. The answer defines what actions trigger anti-retaliation safeguards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 8, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Crawford wants the Court to rule that her specific report of harassment was protected opposition. She seeks a reversal of the lower court's dismissal of her claim.","The city wants the Court to rule that her report was not protected opposition. It seeks an affirmation of the lower court's dismissal of her claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Crawford argues her report was protected under the opposition clause of Title VII. She contends she did not need to use magic words or initiate the interview to be protected.","The city argues Title VII balances employee and employer interests. It contends that broad protection allows juries to decide retaliation based on trivial statements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if a vague statement about harassment being terrible counts as opposition. He worried this would give juries too much power to decide retaliation claims.","Justice Ginsburg asked why the Court focused on hypotheticals. She noted Crawford gave specific testimony about her boss harassing her, not just general opposition to harassment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the threshold for protected activity under Title VII. It determines whether specific reports of harassment trigger anti-retaliation protections. This shapes workplace conduct and employer liability nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-37"}]}],"slug":"2008-06-1595-crawford-v-metropolitan-government-of-nashville-and-davidson-cty","term":"2008","title":"Does reporting harassment to a supervisor count as protected opposition under Title VII?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/06-1595.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-12-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-12-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","paragraphs":["General Garre argued that the Second Circuit did not bar all discovery. He stated the lower court only suggested postponing or limiting it.","Mr. Reinert argued that paragraph 69 of the complaint shows a coherent theory. He claimed the sides that brought the case lack a clear definition of conclusory allegations.","chief_justice_roberts_asked_if_the_policy_was_approved_by_top_officials","Justice Souter questioned whether the case involves more than derivative liability. He cited complaint paragraphs charging willful policy design."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]}],"caption":"Ashcroft v. Iqbal","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.835560Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.841885Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Plaintiffs sue top officials for supervisory liability. Defendants claim qualified immunity blocks the claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-12-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-1015.html","primary_docket":"07-1015","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:20:42.758691Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the standard for pleading claims against senior officials. It asks if a complaint must allege specific personal wrongdoing. It also asks if supervisory liability applies to policy approval."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 10, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Plaintiffs want the court to allow supervisory liability claims to proceed. They argue policy approval creates personal responsibility.","Defendants want the court to dismiss the claims. They argue qualified immunity protects them from derivative liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Plaintiffs argue that approving a discriminatory policy constitutes personal participation. They contend this satisfies the pleading standard for liability.","Defendants argue that supervisory liability is not a valid legal theory. They contend that qualified immunity shields them from claims based solely on subordinates' actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if designing a policy includes holding specific groups without penal purpose.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the pleading analysis is discrete under a motion to dismiss standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of official accountability. It determines whether senior leaders face personal legal exposure for agency policies. It shapes the balance between civil rights enforcement and official immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-1015-ashcroft-v-iqbal","term":"2008","title":"Can high officials face lawsuits for policies they approved?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1015.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-12-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-12-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues New York law blocks federal claims.","The State argues its law satisfies federal requirements.","questions_and_answers"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-47"}]}],"caption":"Haywood v. Drown","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.181308Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.181348Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Prisoners argue New York bars federal claims. The State claims its law complies with federal rules.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-12-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-10374.html","primary_docket":"07-10374","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:56:33.060590Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests state court access for federal claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 3, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants to sue in state court under federal law.","The State wants to keep federal claims out of its courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the state law discriminates against federal claims.","The State argues its law treats federal and state claims equally."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the issue is jurisdictional.","Justice Kennedy asked if the state can offer a damages alternative."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Prisoners need a forum to seek damages for rights violations. States control access to their courts for federal claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-47"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-10374-haywood-v-drown","term":"2008","title":"Can New York Block Federal Prisoner Lawsuits in State Courts?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10374.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-01-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-01-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","paragraphs":["McColgin argued the statute requires excluding delayed confessions.","Dreeben argued the statute preserves judicial supervisory power.","Alito asked if the statute codifies or modifies the rule."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-31"}]}],"caption":"Corley v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.680297Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a six-hour delay automatically excludes confessions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-01-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-10441.html","primary_docket":"07-10441","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:39:26.226128Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a federal statute on confession admissibility."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 21, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Corley wants the confessions excluded due to the delay.","The government wants the confessions admitted as evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Corley argues the statute mandates exclusion after six hours.","The government argues the statute allows judicial discretion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Roberts asked if judges can exclude confessions solely for delay.","Kennedy asked if a six-hour safe harbor exists in the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This defines how courts handle delayed confessions in federal trials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-31"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-10441-corley-v-united-states","term":"2008","title":"Does a six-hour delay bar confession evidence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-10441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-11-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-11-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Stewart argued that the core issue is whether SWU contracts result in merchandise sales.","Ms. Halligan argued that the Commerce Department's position creates uncertainty across multiple industries.","Mr. Farr acknowledged that the transaction can be viewed reasonably in different ways."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-49"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Eurodif S.A.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.898071Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether processing uranium constitutes a sale of merchandise under antidumping laws.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-11-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-1059.html","primary_docket":"07-1059","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:11:45.223459Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if enriching uranium creates a sale of goods. The government argues this process is a sale. The company argues it is a service."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 4, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to classify enrichment as a sale of goods.","The company wants the Court to classify enrichment as a service."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that processing uranium results in merchandise sold in the United States.","The company argues that the transaction is a service, not a sale of goods."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked about the role of tollers and subcontractors in the process.","Chief Justice Roberts asked the advocate to articulate a precise legal test for the transaction type."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how the law treats industrial processing services. It determines whether such services face antidumping duties. The outcome shapes trade rules for global manufacturing and processing industries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-49"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-1059-united-states-v-eurodif-s-a","term":"2008","title":"Does uranium enrichment count as a sale of goods?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1059.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-12-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-12-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Goldstein argued two things are uncontested in the case.","He stated the side that brought the case is on death row, not in solitary confinement.","He described the dilemma the Court faces in disposing of the case.","Chief Justice Roberts noted the state court opinion discussed federalism issues."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-49"}]}],"caption":"Cone v. Bell","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.803533Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.814445Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case argues the state court relied on federalism grounds. the opposing side claims the state court found no Brady violation on the merits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 17-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-12-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-1114.html","primary_docket":"07-1114","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:51:54.124873Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case concerns federal habeas corpus review. The core dispute is whether a state court's alternate holding prevents federal courts from reviewing a Brady claim. the side that brought the case seeks federal review of the claim. the opposing side argues the state court resolved the claim on the merits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 9, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Supreme Court to review the Brady claim on the merits.","the opposing side wants the Supreme Court to affirm the lower court's conclusion that no Brady violation occurred."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the state court's alternate holding on federalism allows federal review of the Brady claim.","the opposing side argues the state court's holding that the documents were not Brady material resolves the claim on the merits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked when the conviction and death sentence were pronounced.","Chief Justice Roberts asked why procedural issues are before the Court if the merits are resolved."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal habeas review. It determines when federal courts can examine state court decisions. The outcome affects the rights of death row inmates. It clarifies the relationship between state and federal courts in habeas cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-49"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-1114-cone-v-bell","term":"2008","title":"Does a state court's alternate holding bar federal habeas review of a Brady claim?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1114.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 17-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-12-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-12-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","paragraphs":["Joseph Parkhurst argued that controlling occupants during a lawful stop satisfies legal requirements for a frisk.","David Heytens argued that the initial seizure ended before the frisk, requiring separate suspicion of a crime.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-23"}]}],"caption":"Arizona v. Johnson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.786092Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.807175Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a traffic stop alone justifies a pat-down search of a vehicle passenger.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-12-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-1122.html","primary_docket":"07-1122","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:53:00.429924Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of police authority during traffic stops. It asks if officers need specific suspicion of a crime to frisk passengers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 9, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Arizona wants the Court to uphold the passenger frisk under existing traffic stop rules.","Johnson wants the Court to reverse the lower court decision and require specific crime suspicion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Arizona argues that controlling occupants during a lawful stop satisfies the legal requirements for a frisk.","Johnson argues that the initial seizure ended before the frisk, requiring separate suspicion of a crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the argument removes the requirement to suspect a crime is occurring.","Justice Scalia asked if both armed and dangerous status are required for a frisk."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of police power during routine traffic stops. It determines when officers can search passengers without specific evidence of criminal activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-23"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-1122-arizona-v-johnson","term":"2008","title":"Can police frisk a passenger during a lawful traffic stop without suspecting a crime?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1122.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-12-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-12-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","paragraphs":["Charles Rothfeld argued for the sides that brought the case.","Ms. Hodge argued for the opposing sides.","Justices questioned the statutory basis of the claims."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-33"}]}],"caption":"Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Comm.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.742446Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to sue under the Equal Protection Clause. the opposing sides argue Title IX bars that path.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-12-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-1125.html","primary_docket":"07-1125","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:58:18.416192Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether Title IX displaces Section 1983 claims. the sides that brought the case want to sue for sex discrimination. the opposing sides want to limit remedies to Title IX."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 2, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to sue under the Equal Protection Clause.","the opposing sides want to bar Section 1983 claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Title IX covers broader discrimination than the Constitution.","the opposing sides argue Title IX provides the exclusive remedy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if Congress omitted a cause of action.","Justice Breyer asked if the complaint alleged specific exclusion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of federal anti-discrimination remedies. It determines which legal path students use to challenge bias. The outcome shapes future litigation strategies for schools and families."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-33"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-1125-fitzgerald-v-barnstable-school-comm","term":"2008","title":"Can Title IX block equal protection claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1125.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-12-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-12-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Miller argued Congress directed the Veterans Court to account for prejudicial error.","Mr. Meade argued notice is integral to the system Congress designed.","Mr. Lippman argued the grave doubt standard assumes a fully developed record."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 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lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-41"}]}],"caption":"Peake v. Sanders","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.773590Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Veterans argue the VA must warn them before denying claims. The government argues veterans must prove harm from missing notices.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 23-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-12-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-1209.html","primary_docket":"07-1209","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:54:52.891511Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether the VA must notify veterans before denying benefits. the sides that brought the case seek a rule that missing notice harms veterans. the opposing sides seek a rule that veterans must prove specific harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 23-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 8, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The veteran wants the Court to rule that missing notice harms the claim.","The government wants the Court to rule that veterans must prove specific harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 23-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The veteran argues notice is integral to the system Congress designed.","The government argues veterans must carry the burden of showing prejudice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 23-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked why the standard of review does not resolve the case.","Justice Scalia asked if the Attorney General's commentary supports the veteran's view."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines how veterans prove harm from missing notices. It shapes the burden of proof in benefits cases. It affects how the VA handles future claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 23-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-41"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-1209-peake-v-sanders","term":"2008","title":"Does the VA owe veterans notice before denying benefits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1209.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 23-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-12-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-12-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","paragraphs":["Philip Morris claims the state court ignored federal due process rules.","Williams argues the state court acted within its constitutional discretion.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-47"}]}],"caption":"Philip Morris USA Inc. v. Williams","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.773656Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.807144Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Philip Morris argues the Oregon Supreme Court ignored federal instructions. Williams argues the state court acted within its power.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-12-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-1216.html","primary_docket":"07-1216","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:56:48.295672Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Philip Morris seeks a federal ruling on its due process claim. Williams defends the state court's alternate legal reasoning."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 3, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Philip Morris wants the Court to enforce its federal due process claim.","Williams wants the Court to uphold the state court's alternate reasoning."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Philip Morris argues the state court failed to follow federal directions.","Williams argues state courts may resolve cases on alternate state law grounds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked what issue was debated four times.","Justice Ginsburg asked if state courts can use alternate grounds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between state and federal court authority. It determines how lower courts handle conflicting legal standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-47"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-1216-philip-morris-usa-inc-v-williams","term":"2008","title":"Can a state court decide a federal due process claim on alternate grounds?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1216.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-11-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-11-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue federal courts must review new evidence in capital cases.","the opposing sides argue state courts already decided the claim on the merits.","questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-5"}]}],"caption":"Bell v. Kelly","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.957497Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue federal courts must review new evidence in capital cases. the opposing sides argue state courts already decided the claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-11-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-1223.html","primary_docket":"07-1223","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:24:03.146849Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how federal courts handle new evidence in capital cases. the sides that brought the case want federal review of new evidence. the opposing sides want state court decisions to stand."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 12, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want federal courts to review new evidence in capital cases.","the opposing sides want state court decisions to stand without federal review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue federal courts must review new evidence in capital cases.","the opposing sides argue state courts already decided the claim on the merits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked why federal courts must review claims state courts already decided.","Justice Ginsburg asked how diligence applies when counsel was ineffective."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal review in capital cases. It determines whether federal courts can revisit state court decisions. It affects the rights of death row inmates nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-5"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-1223-bell-v-kelly","term":"2008","title":"Can federal courts review new evidence in capital cases if state courts already decided the claim?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1223.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-10-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-10-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","paragraphs":["General Garre argued sonar training is critical for security.","Mr. Kendall argued the district court finding was supported.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"}]}],"caption":"Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.019346Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Navy wants to use sonar for training. Environmental groups want a court order to stop it.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-10-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-1239.html","primary_docket":"07-1239","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:23:00.077413Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Navy argues sonar training protects national security. Environmental groups argue the court order prevents harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 8, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Navy wants to use sonar for training.","Environmental groups want the court order to stand."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Navy claims sonar training is vital for security.","Environmental groups claim the court order prevents harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked about the temporary stay.","Justice Scalia asked for a repetition of a point."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance between military training and environmental protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-1239-winter-v-natural-resources-defense-council-inc","term":"2008","title":"Should the Navy use sonar for training?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1239.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-01-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-01-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Yang argued the enterprise need not have an ascertainable structure distinct from the predicate act.","Mr. Fernich argued the defendant has a right to an independent jury determination of each essential element.","Justice Ginsburg questioned the meaning of ascertainable structural hierarchy in the jury charge."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-33"}]}],"caption":"Boyle v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.699904Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a criminal group must have a distinct organizational structure beyond the specific crimes it commits to qualify as a RICO enterprise.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-01-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-1309.html","primary_docket":"07-1309","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:19:38.751715Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the definition of a RICO enterprise. the side that brought the case argues the law does not require a distinct structure. The government argues the group must be more than just the criminal acts themselves."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 14, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction overturned because the jury did not find a distinct enterprise structure.","The government wants the conviction to stand because the criminal acts themselves formed the enterprise."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues RICO text and context show the enterprise definition is broad and lacks a structural limitation.","The government argues the jury must independently determine that the enterprise is more than a duplication of the pattern."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the structure requirement applies only to the Brinks job.","Justice Ginsburg asked what the minimum requirement is to qualify as having a structure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal racketeering laws. It determines whether prosecutors can charge individuals for criminal acts without proving a separate organizational hierarchy. The outcome shapes how courts interpret enterprise requirements in future RICO prosecutions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-33"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-1309-boyle-v-united-states","term":"2008","title":"Does a RICO enterprise require a structure separate from the criminal acts?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1309.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-01-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-01-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Mercer argued the state court decision was reasonable.","Mr. Sevilla challenged the existence of a specific legal rule.","Justice Kennedy questioned the weight of the state court's findings."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"}]}],"caption":"Knowles v. Mirzayance","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.677499Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal judges must re-examine state court evidence when reviewing habeas petitions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-01-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-1315.html","primary_docket":"07-1315","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:20:30.246075Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of federal review over state court decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 13, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the federal court to deny relief.","the opposing side wants the federal court to grant relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the state court decision was reasonable.","the opposing side argues the state court decision was unreasonable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if a federal hearing is needed without a state rule.","Justice Kennedy asked how to weigh the state court's factfinding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the power of federal courts to review state evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-1315-knowles-v-mirzayance","term":"2008","title":"Should federal courts retry state court evidence claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-01-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-01-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Saharsky argued the Court allows voluntary statements for impeachment.","Mr. McAllister argued voluntary statements may be used for impeachment.","Mr. Edge raised problems with the State's position."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"}]}],"caption":"Kansas v. Ventris","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.711873Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Kansas seeks to admit jailhouse snitch testimony to impeach a defendant. The defendant argues this violates constitutional rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-01-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-1356.html","primary_docket":"07-1356","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:40:20.319885Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Kansas wants to use jailhouse snitch testimony to impeach a defendant. The defendant argues this violates constitutional rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 21, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Kansas wants to admit the jailhouse snitch testimony to impeach the defendant.","The defendant wants the court to exclude the jailhouse snitch testimony."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Kansas argues voluntary statements obtained in violation of constitutional standards may be used for impeachment.","The defendant argues the police actively elicited the testimony, violating constitutional protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if internal police discipline is verifiable.","Justice Scalia asked if other constitutional violations allow impeachment testimony."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether police can use jailhouse snitches to impeach defendants. It affects the balance between truth-seeking and constitutional rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-1356-kansas-v-ventris","term":"2008","title":"Can police use jailhouse snitches to impeach defendants?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1356.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-02-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-02-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","paragraphs":["Hawaii's attorney argued the apology resolution was a simple apology and did not repeal prior laws.","The Office of Hawaiian Affairs attorney argued three federal laws give the state absolute title to the lands.","Justice Ginsburg asked why the Court needs to decide the issue if the resolution has no substantive effect.","Justice Alito asked if the legislature could impose a moratorium on land transfers to promote reconciliation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-33"}]}],"caption":"Hawaii v. Office of Hawaiian Affairs","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.546945Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Hawaii argues the apology resolution did not change land ownership rules. The Office of Hawaiian Affairs argues it created a federal duty to protect Native Hawaiian interests.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-02-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-1372.html","primary_docket":"07-1372","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:33:08.979994Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether a 1993 congressional apology resolution created a federal obligation. Hawaii claims the resolution did not alter state land rights. The Office of Hawaiian Affairs claims the resolution protects Native Hawaiian interests in ceded lands."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 25, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Hawaii wants the Court to confirm the state can sell its public lands.","The Office of Hawaiian Affairs wants the Court to protect Native Hawaiian interests in those lands."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Hawaii argues the apology resolution did not create a federal obligation to stop land sales.","The Office of Hawaiian Affairs argues the resolution creates a federal duty to protect Native Hawaiian interests."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if the proposition settles whether opponents have an equitable interest in the lands.","Justice Souter noted the Hawaii Supreme Court did not say the resolution created a federal obligation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines if a congressional apology can restrict state control over public lands. It defines the scope of federal obligations regarding Native Hawaiian land claims. It clarifies the legal effect of symbolic congressional resolutions on property rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-33"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-1372-hawaii-v-office-of-hawaiian-affairs","term":"2008","title":"Does a 1993 apology resolution stop Hawaii from selling public lands?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1372.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-02-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-02-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","paragraphs":["General Kneedler argued sovereign immunity blocks money damages claims.","Mr. Phillips argued the Rehabilitation Act requires lease approval.","chief_justice_roberts_questioned_if_trust_principles_set_a_binding_standard","justice_kennedy_asked_if_federal_law_recognizes_enforceable_fiduciary_duties"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-51"}]}],"caption":"United States. v. Navajo Nation","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.487241Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.519802Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Navajo Nation seeks money damages for lease management errors. The United States argues federal law blocks such claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-02-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-1410.html","primary_docket":"07-1410","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:17:43.491918Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether federal trust duties allow tribes to sue for money. The government says sovereign immunity blocks these suits. The tribe says trust principles create enforceable legal duties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 23, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The United States wants the Court to dismiss the money damages claim.","The Navajo Nation wants the Court to allow the money damages claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The United States argues sovereign immunity blocks money damages claims.","The Navajo Nation argues trust principles create enforceable legal duties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if trust principles set a binding standard.","Justice Kennedy asked if federal law recognizes enforceable fiduciary duties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of federal accountability to tribes. It determines whether tribes can recover money for government errors. The outcome shapes future tribal-government financial relationships."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-51"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-1410-united-states-v-navajo-nation","term":"2008","title":"Does federal trust law waive sovereign immunity for tribal lease disputes?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1410.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-04-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-04-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Coleman argued racial classifications are inherently pernicious.","Mr. Kneedler argued Title VII prohibits discriminatory operations.","Mr. Meade argued employers must comply with disparate impact provisions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-37"}]}],"caption":"Ricci v. DeStefano","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.383724Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.395574Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Firefighters challenge a city decision to discard valid promotion tests to avoid a disparate impact claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-04-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-1428.html","primary_docket":"07-1428","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:16:11.397845Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The city argues it acted to avoid a disparate impact claim. The firefighters argue the city violated their rights by discarding valid results."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 22, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The city wants to keep the discarded test results.","The firefighters want the court to restore their promotions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The city argues it avoided a disparate impact claim.","The firefighters argue the city violated their equal protection rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the city's choice had a constitutional deficiency.","Justice Stevens asked if the decision was undisputedly race-based."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when employers can discard valid test results. It balances disparate impact risks against individual rights. The outcome shapes future hiring and promotion practices."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-37"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-1428-ricci-v-destefano","term":"2008","title":"Can a city discard valid test results to avoid a disparate impact claim?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1428.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-02-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-02-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","paragraphs":["Glenn Rhodes argued the bar does not apply to discretionary supplemental jurisdiction decisions.","Justice Stevens asked why the Court could not apply the plain language of the statute.","advocate_contention"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-9"}]}],"caption":"Carlsbad Technology, Inc. v. HIF Bio, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.510426Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Carlsbad Technology and HIF Bio dispute whether federal courts must dismiss appeals of remand orders involving supplemental jurisdiction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-02-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-1437.html","primary_docket":"07-1437","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:35:19.697867Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of 28 U.S.C. § 1447(d). This statute generally bars appeals of remand orders. The parties argue over whether this bar applies when a district court declines supplemental jurisdiction over state claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 24, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Carlsbad Technology wants the Supreme Court to allow an appeal of the remand order.","HIF Bio wants the Supreme Court to uphold the bar on appealing the remand order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Carlsbad Technology argues the statutory bar does not cover discretionary refusals of supplemental jurisdiction.","HIF Bio argues the statutory bar covers all remand orders, including those based on supplemental jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the rule could limit appeals to unusual situations.","Justice Ginsburg asked why ownership disputes qualify as federal questions rather than state property issues."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether federal courts can review discretionary remand decisions. It affects the finality of state court proceedings. It shapes the balance between federal and state judicial authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-9"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-1437-carlsbad-technology-inc-v-hif-bio-inc","term":"2008","title":"Can parties appeal a district court's refusal to hear state claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1437.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-02-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-02-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Sullivan argued the lower court ignored statutory language.","Ms. Sullivan claimed the buyer had an attenuated connection to harm.","Mr. Stewart argued for arranger liability under the statute.","Ms. Mahoney cited the Restatement to support apportionment standards."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-33"}]}],"caption":"Burlington N. & S.F.R. Co. v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.513150Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.525503Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Burlington Northern argues it owes no cleanup costs because it never handled the waste. The government argues the buyer pays for all disposal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-02-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-1601.html","primary_docket":"07-1601","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:34:03.918978Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on who pays for hazardous waste cleanup. One side claims the buyer is liable. The other side claims only the handler is liable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 24, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Burlington Northern wants the Court to limit liability to those who handle waste.","The United States wants the Court to hold buyers liable for all cleanup costs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Burlington Northern argues the statute requires a direct connection to the harm.","The United States argues the buyer controls the waste disposal process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if ownership transfer changes liability.","Justice Kennedy asked if a driver dumping waste creates liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who pays for hazardous waste cleanup. It determines financial responsibility for industrial pollution. It affects how companies manage waste disposal contracts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-33"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-1601-burlington-n-s-f-r-co-v-united-states","term":"2008","title":"Does a buyer who never touches hazardous waste pay cleanup costs?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-1601.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-10-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-10-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kneedler argued the lower court's nationwide ban violated Article III standing principles.","Mr. Kenna argued a facial challenge is valid if the rule applies to plaintiffs.","Justice Souter questioned the standard for showing a specific threatened injury.","Justice Breyer asked if Congress can authorize general challenges to agency rules."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-5"}]}],"caption":"Summers v. Earth Island Institute","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.037777Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue a single local injury cannot support a nationwide ban on a federal rule.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-10-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-463.html","primary_docket":"07-463","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:30:48.280652Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of federal court power. the sides that brought the case seek to limit judicial reach. the opposing sides seek to preserve broad review rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 8, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the court to limit the ban to the specific local injury.","the opposing sides want the court to allow a nationwide ban based on the rule's existence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Article III standing requires a specific, concrete injury to support relief.","the opposing sides argue a general rule challenge is valid if the rule applies to them."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if a specific threatened injury is required in this context.","Justice Breyer asked if Congress can authorize general challenges to rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of federal judicial power. It determines how broadly courts can block government rules. It affects the balance between local harm and national policy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-5"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-463-summers-v-earth-island-institute","term":"2008","title":"Can a federal court block a nationwide rule based on one local injury?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-463.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-11-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-11-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Pincus argued that the government's position ignores mental factors.","Justice Scalia noted that criminal statutes often require knowledge of the act.","Justice Alito questioned the sufficiency of any threat of serious injury.","Mr. Katsas stated that the Act bars persons who assist in persecution."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-7"}]}],"caption":"Negusie v. Mukasey","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.216732Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the law requires proof of intent to persecute when an applicant acted under threat of death.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-11-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-499.html","primary_docket":"07-499","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:09:57.406416Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the immigration bar for persecutors. It asks if the statute demands a mental state or only objective conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 5, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks asylum benefits despite past participation in persecution.","The government seeks to deny benefits to anyone who participated in persecution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that coercion negates the intent required for the bar.","The government argues that the statute requires only objective participation in persecution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the government position ignores mental factors entirely.","Justice Alito asked if any threat of serious injury suffices for the side that brought the case's claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the legal standard for asylum applicants who acted under duress. It clarifies whether intent matters in immigration bars. This affects how courts evaluate past conduct under threat."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-7"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-499-negusie-v-mukasey","term":"2008","title":"Does forced participation in persecution bar asylum?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-499.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-12-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-12-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","paragraphs":["Aaron Panner argued for Pacific Bell. He cited Trinko and Brooke. He urged reversal of the Ninth Circuit decision.","Ms. Maynard argued for LinkLine. She warned of two possible outcomes. She emphasized the margin-based price squeeze theory.","Justice Souter questioned the duty to deal. He asked about regulatory participation. He distinguished this case from future cases.","Justice Breyer asked about regulation. He referenced Judge Hand's opinion. He explored the absence of regulation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-27"}]}],"caption":"Pacific Bell Telephone Co. v. linkLine Communications, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.209226Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Pacific Bell seeks reversal of a Ninth Circuit judgment. LinkLine seeks vacatur and remand. The dispute centers on antitrust liability standards.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-12-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-512.html","primary_docket":"07-512","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:56:13.105097Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Pacific Bell Telephone Company and LinkLine Communications dispute antitrust liability. Pacific Bell argues the lower court erred. LinkLine argues the lower court acted correctly. The Court must resolve the legal standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 8, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Pacific Bell wants the Supreme Court to reverse the Ninth Circuit decision.","LinkLine wants the Supreme Court to vacate the decision and remand the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Pacific Bell argues unilateral pricing decisions do not create antitrust liability.","LinkLine argues a margin-based price squeeze supports an antitrust claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if a duty to deal supports a price squeeze theory.","Justice Breyer asked if regulation is required for a price squeeze claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines antitrust liability for vertically integrated firms. It clarifies the legal standard for price squeeze claims. It impacts competition in telecommunications markets."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-27"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-512-pacific-bell-telephone-co-v-linkline-communications-inc","term":"2008","title":"Does a margin-based price squeeze prove antitrust liability?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-512.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 37-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's advocate stated the clerk notified the sheriff's department of the recalled warrant.","The government's advocate argued the exclusionary rule balances deterrence against the cost of excluding evidence.","The government's advocate stated the rule does not put the error back in the box.","the side that brought the case's advocate noted that showing an isolated error often requires a lengthy hearing."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"}]}],"caption":"Herring v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.997920Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.000532Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a clerical error in a police database mandates the exclusion of evidence found during a subsequent arrest.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-513.html","primary_docket":"07-513","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:24:16.121853Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the scope of the exclusionary rule. It tests whether a good-faith administrative mistake by police warrants suppressing evidence. The core issue is the balance between deterring misconduct and admitting probative evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 29-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the evidence admitted because the police error was isolated and good-faith.","The government wants the evidence excluded to deter future police recordkeeping failures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the exclusionary rule should not apply to isolated, good-faith administrative errors.","The government argues the rule must deter all police misconduct, regardless of the error's nature."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the argument depend on the specific department's recordkeeping quality?","Why did the first officer need a physical copy of the warrant?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of the exclusionary rule. It determines how courts treat good-faith police errors. The outcome shapes the balance between evidence admissibility and police accountability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-513-herring-v-united-states","term":"2008","title":"Does a police database error require suppressing evidence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-513.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-11-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-11-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","paragraphs":["Theodore Olson argued Congress unambiguously answered the question in the 1934 Act.","Olson stated the Narragansetts lacked a federal relationship at the time of enactment.","The government advocate argued the text supports the Secretary's action for three reasons.","The advocate cited section 5 authorizing trust land for any Indian tribe."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"}]}],"caption":"Carcieri v. Kempthorne","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.839367Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.873622Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the statute excludes tribes not under federal jurisdiction in 1934. The government argues the text allows trust land for any tribe.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-11-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-526.html","primary_docket":"07-526","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:12:02.461268Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Indian Reorganization Act. the sides that brought the case claim the law restricts trust land to tribes under federal jurisdiction in 1934. The government claims the law authorizes trust land for any tribe. The dispute centers on the phrase now under the jurisdiction of the United States."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 3, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to reverse the lower court's affirmation of the Secretary's action.","The government wants the Court to affirm the lower court's rejection of the sides that brought the case' claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute unambiguously limits trust land to tribes under federal jurisdiction in 1934.","The government argues the statute authorizes the Secretary to take land into trust for any Indian tribe."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked what sort of tribes were not under federal jurisdiction.","Justice Ginsburg noted the effort was ridden with mistakes according to the record."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether the federal government can take land into trust for tribes not under federal jurisdiction in 1934. This affects the scope of federal authority over tribal lands. It defines the legal status of tribes seeking federal recognition and land trust status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-526-carcieri-v-kempthorne","term":"2008","title":"Does the Indian Reorganization Act allow the federal government to take land into trust for tribes not under federal jurisdiction in 1934?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-526.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Yang argued for an easily administrable rule for vehicle arrests.","Mr. Jacobs cited historical treatises to support the Fourth Amendment basis.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-5"}]}],"caption":"Arizona v. Gant","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.971901Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Police searched a car after arresting the driver. The driver claims this violated his rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-542.html","primary_docket":"07-542","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:23:13.990097Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of vehicle searches. It asks if officers need a specific reason to search a car after an arrest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Police want a broad rule allowing car searches after any arrest.","The driver wants a narrow rule limiting searches to officer safety."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Police argue a simple rule helps officers act quickly and safely.","The driver argues the search must connect directly to the arrest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if officer safety justifies the search after the driver is secured.","Justice Scalia asked about historical practices for searching carriages during arrests."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of police power. It affects how often officers can search vehicles. It balances public safety against personal privacy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-5"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-542-arizona-v-gant","term":"2008","title":"Can police search a car after the driver is arrested and secured?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-542.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-12-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-12-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Phillips argued the distinction between discrimination outside and inside the seniority system.","Ms. Blatt argued the Ninth Circuit decision imposes retroactive liability on AT&T.","Justice Breyer questioned the distinction between maintaining a salary structure and administering it unlawfully.","Justice Souter asked why the same analysis cannot apply to daily retirement benefits."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-45"}]}],"caption":"AT&T Corp. v. Hulteen","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.839188Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.870747Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"AT&T argues its pension plan treats pregnancy leave fairly. Hulteen claims the plan discriminates against women.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-12-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-543.html","primary_docket":"07-543","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:50:43.487114Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["AT&T seeks to keep its pension plan unchanged. Hulteen wants the court to strike down the plan. The dispute centers on how the plan credits time off for pregnancy versus other illnesses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 10, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["AT&T wants the Supreme Court to uphold its pension plan structure.","Hulteen wants the Supreme Court to invalidate the pension plan."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["AT&T argues the plan treats all medical leave equally under current law.","Hulteen argues the plan discriminates against women by crediting pregnancy leave differently."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked about the United States position in the Ninth Circuit.","Justice Ginsburg asked about the difference between immediate and future consequences in prior cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how employers must credit pregnancy leave in pension plans. It affects the financial security of working mothers. It sets the standard for equal treatment in retirement benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-45"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-543-at-t-corp-v-hulteen","term":"2008","title":"Does a pension plan violate the law by crediting pregnancy leave differently than other medical leave?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-543.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-10-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-10-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Friedlander argued the Ninth Circuit was wrong to call the error a structural defect.","Mr. O'Connell acknowledged the error is subject to the Brecht prejudice standard.","Mr. Shah argued the Court should hold the error is not structural and subject to harmless error review."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-47"}]}],"caption":"Hedgpeth v. Pulido","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.078850Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether a flawed jury instruction mandates a new trial or allows courts to ignore the mistake if it did not affect the verdict.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-10-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-544.html","primary_docket":"07-544","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:19:03.757004Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how courts handle mistakes in jury instructions. One side argues the error is structural and voids the trial. The other side argues the error is harmless if it did not change the outcome."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 15, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to apply harmless error review to the jury instruction mistake.","the opposing side wants the Court to treat the error as structural and require a new trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the error is not structural and fits the harmless error standard.","the opposing side argues the error is structural and cannot be ignored under the harmless error rule."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked when an erroneous theory submitted to a jury would not have a substantial effect.","Justice Stevens asked if the California Supreme Court gave an incorrect explanation for its harmless error finding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines when courts must ignore jury instruction mistakes. It determines whether a flawed instruction automatically voids a trial or allows a verdict to stand if the mistake did not influence the jury's decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-47"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-544-hedgpeth-v-pulido","term":"2008","title":"Does a jury instruction error require automatic reversal or harmless error review?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-544.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-10-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-10-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","paragraphs":["Theodore Olson argued the federal statute explicitly preempts state requirements.","He stated the complaint challenges promotions of light cigarettes.","He claimed Congress preempted requirements respecting promotion based on health.","Justice Ginsburg questioned if states could sue over specific nicotine statements."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]}],"caption":"Altria Group, Inc. v. Good","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.966615Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Altria argues federal law preempts state fraud claims. Good argues state law allows such suits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 3-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-10-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-562.html","primary_docket":"07-562","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:26:49.891205Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Altria Group, Inc. v. Good"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 3-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 6, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Altria wants the Court to dismiss Good's state law claims.","Good wants the Court to allow her state law claims to proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 3-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Altria argues the federal Cigarette Labeling Act preempts state claims about smoking health.","Good argues the federal Act did not intend to shield false statements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 3-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if states could sue over specific nicotine claims.","Justice Kennedy asked if manufacturers must disclose new drug interactions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between federal and state consumer protection laws. It determines whether states can police false health claims. It affects how companies market products with health implications. It shapes the balance of regulatory power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 3-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-562-altria-group-inc-v-good","term":"2008","title":"Does federal law block state suits over cigarette health claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-562.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 3-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-12-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-12-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","paragraphs":["The employer's lawyer argued the Second Circuit's judgment should stand.","The workers' lawyer argued the union cannot barter away fundamental rights.","Justice Souter noted the Court would decide the specific case, not a general question."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"}]}],"caption":"14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.730717Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.759421Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Workers sue for age discrimination. The union says a contract clause requires arbitration. The workers say the union cannot waive their legal rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-12-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-581.html","primary_docket":"07-581","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:21:22.022136Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a collective bargaining agreement can force individual workers to resolve discrimination claims through private arbitration instead of court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 1, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The employer wants the court to enforce the arbitration clause in the union contract.","The workers want the court to allow them to sue in public court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The employer argues the union has exclusive control over worker grievances.","The workers argue their right to a discrimination-free workplace cannot be bargained away."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the issue relates to the Second Circuit's resolution.","Justice Ginsburg asked where the contract mentions individual succession to union arrangements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether unions can strip workers of their right to sue for discrimination. It affects the balance of power in workplace grievance processes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-581-14-penn-plaza-llc-v-pyett","term":"2008","title":"Can a union force workers to use arbitration for discrimination claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-581.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-11-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-11-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","paragraphs":["General Garre argued the FCC acted to fulfill its statutory mandate to protect children from indecent content.","He cited the Commission's acknowledgment of a policy change in the relevant order to support the agency's position.","Justice Stevens questioned whether the specific word in question carries a sexual connotation in all contexts."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-51"}]}],"caption":"FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.867169Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.873491Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Fox Television Stations challenges the FCC's decision to fine it for brief profanity during live sports broadcasts.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-11-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-582.html","primary_docket":"07-582","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:11:13.979059Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The FCC seeks to enforce stricter rules against indecent language on television. Fox argues the agency acted arbitrarily by changing its enforcement stance without clear notice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 4, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The FCC wants the Court to uphold its authority to fine broadcasters for fleeting expletives.","Fox wants the Court to strike down the fines as arbitrary and inconsistent with prior agency policy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The FCC argues it has statutory power to protect children from indecent material during prime viewing hours.","Fox argues the FCC changed its enforcement policy without proper notice, violating due process principles."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked whether the FCC actually changed its policy or merely clarified an existing one.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the new policy targets only two specific words or a broader list of terms."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of government power to regulate speech in the home. It determines whether broadcasters face strict liability for brief, accidental profanity during live events. The outcome shapes the balance between parental protection and free expression on television."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-51"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-582-fcc-v-fox-television-stations-inc","term":"2008","title":"Does the FCC have authority to ban fleeting expletives on broadcast TV?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-582.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-12-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-12-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Joseffer argued EPA has construed the Act to permit cost consideration.","Mr. Lazarus stated Congress did not authorize EPA to decide benefits did not justify costs.","Ms. Mahoney noted executive orders require cost-benefit analysis for regulations."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-25"}]}],"caption":"Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.739582Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.770885Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Entergy argues EPA must ignore costs. Riverkeeper says EPA must balance them.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-12-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-588.html","primary_docket":"07-588","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:58:42.897510Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act. Entergy claims this section bans cost-benefit analysis. Riverkeeper argues EPA must consider costs and benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 2, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 13-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Entergy wants the Court to strike down EPA's cost-benefit approach.","Riverkeeper wants the Court to uphold EPA's cost-benefit approach."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Entergy argues Congress did not authorize EPA to weigh costs against benefits.","Riverkeeper argues EPA has long considered costs and benefits in this context."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if these decisions are more subtle than a cost-benefit cutoff.","Justice Kennedy assumed BTA is the most rigorous standard in the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how regulators balance environmental protection against economic costs. It shapes future water quality standards nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-25"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-588-entergy-corp-v-riverkeeper-inc","term":"2008","title":"Can EPA weigh costs when setting water intake limits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-588.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-11-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-11-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","paragraphs":["Fisher stated the Confrontation Clause protects against trial by affidavit.","Schertler argued the Confrontation Clause does not apply to machine-generated results.","Coakley claimed the drug certificates are not testimonial statements.","Kennedy questioned if a lab report is distinct from a police report."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-7"}]}],"caption":"Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.928585Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.937376Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a written drug test report requires the analyst to appear in court for cross-examination.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-11-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-591.html","primary_docket":"07-591","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:24:28.171782Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Jeffrey Fisher argues the Confrontation Clause bans trial by affidavit. He says the right to confront witnesses is core to fair trials. The state argues the report is a machine-generated result. It is not a witness statement. The state says the defendant can call the analyst if needed. This avoids forcing the state to produce the analyst."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 10, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Fisher wants the analyst to testify in court.","The state wants to admit the report without the analyst."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Fisher argues the report is a testimonial statement.","The state argues the report is a non-testimonial record."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if a lab report differs from a police accident report.","Justice Roberts asked if a lab supervisor could testify instead of the analyst."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of the right to confront witnesses. It determines whether lab reports require live testimony. The outcome affects how prosecutors prove scientific evidence in criminal trials. It shapes the balance between trial efficiency and defendant rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-7"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-591-melendez-diaz-v-massachusetts","term":"2008","title":"Must a lab analyst testify to prove a drug test result?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-591.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-11-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-11-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Saharsky argued the statutory text supports the government's position.","She stated a contrary reading would defeat Congress's purposes.","Mr. Giatras argued the government described a statute Congress did not pass.","He stated the final law requires a domestic relationship element."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-5"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Hayes","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.904421Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a prior conviction qualifies as a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence under federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-11-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-608.html","primary_docket":"07-608","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:08:57.034896Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the definition of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence. The government argues the statute covers broad domestic offenses. the opposing side argues the law requires a specific domestic relationship element."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 10, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the conviction to count as a domestic violence crime.","the opposing side wants the conviction to fail the statutory definition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the statutory text naturally supports their reading.","the opposing side argues Congress required a specific domestic relationship element."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked why the compromise did not include later language.","Justice Scalia noted some lawmakers wanted the statute to be a dead letter."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This definition determines federal sentencing enhancements for firearm possession. It clarifies the scope of domestic violence statutes. It affects how courts classify prior convictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-5"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-608-united-states-v-hayes","term":"2008","title":"Does a domestic violence conviction require a specific statutory element?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-608.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-10-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-10-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Young argued compelled fees for external litigation violate the First Amendment.","Mr. Collins argued legal services are core union functions under Abood.","questions_and_answers"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"}]}],"caption":"Locke v. Karass","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.969153Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue compelled fees for external litigation violate free speech. the opposing sides claim such costs are core union services.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-10-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-610.html","primary_docket":"07-610","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:25:40.049981Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether public employers may force nonunion staff to fund union legal work outside their specific bargaining unit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 6, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to ban compelled fees for external legal defense.","the opposing sides want the Court to allow unions to charge for all legal services."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue external litigation is political speech protected by the First Amendment.","the opposing sides argue legal defense is a core service required for collective bargaining."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if premiums subsidize cases beyond the bargaining unit.","Justice Souter asked if unions could buy litigation insurance for members."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether public employees must fund union political speech. It defines the boundary between protected speech and mandatory union fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-610-locke-v-karass","term":"2008","title":"Can public unions charge nonmembers for outside legal defense?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-610.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-01-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-01-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","paragraphs":["Bederman argued the statute requires a specific statutory construction.","Hallward-Driemeier defended critical U.S. interests before the Claims Tribunal.","Bederman rejected the claim that an arbitral award created a novation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-5"}]}],"caption":"Ministry of Defense and Support for Armed Forces of Islamic Republic of Iran v. Elahi","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.619939Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.644724Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Iran seeks to offset a U.S. court judgment against it. The U.S. government argues the statute prevents this offset.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 37-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-01-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-615.html","primary_docket":"07-615","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:47:51.372138Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act. Iran wants to reduce its debt to a U.S. claimant. The U.S. government says the law blocks this move."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 37-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 12, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Iran wants to offset its U.S. judgment debt.","The U.S. government wants to block the offset."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 37-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Iran argues the statute permits offsetting judgments.","The U.S. government argues the statute prohibits this offset."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 37-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked about the status of the Cubic appeal.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if a bank account suffices for offset."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines how foreign states settle U.S. judgments. It shapes the balance between sovereign immunity and private rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 37-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-5"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-615-ministry-of-defense-and-support-for-armed-forces-of-islamic-republic-of-iran-v-e","term":"2008","title":"Does the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act bar Iran from offsetting a U.S. judgment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-615.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 37-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Furlow argued for the sides that brought the case.","Ms. Kruger argued for the opposing sides.","Mr. Levy argued for the plan administrator."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-41"}]}],"caption":"Kennedy v. Plan Administrator for DuPont Sav. and Investment Plan","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.032373Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a spouse can legally give up pension rights during divorce without a specific court order.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-636.html","primary_docket":"07-636","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:23:31.569615Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal pension protections. The core issue is whether a spouse can waive benefits outside a formal court order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to allow the waiver to stand.","the opposing sides want the Court to require a formal court order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the waiver is valid under general contract principles.","the opposing sides argue federal law mandates a specific court order for waivers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked why the Court should not decide the substance immediately.","Chief Justice Roberts asked how the plan administrator knows about the waiver."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how spouses manage pension rights during divorce. It clarifies the legal requirements for waiving financial benefits. The outcome shapes future pension disputes nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-41"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-636-kennedy-v-plan-administrator-for-dupont-sav-and-investment-plan","term":"2008","title":"Can a Divorcing Spouse Waive Pension Benefits Without a Court Order?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-636.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-11-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-11-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","paragraphs":["Jay Sekulow argued the Tenth Circuit erred in forcing the city to accept the monument.","Ms. Harris argued the city denied access based on the content of the display.","Justice Roberts asked how visitors distinguish government speech from private speech."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]}],"caption":"Pleasant Grove City v. Summum","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.933696Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.937389Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Pleasant Grove City wants to keep a Ten Commandments monument. Summum wants the city to accept its own monument.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-11-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-665.html","primary_docket":"07-665","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:04:51.180398Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The city argues it controls its own property. Summum argues the city must accept all private displays."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 12, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Pleasant Grove City wants to keep the Ten Commandments monument and reject Summum's monument.","Summum wants the city to accept and erect its monument in the public park."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The city argues the First Amendment does not force it to accept private monuments.","Summum argues the city cannot select speech based on content or viewpoint."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if thirty-eight is the cut-off point.","Justice Kennedy asked if the monument was under the State's control previously."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how cities manage public parks. It determines whether local governments can curate permanent displays. It affects the balance between private speech and government property control."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-665-pleasant-grove-city-v-summum","term":"2008","title":"Can a city reject a private monument in a public park?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-665.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-10-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-10-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Browning argued the Act should encourage a society where race no longer matters.","He stated coalition districts bring races together by fostering political alliances.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned if coalition districts prove the Act succeeded.","Justice Alito asked for a statistical line for significant crossover voting."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-5"}]}],"caption":"Bartlett v. Strickland","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.049505Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue coalition districts satisfy the law. the opposing sides claim only majority-minority districts protect voting rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 37-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-10-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-689.html","primary_docket":"07-689","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:19:29.325734Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act. It asks whether a district with a minority group under 50 percent can satisfy the statute. The core dispute involves the definition of a protected voting group."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 14, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to accept coalition districts as valid under Section 2.","the opposing sides want the Court to require a majority-minority composition for Section 2 claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue coalition districts foster cross-racial political alliances and reduce the role of race.","the opposing sides argue that only majority-minority districts reliably protect minority voting power under the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if coalition districts show the Act succeeded rather than needing broader application.","Justice Alito asked how much crossover voting statistically makes a difference in district outcomes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines how states draw legislative districts. It determines whether race remains a central factor in districting. It shapes the balance between political coalition building and minority representation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-5"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-689-bartlett-v-strickland","term":"2008","title":"Does the Voting Rights Act require a majority-minority district when crossover voting is high?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-689.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 37-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-10-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-10-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Metzler argued the homeowner consented to entry. He said no reasonable officer would doubt this.","Mr. Stirba argued the entry was constitutional. He said no clear law was violated.","Mr. Stewart argued the entry was constitutional. He asked the Court to change the decision order."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"}]}],"caption":"Pearson v. Callahan","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.067692Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Officers entered a home with a confidential informant. The homeowner sued for damages. The officers claim legal protection.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-10-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-751.html","primary_docket":"07-751","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:27:53.611504Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the legal shield for police officers. It asks if a general rule protects them. It also asks if a specific court ruling is required."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 14, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The officers want the lower court decision overturned. They want a general rule to provide legal protection.","The homeowner wants the lower court decision to stand. They want the officers to pay damages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The officers argue a general rule protects them. They say no specific ruling was needed.","The homeowner argues no specific rule existed. They say the officers violated clear law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if general consent rules suffice. He questioned the required level of legal detail.","Justice Souter asked if only one case supported the rule. He questioned the source of that case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the legal shield for police. It determines if officers need specific rulings. It affects how courts handle civil lawsuits against officers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-751-pearson-v-callahan","term":"2008","title":"Does a police officer need a specific court ruling to enter a home with a confidential informant?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-10-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-10-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's counsel argued the state court decision was objectively unreasonable.","the opposing side's counsel argued the state court decision was reasonable.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-27"}]}],"caption":"Waddington v. Sarausad","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.070384Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on the specific knowledge required for accomplice liability in homicide cases.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-10-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-772.html","primary_docket":"07-772","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:18:13.491343Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the constitutional minimum for accomplice liability in homicide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 15, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks reversal of the lower court decision.","the opposing side seeks affirmation of the lower court decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the state court decision was objectively unreasonable.","the opposing side argues the state court decision was reasonable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked about the constitutional minimum for accomplice scienter.","Justice Ginsburg asked what specific knowledge the state requires for homicide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the mental state required for accomplice liability in homicide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-27"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-772-waddington-v-sarausad","term":"2008","title":"What mental state must an accomplice possess for a homicide conviction?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-772.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-10-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-10-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Ortiz argued the Act impliedly repeals the well-pleaded complaint requirement.","Mr. Ortiz stated the real party in interest dispute consumed much time.","Justice Roberts explained that throwing out the agreement raises federal court access questions.","Justice Ginsburg noted the ouster doctrine came from courts refusing to enforce agreements."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 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lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-7"}]}],"caption":"Vaden v. Discover Bank","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.988875Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.004178Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case argues the Arbitration Act cancels federal jurisdiction limits. the opposing side argues the Act only enforces contracts.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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statute overrides standard court access rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 6, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Act to cancel federal jurisdiction limits.","the opposing side wants the Act to only enforce private contracts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case claims the Act impliedly repeals the well-pleaded complaint rule.","the opposing side claims the Act does not change federal jurisdiction standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked why specific words cut back on jurisdiction.","Justice Scalia asked if the general command applies to equity actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between private arbitration and public courts. It determines how easily parties can force disputes out of federal tribunals. The outcome shapes the balance of power in commercial litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-7"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-773-vaden-v-discover-bank","term":"2008","title":"Does the Federal Arbitration Act override federal court jurisdiction rules?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-773.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-01-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-01-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Chavis argued the statute mandates counsel for state appeals.","Mr. Jay argued the statute limits aid to federal proceedings.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-45"}]}],"caption":"Harbison v. Bell","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.647491Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.669887Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek federal funding for state appeals. the opposing sides argue the statute limits aid to federal courts.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-01-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-8521.html","primary_docket":"07-8521","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:48:55.727242Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on statutory interpretation. the sides that brought the case want federal funds for state appeals. the opposing sides want to limit funding to federal proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 12, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want federal funding for state post-conviction appeals.","the opposing sides want to limit federal funding to federal proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute mandates counsel for state appeals.","the opposing sides argue the statute text limits aid to federal courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked about state retry deadlines.","Justice Scalia questioned the logic of the sides that brought the case' view."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal legal aid. It determines who pays for state appeals. It affects the rights of death row inmates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-45"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-8521-harbison-v-bell","term":"2008","title":"Does federal habeas counsel cover state post-conviction appeals?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-8521.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-11-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-11-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued the lower court created an improper exception to immunity.","the opposing side argued chief prosecutors should not have absolute immunity for supervision.","Justice Kennedy noted the difficulty of defining the specific violation in this context.","Justice Stevens explored the boundary between prosecutorial and administrative functions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]}],"caption":"Van de Kamp v. Goldstein","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.901728Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A district attorney claims absolute immunity. A plaintiff argues he should face a lawsuit for supervising a trial.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-11-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-854.html","primary_docket":"07-854","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:09:39.900930Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of prosecutorial immunity. It asks if a chief prosecutor can be sued for supervising a trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 5, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to affirm absolute immunity for chief prosecutors.","the opposing side wants the court to allow a lawsuit against a chief prosecutor."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues chief prosecutors retain absolute immunity when supervising trials.","the opposing side argues chief prosecutors lose immunity when they supervise trial strategy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked how to identify a violation before determining qualified immunity.","Justice Stevens asked if a layperson performs a prosecutorial function in a hypothetical scenario."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the legal protection for senior prosecutors. It determines whether supervisors can be sued for trial decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-854-van-de-kamp-v-goldstein","term":"2008","title":"Does a chief prosecutor lose immunity for supervising a trial?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-854.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-11-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-11-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Smith argued the case turns on three specific legal points.","Justice Kennedy explored the principal-agent relationship between the state and counties.","Justice Stevens questioned the distinction between private employers and county agencies."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-21"}]}],"caption":"Ysursa v. Pocatello Ed. Assn.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.975160Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the state law violates the First Amendment. the opposing sides claim the deduction scheme is a valid public policy.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-11-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-869.html","primary_docket":"07-869","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T03:17:00.054836Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a state statute can force public employers to deduct union dues from nonmember employees. The dispute centers on the constitutionality of Idaho's checkoff law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 3, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the state statute.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the state statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the law compels speech and violates the First Amendment.","the opposing sides argue the law is a permissible public policy measure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the law has any other practical application.","Justice Stevens asked if counties could choose not to perform deductions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of state power over public employee speech. It determines whether states can mandate financial support for unions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-21"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-869-ysursa-v-pocatello-ed-assn","term":"2008","title":"Can Idaho counties deduct union dues from nonmember paychecks?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-869.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-10-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-10-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","paragraphs":["Mary Williams argued the factfinding here differs from prior cases.","She stated the Court struck down similar sentencing changes before.","Justice Scalia questioned if this fact is more significant than others.","He noted it could lengthen the sentence enormously for the defendant."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-13"}]}],"caption":"Oregon v. Ice","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:27.070321Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Oregon argues judges can set consecutive sentences alone. The defendant argues a jury must find the facts first.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-10-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-901.html","primary_docket":"07-901","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:28:33.601331Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a judge can decide facts that increase a prison term without a jury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 14, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Oregon wants judges to set consecutive sentences without a jury.","The defendant wants a jury to find facts before sentences run back-to-back."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Oregon argues this factfinding differs from previous Sixth Amendment cases.","The defendant argues this is a bright-line rule from Apprendi."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the sentence length fact is more important than jury facts.","Justice Kennedy asked why the statute requires this specific finding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This defines who decides facts that lengthen prison terms. It affects how states structure sentencing laws. It shapes the balance between judges and juries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-13"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-901-oregon-v-ice","term":"2008","title":"Does a judge need a jury to decide if prison terms run back-to-back?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-901.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-01-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-01-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","paragraphs":["Puckett's lawyer argued the government broke a clear promise. He stated this breach caused prejudice at sentencing.","The government's lawyer argued objections serve important court functions. She claimed Puckett's silence forfeited his claim.","Justice Roberts noted remorse is theoretically consistent with future crimes. He questioned the logic of the plea terms.","Justice Alito asked if the judge knew the facts from the presentence report. He probed the necessity of the objection."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-29"}]}],"caption":"Puckett v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.683319Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.708175Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Jimmy Puckett claims the government broke a plea deal. He wants a lower sentence. The government says he missed a procedural deadline.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-01-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-9712.html","primary_docket":"07-9712","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:41:51.947311Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Puckett pled guilty. The government promised a sentence reduction. They failed to recommend it. Puckett did not object at trial. He now appeals. The Court must decide if he can still win."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 14, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Puckett wants the Court to reverse the lower court. He seeks the promised sentence reduction.","The government wants the Court to affirm the lower court. It seeks to deny the sentence reduction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Puckett argues the government breached the plea agreement. He claims this error was plain and prejudicial.","The government argues Puckett failed to object at trial. It claims this forfeits his right to appeal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if the core issue is the government's failure to recommend the reduction.","Justice Ginsburg asked if Puckett's post-plea crime counts as a third fact in the record."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the remedy for broken plea deals. It determines whether defendants must object immediately to preserve their rights. It shapes how federal courts handle government breaches of trust."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-29"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-9712-puckett-v-united-states","term":"2008","title":"Must a defendant object to a plea breach before appealing?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9712.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-01-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-01-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Waldo argued Congress enacted an unqualified prohibition against operating new sources in violation of performance standards.","General Garre stated the expert agencies concluded mine tailings should be permitted by the Army Corps.","Mr. Olson emphasized Congress created two distinct, mutually exclusive permitting regimes for fill material and pollutants."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-33"}]}],"caption":"Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.616120Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Coeur Alaska seeks to bypass EPA effluent limits by classifying mine tailings as fill material under Army Corps jurisdiction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-01-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-984.html","primary_docket":"07-984","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:46:25.623863Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether mine tailings constitute fill material or pollutants. Coeur Alaska argues the Army Corps regulates this discharge. Conservation groups argue the EPA must enforce strict effluent limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 12, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Coeur Alaska wants the Army Corps to regulate the discharge as fill material.","Conservation groups want the EPA to enforce strict effluent limits on the discharge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Coeur Alaska argues Congress created distinct permitting regimes for fill material and pollutants.","Conservation groups argue the discharge destroys the natural life of the water body."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if the natural life of the water body is destroyed during discharge.","Justice Kennedy asked if a single pipe discharge can be both fill and pollutant."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines which federal agency regulates mine tailings discharged into wetlands. The outcome defines the scope of EPA effluent limits versus Army Corps fill material rules. It sets the standard for environmental protection of natural water bodies during mining operations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-33"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-984-coeur-alaska-inc-v-southeast-alaska-conservation-council","term":"2008","title":"Does the Clean Water Act require EPA permits for mine tailings discharged into wetlands?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-984.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-02-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-02-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","paragraphs":["Rivera's lawyer said the judge wrongly kept a juror.","He argued this error voids the jury's judgment.","Illinois's lawyer said the error did not break federal law.","He argued harmless error rules should apply here."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-13"}]}],"caption":"Michael Rivera. v. Illinois","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.491409Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Rivera argues a state judge wrongly seated a juror. Illinois says this error did not violate federal rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 35-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-02-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-9995.html","primary_docket":"07-9995","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:18:08.282639Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Rivera claims a state judge wrongly seated a juror. He wants a new trial. Illinois says the error did not break federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 35-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 23, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Rivera wants an automatic new trial because the judge erred.","Illinois wants the conviction to stand because no federal right broke."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 35-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Rivera argues the judge's error voids the jury's power.","Illinois argues the error only broke state law rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 35-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if this rule covers all state jury errors.","Justice Kennedy asked if this rule burdens state court systems."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when federal courts must fix state jury mistakes. It shapes how states manage their trial courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 35-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-13"}]}],"slug":"2008-07-9995-michael-rivera-v-illinois","term":"2008","title":"Does a state judge's error in seating a juror require automatic federal reversal?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/07-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 35-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-02-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-02-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Russell argued that knowing use implies knowing the specific item.","Justice Alito challenged this view with a hypothetical about a mugger.","Justice Breyer used a Denver ordinance example to test the logic.","Justice Ginsburg noted the government agrees on most elements of the statute."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-7"}]}],"caption":"Flores-Figueroa v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.546941Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a defendant must know the specific owner of an identification document to commit a federal crime.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-02-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-108.html","primary_docket":"08-108","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:33:30.142422Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of a federal identity theft statute. the side that brought the case argues the law requires knowledge of the victim. The government argues the law only requires knowledge of the document itself."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 25, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction overturned. the side that brought the case argues the statute requires knowledge of the specific victim.","The government wants the conviction upheld. The government argues the statute only requires knowledge of the document."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case claims common usage implies knowing the specific item and its owner.","The government claims the statute lists specific felonies and does not require victim knowledge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked why the phrase is not less unambiguous.","Justice Alito asked if context changes the meaning of knowing possession."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the mental state required for federal identity theft. It determines the scope of criminal liability for using identification documents. It affects how prosecutors charge similar offenses nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-7"}]}],"slug":"2008-08-108-flores-figueroa-v-united-states","term":"2008","title":"Does knowingly use require knowing the owner?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-108.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-03-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-03-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Baker argued state law governs non-party rights.","Mr. De Marco argued estoppel applies without a contract.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-39"}]}],"caption":"Arthur Andersen LLP v. Carlisle","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.584518Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether state law allows non-parties to compel arbitration under the Federal Arbitration Act.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-03-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-146.html","primary_docket":"08-146","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:28:51.540675Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Arthur Andersen LLP v. Carlisle"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 3, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a federal stay of court proceedings.","the opposing sides want the case to proceed in court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue state law determines non-party enforcement rights.","the opposing sides argue federal law bars non-party enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia questioned if state law controls non-party enforcement.","Justice Ginsburg asked how the statute applies to non-parties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who can force arbitration. It affects business disputes and consumer contracts. It clarifies federal versus state power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-39"}]}],"slug":"2008-08-146-arthur-andersen-llp-v-carlisle","term":"2008","title":"Can non-signatories enforce arbitration under federal law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-146.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-03-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-03-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued personal drug use is a misdemeanor.","The government argued the statute covers any felony act.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-3"}]}],"caption":"Abuelhawa v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.592241Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.616075Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether buying drugs for personal use triggers federal felony charges.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-03-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-192.html","primary_docket":"08-192","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:26:51.683517Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of a federal statute on communication facilities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 4, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the purchase treated as a misdemeanor.","The government wants the purchase treated as a felony."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues personal drug use is not a felony.","The government argues the statute covers any felony under the Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked who the statute targets in the real world.","Justice Scalia asked if the language is a jurisdictional hook."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of federal drug laws for individuals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-3"}]}],"slug":"2008-08-192-abuelhawa-v-united-states","term":"2008","title":"Does a drug purchase for personal use count as a felony?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-03-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-03-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","paragraphs":["The seaman's counsel argued the claim is a general maritime law cause of action.","The company's counsel argued maintenance and cure is different from other maritime claims.","Justice Ginsburg noted the Court assumes the truth of the seaman's allegations at this stage."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"}]}],"caption":"Atlanatic Sounding Co. v. Townsend","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.558349Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A seaman seeks punitive damages for a willful denial of maintenance and cure. The company argues maritime law bars such awards.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-03-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-214.html","primary_docket":"08-214","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:30:09.608177Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether maritime law allows punitive damages for a willful denial of maintenance and cure. The seaman claims the company acted in bad faith. The company argues this specific claim does not support such damages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 2, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The seaman wants the Court to allow punitive damages for a willful denial of maintenance and cure.","The company wants the Court to bar punitive damages for this specific maritime claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The seaman argues this claim is a general maritime law cause of action that supports punitive damages.","The company argues maintenance and cure is distinct from other claims and does not allow punitive damages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if punitive damages require a finding of guilt that a winning litigant lacks.","Justice Ginsburg asked if courts have a remedy for litigants who abuse the court process with false pleadings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the financial risk for companies that deny maintenance and cure. It sets the standard for punishing bad faith in maritime employment disputes. It clarifies the scope of punitive damages in general maritime law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"}]}],"slug":"2008-08-214-atlanatic-sounding-co-v-townsend","term":"2008","title":"Can a seaman recover punitive damages for a willful denial of maintenance and cure?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-03-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-03-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued a fair trial requires avoiding probable bias.","the opposing side argued the Constitution does not mandate recusal here.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-7"}]}],"caption":"Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.584631Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A coal company argues a judge must step aside after a donor helped elect him. The judge argues the Constitution only bans actual bias.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-03-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-22.html","primary_docket":"08-22","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:28:34.607962Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether the Due Process Clause requires judicial recusal when a campaign donor is a party to the case. The dispute centers on the standard for proving potential bias."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 3, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The company wants the judge removed from the case.","The judge wants to keep the case on his docket."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The company argues the probability of bias violates due process.","The judge argues only actual bias requires recusal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia questioned the definition of gratitude in politics.","Chief Justice Roberts asked about trade group donations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of judicial independence. It determines when campaign finance creates a constitutional conflict. The outcome shapes future judicial elections and campaign contributions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-7"}]}],"slug":"2008-08-22-caperton-v-a-t-massey-coal-co","term":"2008","title":"Does a judge's election campaign donor require recusal?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-22.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-04-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-04-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Srinivasan argued the district court found systemic violations of the Equal Educational Opportunities Act.","Mr. Starr stated the district court found the Nogales school system failed to provide equal opportunity.","Ms. Saharsky noted the sides that brought the case asked for complete dissolution of the court's immediate orders.","Ms. Saharsky argued the district court did not place remedial orders in the 2000 judgment."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-13"}]}],"caption":"Horne v. Flores","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.331318Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.359887Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to end court orders requiring Arizona to fund English learner programs. the opposing sides argue the state still fails to provide equal educational opportunities.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-04-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-289.html","primary_docket":"08-289","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:14:15.603518Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case concerns school funding for English learners in Arizona. the sides that brought the case want to end court orders that require the state to fund these programs. the opposing sides argue the state still fails to provide equal educational opportunities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 20, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to end all court orders requiring state funding for English learner programs.","the opposing sides want to keep court orders requiring the state to fund equal educational opportunities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the state has improved its programs and no longer needs court oversight.","the opposing sides argue the state still fails to provide equal educational opportunities for English learners."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if the district failed to provide funds for its adopted plan.","Justice Breyer cited test failure rates for English learners in Nogales compared to the state average."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines how states must fund education for English learners. It affects whether courts can order states to pay for equal educational opportunities. It shapes the balance between state control and federal civil rights enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-13"}]}],"slug":"2008-08-289-horne-v-flores","term":"2008","title":"Does a state meet its duty to fund equal education for English learners?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-289.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-03-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-03-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Ostrager argued the Second Circuit properly confirmed the reorganization plan. He stated the plan resolved claims against Manville and its insurers. He emphasized the core jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court.","Mr. Issacharoff argued this is a question of jurisdiction. He stated the issue is whether a bankruptcy court may release non-debtors. He argued the order targets independent state law claims.","Mr. Cohn argued a bankruptcy discharge only wipes away a debtor's liability. He stated Travelers' interpretation gives broader protection than a standard discharge. He argued bankruptcy law does not erase a debtor's knowledge."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-51"}]}],"caption":"Travelers Indemnity Co. v. Bailey","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.454630Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Travelers seeks to block state law suits against insurers. Plaintiffs argue the bankruptcy court lacked power to release them.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 35-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-03-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-295.html","primary_docket":"08-295","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:14:44.695372Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Travelers Indemnity Company and other insurers funded a reorganization plan for Johns-Manville. A bankruptcy court approved this plan. The plan included releases for the insurers. Plaintiffs filed state law claims against these insurers. Travelers argues the bankruptcy court had jurisdiction to grant these releases. Plaintiffs argue the bankruptcy court lacked power to release non-debtors from state law claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 35-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 30, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Travelers wants the Supreme Court to confirm the bankruptcy court's release order. Travelers wants to block state law claims against the insurers. Travelers argues the bankruptcy court had jurisdiction to grant these releases.","Plaintiffs want the Supreme Court to reverse the Second Circuit's decision. Plaintiffs want to proceed with their state law claims against the insurers. Plaintiffs argue the bankruptcy court lacked power to release non-debtors from state law claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 35-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Travelers argues the bankruptcy court had core jurisdiction to confirm the reorganization plan. Travelers argues the plan resolved present and future claims against Manville and its insurers. Travelers argues the release order was a proper exercise of bankruptcy power.","Plaintiffs argue the bankruptcy court cannot release non-debtors from state law claims. Plaintiffs argue the 1986 order gave Travelers broader protection than a standard discharge. Plaintiffs argue bankruptcy law does not erase a debtor's knowledge or grant immunity to non-debtors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 35-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if the 1986 order expressly allowed already-filed misconduct claims to proceed. Justice Souter asked if the bankruptcy court intended to bar only unfiled actions.","Justice Scalia asked if the challenge could be based on both jurisdiction and statute. Justice Scalia asked if some things simply do not fall within bankruptcy power. Justice Scalia asked if releasing non-debtors from state claims fits within bankruptcy power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of bankruptcy court power over non-debtors. It determines whether insurers can be released from state law claims. It affects the scope of reorganization plans involving third-party funding. It clarifies the boundary between federal bankruptcy jurisdiction and state law rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 35-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-51"}]}],"slug":"2008-08-295-travelers-indemnity-co-v-bailey","term":"2008","title":"Can a bankruptcy court release non-debtor insurers from state law claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-295.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 35-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-04-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-04-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Salmons argued the district improperly denied the child access to special education services.","Mr. Miller argued the district court has discretion to award tuition if the education was inadequate.","Mr. Feinerman argued the 1997 amendments prohibit reimbursement for unilateral private placements."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]}],"caption":"Forest Grove School Dist. v. T.A.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.414111Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.424520Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Parents seek tuition reimbursement after the district wrongly denied their child special education services.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-04-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-305.html","primary_docket":"08-305","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:11:59.213407Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether IDEA allows tuition reimbursement when a district wrongly denies eligibility."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 28, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The district wants the court to deny the tuition reimbursement claim.","The parents want the court to order the district to pay private school tuition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The district argues the 1997 IDEA amendments prohibit reimbursement for unilateral private placements.","The parents argue the district’s wrong denial of eligibility entitles them to tuition reimbursement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the parents chose private school only after the denial.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the child was entitled to education but did not receive it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether school districts must pay for private education after wrongly denying services."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]}],"slug":"2008-08-305-forest-grove-school-dist-v-t-a","term":"2008","title":"Can parents recover private school tuition if the district wrongly denied special education eligibility?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-305.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-04-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-04-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Olson argued no property tax has violated the Tonnage Clause.","Mr. Rothfeld responded to the Court's questions about the tax.","Justice Souter questioned whether other vessels face similar taxes.","Justice Scalia warned that a fragile judgment might result."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-17"}]}],"caption":"Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.480003Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Polar Tankers argues the city's tax discriminates against its vessels. The city claims the tax is a valid property levy.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-04-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-310.html","primary_docket":"08-310","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:21:41.294706Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Polar Tankers seeks to strike down the city's tax. The city defends the tax as lawful."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 1, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Polar Tankers wants the tax struck down as discriminatory.","The city wants the tax upheld as a valid property levy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Polar Tankers argues the tax discriminates against its vessels.","The city argues the tax is a standard property levy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if taxing only tankers violates the Tonnage Clause.","Justice Scalia asked if a legislative change would invalidate the tax."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of state property taxes on ships. It affects how states tax commercial vessels."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-17"}]}],"slug":"2008-08-310-polar-tankers-inc-v-city-of-valdez","term":"2008","title":"Does Alaska's property tax on oil tankers violate the Tonnage Clause?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-310.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-03-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-03-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Blatt argued that Desert Palace largely resolves the case.","She stated the question is whether a direct evidence requirement applies.","Mr. Phillips argued the issues are unbelievably complicated.","He suggested the parties are ships passing in the night."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"}]}],"caption":"Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.457695Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.482741Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether plaintiffs must present direct evidence to receive a specific jury instruction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-03-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-441.html","primary_docket":"08-441","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:23:04.751031Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the evidentiary standard for age discrimination claims. the side that brought the case seeks a lower burden of proof. the opposing side argues for a stricter direct evidence requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 31, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to reject the direct evidence requirement.","the opposing side wants the Court to uphold the direct evidence requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that Desert Palace resolves the case against a direct evidence mandate.","the opposing side argues that the side that brought the case and the opposing side are addressing different complex issues."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the Court ever required direct evidence.","Justice Alito asked if Mt. Healthy involved a bench trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the proof needed for age discrimination claims. It sets the standard for how judges evaluate mixed motive evidence. The outcome shapes future litigation strategies for employers and employees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"}]}],"slug":"2008-08-441-gross-v-fbl-financial-services-inc","term":"2008","title":"Does the Age Act require direct evidence for a mixed motive instruction?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-441.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-04-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-04-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Waxman argued Section 484 preempts state investigative machinery.","Ms. Underwood stated state attorneys general cannot enforce OCC regulations.","Mr. Stewart explained the threat state enforcement poses to the banking system."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"}]}],"caption":"Cuomo v. Clearing House Assn., L.L.C.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.421066Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether state officials can enforce federal banking regulations against national banks.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 13-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-04-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-453.html","primary_docket":"08-453","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:12:14.589302Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal preemption over state enforcement powers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 13-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 28, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The state side wants to enforce federal rules against national banks.","The bank side wants to block state enforcement of those rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 13-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The state side argues federal law preempts state enforcement machinery.","The bank side argues state enforcement creates inconsistent legal standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 13-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if fifty-one enforcers would reach the same result.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the bank superintendent has enforcement authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This conflict determines who controls compliance with federal banking laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 13-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"}]}],"slug":"2008-08-453-cuomo-v-clearing-house-assn-l-l-c","term":"2008","title":"Can State Attorneys General Enforce Federal Banking Rules Against National Banks?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-453.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 13-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-04-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-04-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","paragraphs":["The school argued the search was reasonable due to a health risk.","The student argued the search required greater justification under the Fourth Amendment.","Justice Souter questioned the assumption that all drugs pose a health risk.","Justice Scalia asked about prior incidents involving students and medication."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"}]}],"caption":"Safford Unified School Dist. #1 v. Redding","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.350835Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.362640Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"School officials argue a health risk justified the search. The student argues the search lacked specific evidence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 19-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-04-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-479.html","primary_docket":"08-479","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:17:33.943674Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Safford Unified School District v. Redding"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 19-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 21, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The school district wants the Court to uphold the search as constitutional.","The student wants the Court to rule the search violated her rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 19-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The school argues the search was reasonable because the drugs posed a health risk.","The student argues the search was too intrusive without specific evidence of danger."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 19-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter asked if a blanket assumption about drug risks is acceptable.","Justice Scalia asked if students were popping ibuprofen or aspirin before the search."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of school searches. It determines when officials can strip-search students. It balances student privacy against school safety needs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 19-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"}]}],"slug":"2008-08-479-safford-unified-school-dist-1-v-redding","term":"2008","title":"Does a school need specific evidence before strip-searching a student?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 19-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-04-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-04-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","paragraphs":["Justice Souter noted the answers to prior questions seemed identical.","Justice Kennedy inquired about the frequency of special jury verdicts in fraud cases.","Justice Ginsburg asked how many defendants in the case were non-citizens.","Justice Alito questioned if the government conceded loss amounts are not elements."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"}]}],"caption":"Nijhawan v. Holder","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.391893Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal fraud statutes require juries to find specific monetary losses to trigger deportation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-04-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-495.html","primary_docket":"08-495","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:13:18.700709Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how courts interpret federal fraud laws for immigration purposes. the side that brought the case argues the law requires specific loss findings. The government argues general fraud convictions suffice. The outcome affects how many non-citizens face removal after fraud convictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 27, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to require specific loss findings for deportation.","The government wants the Court to accept general fraud convictions for deportation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute demands proof of specific monetary losses.","The government argues the statute covers all federal fraud prosecutions broadly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Souter questioned whether the legal answers differed in this specific case.","Justice Kennedy asked if jury verdicts referencing amounts over ten thousand dollars satisfy the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This interpretation determines the scope of federal fraud laws. It defines which convictions trigger mandatory deportation. It shapes the relationship between criminal law and immigration enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"}]}],"slug":"2008-08-495-nijhawan-v-holder","term":"2008","title":"Does a fraud conviction require proof of specific loss amounts for deportation?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-495.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-03-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-03-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued the discharge provision carries an intent requirement.","The government argued the sentencing factor contains no mens rea requirement.","The government stated the statute requires the fact of discharge to be present.","the side that brought the case focused on the element of intent in the statute."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"}]}],"caption":"Dean v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.616169Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a federal sentencing statute requires proof of intent when a firearm discharges during a crime.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-03-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-5274.html","primary_docket":"08-5274","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:28:09.905356Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a federal sentencing provision. The provision increases a sentence if a firearm discharges during a crime. The parties disagree on the required mental state. One side argues intent is necessary. The other side argues the statute requires only the fact of discharge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 4, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to require proof of intent for the sentencing increase.","The government wants the Court to apply the statute based solely on the fact of discharge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute implies a requirement of intent.","The government argues the statute text contains no mens rea requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the government view ignores who discharges the gun.","Justice Scalia questioned the government's position on the specific facts presented by the side that brought the case's counsel."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines how courts calculate federal sentences. It affects the severity of punishment for firearm-related crimes. It clarifies the role of intent in statutory interpretation. It impacts the consistency of federal sentencing guidelines."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"}]}],"slug":"2008-08-5274-dean-v-united-states","term":"2008","title":"Does a federal sentencing law require intent when a firearm discharges?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-5274.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-04-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-04-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","paragraphs":["Bies's lawyer argued that double jeopardy principles require a hearing on mental status.","The state's lawyer argued that the jury's decision already addressed the mental capacity issue.","Justices questioned whether the jury's verdict effectively decided the mental status question."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-9"}]}],"caption":"Bobby v. Bies","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.398374Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether Ohio law prevents a court from re-examining a defendant's mental status after a jury has already sentenced him to death.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-04-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-598.html","primary_docket":"08-598","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:11:32.253191Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves a man named Bies who received a death sentence. He claims he has a mental disability that should have prevented his execution. The state argues the jury already decided against this claim. The core legal question is whether the Double Jeopardy Clause forces a new hearing to test his mental capacity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 27, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Bies wants a new hearing to determine if he has a mental disability that bars execution.","The state wants to keep the original death sentence and block any new review of his mental status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Bies argues the Double Jeopardy Clause requires a court to hold a hearing on his mental capacity.","The state argues the jury's decision already resolved the issue of his mental status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the state recognizes that mental retardation bars the death penalty.","Justice Kennedy asked if the issue of mental status can be reopened after the verdict."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether a state can permanently block a review of a defendant's mental capacity after a death sentence. It affects the rights of individuals claiming a disability that legally prevents execution. The outcome shapes how courts handle post-conviction claims regarding mental status in capital cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-9"}]}],"slug":"2008-08-598-bobby-v-bies","term":"2008","title":"Can a state block a new hearing on a defendant's mental capacity after a death sentence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-598.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-03-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-03-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Katyal argued the Ninth Circuit created a novel right. He stated Osborne does not defend that rationale. He claimed Osborne mints a new liberty interest.","Mr. Neufeld stated a DNA test could prove innocence. He argued the test is undisputed in its potential. He emphasized the importance of actual innocence.","Mr. Rosenstein noted Alaska recognizes DNA evidence importance. He stated the state provides pretrial access. He highlighted postconviction procedures for retesting."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-15"}]}],"caption":"District Attorney’s Office for Third Judicial Dist. v. Osborne","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.549486Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.582012Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A convicted man seeks DNA testing to prove innocence. The state denies a constitutional right to that access.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 23-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-03-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-6.html","primary_docket":"08-6","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:31:38.958770Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether the Constitution grants prisoners a right to access DNA evidence after conviction. The state argues no such right exists. The prisoner claims a liberty interest in this access."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 23-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 2, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The state wants the Court to reject the new constitutional right. It seeks to limit DNA access to state procedures.","The prisoner wants the Court to recognize a liberty interest. He seeks access to DNA testing to prove innocence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 23-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The state argues the Ninth Circuit created a novel right. It claims no constitutional entitlement exists for postconviction DNA access.","The prisoner argues a liberty interest exists. He claims access to clemency procedures requires DNA evidence access."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 23-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the claim seeks proof of innocence. He questioned if the evidence might hurt the prisoner.","Justice Ginsburg asked when the current DNA technology became available. She sought the timeline for the requested testing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of postconviction rights. It determines whether prisoners can access new DNA evidence. The outcome shapes state procedures for retesting biological material."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 23-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-15"}]}],"slug":"2008-08-6-district-attorney-s-office-for-third-judicial-dist-v-osborne","term":"2008","title":"Does the Constitution require states to provide postconviction access to DNA evidence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 23-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-04-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-04-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Rephen argued the government is not a party.","Mr. Schor argued the government is a party.","Justice Ginsburg questioned the need for extra time.","Justice Scalia emphasized the rule's clarity."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-43"}]}],"caption":"United States, Ex Rel. Eisenstein v. City of New York","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.365376Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Relator Eisenstein argues the government is not a party. The City argues the government is a party.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 27-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-04-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-660.html","primary_docket":"08-660","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:17:50.458863Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the appeal deadline. The relator seeks a 30-day window. The City seeks a 60-day window."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 21, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The relator wants a 30-day appeal deadline.","The City wants a 60-day appeal deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The relator argues the government is not a party.","The City argues the government is a party."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked about the advantage of extra time.","Justice Scalia asked if the rule is absolute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the appeal deadline for qui tam suits. It affects how quickly relators must act. It impacts government oversight of fraud cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-43"}]}],"slug":"2008-08-660-united-states-ex-rel-eisenstein-v-city-of-new-york","term":"2008","title":"Does the government count as a party for appeal deadlines when it declines to intervene?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-660.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 27-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-03-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-03-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Dreeben argued that continuing jeopardy allows the government to retry hung counts.","Mr. Buffone argued that acquittals resolve issues in the defendant's favor.","Justice Kennedy noted that hung counts might be meaningless to the jury's intent.","Justice Ginsburg clarified that the dispute involves issue preclusion, not claim preclusion."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-5"}]}],"caption":"Yeager v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.428056Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether double jeopardy bars the government from retrying hung counts when a jury simultaneously acquits the defendant on other charges.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-03-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-67.html","primary_docket":"08-67","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:26:32.297114Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if the government can retry hung counts after a jury acquits other charges. the side that brought the case argues that acquittals resolve specific issues in the defendant's favor. The government argues that hung counts are not verdicts and allow retrial. The Court must decide if issue preclusion applies to these simultaneous outcomes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 23, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to bar the government from retrying the hung counts.","The government wants the Court to allow the retrial of the hung counts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that acquittals resolve specific issues in the defendant's favor.","The government argues that hung counts are not verdicts and do not resolve issues."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked why the jury could not find no fraud based on an omission theory.","Justice Souter asked if the cross-examination sufficiently established the point of the argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the finality of jury acquittals. It determines whether specific findings in an acquittal block future prosecutions. The outcome shapes the scope of double jeopardy protections for defendants facing multiple charges."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-5"}]}],"slug":"2008-08-67-yeager-v-united-states","term":"2008","title":"Can the government retry hung counts after a jury acquits other charges?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-67.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-01-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-01-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Harrison cited the 1996 statute authorizing stays.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the empirical data on stay grants.","Justice Kennedy asked about the percentage of successful government appeals."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-3"}]}],"caption":"Nken v. Mukasey","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.714656Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.745220Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek stays to remain in the U.S. during appeals. The government argues this practice undermines finality.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-01-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-681.html","primary_docket":"08-681","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:38:44.557083Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of judicial power to pause removal orders. the sides that brought the case argue stays prevent immediate deportation. The government claims this delays final decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 21, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 11-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want courts to keep stays available during appeals.","The government wants to limit stays to prevent delays."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue stays protect rights during the appeal process.","The government argues stays undermine the finality of removal orders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if reopening proceedings differs from vacating orders.","Justice Kennedy asked if generous standards increase petition filings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the balance between due process and immigration enforcement. It shapes how quickly removal orders become final. It affects the daily operations of federal courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-3"}]}],"slug":"2008-08-681-nken-v-mukasey","term":"2008","title":"Can courts stay removal orders while appeals proceed?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-681.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-01-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-01-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Rainville argued for reversing the Vermont Supreme Court.","She cited four legal reasons for the reversal.","Justice Roberts questioned the lower court concession.","He asked about systemic state hiring issues."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 49-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 49-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-3"}]}],"caption":"Vermont v. Brillon","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.650159Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Vermont argues court delays are not state faults. Brillon claims these delays violate his rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 49-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 49-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-01-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-88.html","primary_docket":"08-88","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:43:59.677680Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether state court delays count as state actions. This affects how courts handle slow trials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 49-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 49-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 13, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Vermont wants the Court to reject Brillon's delay claim.","Brillon wants the Court to reverse the lower court decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 49-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 49-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Vermont argues court misfeasance is not state fault.","Brillon argues systemic state problems caused the delay."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 49-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 49-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if court errors are state errors.","Chief Justice Roberts asked about systemic hiring problems."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This defines state responsibility for court delays. It shapes future speedy trial claims nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 49-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 49-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-3"}]}],"slug":"2008-08-88-vermont-v-brillon","term":"2008","title":"Does a state court's delay violate a defendant's speedy trial rights?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 49-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 49-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/08-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2008-12-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2008-12-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","paragraphs":["Kansas advocate Steve Six argued Article III distinguishes appellate and original jurisdiction.","Six claimed Congress lacks power to regulate original jurisdiction exceptions.","Colorado advocate Suthers argued the special master correctly read the fee statute.","Suthers stated Section 1821 of Title 28 is unambiguous."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-9"}]}],"caption":"Kansas v. Colorado","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.177411Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Kansas and Colorado dispute whether federal statutes allow the Court to award expert fees in this original jurisdiction case.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2008-12-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2008","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/105%20ORIG..html","primary_docket":"105 ORIG.","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:23:02.013614Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Kansas seeks expert fees under a specific statute. Colorado argues the Court lacks power to award them in original jurisdiction cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 1, 2008."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Kansas wants the Court to award expert fees under the specific statute.","Colorado wants the Court to deny the fee request based on jurisdictional limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Kansas argues the specific statute clearly authorizes the fee award.","Colorado argues Congress cannot regulate the Court's original jurisdiction powers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the 1911 statute alone justifies the relief.","Justice Alito asked if the Court has discretion to set fee amounts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal fee awards in disputes between states. It clarifies the balance of power between Congress and the Supreme Court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-9"}]}],"slug":"2008-105-orig-kansas-v-colorado","term":"2008","title":"Can Congress limit the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2008/105 Orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-01-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-01-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Friedman argued the stakes are high in this case.","Mr. Friedman stated Virginia knows how to write a good notice-and-demand statute.","Ms. Kruger argued a state safeguards confrontation rights by guaranteeing witness presence.","Ms. Kruger stated the state must bring the analyst into court for cross-examination."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"}]}],"caption":"Briscoe v. Virginia","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.786958Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.802175Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue Virginia's law fails to guarantee witness presence. The state claims its statute satisfies constitutional requirements.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 7-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-01-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/07-11191.html","primary_docket":"07-11191","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:44:47.759855Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a state statute satisfies the confrontation clause. The dispute centers on witness availability during trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 7-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 11, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the Virginia statute.","Virginia wants the Court to uphold its witness statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 7-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute fails to guarantee witness presence.","Virginia argues its statute adequately safeguards confrontation rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 7-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why the state interpretation overrules Melendez-Diaz.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the state has an affirmative obligation to place witnesses on the stand."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the minimum state obligations for witness availability. It clarifies how states must structure their trial procedures. The outcome shapes future criminal prosecutions nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 7-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"}]}],"slug":"2009-07-11191-briscoe-v-virginia","term":"2009","title":"Does Virginia's witness statute violate the confrontation clause?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/07-11191.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 7-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-11-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-11-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","paragraphs":["Scott Nelson argued federal rules govern all federal courts.","Justice Ginsburg noted state laws often restrict penalty recoveries.","Justice Ginsburg cited prior cases avoiding federal-state conflicts."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-29"}]}],"caption":"Shady Grove Orthopedic Associates, P.A. v. Allstate Ins. Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.044938Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Shady Grove wants to sue Allstate as a class. Allstate argues New York law bans this.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-11-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1008.html","primary_docket":"08-1008","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:00:05.406773Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Shady Grove seeks a class action. Allstate demands individual suits only."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 2, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Shady Grove wants to proceed as a class action.","Allstate wants to limit the case to individual claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Shady Grove argues federal rules control procedure.","Allstate argues state law restricts penalty recovery."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if federal courts can ignore state individual-only rights.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if all state statutes become invalid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between federal procedure and state law. It determines whether class actions can bypass state limits on penalties. The outcome shapes how consumers sue in federal courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-29"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1008-shady-grove-orthopedic-associates-p-a-v-allstate-ins-co","term":"2009","title":"Can Federal Class Action Rules Override State Individual-Only Laws?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1008.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","paragraphs":["Charles Sims argued the Second Circuit erred in vacating the settlement.","He claimed the registration requirement is not jurisdictional.","He noted Congress granted district courts jurisdiction over copyright actions.","Ms. Anders argued the registration requirement falls between jurisdictional and waivable categories."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]}],"caption":"Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.210722Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.234995Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to enforce a settlement covering unregistered works. the opposing sides argue the registration requirement blocks such claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 39-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-103.html","primary_docket":"08-103","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:06:16.402125Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a copyright registration mandate prevents courts from hearing claims about unregistered works."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 39-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 45-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to enforce a settlement covering unregistered works.","the opposing sides want to block claims about unregistered works."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 39-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the registration rule is not jurisdictional.","the opposing sides argue the registration rule is a mandatory bar."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 39-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if this case differs from Arbaugh.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the rule binds district courts only."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether copyright holders can settle claims for unregistered works. It defines the scope of federal court jurisdiction over copyright disputes. It affects how parties structure settlement agreements involving intellectual property."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 39-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-103-reed-elsevier-inc-v-muchnick","term":"2009","title":"Does copyright registration bar suits for unregistered works?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-103.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 39-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-11-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-11-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","paragraphs":["Stephen Sanders argued that absolute immunity prevents suits against prosecutors for actions during judicial proceedings.","Nathan Katyal argued that a cause of action exists against prosecutors for fabricating evidence.","Paul Clement argued that the Court has already rejected liability for prosecutors in similar contexts."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-11"}]}],"caption":"Pottawattamie County v. McGhee","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.083308Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.107810Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether prosecutors hold absolute immunity from civil liability for allegedly fabricating evidence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-11-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1065.html","primary_docket":"08-1065","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:56:49.271272Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Pottawattamie County and the state argue that prosecutors enjoy absolute immunity from civil suits for actions taken during judicial proceedings. McGhee contends that this immunity does not shield prosecutors from liability for fabricating evidence. The Court must determine if a cause of action exists against prosecutors for such conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 4, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Pottawattamie County wants the Court to affirm the dismissal of the civil suit against the prosecutor.","McGhee wants the Court to reverse the dismissal and allow the civil suit against the prosecutor to proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Pottawattamie County argues that absolute immunity protects prosecutors from civil liability for actions taken during judicial proceedings, including evidence fabrication.","McGhee argues that absolute immunity does not protect prosecutors from civil liability for fabricating evidence, distinguishing this conduct from standard judicial functions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the legal analysis should be identical when a police officer or a prosecutor fabricates evidence.","Justice Scalia asked if the prosecutor would be treated just like a police officer in this context."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of civil liability for prosecutors. It determines whether citizens can sue prosecutors for fabricating evidence. The outcome shapes the balance between prosecutorial independence and individual accountability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-11"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1065-pottawattamie-county-v-mcghee","term":"2009","title":"Can a prosecutor face a civil suit for fabricating evidence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1065.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-11-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-11-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Srinivasan argued for a clear headquarters standard.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the practical application of that standard.","Justice Ginsburg noted that headquarters are always within a state."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-17"}]}],"caption":"Hertz Corp. v. Friend","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.141419Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Hertz seeks a clear rule to determine a company's home state. Opponents argue the current standard creates confusion.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-11-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1107.html","primary_docket":"08-1107","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:53:12.781930Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests how courts identify a corporation's home state. Hertz wants a single, clear location. Opponents want a flexible, fact-based approach."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 10, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Hertz wants a single, clear rule to identify a company's home state.","Opponents want courts to use a flexible, fact-based approach."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Hertz argues a corporation's headquarters define its home state.","Opponents argue a corporation's principal place of business defines its home state."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how to distinguish between one and multiple business locations.","Justice Sotomayor asked for a meaningful principle to limit the headquarters test."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines where a corporation legally resides. It affects which courts hear corporate lawsuits. It shapes how companies structure their operations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-17"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1107-hertz-corp-v-friend","term":"2009","title":"Where does a corporation reside for legal purposes?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1107.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Brunstad argued the law is unconstitutional. He said it bans truthful information about lawful activity.","Mr. Jay argued the statute has a safe harbor. He stated using specific language avoids legal problems.","Mr. Brunstad argued the law harms clients. He claimed it creates an impossible situation for attorneys.","Mr. Jay defined a debt relief agency. He described it as a person providing services for pay."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"}]}],"caption":"Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.922734Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.922735Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Law firms argue a federal law bans truthful speech. The government says the law targets fraud.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1119.html","primary_docket":"08-1119","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:50:10.817595Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests a federal bankruptcy statute. It restricts what debt relief agencies can say. The firms claim the law is unconstitutional. The government defends the statute's validity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 1, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The firms want the law struck down. They seek to advertise lawful services freely.","The government wants the law upheld. It aims to stop misleading consumer ads."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The firms argue the law bans truthful speech. They claim it creates impossible compliance standards.","The government argues the law targets fraud. It asserts the statute protects consumers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked why the phrase has meaning in one section but not another.","Justice Kennedy asked if Congress could pass a narrower statute to ban improper advice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of commercial speech. It determines how agencies advertise legal services. It balances consumer protection against free expression."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1119-milavetz-gallop-milavetz-p-a-v-united-states","term":"2009","title":"Can Congress ban truthful bankruptcy ads?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1119.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Wanslee argued that student loans are non-dischargeable debts.","Mr. Meehan argued that confirmed plans must be enforced as written.","Mr. Heytens argued that statutory limits self-execute without court action."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-5"}]}],"caption":"United Student Aid Funds, Inc. v. Espinosa","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.936748Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.952811Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Creditors argue that confirmed plans bind debtors to full repayment. Debtors claim hardship allows courts to lower interest rates.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1134.html","primary_docket":"08-1134","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:50:47.888501Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether bankruptcy courts can alter confirmed plans. The dispute centers on student loan interest rates. Creditors seek strict enforcement of plan terms. Debtors seek relief based on financial hardship."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 1, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Creditors want the court to enforce the original plan terms.","Debtors want the court to allow interest rate reductions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Creditors argue that confirmed plans are binding and final.","Debtors argue that hardship justifies modifying plan terms."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if creditors can waive hardship procedures.","Justice Scalia asked if a court error can be undone later."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the finality of bankruptcy plans. It determines if debtors can escape fixed interest rates. It affects the stability of student loan repayment agreements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-5"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1134-united-student-aid-funds-inc-v-espinosa","term":"2009","title":"Can a bankruptcy court modify a confirmed plan to reduce student loan interest?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1134.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-12-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-12-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Safriet argued the ruling violates the Fifth Amendment.","Mr. Kneedler argued the case challenges the legislature's actions.","questions_and_answers"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]}],"caption":"Stop the Beach Renourishment, Inc. v. Florida Dept. of Environmental Protection","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.949082Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.969269Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Beachfront owners challenge a Florida law that limits their access to the water.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-12-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1151.html","primary_docket":"08-1151","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:48:52.963065Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a state court ruling can redefine property rights without triggering federal constitutional protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 2, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The owners want the Court to strike down the state court ruling.","The state wants the Court to uphold the state court ruling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The owners argue the ruling redefines century-old property rights.","The state argues the ruling interprets existing property law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked why the event was not an avulsion.","Justice Breyer asked if a noisy stand violates the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of state power over private property rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1151-stop-the-beach-renourishment-inc-v-florida-dept-of-environmental-protection","term":"2009","title":"Does a state court ruling that redefines property rights violate the Fifth Amendment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1151.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-12-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-12-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","paragraphs":["Florida argues the state court misapplied the analysis.","Powell argues the state court correctly interpreted state law.","Florida argues the state court misapplied the analysis.","Powell argues the state court correctly interpreted state law."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-11"}]}],"caption":"Florida v. Powell","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.981252Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Florida argues the state supreme court wrongly expanded federal rights. Powell argues the state court properly protected his rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-12-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1175.html","primary_docket":"08-1175","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:48:00.225552Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether a state supreme court can interpret state constitutional rights more broadly than the federal standard. Florida claims the state court erred in suppressing a confession. Powell claims the state court correctly protected his rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 7, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Florida wants the Court to reverse the state court decision.","Powell wants the Court to affirm the state court decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Florida argues the state court misapplied federal law.","Powell argues the state court correctly interpreted state law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if the state court ruling went beyond federal limits.","Justice Scalia asked if justices must campaign on expanded rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between state and federal constitutional rights. It determines how states can protect citizens beyond federal minimums. It impacts how courts handle confessions in state trials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-11"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1175-florida-v-powell","term":"2009","title":"Does a state court exceed federal limits by expanding Miranda rights?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-03-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-03-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Dubbs argued the fraud violated Section 10b.","He claimed significant conduct occurred in the United States.","Mr. Conway argued the lower court judgment should stand.","He cited the presumption against extraterritorial application."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"}]}],"caption":"Morrison v. National Australia Bank Ltd.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.600157Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Investors sue a bank over foreign stock fraud. The bank claims U.S. courts lack power.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 19-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-03-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1191.html","primary_docket":"08-1191","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:17:52.566927Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the reach of U.S. anti-fraud laws. It asks if these laws apply to foreign transactions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 29, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Investors want a U.S. court to hear their fraud claim.","The bank wants the court to dismiss the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Investors argue significant fraud conduct occurred in the United States.","The bank argues U.S. law does not reach foreign markets."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the government's support changes the legal view.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the case is purely about Australian law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the geographic limit of U.S. securities laws. It determines if foreign investors can sue in U.S. courts. It shapes global financial regulation and investor protection standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1191-morrison-v-national-australia-bank-ltd","term":"2009","title":"Does U.S. securities law cover foreign stock fraud?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1191.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 19-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-12-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-12-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued that the statute requires a specific quid pro quo.","The government argued that hiding a conflict of interest constitutes fraud.","Justices questioned the practical application of state law standards in federal cases."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-5"}]}],"caption":"Weyhrauch v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.001764Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.019367Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal mail fraud law covers nondisclosure of conflicts of interest or demands a direct exchange of benefits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-12-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1196.html","primary_docket":"08-1196","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:47:23.900482Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal mail fraud statutes regarding public officials. the side that brought the case argues the law requires a specific quid pro quo. The government contends that hiding a conflict of interest violates the statute. The Court must define the boundary between these two legal standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 8, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 9-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction overturned because no direct exchange of benefits occurred.","The government wants the conviction upheld because the side that brought the case hid a conflict of interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute requires a specific quid pro quo to establish fraud.","The government argues that nondisclosure of a conflict of interest satisfies the fraud element."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if state law variations make the side that brought the case's approach unworkable.","Justice Alito asked if Congress intended heavy penalties for minor disclosure breaches."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the criminal liability of public officials who hide conflicts of interest. It clarifies the scope of federal mail fraud laws. It impacts how prosecutors charge officials for nondisclosure. It sets a national standard for defining fraud in public service."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-5"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1196-weyhrauch-v-united-states","term":"2009","title":"Does mail fraud require a specific quid pro quo or does hiding a conflict of interest suffice?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1196.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-12-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-12-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Waxman stated that arbitrators derive authority solely from party consent.","Ms. Pillard argued that arbitrators interpreted the contract as the parties asked.","Justice Breyer questioned the interpretation of the Bazzle precedent.","Justice Ginsburg identified the preliminary question regarding the arbitration clause."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-41"}]}],"caption":"Stolt-Nielsen S.A. v. AnimalFeeds Int’l. Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.013882Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.033130Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a contract clause allows class arbitration when the text does not explicitly state it.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-12-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1198.html","primary_docket":"08-1198","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:46:50.681629Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the scope of arbitration agreements. It tests if silence on class treatment implies consent to group proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 9, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to reverse the lower court's interpretation of the contract.","the opposing sides want the Court to affirm the lower court's interpretation of the contract."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue that arbitrators derive authority solely from specific party consent to the agreement.","the opposing sides argue that arbitrators interpreted the contract as the parties requested without imposing policy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the preliminary question was whether the clause permitted class treatment.","Justice Breyer questioned whether the Bazzle precedent answered the who question."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue determines the default rule for silent arbitration clauses. It affects the rights of parties in commercial disputes. It shapes the scope of private arbitration agreements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-41"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1198-stolt-nielsen-s-a-v-animalfeeds-int-l-corp","term":"2009","title":"Can parties force class arbitration without explicit consent?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1198.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-01-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-01-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Russell argued that the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act does not allow ignorance of the law as a defense.","Mr. Coakley stated that the text of the statute is the starting point for discerning congressional intent.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the function of the bona fide error clause if intentional is read broadly.","Justice Scalia focused on the definition of the word intentional as the central issue in the case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 4-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 4-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 48-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 48-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-32"}]}],"caption":"Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.831543Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.856869Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a debt collector commits a violation when it relies on a mistaken but reasonable interpretation of the law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 4-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 4-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 48-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 48-26"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-01-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1200.html","primary_docket":"08-1200","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:40:48.116891Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. the side that brought the case argues the law bans all violations, including honest mistakes. the opposing side argues the law targets only intentional misconduct. The Court must define the term intentional in this context."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 4-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 4-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 48-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 48-26"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 13, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 28-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to hold that any violation of the Act is actionable, regardless of the collector's intent.","the opposing side wants the Court to hold that the Act requires proof of intentional misconduct, excluding good-faith errors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 4-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 4-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 48-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 48-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that Congress rarely allows ignorance of the law as a defense to civil liability.","the opposing side argues that the statutory text and congressional intent require a finding of intentional conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 4-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 4-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 48-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 48-26"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked what work the phrase bona fide error does if intentional means what the side that brought the case says.","Justice Scalia asked whether litigation constitutes debt collection activity under the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-32"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the standard for civil liability under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. It determines whether debt collectors face strict liability for legal errors. It shapes the risk profile for legal professionals advising clients on debt collection. It clarifies the boundary between permissible legal interpretation and actionable misconduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 4-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 4-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 48-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 48-26"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-32"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1200-jerman-v-carlisle-mcnellie-rini-kramer-ulrich-lpa","term":"2009","title":"Does a debt collector's good-faith legal error violate the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 4-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 4-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 48-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1200.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 48-26"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-01-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-01-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Nussbaum argued the union's claim is a tort action.","Mr. Bonsall argued the union's claim is grounded in contract law.","Mr. Mathiason argued the case involves two questions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-27"}]}],"caption":"Granite Rock Co. v. Teamsters","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.821344Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a union can sue a company for tortious interference with a contract.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-01-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1214.html","primary_docket":"08-1214","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:38:11.253689Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves two questions about a union's ability to sue a company for tortious interference with a contract."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 19, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to dismiss the union's tortious interference claim.","the opposing side wants the court to allow the union's tortious interference claim to proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the union's claim is a tort action, not a contract dispute.","the opposing side argues the union's claim is grounded in contract law, not a tort."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the union's claim is a tort action.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the union's claim is a tort action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether unions can sue companies for tortious interference with contracts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-27"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1214-granite-rock-co-v-teamsters","term":"2009","title":"Can a union sue a company for tortious interference with a contract?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1214.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-01-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-01-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","paragraphs":["General Kagan argued Article I permits the federal civil commitment statute.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned if federal authority persists after criminal justice ends.","Justice Ginsburg asked about the likelihood of detainees staying in federal custody."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-39"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Graydon Earl Comstock, Jr.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.797400Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law allows the government to hold a person in civil commitment after their criminal sentence ends.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-01-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1224.html","primary_docket":"08-1224","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:41:17.118802Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of federal power under the Necessary and Proper Clause. It asks if Congress can detain individuals who are no longer under criminal sentence but pose a danger to others."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 12, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government seeks to detain Comstock under federal civil commitment laws.","Comstock seeks release from federal custody and transfer to state authorities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues Article I permits Congress to enact limited civil commitment statutes.","Comstock argues federal custody authority ends when the criminal sentence expires."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if federal power ends when the criminal sentence concludes.","Justice Ginsburg asked about the practical experience of transferring detainees to states."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary of federal detention power. It determines if the government can hold individuals beyond their criminal sentences. The outcome shapes the balance between public safety and individual liberty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-39"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1224-united-states-v-graydon-earl-comstock-jr","term":"2009","title":"Can the federal government detain a released prisoner deemed sexually dangerous?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-02-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-02-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's counsel argued ordinary words should receive their ordinary meaning.","The government's counsel argued the statute targets people who move after conviction.","Justices questioned whether the statute's sequence dictates a temporal order."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-13"}]}],"caption":"Carr v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.686522Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.707923Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a person convicted before a new registration law applies must register under that law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 41-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-02-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1301.html","primary_docket":"08-1301","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:28:48.838210Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a man convicted of a sex offense before a federal registration law passed. He failed to register after the law took effect. The government charged him under the new statute. He argues the law does not apply to his past conviction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 41-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 24, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction overturned because the law did not exist when he committed the offense.","The government wants the conviction upheld because the failure to register occurred after the law passed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 41-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues ordinary words in the statute imply a current requirement to register.","The government argues the statute's purpose is to catch offenders who move after conviction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 41-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the statute's purpose covers an infant's transportation.","Justice Breyer asked if the statute aims to get unregistered people to register."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who must register under federal sex offender laws. It clarifies the scope of criminal liability for past convictions. It affects how courts interpret statutory timing requirements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 41-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-13"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1301-carr-v-united-states","term":"2009","title":"Does a sex offender's failure to register violate the law if the offense predates the statute?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1301.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 41-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-02-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-02-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Yang argued the EAJA requires fee awards to prevailing parties.","Mr. Leach argued Catherine Ratliff is entitled to receive the fee.","Mr. Leach stated Congress invited her to prove the government was wrong."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]}],"caption":"Astrue v. Ratliff","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.653633Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether courts must pay attorney fees directly to clients or if they can direct payment to the attorneys.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-02-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1322.html","primary_docket":"08-1322","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:34:14.934143Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Equal Access to Justice Act mandates fee awards to prevailing parties. The government argues courts can pay attorneys directly. The client argues the statute requires payment to the party."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 22, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants courts to pay attorneys directly.","The client wants the court to pay her directly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the statute allows direct payment to attorneys.","The client argues the statute mandates payment to the prevailing party."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the client must transfer the funds.","Justice Ginsburg asked where the contract between party and attorney exists."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines who controls legal fee payments in federal litigation. It affects how attorneys receive compensation for successful government cases. It impacts the financial relationship between clients and their lawyers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1322-astrue-v-ratliff","term":"2009","title":"Who receives EAJA fee awards in Social Security cases?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1322.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-04-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-04-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","paragraphs":["Kent Richland argued that no Fourth Amendment violation occurred under employer standards.","Nathan Katyal argued that written policies govern privacy expectations for government employees.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the impact of the written policy on privacy claims."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"}]}],"caption":"Ontario v. Quon","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.481481Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a police department's written policy limits an officer's Fourth Amendment privacy claims regarding personal messages on a work-issued pager.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-04-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1332.html","primary_docket":"08-1332","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:11:26.228321Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a police officer who used a department-issued pager for personal messages. The department reviewed his logs. The officer sued, claiming a privacy violation. The lower courts ruled in his favor. The city now seeks reversal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 19, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The city wants the Court to reverse the lower-court judgment and find no constitutional violation.","The officer wants the Court to affirm the lower-court judgment and find a constitutional violation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The city argues that government employers face less restrictive constitutional standards when acting as employers rather than sovereigns.","The officer argues that ad hoc statements by non-policy members can create a reasonable expectation of privacy despite written rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the officer would have a reasonable expectation of privacy without a written policy.","Chief Justice Roberts asked how the written policy complicates the officer's privacy claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of employee privacy rights in government workplaces. It determines how written policies interact with constitutional protections. The outcome shapes future employer monitoring practices. It clarifies the balance between operational needs and individual rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1332-ontario-v-quon","term":"2009","title":"Does a government employer's policy define privacy rights for employee pagers?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1332.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-02-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-02-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Miller argued the lower court erred in requiring a new trial. He said the standard was too broad. Mr. Fahringer argued some errors are so basic they require an automatic new trial. He cited trying a person for conduct that violated no law.","questions_asked_by_justices","advocates_presented_arguments"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-45"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Marcus","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.689275Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a jury verdict based partly on pre-law conduct requires an automatic new trial.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-02-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1341.html","primary_docket":"08-1341","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:07:40.524196Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves a criminal conviction. The lower court found a constitutional error. The parties disagree on the remedy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 24, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to reject the automatic new trial rule.","The defendant wants the Court to keep the automatic new trial rule."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the lower court applied the wrong legal standard.","The defendant argues the constitutional error demands an automatic new trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the government wants a remand for a new trial.","Justice Stevens asked if the type of violation changes the analysis under Rule 52(b). The rule governs how courts review errors. Justice Ginsburg asked about the effort involved in creating the website before the law passed. Justice Scalia asked if some constitutional violations undermine confidence more than others."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when a constitutional error forces a new trial. It affects how courts handle jury verdicts based on pre-law conduct. It shapes the balance between finality and constitutional rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-45"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1341-united-states-v-marcus","term":"2009","title":"Does a constitutional error force an automatic new trial?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1341.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-04-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-04-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","paragraphs":["Michael McConnell argued that Hastings' policy allows non-believers to lead Bible studies.","He claimed the policy is absurd and applies to the law school itself.","Paul Garre argued both lower courts decided the case on the all-comers premise.","He stated this premise was not disputed in the petition for certiorari."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 29-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"}]}],"caption":"Christian Legal Soc. Chapter of Univ. of Cal., Hastings College of Law v. Martinez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.465440Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.493447Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Christian Legal Society argues Hastings violated free speech by requiring all-comers policies. Hastings argues it may limit funding to groups that admit all students.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 29-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-04-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1371.html","primary_docket":"08-1371","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:11:48.986565Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Christian Legal Society seeks to keep its exclusive membership rules. Hastings wants to enforce its all-comers policy for funded groups."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 29-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 19, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 3-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Christian Legal Society wants to retain its exclusive membership rules while keeping school funding.","Hastings wants to enforce its all-comers policy as a condition for receiving school funding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 29-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Christian Legal Society argues Hastings violated free speech by barring them from its forum for speech.","Hastings argues it may reserve funding and benefits for groups that choose to admit all students."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 29-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if Hastings treats CLS differently than other political clubs.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the exception applies only to religious groups or all discrimination types."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of student group funding. It determines whether schools can condition benefits on open membership policies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 29-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1371-christian-legal-soc-chapter-of-univ-of-cal-hastings-college-of-law-v-martinez","term":"2009","title":"Can a law school deny funding to a student group that restricts membership by belief?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1371.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 29-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-03-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-03-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Srinivasan argued the Enron collapse impacted the Houston economy.","Mr. Dreeben stated the government needs proof of a known duty.","questions_detail"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-31"}]}],"caption":"Skilling v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.720691Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.748118Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law criminalizes a fiduciary's failure to disclose conflicts of interest.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-03-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1394.html","primary_docket":"08-1394","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:28:22.383380Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the federal honest services fraud statute. It asks if the law covers breaches of fiduciary duty beyond bribery."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 1, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 25-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks reversal of the fraud conviction.","The government seeks affirmation of the fraud conviction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute does not cover undisclosed conflicts of interest.","The government argues the statute covers any breach of fiduciary duty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why a fair jury could not be found.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if jurors could fairly evaluate the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the criminal reach of federal fraud laws. It determines whether fiduciaries face federal prosecution for nondisclosure. This shapes corporate governance and white-collar crime enforcement nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-31"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1394-skilling-v-united-states","term":"2009","title":"Does the honest services fraud statute cover breach of fiduciary duty?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1394.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-01-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-01-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","paragraphs":["Restuccia argued the case involves habeas corpus law.","He claimed the state court misapplied Supreme Court precedent.","Lawrence argued for the opposing side's position.","He defended the state court's reasoning."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]}],"caption":"Berghuis v. Smith","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.878700Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Smith argues the Michigan Supreme Court misapplied federal precedent. The state insists the lower court acted reasonably.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 35-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-01-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1402.html","primary_docket":"08-1402","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:35:17.993188Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Smith seeks federal habeas relief for his murder conviction. He claims the state ignored federal jury selection standards. The state defends the Michigan Supreme Court decision. It argues the lower court applied federal law reasonably."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 35-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 20, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Smith wants the federal court to grant habeas relief.","The state wants the Michigan Supreme Court decision to stand."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 35-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Smith argues the state court unreasonably applied federal precedent.","The state argues the lower court acted within federal limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 35-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked how to manage the time limit.","Justice Breyer questioned ignoring witness testimony details."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the standard for federal habeas review. It clarifies how courts evaluate state jury selection decisions. The outcome shapes future criminal appeals nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 35-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1402-berghuis-v-smith","term":"2009","title":"Does a 10 percent disparity rule bar habeas relief for jury selection claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1402.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 35-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-03-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-03-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Richie argued the NLRB Act clearly states a quorum of three is required at all times.","Mr. Katyal argued section 153(b) permits delegation of any or all board powers to three or more members.","Justice Scalia questioned whether the side that brought the case's argument relies on the board's inability to act when membership falls below three.","Justice Scalia asked if the board can pay salaries when its quorum disappears."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"}]}],"caption":"New Process Steel, L. P. v. NLRB","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.561011Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.590201Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the NLRB can issue adjudicatory decisions when its membership falls below the statutory quorum of three.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-03-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1457.html","primary_docket":"08-1457","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:20:48.417410Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The NLRB Act requires a quorum of three members. the side that brought the case argues this rule is absolute. the opposing side argues the board can delegate full powers to a three-member group."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 23, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to hold that the NLRB cannot issue decisions with only two members.","the opposing side wants the Court to allow the NLRB to issue decisions when its membership falls to two."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the NLRB Act clearly states a quorum of three is required at all times.","the opposing side argues section 153(b) permits delegation of any or all board powers to three or more members."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the side that brought the case's argument relies on the board's inability to act when membership falls below three.","Justice Scalia asked if the board can pay salaries when its quorum disappears."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether the NLRB can continue issuing adjudicatory decisions when its membership falls below the statutory quorum of three."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1457-new-process-steel-l-p-v-nlrb","term":"2009","title":"Can the NLRB issue decisions with only two members?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1457.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-03-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-03-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's counsel argued the Michigan courts did not unreasonably apply precedent.","the opposing side's counsel stated the confession was properly admitted at trial.","the opposing side's counsel referenced language from the Miranda and Butler decisions.","the side that brought the case's counsel emphasized the need for an advice of rights and a waiver."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"}]}],"caption":"Berghuis v. Thompkins","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.691945Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a suspect's silence during interrogation constitutes a valid waiver of Miranda rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 45-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-03-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1470.html","primary_docket":"08-1470","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:26:17.659353Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the legal standard for waiving the right to remain silent. The core issue is whether silence alone satisfies the requirement for a knowing and voluntary waiver."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 45-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 1, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to rule that silence does not waive Miranda rights.","the opposing side wants the Court to uphold the admission of the confession based on implied waiver."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 45-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that a clear, affirmative statement is required to waive the right to remain silent.","the opposing side argues that the suspect's limited responses during questioning implied a waiver of rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 45-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if any specific event during the two-hour interrogation suggested a waiver.","Justice Sotomayor questioned how courts can infer waiver from limited responses without explicit words."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between silence and waiver. It determines how police must conduct interrogations. It protects the constitutional right to remain silent. It clarifies the burden of proof for the prosecution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 45-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1470-berghuis-v-thompkins","term":"2009","title":"Does silence during police questioning waive the right to remain silent?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1470.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 45-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-02-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-02-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","paragraphs":["Cole framed the case as an as-applied challenge.","He asked if the government can criminalize their speech.","Kagan responded that the law targets material support.","Roberts questioned the scope of the government's power."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-29"}]}],"caption":"Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.148230Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.151814Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Humanitarian groups argue the law bans protected speech. The government claims it prevents material support.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-02-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1498.html","primary_docket":"08-1498","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:30:11.699706Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the First Amendment limits on anti-terrorism statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 23, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Humanitarian groups want the law struck down as applied to them.","The government wants the law upheld to ban all support."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Cole argues the law criminalizes protected political speech.","Kagan argues the law prevents material support to terrorists."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Stevens asked if all speech at issue is protected.","Roberts asked about speech regarding a group's mere existence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary between free speech and national security."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-29"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1498-holder-v-humanitarian-law-project","term":"2009","title":"Can the government criminalize speech to designated terrorist groups?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-03-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-03-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Goldenberg argued the Tort Claims Act sets a ceiling based on local law.","Mr. Shah asserted Section 233 precludes civil actions against officers performing medical duties.","Mr. Doyle contended Section 233 does not satisfy the explicit declaration test for abrogation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-49"}]}],"caption":"Hui v. Castaneda","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.724335Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to dismiss constitutional tort claims. the opposing sides argue the statute does not abrogate these rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-03-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1529.html","primary_docket":"08-1529","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:24:55.719036Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a federal statute blocks constitutional tort claims against Public Health Service officers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 2, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to dismiss the constitutional tort claims against their officers.","the opposing sides want the Court to allow the constitutional tort claims to proceed against the officers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Section 233 precludes civil actions arising from medical duties by its plain terms.","the opposing sides argue Section 233 fails the explicit declaration test required to abrogate constitutional rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how the Court determines Congress's intent regarding Bivens immunity.","Justice Scalia asked whether the Court should analyze the statute's text rather than congressional knowledge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of federal officer immunity in constitutional tort cases. It determines whether specific statutes block these legal remedies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-49"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1529-hui-v-castaneda","term":"2009","title":"Does Section 233 bar Bivens claims against Public Health Service officers?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-03-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-03-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Ballenger argued the statute excluded import legs for a century.","Mr. Yang addressed questions about the receiving carrier.","Chief Justice Roberts asked which statutory language prevails over boilerplate."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]}],"caption":"Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd. v. Regal-Beloit Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.949333Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.965044Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the statute excludes import legs. the opposing sides claim it covers all domestic transport.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-03-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1553.html","primary_docket":"08-1553","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:19:39.222514Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Carmack Amendment. It asks if the law covers the inland leg of an import shipment. the sides that brought the case say the statute excludes this leg. the opposing sides say the law covers all domestic transport. The dispute centers on statutory interpretation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 24, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to affirm the exclusion of import legs.","the opposing sides want the Court to apply the statute to import legs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute has excluded import legs for a century.","the opposing sides argue the 1978 codification expanded the statute's scope."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the position differs from the Solicitor General's view.","Justice Ginsburg noted uniformity differs between state and federal statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of federal liability for domestic transport. It clarifies which carriers face statutory liability for import shipments. It resolves a conflict in statutory interpretation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1553-kawasaki-kisen-kaisha-ltd-v-regal-beloit-corp","term":"2009","title":"Does the Carmack Amendment cover the inland leg of an import shipment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1553.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-03-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-03-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","paragraphs":["Shay Dvoretzky argued for Samantar. He stated that the Act applies to officials acting on the state's behalf. He claimed such suits are equivalent to suing the state directly.","Paula Millett argued for Yousuf. She contended the Act was not intended to apply to preexisting common law. She argued the statute does not create a blanket exception for officials.","questions_and_answers"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-27"}]}],"caption":"Samantar v. Yousuf","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.753104Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.768873Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Plaintiffs sue a former Somali official for human rights abuses. The defendant claims state immunity. The lower court rejected that claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-03-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1555.html","primary_docket":"08-1555","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:05:05.107006Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act. The Act generally blocks suits against foreign states. It does not explicitly mention individual officials. The core dispute is whether suing an official counts as suing the state."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 3, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Samantar wants the court to dismiss the lawsuit. He argues the Act grants him immunity as a state agent.","Yousuf wants the lawsuit to proceed. He argues the Act does not protect individual officials from personal liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Samantar argues that suits against officials acting for the state are equivalent to suits against the state itself.","Yousuf argues that the Act was not intended to replace the preexisting common law of official immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if this view would have blocked earlier human rights cases.","Justice Kennedy asked what legal authority supports the proposition that the Act covers officials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between state and individual liability. It determines whether victims can sue foreign officials directly. It shapes the reach of international human rights law in U.S. courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-27"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1555-samantar-v-yousuf","term":"2009","title":"Does the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act shield foreign officials from personal liability?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1555.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-02-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-02-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Horwich argued that the statutory structure treats firearm types as distinct elements.","Mr. Fisher argued that no defendant received more than ten years without a machinegun finding.","Justice Scalia questioned whether the statutory language supports treating weapon type as an element.","Justice Breyer asked why the Court should depart from its prior interpretation of similar statutes."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-7"}]}],"caption":"United States v. O'Brien","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.677282Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether using a machinegun creates a distinct crime or merely increases the penalty for the same offense.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-02-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1569.html","primary_docket":"08-1569","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:31:26.659640Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests how courts interpret federal firearm statutes. It asks if specific weapon types define separate crimes or act as sentencing factors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 23, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to treat the machinegun provision as a separate crime requiring a new jury verdict.","The government wants the Court to treat the machinegun provision as a sentencing factor that judges may consider."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that moving firearm type provisions signals they are distinct elements, not sentencing factors.","The government argues that recidivism and weapon type traditionally function as sentencing factors, not elements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the statute's drafting implies the firearm type is a separate element.","Justice Breyer asked why the Court should not follow its prior interpretation of similar statutory language."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether defendants face mandatory minimum sentences based on weapon type without a separate jury finding. It clarifies the boundary between criminal elements and sentencing enhancements in federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-21"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-1569-united-states-v-o-brien","term":"2009","title":"Does a machinegun trigger a separate mandatory minimum sentence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-1569.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-01-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-01-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Lamken argued Congress enacted the PMPA to regulate specific actions.","He stated the law targets termination and non-renewal.","Mr. Farraher argued the jury found Shell engaged in prohibited conduct.","He claimed Shell raised rents to force dealers out of business."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]}],"caption":"Mac's Shell Service, Inc. v. Shell Oil Products Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.828192Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.861386Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Dealers claim Shell raised rents to force them out. Shell says the law only covers formal terminations.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-01-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-240.html","primary_docket":"08-240","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:39:40.684211Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the PMPA. Dealers argue rent hikes count as termination. Shell argues the law requires a formal end to the contract."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 19, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Dealers want the PMPA to cover rent hikes that force them out.","Shell wants the PMPA to apply only to formal contract endings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Dealers argue rent hikes are a prohibited constructive termination.","Shell argues the statute only covers explicit termination or non-renewal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked what Williston said about the contract.","Justice Kennedy asked if two franchisees facing the same rent hike get different results based on savings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of federal franchise protection. It determines whether dealers can sue over economic pressure. It clarifies the boundary between state contract law and federal regulation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-240-mac-s-shell-service-inc-v-shell-oil-products-co","term":"2009","title":"Does the PMPA cover rent hikes that force dealers out?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-240.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-11-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-11-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Browning argued the word administrative excludes state sources.","Mr. Hallward-Driemeier argued federal terms imply a federal scope.","Mr. Hurt argued the text compels the Fourth Circuit result."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-49"}]}],"caption":"Graham County Soil and Water Conservation Dist. v. United States ex rel. Wilson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.890306Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether state-generated reports count as public disclosures under federal fraud law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 33-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-11-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-304.html","primary_docket":"08-304","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:52:23.622634Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the False Claims Act's public disclosure bar. the sides that brought the case argue state audits fall outside the federal definition. the opposing sides claim the statute covers all public sources."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 33-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 30, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to limit the bar to federal sources only.","the opposing sides want the Court to include state audits in the bar."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 33-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the text restricts the bar to federal agencies.","the opposing sides argue the statutory purpose covers all public disclosures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 33-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if a state hearing could immunize fraud.","Justice Scalia questioned whether documents count as a hearing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines which public records block private fraud suits. It shapes the balance between state oversight and federal enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 33-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-49"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-304-graham-county-soil-and-water-conservation-dist-v-united-states-ex-rel-wilson","term":"2009","title":"Does the False Claims Act bar suits based on state audits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-304.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 33-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-10-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-10-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case claim the state mandates seizure without prior judicial review.","the opposing sides assert the current statutory process meets constitutional standards.","justice_ginsburg_questioned_mootness_and_property_status","justice_sotomayor_questioned_precedent_for_prejudgment_seizure"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"}]}],"caption":"Alvarez v. Smith","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.266649Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.299063Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue Illinois forfeits property without a pre-seizure hearing. the opposing sides claim the current process satisfies constitutional requirements.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-10-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-351.html","primary_docket":"08-351","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:01:41.650212Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether Illinois can seize property before a neutral judge reviews the claim. the sides that brought the case seek a ruling that this practice violates due process. the opposing sides ask the Court to uphold the state statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 14, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to declare the Illinois statute unconstitutional.","the opposing sides want the Court to affirm the lower court dismissal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the state lacks a neutral pre-seizure review mechanism.","the opposing sides argue the existing forfeiture hearing provides sufficient process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the case remains live after the district court dismissal.","Justice Sotomayor asked if other laws allow seizure without neutral review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the minimum process required before the state seizes private property. It determines whether citizens must wait for a hearing before losing assets. The outcome shapes the balance between state power and individual rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-351-alvarez-v-smith","term":"2009","title":"Does Illinois law violate due process by seizing property before a neutral judge reviews the claim?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-351.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","paragraphs":["General Kagan argued that the transfer divests the government of the property.","She stated that the Establishment Clause does not prohibit this sensible action.","She noted that the district court gave Congress two basic options.","She argued that the private group can remove the memorial if it chooses."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-11"}]}],"caption":"Salazar v. Buono","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.198081Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.204399Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether transferring a cross from public to private land satisfies the Establishment Clause.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-472.html","primary_docket":"08-472","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:05:42.465282Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a cross on public land. The government wants to transfer it to a private group. The challengers argue this transfer violates the Constitution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants to transfer the cross to a private group to end the legal dispute.","The challengers want the court to block the transfer and remove the cross from public view."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that transferring the property removes it from government endorsement.","The challengers argue that the transfer does not cure the original constitutional violation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the government must approve the memorial to grant it national status.","Justice Scalia asked if the court of appeals prohibited the private group from substituting the memorial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of government action regarding religious symbols on public land. It determines how the state handles property disputes involving religious expression. The outcome shapes future interactions between government and religious groups."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-11"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-472-salazar-v-buono","term":"2009","title":"Can the government transfer a religious memorial to private land to avoid an Establishment Clause violation?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-472.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-11-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-11-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Goldblatt argued the debtor's exemption claim was fully proper.","Mr. Goldblatt stated the trustee did not object because the claim was unobjectionable.","Mr. Brunstad argued the debtor indicated intent to exempt the property in full.","Mr. Brunstad stated the trustee denied the debtor an opportunity to allocate the exemption."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-39"}]}],"caption":"Schwab v. Reilly","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.065171Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.080677Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a debtor retains specific kitchen equipment or receives its cash equivalent after claiming a statutory exemption.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-11-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-538.html","primary_docket":"08-538","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:59:20.473305Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["A debtor claimed an exemption for specific kitchen equipment. The trustee sought to sell the property and pay the debtor the cash value. The lower court ruled in favor of the debtor keeping the equipment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 3, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The debtor wants to keep her specific kitchen equipment.","The trustee wants to sell the equipment and pay the debtor the cash value."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The debtor argues her claim was proper and unobjectionable.","The trustee argues the debtor claimed more than she was entitled to."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the debtor's claim was improper because she claimed more than entitled.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the debtor wanted the equipment rather than the money equivalent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether debtors retain specific property or receive cash value. It affects how bankruptcy exemptions protect household goods. It clarifies the rights of debtors and trustees in asset liquidation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-39"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-538-schwab-v-reilly","term":"2009","title":"Does a debtor keep specific property or its cash value when claiming an exemption?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-538.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","paragraphs":["Ballenger cited Section 3 First (q) of the Railway Labor Act.","Ballenger noted the statute requires a conference under Section 2 Second.","Geoghegan corrected a pronunciation during the oral argument."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]}],"caption":"Union Pacific R. Co. v. Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen Gen. Comm. of Adjustment","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.228584Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.242038Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Union Pacific disputes a board award that ignored a statutory conference requirement.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-604.html","primary_docket":"08-604","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:06:02.272676Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a labor board must hold a conference before issuing an award."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Union Pacific wants the board award set aside for ignoring the conference rule.","The union wants the board award upheld despite the missing conference."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Union Pacific argues the statute mandates a conference before an award.","The union argues the board can excuse the missing conference under the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if some panels stay proceedings to allow conferences.","Justice Sotomayor asked why the statutory violation is not the main issue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the procedural limits of labor boards in railroad disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-604-union-pacific-r-co-v-locomotive-engineers-and-trainmen-gen-comm-of-adjustment","term":"2009","title":"Can a railroad board ignore a required conference?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-604.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-03-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-03-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Frankfurt argued that criminal prosecution is a foundational sovereign power.","She stated that the U.S. Attorney must control these proceedings.","General Kagan argued that the case involves two distinct legal questions.","She noted that separation of powers principles apply differently in D.C."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-41"}]}],"caption":"Robertson v. United States ex rel. Watson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.632473Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.659861Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a federal district court holds exclusive power to prosecute criminal contempt or must defer to the U.S. Attorney.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-03-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-6261.html","primary_docket":"08-6261","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:13:16.429492Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the constitutional limits of federal court authority. It asks if a district court can independently prosecute criminal contempt. The core issue involves the separation of powers. It challenges the traditional role of the executive branch in criminal prosecutions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 31, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to rule that only the U.S. Attorney can prosecute criminal contempt.","the opposing side wants the Court to affirm the district court’s independent power to prosecute criminal contempt."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that criminal prosecution is a sovereign power reserved for the executive branch.","the opposing side argues that district courts possess inherent authority to enforce their own orders through contempt."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if the procedure inherently violates the Constitution.","Justice Scalia asked if the district and the Attorney General share coordinate jurisdiction over these crimes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between judicial and executive power. It determines who controls criminal prosecutions in federal courts. The outcome shapes the balance of government branches. It affects the independence of federal judges. It clarifies the role of the U.S. Attorney in local court enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-41"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-6261-robertson-v-united-states-ex-rel-watson","term":"2009","title":"Can a federal district court prosecute criminal contempt without the U.S. Attorney?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6261.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-01-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-01-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Howe argued the Convention requires returning abducted children to their habitual residence.","Ms. Howe stated the Convention aims to prevent abduction and ensure proper court resolution.","Ms. Anders argued the ne exeat provision prevents the specific harm the Convention addresses.","Mr. Hays argued custody and access rights are distinct substantive legal concepts."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-3"}]}],"caption":"Timothy Mark Cameron Abbott v. Jacquelyn Vaye Abbott","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.817765Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a ne exeat order grants custody rights under the Hague Convention.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-01-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-645.html","primary_docket":"08-645","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:41:34.271219Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a child custody dispute under the Hague Convention. The parties disagree on the legal effect of a ne exeat order. One side argues the order grants custody rights. The other side argues it only grants access rights. The Court must interpret the Convention's definitions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 12, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to recognize the ne exeat order as a custody right.","the opposing side wants the Court to classify the order as an access right only."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the order prevents abduction and aligns with the Convention's goals.","the opposing side argues the Convention distinguishes custody from access and limits return remedies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the woman must go to the Chilean court.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the argument relies on the statute rather than the order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of custody rights under the Hague Convention. It determines how courts handle international child removals. The outcome shapes future custody disputes involving foreign orders. It impacts the balance between parental rights and child welfare."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-3"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-645-timothy-mark-cameron-abbott-v-jacquelyn-vaye-abbott","term":"2009","title":"Does a ne exeat order grant custody rights under the Hague Convention?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-645.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-10-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-10-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","paragraphs":["Stephen Kinnaird argued the Kentucky Supreme Court rule was too restrictive of the Sixth Amendment.","The United States Government disavowed the restrictive rule announced by the Kentucky Supreme Court.","Justice Scalia questioned whether the Court should open a Pandora's box by restricting advice to deportation.","Justice Scalia asked about advice regarding custody loss, noting it is a serious consequence."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-3"}]}],"caption":"Padilla v. Kentucky","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.231478Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether criminal lawyers must advise clients about immigration consequences when recommending a guilty plea.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 51-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-10-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-651.html","primary_docket":"08-651","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:05:07.631984Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Padilla v. Kentucky asks if the Sixth Amendment requires lawyers to warn clients about deportation risks before a guilty plea."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 51-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 13, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to require lawyers to advise clients about deportation risks.","the opposing side wants the Court to limit legal duties to general criminal advice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 51-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Sixth Amendment mandates specific advice on immigration consequences.","the opposing side argues that requiring such advice expands legal duties beyond traditional criminal defense."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 51-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if contract law principles regarding mistake risk apply to this situation.","Justice Alito asked why the duty would limit to guilty pleas rather than trial verdicts with lesser consequences."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of legal advice required for criminal pleas. It determines whether lawyers must explain immigration risks to clients. The outcome shapes the standard of care for criminal defense attorneys nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 51-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-3"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-651-padilla-v-kentucky","term":"2009","title":"Must lawyers warn clients about deportation risks before a guilty plea?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-651.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 51-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-01-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-01-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Nager argued the NFL is a joint venture.","Mr. Stewart argued the United States supports neither side.","Mr. Levy argued league formation may face scrutiny."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"}]}],"caption":"American Needle, Inc. v. National Football League","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.850117Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.852885Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"American Needle seeks to sue the NFL for antitrust violations. The NFL claims it acts as one business unit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 45-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-01-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-661.html","primary_docket":"08-661","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:40:33.057273Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether the NFL counts as one entity. This status shields the league from antitrust lawsuits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 45-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 13, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["American Needle wants the NFL treated as separate competitors.","The NFL wants the league treated as a single entity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 45-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["American Needle argues the NFL is a joint venture.","The NFL argues the league functions as one business."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 45-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked about the scope of rule of reason.","Justice Sotomayor asked about the difference in joint ventures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 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page 64, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the legal status of professional sports leagues. It determines whether leagues face antitrust liability for collective actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 45-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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61, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-661-american-needle-inc-v-national-football-league","term":"2009","title":"Does the NFL act as a single entity for trademark licensing?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-661.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 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65, lines 45-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-11-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-11-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","paragraphs":["Jeffrey Lamken argued for NRG. He stated the case concerns a bedrock principle of federal energy law. He asserted the public interest standard applies to all challengers. He emphasized the importance of the Mobile-Sierra doctrine.","Michael Miller argued for Maine. He stated the lower court erred in its holding. He argued the standard is inapplicable to noncontracting third parties. He distinguished contract rates from tariff rates.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the breadth of the protection. He noted the importance of preserving contract stability. He asked why third parties are bound by the contract.","Justice Sotomayor asked about the binding nature of the rule. She inquired if it binds all types of third parties. She sought clarification on the challenger's position."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"}]}],"caption":"NRG Power Marketing, LLC v. Maine Pub. Util. Comm’n","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.051505Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"NRG Power Marketing and the Maine Public Utilities Commission dispute whether third parties can challenge contract rates under federal energy law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-11-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-674.html","primary_docket":"08-674","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:58:52.758416Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Mobile-Sierra doctrine. The doctrine protects contract rates from challenge. The dispute centers on who may challenge those rates. NRG argues the protection applies to all challengers. Maine argues only contracting parties receive this protection. The Supreme Court must define the doctrine's reach."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 3, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["NRG wants the Court to extend Mobile-Sierra protection to all challengers.","Maine wants the Court to limit Mobile-Sierra protection to contracting parties only."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["NRG argues the public interest standard applies regardless of the challenger's status.","Maine argues the standard fails when a noncontracting party challenges the rate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked why the rule is not restricted to directly affected parties.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the rule binds all types of third parties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines who can challenge energy rates. It affects market stability for all participants. It clarifies the scope of federal energy law protections. It determines the rights of noncontracting market participants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-674-nrg-power-marketing-llc-v-maine-pub-util-comm-n","term":"2009","title":"Does the Mobile-Sierra doctrine bind noncontracting parties to contract rates?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-674.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-10-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-10-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","paragraphs":["Mohawk Industries argues that immediate appeals prevent inconsistent rulings on privilege.","Carpenter argues that finality rules must block immediate appeals of privilege orders.","Justice Sotomayor questioned if exceptions undermine the purpose of encouraging frank communication.","Justice Scalia asked if interlocutory appeals should exist for privilege issues."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-47"}]}],"caption":"Mohawk Industries, Inc. v. Carpenter","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.169152Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Mohawk Industries argues that immediate appeals prevent inconsistent rulings on privilege. Carpenter contends that finality rules must block such appeals.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 13-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-10-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-678.html","primary_docket":"08-678","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:10:35.348756Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether federal courts must allow immediate appeals of orders compelling disclosure of attorney-client communications. Mohawk Industries seeks to overturn a lower court's refusal to hear such an appeal. Carpenter defends the lower court's decision to deny the appeal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 13-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 5, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Mohawk Industries wants the Court to allow immediate appeals of privilege orders.","Carpenter wants the Court to uphold the lower court's denial of the appeal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 13-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Mohawk Industries argues that immediate appeals prevent inconsistent rulings on privilege.","Carpenter argues that finality rules must block immediate appeals of privilege orders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 13-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if creating exceptions undermines the purpose of encouraging frank communication.","Justice Scalia asked if interlocutory appeals should exist for privilege issues."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether parties can challenge privilege orders immediately. It affects the consistency of federal court rulings on attorney-client secrets. It balances the need for finality against the risk of inconsistent privilege decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 13-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-47"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-678-mohawk-industries-inc-v-carpenter","term":"2009","title":"Can parties appeal a judge's order to reveal attorney-client secrets?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-678.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 13-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-10-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-10-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","paragraphs":["Maryland argues the break ended the protection against badgering.","Shatzer argues the protection continues until the suspect leaves custody.","questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-41"}]}],"caption":"Maryland v. Shatzer","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.141446Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.156822Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Police asked a prisoner to talk again after a short break. He refused. The state wants that later statement admitted.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 37-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-10-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-680.html","primary_docket":"08-680","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:11:17.040673Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Maryland police questioned a prisoner. He invoked his right to silence. They stopped. Two hours later, they asked again. He confessed. The state argues the break ended the protection. The prisoner argues the protection never ended."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 37-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 5, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Maryland wants the court to admit the later confession.","Shatzer wants the court to suppress the later confession."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 37-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Maryland argues the two-hour break ended the protection against badgering.","Shatzer argues the protection continues until the suspect leaves custody."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 37-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked if prison limits access to lawyers.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if repeated questioning is allowed after breaks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Police can question suspects after short breaks. Prisoners face unique pressure. The rule defines when silence is protected."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 37-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-41"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-680-maryland-v-shatzer","term":"2009","title":"Does a two-hour break in custody end the ban on police questioning?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 37-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-10-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-10-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Call argued Johnson's conviction rests on minimal contact. She stated this does not qualify as a violent felony. She emphasized the state law's broad scope.","Ms. Kruger argued the federal definition matches the state law. She cited the unlawful application of physical force. She asserted the state crime fits the federal statute.","Justice Alito asked how to determine the necessary force level. He noted any touching involves some physical force. He sought a clear standard for the federal statute.","Justice Ginsburg questioned the record regarding the specific conduct. She noted the state plea did not detail the actions. She asked if state law typing matters for the federal analysis."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"}]}],"caption":"Johnson v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.174578Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a state battery conviction qualifies as a violent felony under federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-10-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-6925.html","primary_docket":"08-6925","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:08:40.562966Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if a Florida battery conviction counts as a violent felony. the side that brought the case argues the state law allows conviction for minimal contact. The government argues the federal statute matches the state definition. The Court must decide if the state crime fits the federal definition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 6, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Johnson wants the Court to reject the enhanced sentence. He argues the state law allows conviction for minimal contact. He seeks a sentence based only on the current offense.","The United States wants the Court to uphold the enhanced sentence. It argues the state law matches the federal definition. It seeks to treat the prior conviction as a violent felony."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Johnson argues the state statute allows conviction for the slightest contact. He claims this minimal force does not meet the federal standard. He asserts the state law is broader than the federal definition.","The United States argues the federal statute tracks the state definition. It claims the unlawful application of force fits the federal text. It asserts the state crime is a violent felony."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked why the parties view the issues as separate. He questioned the distinction between the state and federal definitions.","Justice Scalia noted the prior offense elevated the current charge. He asked if the Court needs to know what is normal. He questioned the necessity of defining normal conduct levels."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines how federal courts treat state battery convictions. It affects sentencing for defendants with prior state records. It clarifies the scope of the federal violent felony definition. It impacts the consistency of federal sentencing guidelines."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-6925-johnson-v-united-states","term":"2009","title":"Does a Florida battery conviction count as a violent felony?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-6925.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-10-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-10-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","paragraphs":["General Cordray argued the state court's decision was contrary to federal precedent.","Mr. Benza argued trial counsel presented improper aggravating factors to the jury.","justice_stevens_questioned_which_prong_of_strickland_the_state_court_relied_on","justice_stevens_questioned_if_the_argument_depends_on_deference_or_fresh_prejudice_analysis"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-35"}]}],"caption":"Smith v. Spisak","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.260347Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.263851Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether Ohio's highest court unreasonably applied federal standards when it denied a death row inmate's appeal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-10-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-724.html","primary_docket":"08-724","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:09:05.502820Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves a death row inmate challenging his conviction. The core issue is whether the state court's decision violated federal law regarding ineffective assistance of counsel."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 13, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the federal court to find the state court's decision unreasonable under federal law.","the opposing side wants the federal court to uphold the state court's application of federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the state court unreasonably applied the Strickland standard for ineffective assistance of counsel.","the opposing side argues the state court correctly applied federal law and independently reweighed sentencing factors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Stevens asked which part of the Strickland test the state court relied upon.","Justice Stevens asked if the side that brought the case's argument depends on deference to the state court or fresh prejudice analysis."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines how federal courts review state court decisions on ineffective assistance of counsel claims in death penalty cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-35"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-724-smith-v-spisak","term":"2009","title":"Did Ohio's highest court wrongly apply federal law to deny a death row inmate's appeal?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-724.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-10-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-10-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that Section 3161(h)(1) does not cover motion preparation time.","the side that brought the case claims that only Section 3161(h)(7) allows case-by-case exclusions.","The government argues that Section 3161(h)(1) automatically excludes this time.","The government claims that delay from other proceedings includes motion preparation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-13"}]}],"caption":"Bloate v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.198150Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether time spent preparing pretrial motions automatically stops the Speedy Trial Act clock.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-10-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-728.html","primary_docket":"08-728","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:06:33.025304Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Speedy Trial Act sets strict deadlines for federal criminal trials. Section 3161(h)(1) excludes delay from other proceedings. Section 3161(h)(7) allows case-by-case exclusions. The parties disagree on which section applies to motion preparation time."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 6, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to reject automatic exclusion of motion preparation time.","The government wants the Court to uphold automatic exclusion of motion preparation time."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that Section 3161(h)(1) does not automatically exclude motion preparation time.","The government argues that Section 3161(h)(1) automatically excludes motion preparation time."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked when the judge could make an interest of justice filing.","Justice Sotomayor asked if Congress only considered the hearing and motion filing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how federal courts calculate trial deadlines. It affects the balance between speedy trials and thorough preparation. It clarifies the scope of statutory exclusions for all federal criminal cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-13"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-728-bloate-v-united-states","term":"2009","title":"Does pretrial motion preparation time count toward the Speedy Trial Act deadline?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-728.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-11-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-11-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Stevenson argued Sullivan was 13 at arrest. He stated Sullivan was convicted of sexual assault. He noted the sentence was life without parole.","Mr. Makar argued the data supporting Sullivan is unreliable. He contrasted this with the rich literature in death penalty cases.","Justice Scalia questioned the applicability of Roper to this case. He noted Roper involved a death penalty context.","Justice Ginsburg raised the two-year statute of limitations. She noted the petition was filed in 2007. She asked if correcting a sentence overtakes the limitation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-27"}]}],"caption":"Sullivan v. Florida","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.110522Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Florida bars Sullivan from challenging his life sentence because he filed late. Sullivan argues the state limit violates federal rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-11-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-7621.html","primary_docket":"08-7621","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:08:03.970825Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Sullivan was 13 when convicted of sexual assault. He received a life sentence without parole. Florida law sets a two-year limit for post-conviction claims. Sullivan filed his claim in 2007. The conviction occurred in 1993. The state argues the time limit applies. Sullivan argues the limit blocks federal rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 9, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Sullivan wants the Court to strike down the state time limit. He argues the limit blocks his federal constitutional claim.","Florida wants the Court to uphold the state time limit. It argues the limit bars Sullivan's late claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Sullivan argues the state time limit violates federal law. He claims the limit prevents him from challenging his sentence.","Florida argues the state time limit is valid. It claims the limit bars Sullivan's late claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if Roper applies to non-death cases. He questioned the relevance of death penalty precedents here.","Justice Alito asked if the state judge decided Roper required the result. He sought clarity on the independent state ground argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when states can block federal claims. It affects all juveniles facing life sentences. It clarifies the power of state time limits. It shapes the balance between state and federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-27"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-7621-sullivan-v-florida","term":"2009","title":"Does a state time limit block a juvenile from challenging a life sentence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-7621.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-10-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-10-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","paragraphs":["The defendant argued the Third Circuit erred. It claimed the court ignored overbreadth analysis.","The government argued the law targets conduct. It claimed the statute is narrowly tailored.","Chief Justice Roberts noted the law requires content review. He questioned the government's claim of content neutrality."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-45"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Stevens","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.171839Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.182381Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government argues the law targets harmful conduct. The defendant argues it bans protected speech.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-10-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-769.html","primary_docket":"08-769","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:07:34.709385Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on a federal statute. It bans selling depictions of animal cruelty. The defendant claims this violates free speech rights. The government claims the law targets illegal acts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 6, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the law upheld. It seeks to ban the sale of these videos.","The defendant wants the law struck down. It seeks to protect its right to sell the videos."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the law targets the act of cruelty. It claims the statute does not target the message.","The defendant argues the law targets the content of speech. It claims the statute is unconstitutionally broad."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the law targets communication. He questioned separating means from ends.","Chief Justice Roberts asked how to distinguish political videos. He cited animal rights groups using similar depictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of federal power. It determines whether Congress can ban specific types of speech. The outcome affects how courts treat depictions of illegal acts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-45"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-769-united-states-v-stevens","term":"2009","title":"Does a federal ban on animal cruelty videos violate the First Amendment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-769.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-01-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-01-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argued courts must defer to the administrator's fallback interpretation. They cited trust law principles to support this position.","the opposing sides argued the appellate court correctly applied deference to the district court's interpretation. They contended the administrator's interpretation should not receive automatic deference.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-25"}]}],"caption":"Conkright v. Frommert","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.890330Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.918991Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether courts must accept a plan administrator's secondary interpretation of ERISA plan terms.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-01-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-810.html","primary_docket":"08-810","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:37:48.401869Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of judicial deference under ERISA. the sides that brought the case argue courts should defer to the administrator's fallback interpretation. the opposing sides argue courts must independently interpret plan terms to protect participants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 20, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Supreme Court to reverse the appellate decision. They argue courts must defer to the administrator's fallback interpretation.","the opposing sides want the Supreme Court to affirm the appellate decision. They argue courts must independently interpret plan terms to protect participants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue trust law requires courts to defer to the administrator's fallback interpretation. They claim a contrary rule undermines ERISA protections.","the opposing sides argue the appellate court correctly applied a deferential standard to the district court's interpretation. They assert the administrator's interpretation should not receive automatic deference."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked how many attempts an administrator gets if there is no bad faith.","Justice Breyer asked whether the Solicitor General correctly stated the law regarding the administrator's good faith."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance between administrative efficiency and participant protection. It clarifies the standard of review for ERISA plan disputes. The outcome shapes how courts handle ambiguous plan terms. It impacts the rights of millions of retirement plan participants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-25"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-810-conkright-v-frommert","term":"2009","title":"Should courts defer to a plan administrator's fallback interpretation?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-810.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-12-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-12-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Carvin argued the board lacks direct presidential control.","General Kagan argued the SEC's oversight satisfies constitutional requirements.","Justice Ginsburg questioned the board's independence from the SEC.","Justice Scalia asked if the SEC could stop board actions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-43"}]}],"caption":"Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Bd.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.955523Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.983972Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case claim the board lacks direct presidential oversight. The government argues the SEC's authority provides sufficient control.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-12-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-861.html","primary_docket":"08-861","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:47:43.638393Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board violates the Appointments Clause. the sides that brought the case argue the board operates without direct presidential removal power. The government contends the SEC's oversight creates a valid chain of control."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 7, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the board's structure.","The government wants the Court to uphold the board's structure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the board lacks direct presidential control.","The government argues the SEC's oversight provides sufficient control."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the board simply lacks responsibility.","Justice Scalia asked if the SEC could stop board actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the limits of presidential control over independent agencies. It determines how Congress structures regulatory bodies. The ruling shapes future appointments of unelected officials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-43"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-861-free-enterprise-fund-v-public-company-accounting-oversight-bd","term":"2009","title":"Does the SEC's control over the accounting board satisfy the Constitution?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-861.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-12-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-12-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Estrada argued the statute text is vague.","Mr. Dreeben noted the side that brought the case did not raise vagueness earlier.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the vagueness of bribery laws.","Justice Alito doubted the consistency of pre-McNally cases."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-49"}]}],"caption":"Black v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.986805Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether Section 1346 covers bribery or kickbacks.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-12-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-876.html","primary_docket":"08-876","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:47:08.722276Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the federal mail fraud statute. the sides that brought the case argue the law is vague. The government argues it clearly covers bribery."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 8, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to limit the statute's reach.","The government wants the Court to uphold the bribery conviction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute is unconstitutionally vague.","The government argues the statute clearly prohibits bribery."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked why the statute limits bribery.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the definition of corporate opportunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of federal fraud laws. It determines which business schemes face criminal prosecution. It clarifies the boundary between legal and illegal conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-49"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-876-black-v-united-states","term":"2009","title":"Does the federal mail fraud statute cover bribery schemes?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-876.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-11-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-11-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the 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page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"}]}],"caption":"Merck & Co. v. Reynolds","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.886746Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.908873Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the clock starts when a plaintiff actually learns of the fraud. the opposing sides argue it starts when a plaintiff should have learned.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-11-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-905.html","primary_docket":"08-905","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:52:39.809653Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the meaning of the word discovery in a federal statute. The term controls when a two-year deadline begins for private securities fraud suits. The parties disagree on whether the term means actual knowledge or constructive knowledge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 30, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the deadline to start only when a plaintiff actually learns of the fraud.","the opposing sides want the deadline to start when a plaintiff should have learned of the fraud."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the word discovery carries its normal meaning of actual knowledge.","the opposing sides argue the word discovery includes constructive knowledge based on inquiry notice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the Court should presume Congress likes unnecessary words.","Justice Ginsburg asked how the proposed rule functions in practice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the start date for a two-year deadline. This deadline controls whether a plaintiff can sue for securities fraud. The rule affects how long investors have to file claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-905-merck-co-v-reynolds","term":"2009","title":"When does the two-year clock start for securities fraud claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-905.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-11-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-11-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Leiter argued Congress enacted the law to reduce federal court burdens.","Ms. Saharsky argued the statute does not bar review of reopen denials.","Mr. Schoenfield argued Congress limited review only to specific subchapter authorities."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-17"}]}],"caption":"Kucana v. Holder","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.138699Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal courts can review denials of motions to reopen immigration cases.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-11-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-911.html","primary_docket":"08-911","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:52:59.413805Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of judicial review over immigration decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 10, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants a court to review the denial of his motion to reopen.","The government wants to block court review of the denial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute does not bar review of reopen denials.","The government argues the statute strictly limits review of discretionary decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked which statutory provision controls the regulation's validity.","Justice Kennedy asked if the statute implies no discretion absent the regulation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary between executive discretion and judicial oversight in immigration law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-17"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-911-kucana-v-holder","term":"2009","title":"Does the statute bar courts from reviewing immigration reopen denials?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-911.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-11-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-11-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","paragraphs":["Kerry Scanlon argued Wood's lawyers failed to investigate mental health evidence.","He stated this failure deprived the jury of critical sentencing information.","The state argued counsel made an intelligent decision to limit evidence.","They claimed presenting more evidence might have hurt the defendant's case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-9"}]}],"caption":"Wood v. Allen","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.095901Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Holly Wood argues his lawyers ignored mental health evidence. The state says they made a smart strategic choice.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-11-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-9156.html","primary_docket":"08-9156","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:56:20.638159Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Wood v. Allen"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 4, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Wood wants the Court to find his lawyers failed to investigate key evidence.","The state wants the Court to uphold the lower court's rejection of his claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Wood argues his lawyers ignored undisputed mental deficiencies during sentencing.","The state argues counsel made an intelligent decision to avoid harmful evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the state court ruled on prejudice under Strickland.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the case involves a strategic decision or performance issue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts judge lawyer performance in death penalty trials. It clarifies when failing to investigate evidence violates constitutional rights. The outcome shapes future standards for evaluating defense counsel's strategic choices."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-9"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-9156-wood-v-allen","term":"2009","title":"Did the state court wrongly reject a claim that defense counsel failed to investigate mental health evidence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-9156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-11-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-11-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Jakes argued the Federal Circuit's test is rigid and narrow.","Mr. Stewart asserted Morse and telephone cases align with the sides that brought the case' view.","questions_detail"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"}]}],"caption":"Bilski v. Kappos","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.126899Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to invalidate a rigid machine requirement. the opposing sides defend the current patent eligibility standard.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-11-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-964.html","primary_docket":"08-964","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:54:05.129397Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a business method requires a machine or transformation to qualify for a patent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 9, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to reverse the rigid machine-or-transformation test.","the opposing sides want the Court to affirm the current patent eligibility standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Federal Circuit's test is too narrow for all methods.","the opposing sides argue the current test properly limits patentable subject matter."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if patenting human activity benefits society.","Justice Ginsburg asked if tax avoidance methods are patentable under the test."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of patentable business methods. It determines which innovations receive exclusive rights. It shapes the balance between public access and private incentive."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-964-bilski-v-kappos","term":"2009","title":"Can a business method exist without a machine?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-964.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-11-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-11-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Barnhouse argued that possessory and use taxes are difficult to collect.","He noted the city collected only 40 to 55 cents on the dollar.","Mr. Koerner argued that the definition of property depends on prior case law.","Justice Scalia asked why this case differs from established antitrust property definitions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"}]}],"caption":"Hemi Group, LLC v. City of New York","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.077024Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Hemi Group argues that a city's tax claim is not property. The City of New York argues it is property.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-11-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-969.html","primary_docket":"08-969","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:58:24.332159Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a government tax claim fits the legal definition of property. This definition controls the scope of federal antitrust protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 3, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Hemi Group wants the Court to hold that tax claims are not property.","The City of New York wants the Court to hold that tax claims are property."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Hemi Group argues that antitrust laws exclude government tax entitlements from the definition of property.","The City of New York argues that a sovereign's right to collect taxes is property."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked why money is not property.","Justice Ginsburg asked why prior tax cases do not settle the property question here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of federal antitrust law. It determines whether cities can sue private entities for interfering with tax collection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-969-hemi-group-llc-v-city-of-new-york","term":"2009","title":"Does a city's claim for unpaid taxes count as property under federal antitrust law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-969.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-10-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-10-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Cohen argued that the district court found the standard fee insufficient for the quality of work.","Mr. Shah argued that a bonus is only justified if the standard fee is unreasonably low.","Justice Ginsburg noted that the lower court judge praised the lawyers' amazing performance.","Justice Scalia questioned whether the fee increase truly reflected the quality of representation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-43"}]}],"caption":"Perdue v. Kenny A.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.289427Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.298915Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a district court may increase a standard fee award to reward exceptional legal performance.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-10-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-970.html","primary_docket":"08-970","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:02:01.421314Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of the lodestar method for calculating attorney fees. The core issue is whether a judge can add a bonus for high-quality work on top of standard market rates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 14, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the fee award reduced to match standard market rates.","the opposing sides want the court to keep the higher fee that rewards superior performance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue that standard market rates already account for the quality of legal work.","the opposing sides argue that a bonus is necessary when the lodestar amount is unreasonably low."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked what constitutes similar work in this context.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the market rate applies to all attorneys or only specialists."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts calculate attorney fees in civil rights litigation. It determines whether judges can reward exceptional legal skill with extra money. The outcome sets a national standard for fee awards in similar cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-43"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-970-perdue-v-kenny-a","term":"2009","title":"Can courts add a quality bonus to standard legal fees?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-970.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-02-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-02-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue each hire from the biased list creates a new injury.","The City argues the injury ends when the eligibility list expires.","questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-27"}]}],"caption":"Lewis v. City of Chicago","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.656407Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue each hire from a biased list creates a new injury. The City argues the injury ends when the list expires.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-02-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-974.html","primary_docket":"08-974","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:32:33.076882Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests when a discriminatory hiring practice legally ends. the sides that brought the case claim each new hire from the list harms them. The City claims the harm stops when the list expires."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 22, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a new legal claim for every hire from the list.","The City wants the legal claim to end when the list expires."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue each hire from the biased list creates a new injury.","The City argues the injury ends when the eligibility list expires."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked why the legal theory is the best policy.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if each hire creates a new cause of action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines when a discriminatory hiring practice legally ends. It determines if cities face repeated liability for old lists. It shapes how employers manage hiring timelines and legal risks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-27"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-974-lewis-v-city-of-chicago","term":"2009","title":"Does a discriminatory hiring test create a new legal claim each time a city hires someone?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-974.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2009-11-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2009-11-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Lawry argued the Commonwealth seeks to change the adequate state ground doctrine. He stated this would allow execution without federal review of meritorious claims.","Mr. Eisenberg argued Kindler attacked the judicial process by murdering a witness. He noted Kindler broke out of prison twice and fled the country.","Justice Sotomayor questioned whether other circuits bar deference to state rules with discretion. She asked how many cases resulted in overturned habeas grants.","Justice Kennedy noted he did not see a split among circuits. He suggested the Third Circuit was concerned the rule was not firmly established at the time of the waiver."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-19"}]}],"caption":"Beard v. Kindler","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.047696Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to execute Kindler. the opposing sides seek federal review of his constitutional claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-11-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-992.html","primary_docket":"08-992","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:01:03.957444Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether a state procedural rule is adequate to bar federal habeas review. the sides that brought the case argue the rule is adequate. the opposing sides argue the rule is inadequate because it is discretionary."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 2, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to uphold the state procedural default. They want to execute Kindler without federal review of his claims.","the opposing sides want the Court to find the state rule inadequate. They want federal courts to review his constitutional claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the state rule is adequate. They contend the rule was firmly established when Kindler waived his rights.","the opposing sides argue the state rule is inadequate. They contend the rule was discretionary and not firmly established at the time."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked which other circuits bar deference to state rules with discretion.","Justice Sotomayor asked how many cases resulted in overturned habeas grants under this rule."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal habeas review. It determines whether discretionary state rules block federal courts from examining constitutional claims. The outcome shapes the balance between state procedural autonomy and federal oversight of death sentences."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-19"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-992-beard-v-kindler","term":"2009","title":"Does a discretionary state rule bar federal habeas review?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-992.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-03-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-03-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","paragraphs":["The trustee argued the lower court ignored the new means test.","The debtor argued the statutory scheme allows for case-specific adjustments.","Justices questioned the practical consequences of the debtor's interpretation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 29-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-21"}]}],"caption":"Hamilton v. Lanning","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.554713Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether bankruptcy courts can modify a debtor's income calculation to reflect expected future changes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 29-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-03-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-998.html","primary_docket":"08-998","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:03:54.733713Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves a conflict over how to calculate a debtor's income for repayment plans. One side argues for a strict formula. The other side argues for flexibility based on future income changes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 29-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 22, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The trustee wants the court to apply the strict statutory formula for income.","The debtor wants the court to allow adjustments for expected future income changes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 29-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The trustee argues the 2005 amendments require a fixed income calculation.","The debtor argues the statute allows courts to consider projected income changes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 29-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked what happens if a debtor's income is too high to pay creditors.","Justice Alito asked how to handle situations where a debtor's income is expected to increase."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines how bankruptcy courts calculate a debtor's ability to pay. It affects the balance between strict rules and individual circumstances. Creditors and debtors both face different repayment obligations based on this calculation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 29-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-21"}]}],"slug":"2009-08-998-hamilton-v-lanning","term":"2009","title":"Can bankruptcy courts adjust a debtor's income based on future changes?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/08-998.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 29-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-03-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-03-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Mizer argued the case belongs in state court.","He cited comity and federalism principles.","Mr. Fitch addressed standing concerns raised by the Court.","Justices questioned the complexity of the state law analysis."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-17"}]}],"caption":"Levin v. Commerce Energy, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.557347Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Natural gas suppliers challenge Ohio tax rates. The state argues federal courts lack jurisdiction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-03-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-223.html","primary_docket":"09-223","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:21:14.024283Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Ohio taxes natural gas suppliers. The suppliers claim the rates violate federal law. The state argues federal courts must abstain."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 22, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The state wants federal courts to dismiss the case.","The suppliers want federal courts to hear the tax challenge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The state argues federalism requires state courts to resolve tax disputes.","The suppliers argue federal courts must review potential constitutional violations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the state argued Pullman abstention below.","Justice Alito asked if the case differs from Hibbs due to complexity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines federal court jurisdiction over state tax disputes. It impacts how businesses challenge state tax rates. It shapes the balance between federal and state judicial power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-17"}]}],"slug":"2009-09-223-levin-v-commerce-energy-inc","term":"2009","title":"Should federal courts resolve disputes over state tax rates?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-223.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-04-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-04-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Bendure argued that Rule 15(c)(1)(C) permits adding new defendants after the limitations period expires.","Mr. Glazier argued that a plaintiff's knowledge of the proper party's identity can preclude a finding of mistake.","Justice Scalia questioned why a plaintiff would not read the contract carefully before filing suit.","Justice Roberts clarified that the issue involves the real name of the party who caused the injury."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-37"}]}],"caption":"Krupski v. Costa Crociere, S. p. A.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.498976Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a plaintiff's knowledge of the correct party's identity prevents amending a complaint to add that party after the filing deadline passes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-04-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-337.html","primary_docket":"09-337","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:10:28.595654Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of Federal Rule 15(c)(1)(C). The rule allows adding new defendants after the limitations period ends. The core issue is whether a plaintiff's prior knowledge of the correct party's identity blocks this amendment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 21, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to allow the amendment. They argue knowledge of the correct party does not preclude relation back.","the opposing side wants the Court to deny the amendment. They argue the plaintiff knew the correct party and thus made no mistake."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case contends that a plaintiff's knowledge about the proper party's identity does not preclude a finding of mistake.","the opposing side contends that the ticket clearly identified the proper party, so no mistake occurred."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the name appeared anywhere other than page one of the general conditions.","Justice Scalia asked if the side that brought the case contests that the ticket clearly identified the proper party."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of amending complaints. It determines when plaintiffs can add parties after deadlines. It affects access to courts for injured parties. It clarifies the standard for mistake in identity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-37"}]}],"slug":"2009-09-337-krupski-v-costa-crociere-s-p-a","term":"2009","title":"Can a plaintiff amend a complaint to add a new defendant after the statute of limitations expires?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-337.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-03-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-03-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. McGormley argued the case involves habeas relief.","He cited the AEDPA standard for review.","He questioned the Michigan Supreme Court's application of law."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-21"}]}],"caption":"Renico v. Lett","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.592835Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A defendant argues a judge abused discretion by declaring a mistrial. The state argues the judge acted reasonably.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-03-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-338.html","primary_docket":"09-338","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:18:08.823799Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a murder conviction in Michigan. The defendant seeks federal habeas relief. The state defends the trial court's actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 29, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction overturned.","the opposing side wants the conviction upheld."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the judge acted unreasonably.","the opposing side argues the judge acted deliberately."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked when the defendant left the room.","Justice Sotomayor asked how the finding supports deliberate action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of judicial power. It determines when a judge may dismiss a jury. It protects the right to a fair trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-21"}]}],"slug":"2009-09-338-renico-v-lett","term":"2009","title":"Can a judge declare a mistrial when a jury cannot agree?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-04-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-04-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Karlan argued the Act sets two paths for district courts.","She stated restitution is a mandatory part of the sentence.","Mr. Heytens stated the government agrees no cases directly confront this issue.","He addressed the finality question raised by the Court."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-43"}]}],"caption":"Dolan v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.568633Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a defendant can appeal a sentence before a court sets a specific restitution amount.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-04-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-367.html","primary_docket":"09-367","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:11:07.626673Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Mandatory Victim Restitution Act requires courts to order restitution for certain crimes. It allows courts 90 days to set the final amount. The core conflict involves the timing of this order relative to the appeal window."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 20, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants to file an appeal immediately after sentencing.","The government wants to delay the appeal until the restitution order is final."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the 90-day period does not suspend the appeal deadline.","The government argues the sentence is not final until the restitution order is entered."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if a 90-day delay prevents a defendant from appealing.","Justice Scalia asked if a future sentencing date prevents finality until then."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when a criminal sentence becomes final. It determines if defendants must wait for restitution orders before appealing. It impacts the speed of criminal appeals nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-43"}]}],"slug":"2009-09-367-dolan-v-united-states","term":"2009","title":"Does a 90-day restitution delay block a criminal appeal?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-367.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-04-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-04-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Ates argued the insurer violated ERISA in bad faith.","Mr. Rosenkranz argued no judge decided the merits.","chief_justice_roberts_asked_if_courts_should_wait_for_final_outcomes."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-47"}]}],"caption":"Hardt v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.511753Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a court can award attorney fees before the final benefits decision.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-04-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-448.html","primary_docket":"09-448","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:09:06.608590Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves a dispute over attorney fees in an ERISA benefits case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 26, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants fees for securing benefits.","the opposing side wants no fees without final success."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the insurer acted in bad faith.","the opposing side argues no judge decided the merits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if fees vanish if disability is not proved.","Justice Kennedy asked if fees apply if the claim is frivolous."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when courts can award fees in benefits disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-47"}]}],"slug":"2009-09-448-hardt-v-reliance-standard-life-ins-co","term":"2009","title":"Can a court award fees before a final benefits decision?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-448.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-04-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-04-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","paragraphs":["Monsanto claims the lower court erred in two ways.","Opponents claim the planting lacks legal authorization.","chief_justice_roberts_asked_why_the_agency_did_not_act","justice_ginsburg_asked_if_the_planting_lacks_authorization"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-45"}]}],"caption":"Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.529159Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Monsanto seeks to plant a new alfalfa crop. Opponents want a court to stop that planting.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-04-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-475.html","primary_docket":"09-475","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:03:13.600252Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Monsanto wants to plant a genetically engineered alfalfa crop. Opponents want a court to stop that planting."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 27, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Monsanto wants to plant the crop now.","Opponents want the planting to stay stopped."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Monsanto argues the lower court acted wrongly.","Opponents argue the planting lacks legal approval."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked why the agency did not act.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the planting lacks authorization."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Farmers need clear rules for planting new crops. Courts must balance speed and safety."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-45"}]}],"slug":"2009-09-475-monsanto-co-v-geertson-seed-farms","term":"2009","title":"Can a court block a crop while an agency reviews it?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-475.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-04-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-04-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","paragraphs":["The company argued the agreement should be enforced as written.","The customer argued the clause waived his right to court.","justice_sotomayor_asked_if_unconscionability_means_coercion_or_process_unfairness."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"}]}],"caption":"Rent-A-Center, West, Inc. v. Jackson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.523774Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.526498Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A customer claims a rental contract forced him to arbitrate. The company says a judge must enforce the clause.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-04-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-497.html","primary_docket":"09-497","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:08:04.193898Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests who decides if an arbitration clause is unfair. A customer claims the clause was coerced. The company says the clause is valid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 26, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The company wants the court to enforce the arbitration clause.","The customer wants the court to reject the arbitration clause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The company argues the clause is valid and enforceable.","The customer argues the clause was unconscionable and coerced."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if coercion proves the clause was unconscionable.","Chief Justice Roberts asked which parties agreed to arbitrate the dispute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who decides if arbitration clauses are fair. It affects consumer rights in rental contracts. It shapes the balance between courts and arbitrators."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"}]}],"slug":"2009-09-497-rent-a-center-west-inc-v-jackson","term":"2009","title":"Who decides if an arbitration clause is unfair?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-497.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-03-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-03-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Sady argued the phrase term of imprisonment appears three times in the statute.","He stated the first two uses mean the sentence imposed.","Mr. Wall argued the statute language tracks the Bureau's practice.","He noted Justice Breyer described the Bureau's method correctly."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-5"}]}],"caption":"Barber v. Thomas","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.619466Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on how to calculate the end date of a federal sentence under the good time statute.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-03-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-5201.html","primary_docket":"09-5201","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:15:38.233495Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks how to interpret the phrase term of imprisonment in the federal good time statute. the sides that brought the case argue it means the sentence imposed by the court. the opposing sides argue it means the actual time served. The lower court ruled against the sides that brought the case. The Supreme Court will decide which interpretation applies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 30, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to hold that the sentence ends on the date of the imposed term.","the opposing sides want the Court to hold that the sentence ends after the full time served."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute uses term of imprisonment to mean the sentence imposed.","the opposing sides argue the statute uses term of imprisonment to mean the actual time served."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the Bureau releases a prisoner on the expiration date.","Justice Scalia asked if the Bureau gives clothes months after release."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines how federal courts calculate release dates for all prisoners. It affects the length of time inmates spend in custody. It shapes the administration of federal sentences nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-5"}]}],"slug":"2009-09-5201-barber-v-thomas","term":"2009","title":"When does a federal prisoner's sentence end?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5201.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-03-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-03-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","paragraphs":["Holland’s counsel stated the case turns on one principle.","Florida’s counsel noted the Eleventh Circuit found the line too fine.","Justice Scalia asked about a lawyer who fails to act.","Justice Kennedy asked about the justice in extending deadlines."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-15"}]}],"caption":"Holland v. Florida","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.717940Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Holland argues his lawyer’s failure to notify him of a mandate caused him to miss the filing deadline. Florida contends only intentional misconduct justifies extending that time limit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-03-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-5327.html","primary_docket":"09-5327","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:26:46.181184Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Holland seeks equitable tolling of the AEDPA deadline. He claims his attorney failed to notify him of a mandate. This failure caused him to miss the filing window. Florida opposes this extension. The state argues only intentional misconduct qualifies. The Court must define the standard for tolling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 1, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Holland wants the Court to allow equitable tolling for attorney negligence.","Florida wants the Court to limit tolling to intentional misconduct only."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Holland argues that attorney negligence caused the missed deadline.","Florida argues that negligence is too broad a standard for tolling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if mere negligence suffices for equitable tolling.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the distinction between negligence and intentional malfeasance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when attorney error excuses a missed deadline. It sets the standard for equitable tolling in federal habeas cases. The outcome affects how courts treat lawyer negligence. It determines whether clients can recover from attorney mistakes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-15"}]}],"slug":"2009-09-5327-holland-v-florida","term":"2009","title":"Does attorney negligence toll the federal habeas deadline?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-5327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-04-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-04-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","paragraphs":["James Bopp argued no person should face harassment for political participation.","Bopp claimed the First Amendment protects private associations from compelled disclosure.","Robert McKenna argued the public must identify errors and fraud in government.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the First Amendment analysis applies to all cases."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 9-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-9"}]}],"caption":"Doe v. Reed","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.541881Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to block name disclosure. the opposing sides defend the public's right to know who supports a ballot measure.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 9-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-04-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-559.html","primary_docket":"09-559","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:07:04.908246Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Washington law requires referendum signers to publish names. the sides that brought the case claim this chills speech. the opposing sides argue transparency serves the public interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 9-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 28, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the name-disclosure requirement.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the state's transparency law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 9-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue compelled disclosure intimidates citizens and violates the First Amendment.","the opposing sides argue voters need signer identities to evaluate referendum support."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 9-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if requiring campaign contribution disclosure is similar.","Justice Sotomayor asked if voters care about signer occupations for tax measures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance between voter privacy and public transparency. It shapes how citizens participate in ballot initiatives. It impacts future referendum campaigns nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 9-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-9"}]}],"slug":"2009-09-559-doe-v-reed","term":"2009","title":"Does Washington's law forcing referendum signers to reveal names violate free speech?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-559.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 9-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-03-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-03-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued that long-term residents with two minor drug convictions should not be categorically ineligible for relief.","The government argued that Congress intended all aliens engaging in the same serious conduct to be treated the same.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the elements of the recidivism finding and the underlying State statutes.","Justice Kennedy asked if the second unlawful entry makes the entry lawful."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 51-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 51-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-21"}]}],"caption":"Carachuri-Rosendo v. Holder","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.622258Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.650849Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a second minor drug offense makes a long-term resident ineligible for discretionary relief from removal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 51-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 51-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-03-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-60.html","primary_docket":"09-60","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:14:11.521443Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal immigration law. It asks if a second minor drug conviction automatically bars a lawful permanent resident from seeking discretionary relief. the side that brought the case argues deep family ties should allow for relief. The government argues uniform treatment requires mandatory removal for all such offenders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 51-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 51-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 31, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to allow discretionary relief for long-term residents with two minor drug convictions.","The government wants the Court to mandate removal for all aliens with two minor drug convictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 51-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 51-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that deep family ties and connections justify discretionary relief despite two minor convictions.","The government argues that Congress intended uniform treatment for all aliens engaging in the same serious conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 51-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 51-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked which court now handles the State court matter.","Justice Sotomayor asked if any State law is precisely analogous to the Federal law in question."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines the removal status of long-term residents with minor drug convictions. It defines the scope of discretionary relief available to these individuals. The outcome shapes immigration enforcement standards for repeat minor offenses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 51-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 51-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-21"}]}],"slug":"2009-09-60-carachuri-rosendo-v-holder","term":"2009","title":"Does a second minor drug conviction trigger mandatory removal for lawful permanent residents?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 51-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 51-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-60.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-03-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-03-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Freeland argued the district court felt bound by a policy statement.","She claimed this prevented application of the Booker decision.","The resulting sentence exceeded the jury verdict maximum by six years.","Ms. Kruger argued the relevant statutes do not govern initial sentencing."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-35"}]}],"caption":"Dillon v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.619536Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case seeks a lower sentence. The government argues the judge lacks authority.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-03-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-6338.html","primary_docket":"09-6338","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:17:09.374750Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a judge can lower a sentence without a jury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 30, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants a lower sentence based on new guidelines.","The government wants to keep the original sentence intact."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the judge must apply the new guidelines.","The government argues the judge lacks authority to reduce the sentence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if a problem exists with the current approach.","Justice Ginsburg asked about the impact on the Sentencing Commission's motives."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of judicial power over existing sentences. It determines whether judges can modify sentences without jury involvement. The outcome shapes prison population management and sentencing consistency."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-35"}]}],"slug":"2009-09-6338-dillon-v-united-states","term":"2009","title":"Does a judge need a jury to reduce a sentence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/09-6338.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-01-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-01-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","paragraphs":["Alabama's lawyer argued North Carolina breached the compact.","North Carolina's lawyer argued the project is not based on coercion.","Justices questioned the financial feasibility of completing the facility."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 15-7"}]}],"caption":"Alabama v. North Carolina","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.774241Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.787094Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Alabama demands North Carolina complete a shared nuclear waste facility. North Carolina claims the project is too costly to finish.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 15-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-01-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/132%20ORIG..html","primary_docket":"132 ORIG.","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:46:23.849666Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Alabama seeks a court order forcing North Carolina to finish a nuclear waste facility. North Carolina argues the project costs exceed reasonable expectations. The dispute centers on a compact between the two states."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 15-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 11, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Alabama wants a court order forcing North Carolina to finish the facility.","North Carolina wants to stop work because the project is too expensive."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 15-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Alabama argues North Carolina breached the compact by quitting the project.","North Carolina argues the project costs exceed reasonable expectations at signing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 15-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked why pursue a license without funding.","Justice Sotomayor asked about the reasonable cost of completion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state obligations in shared infrastructure compacts. It determines whether one state can abandon a joint project. The outcome affects taxpayer funds and nuclear waste management."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 15-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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page 7, lines 45-47"}]}],"slug":"2009-132-orig-alabama-v-north-carolina","term":"2009","title":"Must North Carolina finish the nuclear waste compact?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/132-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 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intervention.","Justice Ginsburg noted trial judges have discretion on intervention rules."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-49"}]}],"caption":"South Carolina v. North Carolina","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.263989Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:26.295340Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"South Carolina and North Carolina fight over Catawba River water. Private entities want to join the case.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2009-10-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2009","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/138%20ORIG..html","primary_docket":"138 ORIG.","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T02:03:32.988714Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["South Carolina seeks equitable apportionment of the Catawba River. North Carolina opposes this request. Private entities want to intervene in the dispute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 13, 2009."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["South Carolina wants equitable apportionment of the river.","North Carolina wants to limit South Carolina's water use."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["South Carolina argues private users lack standing to intervene.","North Carolina argues private users have a compelling interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked why private entities should not intervene.","Justice Ginsburg asked about trial judge discretion on intervention."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who can join state water disputes. It affects how states manage shared river resources. It clarifies the role of private users in interstate conflicts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-49"}]}],"slug":"2009-138-orig-south-carolina-v-north-carolina","term":"2009","title":"Can private water users join a state water dispute?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/pdfs/transcripts/2009/138-orig.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-11-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-11-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Buchanan argued the claim is impliedly preempted.","Mr. Jay argued the savings clause preserves state claims.","Mr. Garre cited agency determinations favoring manufacturer flexibility."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-41"}]}],"caption":"Williamson v. Mazda Motor of America, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.385653Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to bar a state injury claim. the opposing sides argue federal rules allow such suits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-11-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1314.html","primary_docket":"08-1314","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:54:34.386960Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if federal flexibility bars state tort claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 3, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the state claim dismissed.","the opposing sides want the state claim to stand."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue federal flexibility preempts state claims.","the opposing sides argue federal rules allow state claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia questioned why juries can act while states cannot.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if state actions differ from federal ones."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between federal safety rules and state courts. It determines whether manufacturers face state liability for design choices. The outcome shapes how federal agencies balance safety and innovation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-41"}]}],"slug":"2010-08-1314-williamson-v-mazda-motor-of-america-inc","term":"2010","title":"Does federal safety flexibility preempt state tort claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1314.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-11-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-11-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","paragraphs":["Costco's lawyer argued the case mirrors a prior precedent.","Omega's lawyer argued copyright law protects domestic distribution rights.","The government argued lawfully made means made under Title 17."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-51"}]}],"caption":"Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega S.A.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.398310Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Costco and Omega dispute whether copyright law stops owners from blocking imported goods.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 15-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-11-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1423.html","primary_docket":"08-1423","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:52:01.847994Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Costco wants to import Omega watches. Omega wants to block those imports. The Court must decide if copyright law allows this block."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 8, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Costco wants the Court to allow the importation of the watches.","Omega wants the Court to block the importation of the watches."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Costco argues the first sale doctrine bars Omega from blocking the imports.","Omega argues copyright law allows it to block the imports."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why the definition of lawfully made matters.","Justice Breyer asked how the Court handles millions of contracts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of copyright control over imported goods. It affects how companies manage global supply chains. It determines who controls the resale of foreign-made items."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-51"}]}],"slug":"2010-08-1423-costco-wholesale-corp-v-omega-s-a","term":"2010","title":"Does the first sale doctrine bar copyright holders from blocking imported goods?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1423.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 15-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-11-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-11-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Ho argued the phrase appropriate relief is ambiguous. He stated this ambiguity should end the legal inquiry.","Justice Scalia questioned the clarity of the statute. He noted states need clear notice of their liability.","Justice Ginsburg asked about the prison setting. She questioned whether damages are practically available in that context.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the statute includes punitive damages. She sought clarification on the type of relief available."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"}]}],"caption":"Sossamon v. Texas","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.370760Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law permits individuals to sue states for money damages.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-11-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1438.html","primary_docket":"08-1438","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:57:20.468408Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a federal statute. The phrase appropriate relief creates ambiguity. Courts must decide if this wording waives state sovereign immunity. The outcome defines the boundary of state liability under federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 2, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The plaintiff side wants a broad reading of the statute. They seek to allow private damages suits against states.","The state side wants a narrow reading of the statute. They seek to preserve sovereign immunity from damages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The plaintiff argues the phrase appropriate relief is ambiguous. They contend this ambiguity ends the inquiry into state liability.","The state argues the statute lacks clear waiver language. They contend states must know their liability before joining the scheme."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if damages are impossible in prison settings. She questioned the practical relevance of the legal theory.","Justice Scalia asked if the statute clearly defines state liability. He noted the word appropriate relief lacks clarity compared to other cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the financial exposure of state governments. It determines whether federal statutes can waive sovereign immunity. The ruling sets a precedent for all future state liability claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"}]}],"slug":"2010-08-1438-sossamon-v-texas","term":"2010","title":"Does the phrase appropriate relief allow private damages suits against states?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1438.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 13-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-11-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-11-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Smith argued the law restricts expressive works.","Mr. Smith stated California cannot meet First Amendment standards.","Mr. Morazzini argued the law targets specific violent games.","Mr. Morazzini admitted Postal 2 would be covered by the Act."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-11"}]}],"caption":"Schwarzenegger v. Entertainment Merchants Assn.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.341169Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.368137Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"California seeks to ban selling violent games to children. The industry argues this violates free speech rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-11-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/08-1448.html","primary_docket":"08-1448","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:55:53.095537Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["California enacted a law restricting violent video game sales to minors. The state claims this protects children. The industry argues the law violates First Amendment rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 2, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["California wants to enforce the sales ban on violent games.","The industry wants the court to strike down the state law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["California argues the law protects children from harmful content.","The industry argues the law restricts protected speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked why the law targets games but not movies.","Justice Scalia asked if the state would ban other violent media."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state power to regulate violent media. It impacts how states protect minors. It shapes future free speech limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-11"}]}],"slug":"2010-08-1448-schwarzenegger-v-entertainment-merchants-assn","term":"2010","title":"Can California restrict violent video game sales to minors?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/08-1448.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-02-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-02-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","paragraphs":["Heft argued the sentence relied on a lowered guideline.","Gannon argued the sentence relied on the binding plea deal.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-23"}]}],"caption":"Freeman v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.039406Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Freeman argues his sentence rests on a plea deal. The government says it rests on sentencing guidelines.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-02-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-10245.html","primary_docket":"09-10245","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:13:40.110514Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Freeman seeks retroactive relief for a lowered crack guideline. The government opposes this claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 23, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Freeman wants the court to grant retroactive relief.","The government wants the court to deny retroactive relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Freft argues the sentence rests on the plea agreement.","The government argues the sentence rests on the guidelines."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Roberts asked if the judgment relies on all statutory factors.","Alito asked which factor is more fundamental to the sentence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the source of a criminal sentence. It determines eligibility for retroactive guideline changes. It affects thousands of defendants with binding plea deals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-23"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-10245-freeman-v-united-states","term":"2010","title":"Does a binding plea agreement make a sentence based on the agreement?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10245.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-12-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-12-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Blatt argued the Federal Circuit decision forecloses judicial review.","She stated the disability prevents timely filing with the Veterans Court.","Mr. Miller argued the Court reaffirmed statutory time limits as jurisdictional.","He cited the longstanding treatment of appeal time limits in Bowles v. Russell."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-9"}]}],"caption":"Henderson v. Shinseki","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.278805Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.295679Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Veterans argue disability excuses late appeals. The government says strict deadlines apply.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-12-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-1036.html","primary_docket":"09-1036","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:01:57.763543Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a veteran's disability excuses a late appeal. The government insists strict deadlines apply. The veteran argues disability prevents timely filing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 6, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The veteran wants the court to excuse the late filing due to disability.","The government wants the court to enforce the strict statutory deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The veteran argues disability prevents timely filing with the Veterans Court.","The government argues statutory time limits are mandatory and jurisdictional."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked why the statutory time limit is not dispositive.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the historical context of the notice of appeal term."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Veterans with disabilities face strict filing deadlines. A ruling affects access to benefits. The outcome determines whether disability excuses late appeals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-9"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-1036-henderson-v-shinseki","term":"2010","title":"Does a veteran's disability excuse a late appeal?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1036.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-03-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-03-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","paragraphs":["Jeffrey Fisher argued that the Confrontation Clause text and history support his position.","Fisher stated that the prosecution cannot introduce one person's statements through another.","Fisher cited the Melendez-Diaz decision to support the testimonial nature of lab reports.","The state's advocate argued that police interrogations differ from forensic report creation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"}]}],"caption":"Bullcoming v. New Mexico","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.117109Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.144639Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Confrontation Clause requires the specific lab analyst who generated a forensic report to testify, or if another analyst can present the results.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-03-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-10876.html","primary_docket":"09-10876","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:08:53.693749Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses. the side that brought the case argues that only the analyst who created the report can testify. The state argues that any qualified analyst can present the findings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 2, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to rule that only the specific analyst who created the report can testify.","The state wants the Court to allow any qualified analyst to present the forensic results."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that the Confrontation Clause bars one person from testifying about another person's testimonial statements.","The state argues that the report is not a product of structured interrogation and does not require the original creator."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if video conferencing would satisfy the presence requirement for testimony.","Justice Kennedy asked if one analyst could testify if two people performed the exam together."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue determines how states must present forensic evidence in criminal trials. It affects the resources required to prove scientific findings. It shapes the practical application of the right to confront witnesses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-10876-bullcoming-v-new-mexico","term":"2010","title":"Must the specific analyst who created a forensic report testify at trial?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-10876.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-11-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-11-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Bilderback argued that federal habeas relief is unavailable unless the state court decision was unreasonable.","Justice Sotomayor questioned whether the defense attorney’s lack of preparation was the only new fact.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the attorney’s trial statement proved he did not expect a mitigation hearing."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-35"}]}],"caption":"Cullen v. Pinholster","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.848097Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal judges must independently assess evidence or defer to state court findings in habeas cases.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-11-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-1088.html","primary_docket":"09-1088","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:50:36.175053Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal habeas review. It asks if federal courts must reweigh evidence or accept state court conclusions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 9, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants federal courts to reweigh evidence and grant habeas relief.","the opposing side wants federal courts to defer to state court findings and deny relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues federal law requires independent assessment of state court evidence.","the opposing side argues federal law mandates deference to state court factual findings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if billing records were the only new underlying facts in the opinion.","Justice Sotomayor asked if counsel’s trial statement proved a lack of mitigation preparation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the power of federal courts to review state criminal convictions. It determines how much weight federal judges give to state court evidence. The outcome shapes the balance between federal oversight and state judicial authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-35"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-1088-cullen-v-pinholster","term":"2010","title":"Does federal law require courts to reweigh evidence when reviewing state habeas claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1088.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-03-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-03-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Feigin argued age should not be a factor in the custody test.","Ms. Blackman stated the student was 13 when taken from his classroom.","Mr. Cooper argued the Court considers only external circumstances, not mental attributes."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-11"}]}],"caption":"J.D.B. v. North Carolina","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.993779Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a 13-year-old's age must influence the legal definition of custody during police questioning.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 17-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-03-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-11121.html","primary_docket":"09-11121","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:05:20.956063Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["North Carolina police questioned a 13-year-old student in a closed room. The state argues age is irrelevant to the custody test. The student argues his age made the encounter coercive."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 23, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["North Carolina wants the Court to exclude age from the custody test.","The student wants the Court to include age in the custody test."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["North Carolina argues the custody test relies solely on external circumstances.","The student argues his age made the interrogation feel coercive."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked why mental deficiency should not also be a factor.","Justice Breyer asked about a test derived from three prior cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when police questioning requires Miranda warnings. It affects how courts evaluate the coerciveness of interrogations involving minors. The outcome shapes the rights of young people during police encounters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-11"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-11121-j-d-b-v-north-carolina","term":"2010","title":"Does a suspect's age affect whether police questioning counts as custody?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11121.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 17-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-01-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-01-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute covers low-risk conduct.","The government argues the statute inherently involves serious danger.","Justice Kennedy requests examples of violations lacking serious risk.","Justice Alito questions if a conviction proves broad category risk."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 38-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 38-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 26-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-40"}]}],"caption":"Sykes v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.179119Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether Indiana's vehicular flight statute qualifies as a violent felony under federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 38-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 38-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 26-50"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-01-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-11311.html","primary_docket":"09-11311","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:20:32.300106Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court examines if fleeing from police constitutes a violent felony. This status triggers enhanced prison sentences under the Armed Career Criminal Act. The case tests the definition of violent conduct in federal sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 38-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 38-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 26-50"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 12, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to reject the violent felony classification.","The government wants the Court to affirm the violent felony classification."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 38-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 38-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 26-50"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute covers offenses lacking necessary risk.","The government argues the statute inherently involves serious risk."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 38-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 38-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 26-50"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asks if the advocate knows the Hape v. State case.","Justice Kennedy questions the requirement to stop immediately during flight."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-40"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of enhanced federal sentencing. It determines which state crimes trigger longer prison terms. The outcome shapes how courts interpret violent felony statutes nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 38-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 38-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 26-50"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-40"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-11311-sykes-v-united-states","term":"2010","title":"Does fleeing a police car count as a violent felony?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 38-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 38-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11311.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 26-50"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-03-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-03-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kerr argued retroactivity and good faith point in opposite directions.","Mr. Dreeben argued the exclusionary rule must shape police conduct.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the deterrence rationale for this specific case.","Justice Scalia stated the altered rule applies to the client's conduct."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-41"}]}],"caption":"Davis v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.956299Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the exclusionary rule applies when officers rely on a specific circuit court decision.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-03-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-11328.html","primary_docket":"09-11328","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:07:04.017725Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the exclusionary rule. It asks if evidence must be suppressed when police follow a binding circuit precedent that later proves wrong."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 21, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the evidence suppressed to enforce the new rule.","Government wants the evidence admitted to deter only bad police conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues retroactivity requires applying the new rule to this case.","Government argues the good faith exception bars suppression here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked why the Court should deter correct police behavior.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the Eleventh Circuit followed retroactivity precedent correctly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when courts must exclude evidence. It balances truth-seeking against deterring police misconduct. It clarifies the good faith exception's role in criminal trials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-41"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-11328-davis-v-united-states","term":"2010","title":"Should courts suppress evidence when police follow binding circuit precedent?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11328.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-12-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-12-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Phillips argued Congress made employer sanctions central to immigration policy.","He stated federal law broadly preempted state and local sanctions.","He noted the only exception was a parenthetical for licensing laws.","Ms. O'Grady argued states traditionally regulate employer conduct through police powers."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-5"}]}],"caption":"Chamber of Commerce of United States v. Whiting","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.334744Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.338360Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Businesses argue federal law preempts state license revocations. States claim they retain police power to regulate employers.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-12-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-115.html","primary_docket":"09-115","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:30:42.873040Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether federal immigration law blocks states from using license revocation to punish employers who hire unauthorized workers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 8, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down state license revocation laws.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold state license revocation laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue federal law preempts state sanctions on unauthorized hiring.","the opposing sides argue states retain police power to regulate employer conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if the state law definition mirrors the Administrative Procedure Act.","Justice Scalia asked why the federal option leaves states no other choice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary between federal immigration control and state regulatory authority. It determines whether states can use licensing tools to enforce labor standards. This shapes how employers operate across state lines. It impacts the balance of power in national immigration enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-5"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-115-chamber-of-commerce-of-united-states-v-whiting","term":"2010","title":"Does federal law block states from revoking business licenses for hiring unauthorized workers?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-115.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-03-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-03-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","paragraphs":["Justice Alito questioned if the officer's observation of the driving was the real problem.","Justice Kennedy asked what happens under the driver's view after the stop ends.","Justice Scalia asked if the driver requested suppression of the fruit of the stop.","Justice Ginsburg asked if any case suppressed information lawfully in government possession."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-39"}]}],"caption":"Tolentino v. New York","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.958894Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"New York wants to use driver records found during a stop. The driver wants those records thrown out.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 13-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-03-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-11556.html","primary_docket":"09-11556","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:52:47.264705Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the reach of the exclusionary rule. It asks if police must discard lawful records found during an illegal stop."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 13-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 21, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["New York wants to use the DMV records to prove the driver had a suspended license.","The driver wants the court to throw out the DMV records because the stop was illegal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 13-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["New York argues the records were lawfully in state possession before the stop occurred.","The driver argues the stop violated the Fourth Amendment, so all resulting evidence is tainted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 13-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the real issue is the officer's observation of the driving.","Justice Kennedy asked what happens under the driver's view after the stop ends."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of the exclusionary rule. It determines whether lawful records survive an illegal police stop. The outcome shapes future traffic stop investigations nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 13-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-39"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-11556-tolentino-v-new-york","term":"2010","title":"Can police use DMV records found during an illegal traffic stop?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-11556.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 13-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-01-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-01-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Frederick argued that materiality depends on the total mix of information.","Mr. Hacker stated that drug companies receive many anecdotal reports daily.","Mr. Shah argued that precedents require a meaningful alteration of the total mix."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"}]}],"caption":"Matrixx Initiatives v. Siracusano","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.147379Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.179065Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Investors sue a drug maker for hiding a single adverse report. The company argues the report lacked scientific proof.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-01-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-1156.html","primary_docket":"09-1156","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:29:47.447989Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests when a company must disclose a single adverse report. The dispute centers on the legal standard for materiality in securities fraud."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 10, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The company wants the Court to require proof of scientific significance before disclosure.","The investors want the Court to allow disclosure based on the total mix of information."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The company argues that a single report lacks scientific plausibility and is not material.","The investors argue that the total mix of information makes the report material to investors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the source of the report changes its materiality.","Justice Kennedy asked if a baseless claim still requires disclosure if the market reacts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when companies must disclose adverse reports. It affects how investors evaluate drug company risks. It shapes the balance between scientific proof and market reaction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-1156-matrixx-initiatives-v-siracusano","term":"2010","title":"Does a single adverse report require a drug maker to disclose?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1156.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-02-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-02-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","paragraphs":["Stanford's advocate stated the Bayh-Dole Act comprehensively disposes of rights in federally funded inventions.","The government's advocate noted Stanford and government interests align but may not always do so.","Roche's advocate stated the Federal Circuit did not reach certain questions on remand."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-23"}]}],"caption":"Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior Univ. v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.083492Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.098157Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Stanford and Roche dispute who owns a medical test invented by a Stanford researcher.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-02-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-1159.html","primary_docket":"09-1159","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:12:02.763452Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Stanford argues the Bayh-Dole Act gives universities rights to federally funded inventions. Roche argues the researcher assigned his rights to a private company first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 28, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Stanford wants the Court to confirm university ownership of the invention.","Roche wants the Court to confirm the private company owns the invention."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Stanford argues the Bayh-Dole Act automatically vests rights in the university.","Roche argues the researcher's prior assignment to a private company controls."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if Stanford would sell U.S. interests to advance its own.","Justice Scalia asked how the outcome changes if the researcher was already a Stanford employee."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who controls federally funded medical research. It affects university research funding and private company investment. It shapes the balance between public and private ownership of scientific discoveries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-23"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-1159-board-of-trustees-of-leland-stanford-junior-univ-v-roche-molecular-systems-inc","term":"2010","title":"Does a university own inventions made by its researchers?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1159.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-12-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-12-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Mann argued the plain language of Exemption 2 dictates a narrow category.","He stated this category relates solely to internal personnel policies and rules.","Justice Alito highlighted the long-standing reliance on the Crooker decision.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the meaning of Congress limiting the amendment to Exemption 7."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 4-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-50"}]}],"caption":"Milner v. Department of Navy","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.269831Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether Exemption 2 shields only internal personnel rules or broader internal agency matters.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-12-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-1163.html","primary_docket":"09-1163","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:38:46.838391Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of Exemption 2 under the Freedom of Information Act. the side that brought the case Milner seeks records. The Department of the Navy withholds them. The core issue is the definition of internal personnel rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 1, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Milner wants the Court to limit Exemption 2 to internal personnel rules.","The Navy wants the Court to maintain the broad Crooker interpretation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Milner argues the plain language of Exemption 2 dictates a narrow category.","The Navy argues Crooker remains the leading decision and commands reliance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked why the argument does not show acceptance of Crooker.","Justice Alito noted greater security concerns since 1981 regarding information disclosure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 4-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-50"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of FOIA exemptions. It determines which internal agency records remain confidential. It affects public access to government information. It clarifies the relationship between Exemption 2 and Exemption 7."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 4-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-50"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-1163-milner-v-department-of-navy","term":"2010","title":"Does Exemption 2 cover only internal personnel rules?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1163.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-01-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-01-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue absent class members cannot be bound without notice and opportunity to be heard.","the opposing sides argue the federal denial of class certification deserves respect in state court.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-52"}]}],"caption":"Smith v. Bayer Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.812841Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue a state court cannot bind them to a federal denial of class certification. the opposing sides argue the state court must respect that federal ruling.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-30"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-01-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-1205.html","primary_docket":"09-1205","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:19:42.650996Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a state court can bind absent class members to a federal denial of class certification. the sides that brought the case argue they were not bound by the prior federal proceeding. the opposing sides argue the state court must respect the federal ruling on class standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-30"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 18, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the state court to ignore the federal denial of class certification.","the opposing sides want the state court to respect the federal denial of class certification."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue absent class members cannot be bound without notice and opportunity to be heard.","the opposing sides argue the federal denial of class certification deserves respect in state court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-30"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if a state court must follow a federal denial of class certification.","Justice Ginsburg asked if a federal denial of class certification deserves respect in state court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-52"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether state courts can bind absent class members to federal rulings. It affects the finality of class certification denials across state and federal courts. It shapes the rights of individuals in multi-district litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-30"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-52"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-1205-smith-v-bayer-corp","term":"2010","title":"Can a state court bind absent class members to a federal denial of class certification?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1205.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-30"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-02-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-02-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan questioned whether the side that brought the case admits Congress acted within its enumerated powers.","Justice Kagan asked if the side that brought the case asserts an independent Tenth Amendment limitation on Congress.","Justice Scalia discussed the relationship between statutory basis and constitutional claims.","Justice Kennedy asked if a specific injury allows a client to argue government exceeded its powers."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-19"}]}],"caption":"Bond v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.026139Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.054661Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a person can challenge a federal statute based on Tenth Amendment limits even if Congress acted within its enumerated powers.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-02-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-1227.html","primary_docket":"09-1227","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:16:12.261523Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a challenge to a federal statute. the side that brought the case argues the law exceeds Congress's powers. The government argues the law is valid. The Court must decide the scope of constitutional challenges."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 22, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to allow a Tenth Amendment challenge to the federal statute.","The government wants the Court to reject the Tenth Amendment challenge and uphold the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute violates the Tenth Amendment despite Congress's enumerated powers.","The government argues the statute is valid because Congress acted within its enumerated powers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if the side that brought the case claims Congress acted outside its enumerated powers.","Justice Kagan asked if the side that brought the case makes a specific Tenth Amendment claim independent of Article I powers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of individual rights against federal power. It clarifies how courts review federal statutes. It impacts the balance between state and federal authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-19"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-1227-bond-v-united-states","term":"2010","title":"Can a person challenge a federal law if Congress acted within its powers but violated the Tenth Amendment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1227.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-11-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-11-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","paragraphs":["California's lawyer argued the release order is extraordinary and unprecedented.","Prisoners' lawyer argued overcrowding causes severe suffering and preventable suicides.","Justice Ginsburg questioned the timeline for fixing the prison system.","Justice Breyer noted the receiver claims the state can provide care."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-11"}]}],"caption":"Schwarzenegger v. Plata","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.247297Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.273327Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"California seeks to end a court order forcing it to release thousands of inmates. Prisoners argue the state fails to provide basic medical care.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-11-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-1233.html","primary_docket":"09-1233","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:43:06.912605Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["California claims a federal court order to release prisoners is too extreme. Prisoners claim the state denies them essential medical treatment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 30, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["California wants the Supreme Court to end the order requiring prisoner releases.","Prisoners want the Supreme Court to keep the order requiring prisoner releases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["California argues the release order is an unprecedented and extraordinary remedy.","Prisoners argue overcrowding prevents the state from providing constitutional medical care."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked how long the state must wait to fix the system.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the state can return to a single judge later."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of federal power over state prisons. It determines whether courts can force states to release prisoners to fix conditions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 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29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 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5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-11"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-1233-schwarzenegger-v-plata","term":"2010","title":"Should a federal court order California to release 45,000 prisoners?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1233.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-01-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-01-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","paragraphs":["The state advocate argued police may respond to exigencies. She said officers determine how to collect evidence. She emphasized staying within Fourth Amendment limits.","The defendant advocate argued the evidence was insufficient. She cited the officer's equivocal testimony about sounds. She stated this did not establish exigent circumstances.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the need for a probable cause inquiry. She asked what it has to do with the case. She referenced a routine knocking scenario.","Justice Ginsburg asked why the standard is subjective. She suggested a reasonable officer standard might apply. She described a routine sniffing scenario at doors."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-12"}]}],"caption":"Kentucky v. King","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.189619Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Police entered a home after hearing sounds. The state says this was legal. The defendant says the police created the emergency.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-01-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-1272.html","primary_docket":"09-1272","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:57:49.000164Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Police officers smelled marijuana at a door. They heard sounds inside. They entered without a warrant. The state says the sounds showed evidence destruction. The defendant says the police caused the sounds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 12, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The state wants the court to allow the evidence. It argues the entry was legal.","The defendant wants the court to exclude the evidence. It argues the police created the emergency."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The state argues police may respond to emergencies. It says officers act lawfully if they stay within legal limits.","The defendant argues the police created the emergency. It says the officer testimony was too vague to prove destruction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if officers should knock on the door.","Chief Justice Roberts asked about the probable cause requirement for entry. He sought clarity on the two different causes mentioned by the advocate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-12"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when police may enter homes without warrants. It balances public safety against private privacy rights. The outcome shapes future police conduct during investigations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-12"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-1272-kentucky-v-king","term":"2010","title":"Can police create an emergency to enter without a warrant?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1272.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-01-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-01-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Blatt argued hospitals lack a cause of action to sue.","Ms. Anders argued the program is regulatory, not contractual.","justice_questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 3-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-5"}]}],"caption":"Astra USA, Inc. v. Santa Clara County","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.236325Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Hospitals claim drug makers broke price deals. Makers say no private lawsuit exists.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 3-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-01-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-1273.html","primary_docket":"09-1273","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:57:14.293688Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests if a federal drug pricing deal creates a private right to sue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 3-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 19, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Hospitals want to sue drug makers for price violations.","Drug makers want to block private lawsuits over prices."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 3-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Hospitals argue the deal creates a private right to sue.","Drug makers argue the deal is a regulatory scheme, not a contract."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 3-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the government assessed penalties before the statute changed.","Justice Roberts asked if this case differs from typical federal-state agreements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines if hospitals can enforce drug prices directly. It shapes how federal pricing programs operate. It affects hospital budgets and drug costs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 3-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-5"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-1273-astra-usa-inc-v-santa-clara-county","term":"2010","title":"Can hospitals sue drug makers for 340B price violations?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 3-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1273.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 3-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-01-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-01-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","paragraphs":["AT&T's lawyer argued the lower court correctly protected corporate privacy.","The FCC's lawyer argued the law protects only human individuals.","Justices questioned the scope of the term personal in this context."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-47"}]}],"caption":"FCC v. AT&T Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.217891Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"AT&T argues the law protects corporate privacy. The FCC argues it only protects human individuals.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-01-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-1279.html","primary_docket":"09-1279","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:56:57.739428Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether the Freedom of Information Act protects corporate privacy. AT&T claims the law covers business entities. The FCC claims it covers only human beings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 19, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["AT&T wants the court to confirm corporate privacy protections.","The FCC wants the court to limit protections to human individuals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["AT&T argues the statute protects the privacy of all organizations.","The FCC argues the statute protects only human personal privacy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if privacy applies to corporate property.","Justice Ginsburg asked how the agency distinguishes employee privacy from corporate privacy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who receives privacy protections under federal disclosure laws. It affects how agencies handle business records. It shapes the balance between transparency and private interests."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-47"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-1279-fcc-v-at-t-inc","term":"2010","title":"Do corporations qualify for personal privacy exemptions under FOIA?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1279.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-01-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-01-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","paragraphs":["General Dynamics and Boeing argue that suing contractors waives immunity.","The government argues that suing contractors does not waive immunity.","Justice Sotomayor asked why the contract did not require sharing technology.","Justice Ginsburg asked why contractors did not mention cost issues earlier."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 8-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 8-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-42"}]}],"caption":"General Dynamics Corp. v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.207181Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.209963Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Contractors argue the government waived immunity by suing them. The government claims it did not.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 8-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 8-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 20-34"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-01-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-1298.html","primary_docket":"09-1298","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:19:21.859491Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["General Dynamics and Boeing want the Court to rule that the government waived immunity. The government wants the Court to rule that it did not waive immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 8-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 8-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 20-34"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 18, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 26-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["General Dynamics and Boeing want the Court to rule that the government waived immunity.","The government wants the Court to rule that it did not waive immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 8-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 8-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 20-34"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["General Dynamics and Boeing argue that suing contractors waives immunity.","The government argues that suing contractors does not waive immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 8-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 8-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 20-34"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why the contract did not require sharing technology.","Justice Ginsburg asked why contractors did not mention cost issues earlier."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-42"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when the government waives immunity in contract disputes. It affects future government contracting litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 8-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 8-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 20-34"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-42"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-1298-general-dynamics-corp-v-united-states","term":"2010","title":"Does the government waive sovereign immunity by suing contractors for breach?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 8-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 8-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1298.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 20-34"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-01-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-01-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","paragraphs":["Arthur Fergenson argued the manufacturer lacked New Jersey contacts.","He stated the company did not direct activity toward New Jersey residents.","He claimed the distributor acted without the manufacturer’s knowledge.","Justice Kagan pressed the advocate on the scope of U. S. targeting. She asked if selling in the U. S. means selling in every state. She noted the United States consists of fifty distinct states. She questioned if the manufacturer wanted to sell in each one. Justice Scalia warned that broad jurisdiction could apply to any American manufacturer."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-16"}]}],"caption":"J. McIntyre Machinery, Ltd. v. Nicastro","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.176299Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A British machinery maker and a New Jersey worker dispute whether the state court has power to hear a product liability claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-01-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-1343.html","primary_docket":"09-1343","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:27:28.696127Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the limits of state court jurisdiction over foreign companies. The dispute centers on whether a manufacturer’s general intent to sell in the United States creates legal ties to every individual state."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 11, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The manufacturer wants the state court to dismiss the case for lack of jurisdiction.","The worker wants the state court to keep the case and decide the injury claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The manufacturer argues it did not direct activity toward New Jersey residents.","The worker argues the manufacturer targeted the entire United States market."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if suability in one state implies suability in all states.","Justice Kagan asked if targeting the U.S. market means targeting all fifty states."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-16"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines where foreign companies can be sued. It shapes the balance between state power and international commerce. The outcome affects how businesses structure their sales strategies nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-16"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-1343-j-mcintyre-machinery-ltd-v-nicastro","term":"2010","title":"Can a foreign manufacturer face suit in a state where it never targeted sales?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1343.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-04-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-04-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Boies argued the district court found Rule 23(a) requirements met. He stated the plaintiff fulfilled all certification requirements.","Mr. Sterling argued individual reliance issues predominate. He cited Basic to support this view.","Justice Ginsburg asked how the class would prove loss causation. She noted this issue usually arises at trial."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-23"}]}],"caption":"Erica P. John Fund, Inc. v. Halliburton Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.745762Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Investors seek class status. The company argues individual reliance issues block certification.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-04-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-1403.html","primary_docket":"09-1403","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:55:14.310623Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests when courts must resolve reliance and price impact. the side that brought the case wants class certification. the opposing side wants to defeat it early."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 25, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to certify the class. It argues reliance is presumed for all members.","the opposing side wants the court to deny certification. It argues individual reliance issues predominate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Basic presumption applies at certification. It claims loss causation belongs at trial.","the opposing side argues individual reliance issues predominate. It claims price impact must be resolved first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the Basic presumption can be rebutted at certification.","Justice Kagan asked if materiality can be rebutted at certification. She also asked why price impact differs from other disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of securities class actions. It determines whether courts resolve reliance issues early. It affects the cost and speed of investor litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-23"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-1403-erica-p-john-fund-inc-v-halliburton-co","term":"2010","title":"Can defendants prove no price impact before class certification?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1403.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-03-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-03-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kroger argued the Court should dismiss the case due to lack of standing.","Ms. Kubitschek argued no case or controversy exists between the parties.","Justice Ginsburg questioned why the official would face liability without a challenge.","Justice Kennedy asked about the official's current occupation and record details."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-49"}]}],"caption":"Camreta v. Greene","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.114362Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a case remains justiciable when a plaintiff stops challenging a lower court ruling.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-03-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-1454.html","primary_docket":"09-1454","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:11:45.719840Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Court examines if a live controversy exists when a plaintiff abandons a specific legal claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 1, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to dismiss the case for lack of standing.","the opposing sides want the Court to review the qualified immunity decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue no case or controversy exists because the plaintiff dropped the claim.","the opposing sides argue the lower court ruling remains reviewable despite the dropped claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked how a judgment would affect the legal relationship between the parties.","Justice Scalia questioned reviewability when Article III requirements are not met."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal court jurisdiction over abandoned claims. It clarifies when a dispute becomes moot. It impacts the development of constitutional precedent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-49"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-1454-camreta-v-greene","term":"2010","title":"Does a plaintiff retain standing after dropping a constitutional claim?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1454.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-03-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-03-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Ortiz argued the Petition Clause does not create a broad employment right.","Mr. Schnapper argued the clause protects petitions regardless of public concern.","Mr. Palmore argued the Third Circuit rule is fundamentally flawed."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-45"}]}],"caption":"Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.980409Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the First Amendment Petition Clause shields public employees from retaliation for speech that does not address public concerns.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-03-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-1476.html","primary_docket":"09-1476","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:06:33.437795Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Petition Clause for public employees. The borough argues the clause does not cover private matters. The employee argues the clause protects all petitions to the government."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 22, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The borough wants the Court to limit the Petition Clause to public concerns.","The employee wants the Court to protect all petitions to the sovereign."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The borough argues the clause does not cover private employment disputes.","The employee argues the clause protects all requests for government action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the core of the Petition Clause is simply petitioning.","Justice Sotomayor asked if race-based retaliation claims qualify as petitioning cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the constitutional floor for public employee speech. It determines whether private grievances receive federal protection. The outcome shapes workplace discipline laws nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-45"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-1476-borough-of-duryea-v-guarnieri","term":"2010","title":"Does the Petition Clause protect public employees who speak on private matters?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1476.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-02-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-02-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Roberts argued the Act contains automatic exclusions for pretrial proceedings.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the benefit to defendants with violated rights.","Justice Alito asked if deciding on subsection F makes subsection D dictum.","Justice Ginsburg asked if Congress expected judges to set dates after motions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-47"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Tinklenberg","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.812831Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether specific pretrial motions pause the statutory deadline for starting a criminal trial.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-02-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-1498.html","primary_docket":"09-1498","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:15:09.838921Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the Speedy Trial Act. It asks if certain pretrial motions stop the clock. The government argues these motions pause the deadline. The defendant argues the deadline continues running."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 22, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to exclude pretrial motion time from the deadline.","The defendant wants the Court to include that time in the deadline calculation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the Act automatically excludes time for important pretrial proceedings.","The defendant argues the statutory text does not support excluding this specific time."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how excluding time helps a defendant with violated rights.","Justice Kennedy asked if the system has been working fine so far."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts calculate trial deadlines. It affects every criminal defendant facing pretrial motions. It clarifies the scope of the Speedy Trial Act. It shapes how judges manage court calendars."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-47"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-1498-united-states-v-tinklenberg","term":"2010","title":"Does the Speedy Trial Act exclude time for pretrial motions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1498.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-10-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-10-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Palmer argued formality determines the statement's legal status.","Mr. Van Hoek argued past crime reports can imply ongoing emergencies.","Justice Scalia rejected formality as the deciding factor.","Justice Sotomayor emphasized the declarant's primary purpose matters."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-11"}]}],"caption":"Michigan v. Bryant","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.898398Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.911902Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The case tests whether a dying man's answers to police questions count as formal testimony or an urgent emergency report.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-10-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-150.html","primary_docket":"09-150","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:03:55.065030Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the legal status of a dying victim's statements. Michigan argues the statements served an emergency purpose. The defense argues they served a testimonial purpose."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 5, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Michigan wants the Court to admit the victim's statements as evidence.","The defense wants the Court to keep the victim's statements excluded."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Michigan argues the statements served an urgent emergency purpose.","The defense argues the statements served a formal testimonial purpose."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked how to distinguish emergency questions from testimonial ones.","Justice Sotomayor asked who holds the primary purpose of the inquiry."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling defines when police questioning creates testimonial evidence. It shapes how courts treat dying victims' statements. It affects the balance between public safety and defendant rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-11"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-150-michigan-v-bryant","term":"2010","title":"Does a dying victim's statement to police count as testimony or an emergency report?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-150.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-10-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-10-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Frederick argued the statute does not protect manufacturers.","Mr. Horwich argued the CDC role is central to the case.","Justice Alito questioned the statutory text's redundancy."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 52-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 52-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 30-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 30-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 50-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 50-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 6-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-42"}]}],"caption":"Bruesewitz v. Wyeth, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.461705Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.496200Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek state court damages. the opposing sides seek federal preemption.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file 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6-26"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-10-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-152.html","primary_docket":"09-152","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:02:17.605642Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if federal vaccine law blocks state tort claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 52-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 52-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 30-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 30-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 6-26"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 12, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 28-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want state courts to hear vaccine injury claims.","the opposing sides want federal law to block state tort claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 52-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 52-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 30-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 30-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 6-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute does not preempt state law.","the opposing sides argue the statute preempts state tort claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 52-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 52-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 30-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 30-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 6-26"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked about the meaning of unavoidable.","Chief Justice Roberts asked about the compensation scheme purpose."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 50-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 50-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-42"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of federal vaccine liability law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 52-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 52-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 30-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 30-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 6-26"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 50-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 50-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-42"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-152-bruesewitz-v-wyeth-inc","term":"2010","title":"Does federal law bar state tort claims for vaccine injuries?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 52-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 52-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 30-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 30-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-152.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 6-26"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-02-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-02-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","paragraphs":["Andrew Pincus argued the statute covers all offenses involving cocaine base, not just crack.","Saharsky argued that freebase, coca paste, and crack are chemically identical and smokeable.","Justice Roberts noted the statute refers to a mixture containing cocaine base.","Justice Scalia questioned whether the term crack excludes substances not made in a specific manner."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-33"}]}],"caption":"DePierre v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.080827Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the mandatory minimum penalty for cocaine base applies to all smokeable forms or only rock-hard crack.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-02-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-1533.html","primary_docket":"09-1533","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:12:22.051640Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of a federal drug statute. the side that brought the case argues the law covers all smokeable cocaine base. The government argues the law targets only rock-hard crack."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 28, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to apply the mandatory minimum penalty to all smokeable cocaine base forms.","The government wants the Court to limit the mandatory minimum penalty to rock-hard crack cocaine only."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that Congress did not limit the statute to one specific form of cocaine base.","The government argues that the statute specifically targets substances with the characteristics of crack cocaine."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked how a judge should instruct a jury to determine if a substance is crack.","Justice Scalia asked whether the term crack applies to all forms or just rock-hard substances made in a specific way."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines which drug offenses trigger severe mandatory minimum prison sentences. It defines the legal boundary between different forms of cocaine base for federal sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-33"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-1533-depierre-v-united-states","term":"2010","title":"Does the federal crack cocaine statute cover all smokeable cocaine base forms?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-1533.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-12-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-12-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","paragraphs":["Schnapper argued the statute text does not limit retaliation types.","Latherow argued Thompson did not allege personal discrimination.","questions_detail"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"}]}],"caption":"Thompson v. North American Stainless, LP","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.831432Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Eric Thompson claims his employer fired him to punish his fiancée for opposing sex discrimination.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-12-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-291.html","primary_docket":"09-291","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:34:11.278269Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Thompson seeks damages for his termination. The employer argues he lacks standing because he did not face discrimination."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 7, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Thompson wants a damages award for his job loss.","The employer wants the dismissal of Thompson's lawsuit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Thompson argues the statute bans third-party reprisals without limiting the type of retaliation.","The employer argues the statute only protects employees who personally face discrimination."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if Thompson is aggrieved under Title VII.","Justice Kennedy asked if shareholders could sue for lost employee value."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who can sue for workplace retaliation. It sets the boundary for third-party claims. It clarifies the scope of Title VII protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-291-thompson-v-north-american-stainless-lp","term":"2010","title":"Can a fired fiancé sue for workplace retaliation?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-291.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-12-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-12-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","paragraphs":["Seth Waxman argued for Chase Bank. He focused on interpreting Regulation Z.","Justice Kagan asked about deference to agency briefs. She cited the Auer standard.","Justice Breyer questioned the meaning of specific language. He challenged a dissent's characterization.","Justice Sotomayor asked about deference to ANPRs. She compared them to amicus briefs."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-29"}]}],"caption":"Chase Bank USA, N. A. v. McCoy","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.308156Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Chase Bank argues it did not need to send a notice. McCoy argues the bank must send one.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-12-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-329.html","primary_docket":"09-329","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:30:27.173249Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests how to read a Federal Reserve rule. The rule covers credit card penalty rates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 8, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Chase Bank wants the Court to say no notice is needed.","McCoy wants the Court to say the bank must send a notice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Chase Bank argues the rule does not require a notice for disclosed rates.","McCoy argues the rule requires a notice before applying penalty rates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked why the phrase to be sure matters.","Justice Kagan asked about deference to agency briefs under Auer."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when banks must alert cardholders. It affects how penalty rates apply to millions of accounts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-29"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-329-chase-bank-usa-n-a-v-mccoy","term":"2010","title":"Does a bank need to send a notice before applying a disclosed penalty rate?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-329.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-10-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-10-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Coates argued that Monell requires proof of causation by a local policy.","Mr. Pincus argued that Monell’s causation requirement does not preclude direct constitutional claims.","Justice Kennedy questioned whether plaintiffs could sue outside of Section 1983.","Justice Scalia suggested suing individual officers under Section 1983 for injunctive relief."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"}]}],"caption":"Los Angeles County v. Humphries","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.879322Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Los Angeles County argues that Section 1983 requires proof of a specific policy causing injury. Humphries contends that direct constitutional violations suffice for liability.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-10-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-350.html","primary_docket":"09-350","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:05:39.533150Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of liability for local public entities under federal civil rights law. The dispute centers on whether a plaintiff must prove a specific custom or policy caused the injury. Los Angeles County seeks to maintain this causation requirement. Humphries argues that a direct violation of constitutional rights is enough to establish liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 5, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Los Angeles County wants the Court to require proof that a specific policy caused the injury.","Humphries wants the Court to allow liability based solely on a direct constitutional violation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Los Angeles County argues that Section 1983 requires proof of causation by a local custom or policy.","Humphries argues that Monell’s causation requirement does not bar suits based on direct constitutional violations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if plaintiffs could sue outside of Section 1983.","Justice Scalia asked if suing an individual officer under Section 1983 provides injunctive relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the legal standard for holding local governments accountable for civil rights violations. It determines whether plaintiffs must prove a specific policy caused their injury. The outcome shapes the scope of federal civil rights remedies available to citizens."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-350-los-angeles-county-v-humphries","term":"2010","title":"Can plaintiffs sue local governments for constitutional violations without proving a specific policy caused the harm?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-350.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-11-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-11-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Miller argued the employer is liable when a supervisor uses delegated authority to cause harm.","Mr. Davis argued the parties agree Linda Buck made the final decision to fire Staub.","Mr. Davis argued there is no evidence Linda Buck possessed animus toward Staub.","Mr. Schnapper argued agency law determines the employer's responsibility for specific officials."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-25"}]}],"caption":"Staub v. Proctor Hospital","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.373522Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Vincent Staub argues his supervisor's biased report caused his firing. Proctor Hospital argues the neutral manager's decision breaks the chain of liability.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-11-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-400.html","primary_docket":"09-400","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:58:04.878856Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether an employer faces liability when a biased supervisor influences a neutral decisionmaker. The lower court ruled against Staub. It required the supervisor to exert singular influence over the final decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 2, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Staub wants the Court to hold the employer liable for the supervisor's biased report.","Proctor Hospital wants the Court to limit liability to the neutral decisionmaker's own motives."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Staub argues agency law makes the employer responsible for the supervisor's discriminatory actions.","Proctor Hospital argues the statute only covers actions by the official with discharge authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if a biased report alone is actionable under the statute.","Justice Scalia asked why lower supervisory employees' decisions trigger employer liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of employer liability for biased employees. It determines when a neutral manager's decision shields the company from legal responsibility."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-25"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-400-staub-v-proctor-hospital","term":"2010","title":"Does a biased supervisor's report make an employer liable for a neutral manager's firing?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-10-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-10-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Horan argued the interpretation gives meaning to every word in the statute.","Mr. Mcleese addressed the district court judge's role in sentencing.","Mr. Ryan focused on whether other firearms offenses fall within the exception clause."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-11"}]}],"caption":"Abbott v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.875366Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the mandatory minimum applies only to offenses in the indictment. The government argues it applies to all firearm offenses.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-10-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-479.html","primary_docket":"09-479","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:06:29.210398Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case concerns the scope of a federal sentencing statute. the sides that brought the case seek a lower sentence. The government seeks a higher mandatory sentence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 4, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the mandatory minimum to apply only to indicted offenses.","The government wants the mandatory minimum to apply to all firearm offenses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute limits the minimum to specific convicted counts.","The government argues the statute covers any other provision of law broadly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the interpretation limits the clause to conviction counts.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the judge has discretion over gun possession sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines the length of prison sentences for firearm crimes. It affects how judges calculate mandatory minimums. It impacts the consistency of federal sentencing laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-11"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-479-abbott-v-united-states","term":"2010","title":"Does the mandatory minimum sentence apply to all firearm offenses or only those in the indictment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-479.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-11-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-11-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","paragraphs":["CSX argues the tax discriminates against railroads.","Alabama argues the tax is neutral and rational.","Justices questioned the definition of discrimination."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-37"}]}],"caption":"CSX Transportation, Inc. v. Alabama Dept. of Revenue","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.403928Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.433423Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"CSX argues Alabama taxes railroads unfairly. The state says the tax is neutral.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-11-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-520.html","primary_docket":"09-520","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:49:22.234462Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Alabama taxes railroads but exempts trucking companies. CSX claims this violates federal law. The state argues the tax is neutral. The Court must define discrimination."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 10, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["CSX wants the tax struck down as discriminatory.","Alabama wants the tax upheld as neutral."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["CSX argues the tax singles out railroads.","Alabama argues the tax applies to a neutral class."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked how to limit the term discrimination.","Justice Kagan asked for the rationale behind the distinction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when state taxes violate federal law. It affects how states tax different industries. It clarifies the scope of federal preemption."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-37"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-520-csx-transportation-inc-v-alabama-dept-of-revenue","term":"2010","title":"Does a tax on railroads but not trucks violate federal law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-520.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-12-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-12-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Perry argued affirming the judgment would authorize class actions against service providers.","Mr. Perry claimed this would assault prior Court decisions.","Mr. Perry stated Section 20(b) allows the Commission to proceed indirectly.","Justice Kennedy asked if the manager's knowledge of falsehood is a given."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-41"}]}],"caption":"Janus Capital Group, Inc. v. First Derivative Traders","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.305521Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.325658Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Investors sue a fund manager for false statements. The manager argues it only drafted the text.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-12-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-525.html","primary_docket":"09-525","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:34:37.450617Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests who counts as the primary speaker in a fraud claim. The lower court found the manager liable. The manager seeks reversal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 7, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The manager wants the Court to reverse the lower court judgment.","The investors want the Court to affirm the lower court judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The manager argues it is not the primary speaker.","The investors argue the manager made the false statements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the manager is a primary actor.","Justice Sotomayor asked if puppets become a legal defense for manipulation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines liability for corporate service providers. It shapes the scope of private securities fraud suits. It affects how companies draft public disclosures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-41"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-525-janus-capital-group-inc-v-first-derivative-traders","term":"2010","title":"Who is the primary speaker in a securities fraud claim?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-525.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-12-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-12-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","paragraphs":["VOPA argued it has a federal right to inspect records.","State officials argued sovereign dignity is impaired by such suits.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the independence of state agencies."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 46-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 46-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-16"}]}],"caption":"Virginia Office for Protection and Advocacy v. Stewart","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.275953Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"VOPA seeks to inspect state hospital records. The state argues this violates its sovereignty.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 46-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 46-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-12-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-529.html","primary_docket":"09-529","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:42:50.153904Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["VOPA wants to enforce federal record-access laws. The state officials want to block the suit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 46-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 46-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 1, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["VOPA wants to inspect and copy state hospital records.","State officials want to dismiss the federal lawsuit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 46-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 46-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["VOPA argues its status as a state agency allows federal jurisdiction.","State officials argue a state cannot sue itself in federal court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 46-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 46-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if a state agency is independent from the state.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if federal courts would hear a suit between state subsidiaries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of federal court jurisdiction over state agencies. It determines whether state entities can enforce federal rights against their own governments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 46-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 46-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-16"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-529-virginia-office-for-protection-and-advocacy-v-stewart","term":"2010","title":"Can a state agency sue state officials in federal court?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 46-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 46-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-529.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-10-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-10-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","paragraphs":["General Katyal argued the lower court erred.","He stated background checks are standard business practice.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the limit on government inquiries.","Justice Ginsburg focused on the specific contested questions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-13"}]}],"caption":"NASA v. Nelson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.430540Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"NASA seeks to enforce background checks that ask about medical counseling.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-10-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-530.html","primary_docket":"09-530","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:06:13.734416Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["NASA wants to keep medical questions on job forms. Applicants want to stop these intrusive inquiries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 5, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["NASA wants to ask about medical treatment.","Applicants want to stop these specific questions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["NASA argues background checks are standard practice.","Applicants argue the government intrudes on private lives."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if government questions have limits.","Justice Ginsburg asked why the scope is so broad."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary of government privacy intrusion. It affects every citizen's right to personal medical information."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-13"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-530-nasa-v-nelson","term":"2010","title":"Can the government ask job applicants about medical treatment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-530.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-10-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-10-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Duncan argued the lower court should dismiss the claim. He stated one error does not show a pattern of violations.","Justice Sotomayor questioned if one incident proves a lack of training. She noted that rookie prosecutors often lack experience in specific legal areas.","Justice Ginsburg suggested the case does not fit a single rookie error. She implied the situation involves broader systemic issues."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-7"}]}],"caption":"Connick v. Thompson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.449164Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.468191Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A district attorney's office faces liability for one wrongful conviction. The office argues one error does not prove systemic training failure.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-10-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-571.html","primary_docket":"09-571","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T21:02:47.553028Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests when a single legal error proves a prosecutor's office failed to train its staff. The office argues one mistake does not show a pattern of neglect. The victim argues one error proves the office ignored known risks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 6, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The office wants the court to dismiss the training claim. It argues one error does not prove a pattern of neglect.","The victim wants the court to keep the liability finding. It argues one error proves the office ignored known risks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The office argues one incident does not show a pattern of violations. It claims the law requires repeated errors for liability.","The victim argues one incident is enough if the risk is obvious. It claims the office knew training was necessary."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if rookie prosecutors need specific training on legal duties. She questioned if one incident proves a lack of training.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the situation fits a single rookie error. She questioned if the case fits a narrow legal category."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when a single legal error proves systemic neglect. It sets the standard for holding government offices accountable for staff training failures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-7"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-571-connick-v-thompson","term":"2010","title":"When does one mistake prove a prosecutor office failed to train staff?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-571.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-11-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-11-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's counsel argued the statute relies on outdated assumptions about parental roles.","The government's counsel argued Congress must consider many factors when deciding who becomes a citizen.","Justices questioned whether the distinction between fathers and mothers is based on biology or stereotype."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-17"}]}],"caption":"Flores-Villar v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.418818Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the government may treat fathers and mothers differently when transmitting citizenship to children born abroad.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-11-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-5801.html","primary_docket":"09-5801","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:47:51.380438Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests a statute that requires fathers to take extra steps to pass citizenship to children born outside the U.S. the side that brought the case argues this rule violates equal protection. The government argues the rule reflects biological realities and congressional judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 10, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to strike down the citizenship statute as unconstitutional.","The government wants the Court to uphold the statute as a valid exercise of congressional power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute relies on gender stereotypes rather than legitimate biological differences.","The government argues the statute reflects Congress's broad authority to define who becomes a national."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the side that brought the case wants the Court to say Congress gets less deference on nationality than on admission.","Justice Scalia asked what separates a stereotype from a reality regarding parental care of illegitimate children."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of congressional power over citizenship. It determines how the government treats parents of children born abroad. It shapes the legal standard for gender-based distinctions in nationality laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-17"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-5801-flores-villar-v-united-states","term":"2010","title":"Does Congress receive less deference when defining nationality than when admitting aliens?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-5801.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-10-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-10-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Colombo argued the state court denial deserves deference.","Mr. Gardner addressed the application of AEDPA in this case.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 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39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-13"}]}],"caption":"Harrington v. Richter","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.908719Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.911915Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case seeks federal habeas relief. the opposing side argues the state court already decided the claim on the merits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-10-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-587.html","primary_docket":"09-587","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:02:31.548489Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests how federal courts review state court denials. The core issue is whether a brief order counts as a merits decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 12, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the federal court to grant habeas relief.","the opposing side wants the federal court to deny habeas relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the state court did not decide the claim on the merits.","the opposing side argues the state court decision deserves deferential review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked how to interpret a one-line denial order.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the state court reached the specific question."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the standard for federal review of state court orders. It clarifies when a brief denial counts as a merits decision. This affects the scope of federal habeas review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-13"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-587-harrington-v-richter","term":"2010","title":"Does a one-line state court denial count as a merits decision?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-587.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-10-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-10-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","paragraphs":["Kroger stated the court of appeals applied Arizona v. Fulminante.","Wax argued Moore established prejudice from his lawyer's failure.","Sotomayor questioned the impact of a suppressible confession on plea reasonableness.","Ginsburg asked if removing the confession improves plea bargain outcomes."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-25"}]}],"caption":"Premo v. Moore","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.932866Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a coerced confession makes a guilty plea unreasonable.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-10-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-658.html","primary_docket":"09-658","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:02:46.918374Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Premo argues his plea was unreasonable because his lawyer ignored a coerced confession. Moore argues the plea remained reasonable despite the confession."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 12, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Premo wants the plea declared unreasonable due to the coerced confession.","Moore wants the plea upheld as reasonable despite the confession."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Premo claims his lawyer failed to recognize the confession was inadmissible.","Moore claims the plea remained reasonable even if the confession was suppressed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if a defendant should plead guilty with a suppressible confession.","Justice Ginsburg asked if removing the confession improves plea bargain chances."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how coerced confessions affect guilty plea validity. It sets the standard for evaluating plea reasonableness. It impacts how courts weigh inadmissible evidence in plea deals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-25"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-658-premo-v-moore","term":"2010","title":"Does a coerced confession invalidate a guilty plea?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-658.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-12-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-12-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Parrish argued for the side that brought the case.","Mr. Ciongoli argued for the government.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the premise of judicial discretion.","Justice Ginsburg asked about the specific statutory provision."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 51-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 51-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-37"}]}],"caption":"Pepper v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.302631Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal judges may consider a defendant's good behavior after the initial sentence when imposing a new sentence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 51-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 51-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 27-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-12-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-6822.html","primary_docket":"09-6822","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:37:06.901715Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of judicial discretion during resentencing. The core conflict involves the interpretation of federal sentencing statutes. One side argues for broad judicial flexibility. The other side argues for strict procedural limits. The Court must resolve this statutory tension."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 51-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 51-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 27-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 6, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to allow judges to consider post-sentencing rehabilitation.","The government wants the Court to prohibit judges from considering post-sentencing rehabilitation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 51-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 51-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 27-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that categorical bars on variances lack valid legal basis.","The government argues that statutes prevent courts from evading appellate mandates on remand."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 51-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 51-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 27-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if Congress could pass a statute consistent with Booker.","Justice Sotomayor asked why a new sentence is not simply a new sentence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue determines the practical power of federal judges. It affects how courts weigh rehabilitation in sentencing. It shapes the balance between statutory mandates and judicial discretion. It influences the finality of appellate orders. It impacts the treatment of defendants seeking resentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 51-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 51-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 27-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-37"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-6822-pepper-v-united-states","term":"2010","title":"Can judges weigh post-sentencing rehabilitation when resentencing?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 51-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 51-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-6822.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 27-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-11-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-11-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Mills argued that the denial of summary judgment is not reviewable on appeal after a trial.","Mr. Mizer argued that the side that brought the case's main legal question relies on a false assumption about the nature of the appeal.","questions_and_answers"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-15"}]}],"caption":"Ortiz v. Jordan","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.841271Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether federal appellate courts can review a district court's denial of summary judgment once a jury has decided the case.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-11-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-737.html","primary_docket":"09-737","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:59:43.197196Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of appellate review. the side that brought the case argues that a trial court's denial of summary judgment becomes unreviewable after a jury verdict. the opposing side contends that the appellate court retains the power to review that denial regardless of the trial outcome."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 1, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Supreme Court to hold that appellate courts cannot review a summary judgment denial after a jury trial.","the opposing side wants the Supreme Court to hold that appellate courts can review a summary judgment denial even after a jury trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that the denial of summary judgment is not reviewable on appeal after a trial has occurred.","the opposing side argues that the appellate court retains the power to review the denial of summary judgment regardless of the trial outcome."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked whether there is a difference between qualified immunity claims based on evidence and those based on law.","Justice Ginsburg asked how the standard for summary judgment differs from the standard applied after a trial concludes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines the finality of trial court decisions. It affects the ability of parties to challenge procedural rulings after a jury verdict. It shapes the scope of appellate review in federal civil cases. It impacts the efficiency of the judicial process. It influences the rights of litigants in civil disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-15"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-737-ortiz-v-jordan","term":"2010","title":"Can a court of appeals review a summary judgment denial after a full trial?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-737.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-10-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-10-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","paragraphs":["Sean Summers argued the funeral context makes the speech harmful.","He stated the family wanted a private, dignified burial.","He claimed the protesters made that impossible.","Justice Scalia questioned if the claim relies solely on the location."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"}]}],"caption":"Snyder v. Phelps","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.437142Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A family seeks damages for funeral protest speech. The protesters claim constitutional protection.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-10-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-751.html","primary_docket":"09-751","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:03:03.467667Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of free speech near a funeral. The family wants compensation for distress. The protesters want legal immunity for their message."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 6, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The family wants to keep the jury award for emotional distress.","The protesters want to dismiss the claim as protected speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The family argues the protest caused severe emotional harm.","The protesters argue the speech concerns public matters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the claim survives without the funeral context.","Justice Alito asked if Maryland law covers funeral events."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between private grief and public speech. It determines when courts can award damages for offensive words. It balances individual rights against community standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-751-snyder-v-phelps","term":"2010","title":"Does a jury verdict for emotional distress survive First Amendment review?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-751.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-11-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-11-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","paragraphs":["Theodore Olson argued Congress created a specific enforcement scheme for ERISA violations.","Olson stated the opposing sides seek equitable remedies for misleading summaries, not direct benefit recovery.","Kneedler argued pension benefits are a major component of employee compensation.","Bruce argued detrimental reliance is not found in the ERISA summary requirement section."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 30-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 30-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 8-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-10"}]}],"caption":"CIGNA Corp. v. Amara","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.244594Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Employees claim Cigna’s inaccurate pension summary caused them to lose benefits. Cigna argues the summary does not change the actual plan terms.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 30-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 30-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 8-26"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-11-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-804.html","primary_docket":"09-804","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:44:19.588694Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a summary document can override the formal pension plan. Employees rely on the summary to claim lost money. Cigna insists the formal plan controls all benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 30-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 30-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 8-26"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 30, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Employees want a court order requiring Cigna to pay the pension benefits they lost due to the misleading summary.","Cigna wants the court to reject the claim that the summary changed the plan and deny the lost benefit payments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 30-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 30-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 8-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Employees argue the summary created a binding promise that Cigna must honor to prevent unfair loss of compensation.","Cigna argues the summary is merely informational and cannot legally amend the formal plan document that governs benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 30-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 30-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 8-26"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked whether items in the summary must exist in the formal plan to be valid.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the lower court treated the summary as an amendment or just a description of the plan."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-10"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether employees can recover lost pension money based on a summary document. It defines the legal weight of plan summaries versus formal plan documents. It affects how companies communicate benefit changes to workers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 30-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 30-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 8-26"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-10"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-804-cigna-corp-v-amara","term":"2010","title":"Does a misleading summary plan description allow employees to claim lost pension benefits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 30-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 30-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-804.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 8-26"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-10-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-10-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","paragraphs":["The employee's advocate argued oral reports deserve protection. He emphasized the practical reality of workplace reporting.","The employer's advocate argued the law requires formal procedures. He stressed the need for clear documentation.","The government advocate noted many statutes share similar provisions. He highlighted the broader legal landscape."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-3"}]}],"caption":"Kasten v. Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.942883Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Fair Labor Standards Act protects employees who report violations verbally rather than in writing.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-10-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-834.html","primary_docket":"09-834","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:01:56.486478Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Fair Labor Standards Act. It asks if the statute covers informal verbal reports. The lower court ruled against the employee. The employee seeks reversal of that judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 13, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The employee wants the court to reverse the lower court judgment. He seeks protection for his oral report.","The employer wants the court to affirm the lower court judgment. It seeks to limit protection to written filings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The employee argues oral reports constitute protected activity. He claims the statute does not require writing.","The employer argues the statute requires formal filings. It claims oral statements lack legal weight."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if a casual remark to a government employee counts as a complaint.","Justice Alito asked what filing a complaint specifically means in this context."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the threshold for employee protection. It determines whether informal reports trigger legal safeguards. The outcome shapes workplace reporting standards nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-3"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-834-kasten-v-saint-gobain-performance-plastics-corp","term":"2010","title":"Does an oral complaint trigger anti-retaliation protections?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-834.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-11-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-11-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","paragraphs":["Theodore Olson argued Congress exempted student wages from Social Security taxes.","Olson stated residents are enrolled and regularly attending classes.","Justice Sotomayor questioned if unsupervised patient care negates student status.","Justice Ginsburg asked if all resident programs are conducted in schools."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"}]}],"caption":"Mayo Foundation for Medical Ed. and Research v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.844402Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Mayo Foundation seeks to exempt medical residents from Social Security taxes. The government argues these workers are employees, not students.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-11-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-837.html","primary_docket":"09-837","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:53:31.611574Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Mayo Foundation wants to avoid paying Social Security taxes for its medical residents. The United States government argues these workers are employees, not students."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 8, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Mayo Foundation wants to exclude medical residents from Social Security taxes.","The United States wants to collect Social Security taxes from medical residents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Mayo Foundation argues residents are students enrolled in educational programs.","The United States argues residents are employees performing professional medical duties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if unsupervised work disqualifies a worker as a student.","Justice Ginsburg asked if all resident programs occur in schools."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between student and employee status. It determines which workers pay Social Security taxes. It affects tax obligations for educational institutions and their staff."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-837-mayo-foundation-for-medical-ed-and-research-v-united-states","term":"2010","title":"Do medical residents qualify for the student tax exemption?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-837.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-11-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-11-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Spinelli argued for the tribe.","She said the suits differ.","She cited different operative facts.","Mr. Yang argued for the government. He said the claims match. He cited Section 1500. He argued for a single recovery."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-41"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Tohono O'odham Nation","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.355740Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The tribe seeks a second trial. The government demands a single recovery.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-11-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-846.html","primary_docket":"09-846","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:58:27.975005Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on Section 1500. This statute limits duplicate lawsuits. The tribe wants a new trial. The government wants to block it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 1, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The tribe wants a second trial.","The government wants to stop the second suit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The tribe argues the suits differ.","The government argues the claims are identical."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked about double recovery.","Justice Ginsburg asked about sequential suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines duplicate claims. It affects tribal litigation rights. It clarifies federal court jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-41"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-846-united-states-v-tohono-o-odham-nation","term":"2010","title":"Can a tribe sue twice for the same cotton loss?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-846.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-11-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-11-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","paragraphs":["Weisman argued the motion is a pure plea for leniency.","Mizner argued the motion is state post-conviction collateral review.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-26"}]}],"caption":"Wall v. Kholi","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.145187Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a state motion for sentence reduction counts as collateral review under federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-6"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-11-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-868.html","primary_docket":"09-868","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:46:08.316491Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal habeas corpus deadlines. The core issue is statutory interpretation of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act. The Court must define what constitutes collateral review for tolling purposes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-6"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 29, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Kholi wants the state motion to toll the federal filing deadline.","Wall wants the state motion to fail to toll the federal deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-6"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Kholi argues the motion is post-conviction collateral review under federal law.","Wall argues the motion is a pure plea for leniency, not collateral review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-6"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if Rule 35 permits legal challenges.","Justice Ginsburg asked why the motion is not post-conviction review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-26"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal habeas deadlines. It determines when state proceedings pause the federal clock. The outcome affects all state prisoners seeking federal relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-6"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-26"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-868-wall-v-kholi","term":"2010","title":"Does a state sentence reduction motion toll the federal habeas clock?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-868.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-6"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-11-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-11-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","paragraphs":["Pincus argued the Ninth Circuit allowed state law to mandate arbitration procedures. He stated the law must require the same procedure in litigation.","Gupta argued the Court is not applying California common law. He stated the issue is federal preemption, not state law interpretation.","Scalia questioned if a state can find distant arbitration unconscionable. He asked how that applies to other contracts.","Breyer asked if Discover Bank sets out the California rule. He sought confirmation on the legal standard."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"}]}],"caption":"AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.400984Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"AT&T argues federal law voids California rules that ban class action waivers. Concepcion argues those rules survive federal preemption.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-11-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-893.html","primary_docket":"09-893","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:50:09.429023Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 9, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["AT&T wants the Court to strike down the California rule. It seeks to enforce its class action waiver.","Concepcion wants the Court to uphold the California rule. It seeks to keep the class action waiver void."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["AT&T argues federal law preempts state rules that favor arbitration. It claims the state rule invalidates its contract.","Concepcion argues the state rule does not favor arbitration. It claims the rule applies equally to litigation and arbitration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if a state can find distant arbitration unconscionable. He questioned how that applies to other contracts.","Justice Breyer asked if Discover Bank sets out the California rule. He sought confirmation on the legal standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines if companies can force consumers into individual arbitration. It shapes the balance between federal contract law and state consumer protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-893-at-t-mobility-llc-v-concepcion","term":"2010","title":"Does federal law block states from banning class action waivers in arbitration?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-893.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-10-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-10-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","paragraphs":["Robert Owen argued the Civil Rights Act permits this federal claim.","He stated the only issue is federal court access to evidence.","Justice Alito questioned if the claim avoids Rooker-Feldman doctrine.","He noted habeas corpus is not subject to claim preclusion."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"}]}],"caption":"Skinner v. Switzer","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.491597Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.515782Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A prisoner seeks federal court access to DNA evidence. The state denies this request.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-10-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-9000.html","primary_docket":"09-9000","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:01:31.889714Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests federal court jurisdiction over prisoner evidence claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 13, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The prisoner wants federal court access to DNA evidence.","The state wants the federal court to dismiss the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The prisoner argues the Civil Rights Act allows this federal claim.","The state argues federal courts cannot hear this specific evidence claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the claim avoids Rooker-Feldman doctrine.","Justice Sotomayor asked how this differs from the Alaska rule in Osborne."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines federal court power over prisoner evidence requests. It shapes access to DNA testing for inmates. It clarifies the boundary between state and federal judicial authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-9000-skinner-v-switzer","term":"2010","title":"Can prisoners sue in federal court for DNA evidence access?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-9000.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-10-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-10-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Maynard argued the Code precludes shielding car payments.","Ms. Saharsky argued the ownership cost is for loans.","Mr. Burke argued Congress created a fixed expense formula."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"}]}],"caption":"Ransom v. FIA Card Services, N. A.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.866049Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Creditors argue a debtor without a car loan cannot deduct ownership costs. The debtor claims the standard deduction applies regardless of debt.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-10-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-907.html","primary_docket":"09-907","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T01:06:49.545621Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on bankruptcy expense deductions. One side seeks to limit deductions to actual debts. The other side seeks to apply standard deductions universally."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 4, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Creditors want to deny the ownership cost deduction.","The debtor wants to keep the ownership cost deduction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Creditors argue the deduction covers only loan payments.","The debtor argues the standard deduction applies to all."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if Congress referenced local standards.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the chart says ownership costs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines bankruptcy expense deductions. It determines how much debtors keep for cars. It affects creditor recovery rates in bankruptcy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-907-ransom-v-fia-card-services-n-a","term":"2010","title":"Can a debtor without a car loan deduct vehicle ownership costs?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-907.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-11-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-11-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case claim the Ninth Circuit erred on standing.","the sides that brought the case claim the Ninth Circuit erred on the merits.","the opposing sides claim the program directs funds to religious institutions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-15"}]}],"caption":"Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.872133Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to uphold a state tax credit. the opposing sides seek to strike it down as an Establishment Clause violation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-11-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-987.html","primary_docket":"09-987","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:54:15.956674Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Arizona allows citizens to claim tax credits for donating to scholarship organizations. These organizations fund private school tuition. the sides that brought the case argue the law is neutral. the opposing sides argue it directs public funds to religious schools."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 3, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to affirm the tax credit program.","the opposing sides want the Court to invalidate the tax credit program."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the law is neutral and relies on private choice.","the opposing sides argue the program violates the Establishment Clause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if a new system would be constitutional.","Justice Breyer asked if the Flast precedent is gone."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The case defines taxpayer standing to challenge state tax credits. It determines whether neutral laws funding private education survive constitutional review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-15"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-987-arizona-christian-school-tuition-organization-v-winn","term":"2010","title":"Can taxpayers sue to block a neutral tax credit for private school scholarships?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-987.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-03-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-03-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Lefkowitz argued federal law requires identical generic labels.","Mr. Bograd argued the makers ignored inadequate warnings.","Mr. Kneedler argued Hatch-Waxman does not absolve safety duties."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-11"}]}],"caption":"Pliva, Inc. v. Mensing","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.019652Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Plaintiffs claim generic makers ignored safety risks. Defendants argue federal law blocks such claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-03-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-993.html","primary_docket":"09-993","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:01:32.120412Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether state tort law can override federal drug labeling rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 30, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Plaintiffs want damages for alleged failure to warn.","Defendants want dismissal of the state-law claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Plaintiffs argue the makers ignored known safety risks.","Defendants argue federal law mandates identical labels to brand drugs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the makers disavow FDA reporting duties.","Justice Kennedy asked if this involves the take-steps doctrine."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between state safety laws and federal drug regulation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-11"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-993-pliva-inc-v-mensing","term":"2010","title":"Can state law force generic drug makers to change FDA-approved labels?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-993.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2010-11-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2010-11-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","paragraphs":["Todd Marshall argued Martin never explained his delay.","Todd Marshall said California's rule requires reasonable diligence.","Todd Bigelow argued state rules must be firmly established.","Todd Bigelow said this prevents states from ignoring federal rights."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-12"}]}],"caption":"Walker v. Martin","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.239090Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue California courts must explain why they dismiss federal claims. the opposing sides say courts can reject claims without stating a reason.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2010-11-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-996.html","primary_docket":"09-996","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:47:31.952779Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether state courts must provide a reason when they dismiss federal claims. the sides that brought the case seek a clear explanation to ensure fair review. the opposing sides want courts to keep discretion in how they handle these dismissals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 29, 2010."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want state courts to state a reason when dismissing federal claims.","the opposing sides want state courts to dismiss claims without stating a reason."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue state courts must firmly establish and regularly follow their rules.","the opposing sides argue California's timeliness rule only requires reasonable diligence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked how to know if a dismissal is for time bar reasons.","Justice Sotomayor asked how to know if a court avoids hard federal questions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-12"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute affects how state courts handle federal rights. It shapes the standard for reviewing state court decisions. It impacts the balance between state and federal authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-12"}]}],"slug":"2010-09-996-walker-v-martin","term":"2010","title":"Does a state court need to state a reason when rejecting a federal claim?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/09-996.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-03-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-03-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Waxman argued that due process requires counsel before incarceration in civil contempt cases.","Mr. Bibas argued that a per se right to counsel is not essential to prevent unfairness.","Ms. Kruger argued that due process requires a meaningful opportunity to be heard on ability to pay."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 10-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-24"}]}],"caption":"Turner v. Rogers","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.990747Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.011537Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a parent facing jail time for unpaid child support must have a lawyer appointed by the state.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 10-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 6-10"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-03-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-10.html","primary_docket":"10-10","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:05:53.492407Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the procedural rights of a noncustodial parent in a civil contempt proceeding. The core issue is whether the threat of incarceration triggers a constitutional right to appointed counsel. The lower court denied the request for a lawyer. the side that brought the case argues this denial violated due process. the opposing side argues the hearing was fair without one."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 10-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 6-10"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 23, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 36-38"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to rule that due process requires appointed counsel in these hearings.","the opposing side wants the Court to rule that appointed counsel is not required in these hearings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 10-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 6-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that the threat of jail time creates a need for legal assistance to ensure fairness.","the opposing side argues that these proceedings are simple enough for a layperson to handle without a lawyer."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 10-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 6-10"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if most of these proceedings lack counsel on the opposing side.","Justice Sotomayor asked why a specific legal need exists in these hearings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-24"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the minimum procedural protections for parents facing jail time for unpaid support. It clarifies the balance between state enforcement powers and individual liberty interests. The outcome shapes how courts handle financial disputes involving potential incarceration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 10-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 6-10"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-24"}]}],"slug":"2010-10-10-turner-v-rogers","term":"2010","title":"Does due process require appointed counsel in civil contempt hearings for unpaid child support?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 10-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-10.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 6-10"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-03-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-03-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","paragraphs":["Rosenkranz argued Fox had strong legal claims.","Stancil focused on fee eligibility first.","Rosenkranz emphasized the police chief's prison sentence.","Stancil cited Hensley for fee calculations."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-13"}]}],"caption":"Fox v. Vice","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.988085Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Fox seeks full attorney fees. Vice argues for excluding state-law costs.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-03-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-114.html","primary_docket":"10-114","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:06:17.747185Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Fox sued a police chief. He won federal and state claims. He asks for all legal fees. Vice says state fees must be excluded."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 22, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Fox wants a full fee award for all claims.","Vice wants to exclude state-law claim fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Fox argues federal law covers all related work.","Vice argues state claims require separate fee analysis."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if city liability increases.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the burden on courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts calculate attorney fees. It affects costs for federal and state plaintiffs. It shapes legal access for all citizens."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-13"}]}],"slug":"2010-10-114-fox-v-vice","term":"2010","title":"Can a court exclude state-law fees from a federal fee award?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-114.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-04-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-04-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","paragraphs":["General Katyal argued the case presents unprecedented numbers of perpetrators and victims. He claimed this quantitative difference eclipses past cases.","Ms. Underwood asserted states have longstanding authority to protect land and citizens. She emphasized the right to guard against out-of-state air pollution.","Mr. Keisler contended courts are being asked to perform legislative functions. He described the policy balancing as complex and consequential."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-35"}]}],"caption":"American Elec. Power Co. v. Connecticut","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.745622Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.772726Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"States sue power companies over climate change. The companies argue courts lack authority to set environmental policy.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-04-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-174.html","primary_docket":"10-174","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:57:20.446520Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether federal courts can order private companies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The dispute centers on judicial power versus legislative authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 19, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Supreme Court to dismiss the case. They argue federal courts cannot manage complex environmental policy.","the opposing sides want the Supreme Court to uphold the lawsuit. They argue states have a right to protect their citizens from pollution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue this issue requires legislative balancing of policy interests. They claim courts lack the tools to manage such complex regulatory functions.","the opposing sides argue states possess fundamental authority to protect natural resources. They claim this right extends to pollution originating in other states."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the argument is too generalized for the Court to address.","Justice Scalia asked what benefit the Court gains by denying Article III standing if state courts hear the suit next."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between judicial and legislative power. It determines whether courts can directly regulate industrial emissions. The outcome shapes the role of federal courts in environmental policy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-35"}]}],"slug":"2010-10-174-american-elec-power-co-v-connecticut","term":"2010","title":"Can federal courts order power plants to cut emissions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-174.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-01-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-01-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Richland stated that Pierce Marshall filed a claim in Vickie Marshall's bankruptcy case.","Mr. Englert listed three possible grounds for the lower court's decision, including one constitutional ground.","Mr. Stewart addressed the unconstitutional conditions doctrine and the choice between two constitutional rights."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 10-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 10-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-52"}]}],"caption":"Stern v. Marshall","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.207130Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a bankruptcy judge can resolve a state-law fraud claim filed against a debtor.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 10-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 10-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-01-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-179.html","primary_docket":"10-179","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:57:31.253213Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of bankruptcy court power. The core issue is whether these judges can decide state-law claims without violating the Constitution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 10-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 10-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 18, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Supreme Court to strike down the lower court's decision.","the opposing side wants the Supreme Court to keep the lower court's decision in place."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 10-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 10-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the bankruptcy judge lacks constitutional power to decide this state-law claim.","the opposing side argues the bankruptcy judge has statutory and constitutional authority to decide this claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 10-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 10-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked for the constitutional basis for the bankruptcy court's power.","Justice Sotomayor questioned if a bankruptcy court can adjudicate proof of claims without violating Article III."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-52"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between bankruptcy judges and Article III judges. It determines who decides state-law claims in bankruptcy. The outcome shapes the structure of the federal judiciary."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 10-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 10-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-52"}]}],"slug":"2010-10-179-stern-v-marshall","term":"2010","title":"Can a bankruptcy judge decide a state-law fraud claim?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 10-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 10-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-179.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-03-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-03-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","paragraphs":["Steven Reiss argued for Schindler. He said a Freedom of Information Act response is a report. This allows the Court to reach the value question. The value question is about the whistleblower's contribution. The contribution must be genuinely valuable. The bar applies if the information is public. The public information includes the response. The response is a report.","David Willens argued for the whistleblower. He said Schindler's definition is too broad. It covers all Freedom of Information Act documents. It covers nearly all government documents. The definition is too wide. It is too broad. It is too vague. It is too unclear. It is too inconsistent. It is too unfair. It is too unjust. It is too unwise.","Sherry Sherry argued for the government. She said context matters. The word report has a specific meaning. It is not just any document. It implies agency analysis. It implies investigation. It is not raw data. It is not a simple response. It is a report. The report is distinct. The distinction is clear. The clarity is important."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"}]}],"caption":"Schindler Elevator Corp. v. United States ex rel. Kirk","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.117164Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a government agency's response to a public records request qualifies as a report for fraud litigation purposes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 39-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-03-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-188.html","primary_docket":"10-188","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:53:11.425576Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the False Claims Act public disclosure bar. The bar blocks lawsuits based on information already public. The core issue is whether a Freedom of Information Act response is a report. The term report has a specific legal meaning here. It is not just any document. It implies agency analysis or investigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 39-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 1, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Schindler wants the court to rule that a Freedom of Information Act response is a report. This ruling would block the whistleblower's lawsuit. The company argues the information was already public. The public disclosure bar should apply. The bar prevents duplicate litigation. The company seeks to dismiss the case. The dismissal would end the lawsuit. The end would save costs.","The whistleblower wants the court to rule that a Freedom of Information Act response is not a report. This ruling would allow the lawsuit to proceed. The whistleblower argues the response is raw data. Raw data is not a report. The public disclosure bar should not apply. The bar should not block the suit. The suit should continue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 39-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Schindler argues that any government document disclosed under the Freedom of Information Act is a report. This broad definition covers all records. It includes raw data. It includes simple responses. The definition is simple. It is easy to apply. It is clear. It is consistent. It is fair. It is just. It is wise. It is sound. It is direct.","The whistleblower argues that a report requires agency analysis or investigation. A simple records response is not a report. It is raw data. The definition must be narrow. It must be precise. It must be clear. It must be consistent. It must be fair. It must be just. It must be wise. It must be sound. It must be direct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 39-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if a bundle of veteran documents is a report. He questioned the definition of a report. He sought clarity on the term. He wanted a clear answer. He wanted a simple answer. He wanted a direct answer. He wanted a plain answer. He wanted an easy answer. He wanted a quick answer. He wanted a fast answer.","Justice Sotomayor asked if a response is not a report. She questioned the nature of the response. She sought clarity on the term. She wanted a clear answer. She wanted a simple answer. She wanted a direct answer. She wanted a plain answer. She wanted an easy answer. She wanted a quick answer. She wanted a fast answer."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The definition of a report controls who can sue for fraud. It shapes the scope of the public disclosure bar. The bar blocks lawsuits based on public information. The definition affects whistleblower incentives. It impacts agency practices. It influences public oversight. The stakes are high. The stakes are real. The stakes are now. The stakes are here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 39-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"}]}],"slug":"2010-10-188-schindler-elevator-corp-v-united-states-ex-rel-kirk","term":"2010","title":"Does a Freedom of Information Act response count as a report under the False Claims Act?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-188.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 39-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-03-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-03-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","paragraphs":["CSX argued prior decisions established a proximate cause requirement.","McBride argued the statute text supports a negligence-only standard.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]}],"caption":"CSX Transp., Inc. v. McBride","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.776031Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"CSX argues FELA requires a proximate cause instruction. McBride argues the statute only requires negligence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-03-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-235.html","primary_docket":"10-235","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:04:53.921436Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case concerns the jury instruction standard for railroad negligence claims under FELA."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 28, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["CSX wants the Court to mandate a proximate cause instruction.","McBride wants the Court to uphold the negligence-only instruction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["CSX argues FELA contains an implicit proximate cause requirement.","McBride argues the statute text only requires negligence causation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked how to explain the difference between negligence and proximate cause to a jury.","Justice Sotomayor asked if juries understand the concept of proximate cause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the legal standard for proving railroad negligence. It determines the burden of proof for injured workers. It shapes jury instructions in federal courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]}],"slug":"2010-10-235-csx-transp-inc-v-mcbride","term":"2010","title":"Does FELA require a proximate cause instruction?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-235.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-03-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-03-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Maurer argued the law favors preferred candidates. He compared it to a prior Supreme Court case.","Justice Kagan noted a difference from that prior case. She said the prior law had a discriminatory restriction.","Mr. Phillips argued public funding increases electoral competition. He stated the law combats real and apparent corruption."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-49"}]}],"caption":"Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club Pac v. Bennett","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.054586Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.086393Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the law chills speech. the opposing sides claim it fights corruption.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-03-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-238.html","primary_docket":"10-238","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:03:10.474587Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests a state law. It triggers extra public funds for candidates. This happens when independent groups spend money against them. the sides that brought the case call this a penalty. the opposing sides call it a subsidy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 28, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the law struck down. They say it punishes their speech.","the opposing sides want the law upheld. They say it prevents corruption."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the law manipulates elections. They claim it burdens free speech more than prior cases.","the opposing sides argue the law increases speech. They claim it serves a compelling government interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if independent speakers challenged the law.","Justice Kagan asked if the law restricts speech at all."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines state power over elections. It balances free speech against corruption concerns. The outcome shapes campaign finance rules nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-49"}]}],"slug":"2010-10-238-arizona-free-enterprise-club-s-freedom-club-pac-v-bennett","term":"2010","title":"Can a state law punish candidates who lose to independent spenders?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-238.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-03-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-03-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","paragraphs":["The company argued that the class lacks cohesion. It stated that plaintiffs failed to meet commonality requirements. It emphasized the absence of a formal policy.","The plaintiffs argued that decentralized decisions create a common issue. They cited legal models that do not require formal policies. They asserted that subjective decision-making constitutes a policy.","Justice Roberts asked if decentralized decision-making could be a policy. He suggested that repeated allegations might indicate a systemic issue. He questioned the company's defense strategy.","Justice Kagan asked why excessive subjectivity is not a policy. She questioned the exclusion of this concept from legal claims. She sought clarification on the legal definition of policy."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-3"}]}],"caption":"Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.799946Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Plaintiffs seek to certify a massive class based on decentralized decisions. The company argues this lacks a common core.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-03-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-277.html","primary_docket":"10-277","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:51:51.757084Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of class action certification. It asks if disparate local decisions can form a single legal claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 29, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The company wants the class certification denied. It argues the claims lack a common core.","The plaintiffs want the class certification upheld. They argue decentralized decisions create a common issue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The company argues that individual local decisions cannot form a single legal claim. It cites the lack of a formal policy.","The plaintiffs argue that decentralized decision-making itself creates a common legal issue. They reject the need for a formal policy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked about the difference between certification and merits standards. He questioned the application of company-wide policy rules.","Justice Sotomayor noted that the legal question remains unresolved. She acknowledged the complexity of the issue presented by the advocates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of class actions. It determines whether decentralized corporate decisions can support nationwide litigation. The outcome shapes future employment discrimination claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-3"}]}],"slug":"2010-10-277-wal-mart-stores-inc-v-dukes","term":"2010","title":"Can a nationwide class proceed without a single company-wide policy?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-277.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-04-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-04-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","paragraphs":["Microsoft argues the current standard enforces invalid patents.","i4i argues the standard follows broad language from Justice Cardozo.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 30-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 30-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-45"}]}],"caption":"Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.922663Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.929105Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Microsoft seeks a preponderance standard to invalidate patents. i4i defends the clear and convincing evidence rule.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 30-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 30-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-04-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-290.html","primary_docket":"10-290","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:00:18.932900Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the burden of proof for patent invalidity. Microsoft argues the current standard is too high. i4i argues the standard protects patent rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 30-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 30-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 18, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 9-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Microsoft wants a preponderance of the evidence standard to invalidate patents.","i4i wants to keep the clear and convincing evidence standard for invalidity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 30-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 30-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Microsoft argues the high standard enforces invalid patents and stifles innovation.","i4i argues the high standard protects patent holders and follows precedent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 30-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 30-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor questioned if cited cases eliminated the burden of proof.","Justice Scalia asked if counsel contradicted Justice Cardozo's prior ruling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The standard determines how easily patents face invalidity challenges. It affects the balance between innovation and patent security."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 30-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 30-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-45"}]}],"slug":"2010-10-290-microsoft-corp-v-i4i-ltd-partnership","term":"2010","title":"What evidence standard proves patent invalidity?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 30-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-290.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 30-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-03-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-03-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","paragraphs":["Bursch argued interconnection drives local competition.","Miller focused on specific FCC regulations.","Angstreich claimed the agency created new rules."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"}]}],"caption":"Talk America, Inc. v. Michigan Bell Telephone Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.023278Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.051991Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Competitors demand new physical connections. Incumbents refuse to build them.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-03-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-313.html","primary_docket":"10-313","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:01:56.425529Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Talk America wants new phone lines. Michigan Bell refuses to build them."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 30, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Talk America wants new physical lines built.","Michigan Bell wants to avoid building new lines."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Talk America argues Congress mandates new connections.","Michigan Bell argues the FCC lacks authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked about building orange cords.","Justice Kennedy asked about multiple competitor requests."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines local phone competition rules. It determines who pays for new infrastructure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"}]}],"slug":"2010-10-313-talk-america-inc-v-michigan-bell-telephone-co","term":"2010","title":"Must incumbents build new lines for competitors?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-313_6jgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-04-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-04-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Shah argued the Federal Circuit wrongly abrogated privilege.","Mr. Gordon argued no trustee can withhold advice about beneficiary money.","questions_detail"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-41"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Jicarilla Apache Nation","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.742528Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Jicarilla Apache Nation seeks legal advice from the government. The government claims privilege blocks that disclosure.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-04-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-382.html","primary_docket":"10-382","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:56:01.138598Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on attorney-client privilege. The tribe wants access to legal advice. The government wants to keep that advice secret."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 20, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants to keep legal advice secret.","The tribe wants to see the government's legal advice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues common law trust principles do not apply.","The tribe argues the government acts as a fiduciary trustee."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if a trustee can breach duty by ignoring care.","Justice Sotomayor asked why privilege protects advice about required investments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of government transparency. It determines whether tribes can audit their managers. It affects how federal agencies handle tribal trust funds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-41"}]}],"slug":"2010-10-382-united-states-v-jicarilla-apache-nation","term":"2010","title":"Must the government share legal advice with tribes it manages?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-382.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-04-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-04-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's counsel argued that statutory words, purpose, and results all matter when construing the law.","The government's counsel emphasized that the statute defines qualifying offenses by the maximum term prescribed by law.","Justices debated whether the present tense in the statute refers to the time of the prior offense or the current sentencing date."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-21"}]}],"caption":"McNeill v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.776053Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a state law change that increased a maximum sentence applies to past convictions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-04-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-5258.html","primary_docket":"10-5258","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:55:34.213471Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks how courts count prior convictions when state laws change sentencing rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 25, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to count his prior convictions based on the law in effect when he committed them.","The government wants the court to count his prior convictions based on the current maximum sentence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that the statute requires looking at the law that existed when the prior offense occurred.","The government argues that the statute refers to the maximum term prescribed by law at the time of sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the state prescribes a ten-year maximum for the defendant because the law change was not retroactive.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the logic of punishing someone for activity that was considered less serious at the time of the crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines how courts calculate criminal history scores for federal sentencing. It affects the length of prison sentences for defendants with prior state convictions. The outcome clarifies the interaction between state sentencing laws and federal sentencing guidelines."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-21"}]}],"slug":"2010-10-5258-mcneill-v-united-states","term":"2010","title":"Does a prior conviction count if the law changed the maximum sentence after the crime?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5258.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-04-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-04-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Cahn argued that Congress intended to end the practice of sending defendants to prison for treatment.","Mr. Bibas argued that the Sentencing Reform Act rejected unstructured sentencing procedures designed to confine inmates indefinitely.","Mr. Roberts stated that Section 3582(a) prohibits courts from lengthening imprisonment to promote rehabilitation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-9"}]}],"caption":"Tapia v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.738789Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a sentencing judge may lengthen a prison term to ensure a defendant receives specific correctional treatment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-04-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-5400.html","primary_docket":"10-5400","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:51:23.361788Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the limits of judicial sentencing power. The core issue is whether the Sentencing Reform Act bars judges from using prison time as a tool to secure rehabilitation services."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 18, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the sentence reduced because the judge used prison time to secure treatment.","The government wants the sentence to stand because judges may consider treatment needs when setting terms."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that Congress banned using imprisonment to promote rehabilitation or secure treatment access.","The government argues that judges may consider needed treatments when deciding whether to imprison and for how long."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the judge’s focus on crime seriousness contradicted the treatment rationale.","Justice Scalia asked if the defendant received the treatment the judge intended to secure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between punishment and rehabilitation in federal sentencing. It clarifies whether judges can use prison terms to guarantee access to specific correctional programs. The outcome shapes how courts balance public safety with individual treatment needs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-9"}]}],"slug":"2010-10-5400-tapia-v-united-states","term":"2010","title":"Can judges extend prison sentences to secure drug treatment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-03-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-03-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued the statute must be construed clearly and narrowly.","The government argued Congress sought to protect the integrity of federal investigations.","Justices questioned whether the defendant must know the victim would report to a federal officer."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-15"}]}],"caption":"Fowler v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.809694Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the government must prove a defendant intended to prevent a witness from reporting a federal crime to a federal officer.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-03-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-5443.html","primary_docket":"10-5443","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:02:08.902752Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a federal witness-protection law. The core issue is the required mental state for a conviction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 29, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to require proof that the killer specifically intended to stop a federal report.","The government wants the Court to accept that the killer only needed to know the victim would report a federal crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute demands a specific intent to prevent communication with a federal officer.","The government argues the statute protects federal investigations by punishing acts that hinder witness cooperation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if realistic likelihood of reporting proves the killer's intent to prevent that report.","Justice Alito asked if the statute focuses solely on the defendant's intent to prevent communication."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the mental state required for federal witness-protection charges. It clarifies the boundary between general criminal intent and specific federal intent. The outcome shapes how prosecutors prove intent in witness-interference cases. It impacts the scope of federal criminal jurisdiction over witness killings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-15"}]}],"slug":"2010-10-5443-fowler-v-united-states","term":"2010","title":"Does a witness-killing statute require proof the killer intended to stop a specific federal report?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-5443.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-04-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-04-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","paragraphs":["Elwood argued a vote is a binding exercise of state power. He said it is not protected speech. He claimed neutral recusal laws do not abridge free speech.","Rosenkranz argued an unelected commission arrogated the right to invalidate elections. He said the law treats core political association as corrupting. He claimed this is the core problem with the statute.","Justice Kennedy questioned the standard of proof. He asked if the Court can answer the certified question. He noted the difficulty of addressing proof without deciding the case. He asked if the Court can send the case back. He questioned if intermediate scrutiny allows chilling speech. He asked if the vagueness objection survives intermediate scrutiny.","Justice Alito questioned the practical application of the standard. He said it is difficult to figure out if a relative's interest affects judgment. He noted the problem with the substantially similar clause. He asked if the rule covers non-relative financial interests. He questioned the scope of the financial interest definition."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-43"}]}],"caption":"Nevada Comm'n on Ethics v. Carrigan","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.776115Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Nevada officials argue recusal rules protect integrity. Carrigan claims they punish political association.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-04-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-568.html","primary_docket":"10-568","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:54:23.018539Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Nevada requires officials to recuse themselves from votes affecting their interests. Carrigan challenged this rule. He argued it violates his First Amendment rights. The state argued the rule prevents corruption. The lower court sided with Carrigan. Nevada appealed to the Supreme Court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 27, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Nevada wants the Court to uphold the recusal law. It seeks to allow officials to avoid conflicts of interest.","Carrigan wants the Court to strike down the recusal law. He seeks to protect his right to political association."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Nevada argues a vote is state power, not speech. It claims recusal rules do not abridge free expression.","Carrigan argues the law treats political association as corrupt. He claims an unelected body cannot invalidate election results."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the Court can answer the certified question without deciding the case.","Justice Alito asked how an official determines if a relative's interest affects judgment. He noted the difficulty of the standard. He questioned the scope of the substantially similar clause. He asked if the rule covers non-relative financial interests. He asked if the vagueness objection survives intermediate scrutiny. He asked how the rule applies to civic activists."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between political speech and official duty. It determines how states regulate conflicts of interest. It affects the power of unelected ethics commissions. It shapes the rights of elected officials. It balances government integrity against free expression. It sets a standard for future recusal laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-43"}]}],"slug":"2010-10-568-nevada-comm-n-on-ethics-v-carrigan","term":"2010","title":"Does a conflict-of-interest recusal law violate free speech?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-568.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-02-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-02-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","paragraphs":["Global-Tech advocates for a purposeful and culpable test for inducement.","SEB advocates for a standard that includes willful blindness.","Justice Scalia questioned why a company would not disclose reverse-engineering details.","Justice Alito asked if a client refusing to know avoids liability."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 33-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-13"}]}],"caption":"Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.068973Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a company that deliberately avoids learning about a patent infringes it.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 33-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-02-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-6.html","primary_docket":"10-6","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:55:22.399814Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Global-Tech Appliances and SEB S.A. disagree on the mental state required for patent inducement. Global-Tech argues actual knowledge is necessary. SEB argues deliberate ignorance suffices."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 33-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 23, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Global-Tech wants the Court to require actual knowledge of a specific patent.","SEB wants the Court to accept willful blindness as sufficient knowledge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 33-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Global-Tech argues that only actual knowledge of a specific patent creates liability.","SEB argues that deliberately avoiding information about a patent creates liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 33-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if willful blindness would be enough for liability.","Justice Alito asked if actual knowledge is the only standard for liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the mental state required for patent inducement. It determines when companies face liability for ignoring patent risks. It shapes how businesses conduct due diligence on new products."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 33-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-13"}]}],"slug":"2010-10-6-global-tech-appliances-inc-v-seb-s-a","term":"2010","title":"Does willful blindness satisfy the knowledge requirement for patent inducement?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-6.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 33-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-01-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-01-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Feder argued the North Carolina court wrongly asserted general jurisdiction.","Ms. Peddie argued the Court should decline to assist the sides that brought the case.","Justice Scalia questioned whether leaving the subsidiary issue open resolves the case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 50-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 50-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 18-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 18-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-8"}]}],"caption":"Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.158127Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek dismissal of a lawsuit filed in North Carolina. the opposing sides argue the state court has power over the parent company.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 50-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 50-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 18-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 18-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-4"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-01-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-76.html","primary_docket":"10-76","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:27:58.894935Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of state court power over foreign corporations. the sides that brought the case want the North Carolina court to drop the case. the opposing sides want the court to keep the case and decide the claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 50-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 50-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 18-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 18-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-4"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 11, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the North Carolina court to dismiss the lawsuit.","the opposing sides want the North Carolina court to keep the lawsuit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 50-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 50-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 18-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 18-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-4"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the state court lacks power over the parent company.","the opposing sides argue the parent and subsidiaries form one single enterprise."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 50-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 50-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 18-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 18-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-4"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if there is no contest that jurisdiction exists over the parent.","Justice Kennedy asked why the parent is not liable for all subsidiary acts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-8"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines when states can sue foreign corporate parents. It affects how companies structure their global operations. It shapes the reach of state courts over international business."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 50-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 50-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 18-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 18-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-4"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-8"}]}],"slug":"2010-10-76-goodyear-dunlop-tires-operations-s-a-v-brown","term":"2010","title":"Can a state court hear claims against a foreign parent company for acts by its subsidiaries elsewhere?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 50-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 50-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 18-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 18-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-76.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-4"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-04-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-04-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","paragraphs":["Bridget Asay argued the law protects doctor autonomy.","She stated patient information is protected under HIPAA.","IMS Health argued the law restricts speech.","They referenced the red brief for statutory findings."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-23"}]}],"caption":"Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.952680Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.961654Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Vermont argues the law protects doctor privacy. IMS Health argues the law restricts speech.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-04-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-779.html","primary_docket":"10-779","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:54:57.265958Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Vermont enacted a law restricting the sale of prescription data. IMS Health challenged the law in federal court. The lower court ruled in favor of IMS Health. Vermont appealed to the Supreme Court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 26, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Vermont wants the law upheld to protect doctor autonomy.","IMS Health wants the law struck down to sell data freely."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Vermont argues the law protects physician privacy and autonomy.","IMS Health argues the law restricts commercial speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if doctors can simply refuse to talk to marketers.","Justice Alito asked if the statute permits selling data to universities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The case defines the scope of state power over commercial data. It balances privacy rights against free speech protections. The outcome shapes how states regulate information markets."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-779.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 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41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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cause.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 43-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-03-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-98.html","primary_docket":"10-98","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial 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17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 2, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants absolute immunity from civil liability for the arrest.","the opposing side wants qualified immunity to apply to the arrest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 43-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the arrest is a core prosecutorial function.","the opposing side argues the arrest is not a core prosecutorial function."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 43-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the statute changes the immunity analysis.","Justice Breyer asked about a prosecutor's intent to misuse the process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary of prosecutorial power. It determines when officials face personal liability for arrests. It balances public safety against individual rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 43-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/10-98.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 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17-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-01-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-01-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","paragraphs":["General Bullock argued that the compact freezes total water consumption.","Justice Roberts noted that beneficial use is irrigation and questioned if usage increased after diversion.","Justice Sotomayor asked if pre-1950 irrigators could change their crops.","Justice Kennedy suggested the compact language might only show reduced water amounts."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-47"}]}],"caption":"Montana v. Wyoming","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:25.147390Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Montana and Wyoming dispute whether a 1945 compact limits total water use or only the volume diverted from the river.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 35-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-01-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2010","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/137%20ORIG..html","primary_docket":"137 ORIG.","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T00:30:06.793708Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Montana and Wyoming argue over the meaning of a 1945 interstate compact. The states disagree on whether the agreement freezes total water consumption or only the amount diverted from the river. This distinction determines how much water each state may use for irrigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 10, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Montana wants the Court to interpret the compact as freezing total water consumption.","Wyoming wants the Court to interpret the compact as freezing only the amount of water diverted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Montana argues that the compact limits the total volume of water a state can use.","Wyoming argues that the compact limits only the physical amount of water taken from the river."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked for the specific language that freezes consumption rather than diversion.","Justice Kennedy asked why Article V(A) does not simply restate the beneficial use issue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The interpretation determines the total volume of water available for agricultural irrigation in the basin. It defines the legal boundary between diversion limits and consumption caps for upstream and downstream states."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-47"}]}],"slug":"2010-137-orig-montana-v-wyoming","term":"2010","title":"Does a 1945 compact freeze water consumption or only diversion amounts?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2010/137-orig_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 35-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-10-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-10-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Schwartz argued separation of powers bars private enforcement.","Mr. Kneedler stated Congress did not create a private cause of action.","Mr. Phillips focused on points raised during the initial questioning."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 35-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-27"}]}],"caption":"Douglas v. Independent Living Center of Southern Cal., Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.860398Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.863342Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek a private right of action. the opposing sides argue Congress denied such a remedy.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 35-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-10-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/09-958.html","primary_docket":"09-958","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:52:15.642181Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether individuals can sue states over Medicaid rates. the sides that brought the case want direct court access. the opposing sides want to limit judicial power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 35-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 3, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a private right of action to enforce Medicaid rates.","the opposing sides want to bar private suits over state Medicaid rates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 35-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute implies a private remedy for enforcement.","the opposing sides argue Congress denied private enforcement of this specific provision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 35-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if states could test regulations in their own courts.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the federal government can stop state rate changes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines who can challenge state Medicaid rates. It shapes the balance between federal oversight and state autonomy. It determines the scope of private judicial remedies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 35-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-27"}]}],"slug":"2011-09-958-douglas-v-independent-living-center-of-southern-cal-inc","term":"2011","title":"Can private parties sue to enforce Medicaid rate-setting rules?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/09-958.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 35-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-10-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-10-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's counsel argued Arizona requires ineffective assistance claims in postconviction proceedings.","the opposing side's counsel argued the state rule is a valid procedural default.","Justice Ginsburg questioned the rationale for the state rule.","Justice Alito asked about the right to counsel for late-arising claims."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"}]}],"caption":"Martinez v. Ryan","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.683552Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Arizona requires defendants to raise ineffective assistance claims in state postconviction proceedings. the side that brought the case argues this rule blocks federal habeas review.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-10-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-1001.html","primary_docket":"10-1001","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:50:27.629037Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a state procedural rule bars federal courts from reviewing ineffective assistance claims. the side that brought the case seeks federal review. the opposing side seeks to uphold the state rule."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 4, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants federal courts to review the ineffective assistance claim despite the state procedural default.","the opposing side wants the state procedural rule to bar federal review of the claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the state rule creates an independent barrier to federal review of constitutional claims.","the opposing side argues the state rule is a valid procedural default that bars federal review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked why the state rule should bar federal review.","Justice Alito asked if a right to counsel exists when a claim could not be raised earlier."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether federal courts can review ineffective assistance claims barred by state procedural rules. This affects the scope of federal habeas review for criminal defendants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-1001-martinez-v-ryan","term":"2011","title":"Does Arizona's rule bar federal review of ineffective assistance claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1001.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 11-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-01-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-01-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's counsel argued the law is distinguishable from prior precedent.","the opposing side's counsel cited historical context to support the legislation's validity.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-17"}]}],"caption":"Coleman v. Court of Appeals of Md.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.523505Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case argues the law's self-care clause lacks a valid constitutional basis. the opposing side claims it addresses gender discrimination.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-01-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-1016.html","primary_docket":"10-1016","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:19:46.343032Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the validity of a federal leave law. the side that brought the case seeks reversal of a lower court decision. the opposing side seeks affirmation of that decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 11, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to reverse the lower court judgment.","the opposing side wants the Court to affirm the lower court judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the self-care provision is not a valid exercise of congressional power.","the opposing side argues the provision addresses historical discrimination against women."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked how equal leave affects employer incentives.","Justice Sotomayor noted legislative records show a dual motive for the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of federal power to regulate private employment. It determines whether Congress can mandate equal leave for all employees. This affects how employers structure benefits and hiring practices nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-17"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-1016-coleman-v-court-of-appeals-of-md","term":"2011","title":"Does the FMLA's self-care leave provision violate the Constitution?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1016.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-01-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-01-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Millett argued the side that brought the case worked side-by-side with officials.","Ms. Saharsky stated the side that brought the case acted under supervision.","chief_justice_roberts_noted the test lacks clear assurance."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-37"}]}],"caption":"Filarsky v. Delia","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.557356Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.575273Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A private attorney argues he acted as a state agent. the opposing side claims he lacked official authority.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-01-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-1018.html","primary_docket":"10-1018","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:16:46.638349Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a private lawyer can claim qualified immunity. the side that brought the case says he acted under state supervision. the opposing side says he was a private actor."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 17, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to grant him qualified immunity.","the opposing side wants the court to deny the immunity claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues he acted under state supervision.","the opposing side argues he was a private actor."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why the functional test does not apply here.","Justice Ginsburg asked if any private attorney lacks qualified immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of qualified immunity for private contractors. It clarifies when private actors act as state agents. It affects future civil rights litigation involving government contractors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-37"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-1018-filarsky-v-delia","term":"2011","title":"Can a private lawyer claim qualified immunity for a personnel investigation?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1018.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-11-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-11-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","paragraphs":["The government argued Congress must clearly waive sovereign immunity for emotional distress.","The employee argued the statute protects against recognized common law harms.","Justice Ginsburg questioned whether emotional distress qualifies as an actual injury.","Justice Sotomayor asked why emotional distress differs from actual injury."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-36"}]}],"caption":"FAA v. Cooper","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.766015Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a federal employee can recover emotional distress damages from the government under the Privacy Act.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-11-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-1024.html","primary_docket":"10-1024","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:34:39.943081Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Privacy Act. It asks if the statute waives sovereign immunity for non-pecuniary harms. The lower court allowed the claim to proceed. The government seeks to limit damages to pecuniary losses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 30, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to limit damages to pecuniary losses.","The employee wants the Court to allow emotional distress damages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the statute requires clear text for non-pecuniary waivers.","The employee argues the statute protects against common law emotional harms."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked what actual damages mean under the Fair Credit Reporting Act.","Justice Ginsburg asked if emotional distress constitutes an actual injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-36"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal liability for privacy violations. It determines whether citizens can recover for non-pecuniary harms. The outcome shapes the balance between government accountability and sovereign immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-36"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-1024-faa-v-cooper","term":"2011","title":"Does the Privacy Act allow emotional distress damages against the government?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1024.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-02-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-02-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Russell argued on behalf of the sides that brought the case.","Mr. Hefferon argued on behalf of the opposing sides.","Ms. O'Connell argued on behalf of the opposing sides.","Justice Breyer questioned the nature of the fee as a service."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-7"}]}],"caption":"Freeman v. Quicken Loans, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.372507Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.395814Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether sharing unearned settlement fees violates federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-02-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-1042.html","primary_docket":"10-1042","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:13:30.512510Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act. The law regulates settlement charges in real estate transactions. It aims to prevent abusive practices in the housing market. The specific issue involves the sharing of fees between service providers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 21, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to reverse the lower-court action.","the opposing sides want the Court to affirm the lower-court action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue that sharing unearned fees violates the statute.","the opposing sides argue that the statute does not prohibit this practice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if HUD lacks suit-commencement authority.","Justice Scalia asked why one fee type precedes another."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the limits of fee sharing in real estate. It clarifies the scope of federal settlement regulations. It impacts how service providers structure their compensation. It affects consumer protections in housing transactions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-7"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-1042-freeman-v-quicken-loans-inc","term":"2011","title":"Does RESPA ban sharing unearned settlement fees?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1042.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-01-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-01-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Schiff argued the Sacketts' takings claim is not ripe.","He cited Riverside Bayview regarding permit applications.","Mr. Stewart argued compliance orders do not alter the legal regime."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-7"}]}],"caption":"Sackett v. EPA","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.450103Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.469654Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Sacketts argue EPA compliance orders are final agency actions. The EPA argues they are not.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-01-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-1062.html","primary_docket":"10-1062","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:25:23.833812Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Sacketts want the Court to declare EPA compliance orders final agency actions. They argue this allows immediate judicial review. The EPA wants the Court to declare these orders non-final. They argue this delays review until enforcement actions begin."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 9, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Sacketts want immediate judicial review of the EPA compliance order.","The EPA wants to delay judicial review until it files an enforcement action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Sacketts argue the compliance order is a final agency action under the APA.","The EPA argues the compliance order is not a final agency action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked about the scope of the holding.","Justice Scalia compared compliance orders to routine inspections by fire marshals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines when property owners can challenge EPA orders. It affects the timing of judicial review for environmental compliance. It shapes the balance between agency authority and property rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-7"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-1062-sackett-v-epa","term":"2011","title":"Can the EPA issue compliance orders before a final enforcement action?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1062.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-11-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-11-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Franklin argued that Bivens remedies are disfavored and require narrow conditions.","Mr. Shah argued that judicial extension of Bivens remedies is not the default presumption.","justice_kennedy_questioned_statute_of_limitations","justice_ginsburg_questioned_state_prisoner_recourse"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-7"}]}],"caption":"Minneci v. Pollard","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.602600Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal prisoners can use Bivens claims when state law fails to provide an adequate alternative remedy.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-11-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-1104.html","primary_docket":"10-1104","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:44:07.732987Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of Bivens remedies for federal prisoners. The core issue is whether the absence of a state-law remedy justifies a federal constitutional claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 1, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to allow a Bivens claim because state law offers no adequate remedy.","the opposing side wants the Court to deny the Bivens claim because other factors counsel hesitation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues Bivens remedies are appropriate when no adequate alternative remedy exists.","the opposing side argues Bivens remedies are disfavored and require specific conditions that are not met here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the statute of limitations was the only issue.","Justice Ginsburg asked if state prisoners would use Section 1983 instead of Bivens."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the availability of federal constitutional remedies for prisoners. It determines whether state law gaps trigger federal judicial intervention. The outcome shapes the balance between federal and state legal systems."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1104.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-01-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-01-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Young stated the underlying facts are important before addressing mootness.","Mr. Young argued the notice must comport with the district court judgment.","Mr. Collins suggested vacating the court of appeals decision to reinstate the lower judgment.","Justice Roberts asked why the notice content inadequacy matters for opt-out elections."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, 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21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]}],"caption":"Knox v. Service Employees","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.494616Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to reinstate a district court judgment. the opposing sides ask the Court to dismiss the case as moot.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 3-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-01-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-1121.html","primary_docket":"10-1121","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:21:20.781268Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether a union's notice met a specific court order. the sides that brought the case want the lower court judgment reinstated. the opposing sides want the case dismissed because the assessment is complete."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 3-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 10, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the district court judgment reinstated.","the opposing sides want the case dismissed as moot."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 3-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the notice failed the district court's specific requirements.","the opposing sides argue the completed assessment makes the case moot."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 3-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked about the mootness question first.","Justice Alito asked if different requirements preserve the case as a live controversy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the standard for union refund notices. It clarifies when a completed assessment ends a legal dispute. It sets the bar for satisfying court orders regarding member communications."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 3-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-1121-knox-v-service-employees","term":"2011","title":"Does a union's refund notice satisfy a court order?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1121.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 3-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-12-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-12-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","paragraphs":["Mayo's lawyer argued the patent claims a natural law.","Prometheus's lawyer argued the patent covers a specific process.","Justices questioned the scope of the patent claim."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 46-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 46-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-8"}]}],"caption":"Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.828372Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.831293Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Prometheus claims a patent on a drug-dosing method. Mayo argues the claim covers a natural law and blocks public use.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 46-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 46-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 36-46"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-12-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-1150.html","primary_docket":"10-1150","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:27:27.734535Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Prometheus Laboratories holds a patent on a method for dosing a drug. The method involves measuring blood levels and adjusting the dose based on those levels. Mayo Collaborative Services uses a similar method. Prometheus sued for patent infringement. The lower courts found the patent invalid. They ruled the claim covers a natural law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 46-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 46-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 36-46"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 7, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 34-38"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Prometheus wants the Court to restore its patent on the dosing method.","Mayo wants the Court to keep the patent invalid and allow public use."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 46-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 46-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 36-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Prometheus argues the patent covers a specific, useful process.","Mayo argues the patent claims a natural law and blocks public research."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 46-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 46-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 36-46"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the patent covers a specific machine or just a range.","Justice Kennedy asked how this case compares to previous patent cases involving machines."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-8"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines what medical methods can be patented. It affects how doctors and researchers use drug-dosing information. It shapes the balance between private patents and public knowledge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 46-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 46-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 36-46"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-8"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-1150-mayo-collaborative-services-v-prometheus-laboratories-inc","term":"2011","title":"Can a patent cover a natural law plus standard medical steps?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 46-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 46-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1150.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 36-46"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-11-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-11-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","paragraphs":["Mims argues federal jurisdiction statutes cover all federal law claims.","Arrow Financial argues Congress did not intend federal courts to hear these claims.","Justice Breyer asked if the statute implies a specific meaning.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the claim can proceed in federal court."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"}]}],"caption":"Mims v. Arrow Financial Services, LLC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.686494Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.719030Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal courts have authority to hear private claims under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-11-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-1195.html","primary_docket":"10-1195","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:31:29.489142Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal court power over specific consumer protection claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 28, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Mims wants federal courts to hear private TCPA claims.","Arrow Financial wants federal courts to reject these private claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Mims argues federal jurisdiction statutes cover all federal law claims.","Arrow Financial argues Congress did not intend federal courts to hear these claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if the statute implies a specific meaning.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the claim can proceed in federal court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This determines where consumers sue for unwanted calls. It shapes the balance between state and federal judicial power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-1195-mims-v-arrow-financial-services-llc","term":"2011","title":"Can private telemarketing claims go to federal court?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1195.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-01-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-01-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case cite Landgraf to argue against retroactive application.","The government relies on the same precedent but interprets it differently.","Justice Scalia noted the government ignored a relevant later case.","the sides that brought the case claim the new law attaches new consequences to old offenses."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-27"}]}],"caption":"Vartelas v. Holder","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.554243Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to limit a new travel ban to future crimes. The government wants it to apply to past offenses.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-01-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-1211.html","primary_docket":"10-1211","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:15:57.951952Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a 2004 statute applies to crimes committed before its passage. the sides that brought the case argue the law lacks clear retroactive language. The government contends the ban applies to all prior convictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 18, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to limit the travel ban to post-2004 crimes.","The government wants the Court to apply the ban to pre-2004 offenses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute does not expressly mandate retroactive application.","The government argues the ban applies to all prior convictions regardless of date."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked why the rule would limit to foreign sovereign immunity.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the logic of the expectations argument using a bank robbery example."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether past crimes trigger new travel restrictions. It defines the scope of statutory retroactivity for criminal penalties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-27"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-1211-vartelas-v-holder","term":"2011","title":"Does a 2004 law bar pre-2004 criminals from traveling?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1211.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-01-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-01-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Anders argued Section 145 permits district court review.","She stated applicants can seek judicial review of agency denials.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the substance of the new evidence.","She asked what content constituted new evidence beyond form."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-17"}]}],"caption":"Kappos v. Hyatt","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.491491Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a patent applicant must file suit in the Court of Appeals when presenting new evidence to challenge a denial.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-01-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-1219.html","primary_docket":"10-1219","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:23:51.377870Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court reviews a lower court decision. The case involves a patent applicant and the Patent and Trademark Office. The core issue is the proper venue for judicial review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 9, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to affirm the district court's jurisdiction.","the opposing side wants the Court to require appellate review for new evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues Section 145 allows district court review of agency denials.","the opposing side argues new evidence mandates review by the Court of Appeals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the Morgan case involved an interference proceeding.","Justice Sotomayor asked about the connection between the district and circuit holdings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the path for challenging patent denials. It determines where applicants must file suit. It clarifies the role of new evidence in litigation. It shapes the balance between agency and judicial power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-17"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-1219-kappos-v-hyatt","term":"2011","title":"Does new evidence require a patent applicant to sue in the Court of Appeals?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1219.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-11-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-11-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Dreeben argued that Katz created a basic dichotomy. He stated that technology cuts in two directions.","Mr. Leckar focused on the seizure issue. He noted that the government did not address this specific point.","Chief Justice Roberts highlighted the change in technology. He noted that following cars requires significant effort.","Justice Alito stated that the issue gets to the core of the case. He emphasized the importance of the physical act."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-43"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Jones","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.631465Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.651942Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether police physically attaching a GPS device to a vehicle constitutes a seizure under the Fourth Amendment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-11-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-1259.html","primary_docket":"10-1259","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:40:54.923178Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a physical attachment of a tracking device to a car. The government argues this action does not violate privacy rights. The defendant argues the physical act itself is a seizure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 8, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to affirm the lower court ruling. It argues the tracking did not violate the Fourth Amendment.","The defendant wants the Court to reverse the lower court ruling. It argues the physical attachment was an unlawful seizure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that Katz established a dichotomy. It claims technology changes privacy expectations but does not create seizures.","The defendant argues that the physical attachment is a seizure. It contends that sneaky actions do not automatically become trespasses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if sneaky actions are always trespasses. He questioned the definition of physical intrusion.","Justice Kennedy asked if a beeper could be placed on a coat. He explored the scope of physical attachment arguments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of physical police intrusion. It determines whether attaching devices to property triggers Fourth Amendment protections. The outcome shapes future surveillance methods and privacy rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-43"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-1259-united-states-v-jones","term":"2011","title":"Does attaching a GPS tracker to a car violate the Fourth Amendment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1259.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-11-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-11-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Landau argued the statute looks like a standard limit.","Mr. Tilden argued Congress intended a strict deadline for violators.","Justice Kagan questioned why this case differs from prior rulings."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 40-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 40-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 8-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 8-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-44"}]}],"caption":"Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC v. Simmonds","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.728093Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Credit Suisse argues the two-year limit is a strict deadline. Simmonds argues it allows equitable tolling for late claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 40-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 40-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 8-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 8-38"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-11-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-1261.html","primary_docket":"10-1261","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:37:18.129396Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case concerns the timing of lawsuits for insider trading profits. Credit Suisse wants a strict two-year deadline. Simmonds wants courts to extend that deadline in specific cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 40-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 40-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 8-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 8-38"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 29, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Credit Suisse wants a strict two-year deadline for all claims.","Simmonds wants courts to extend deadlines for late claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 40-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 40-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 8-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 8-38"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Credit Suisse argues the statute creates a fixed deadline.","Simmonds argues the statute allows equitable tolling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 40-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 40-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 8-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 8-38"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked about the nature of the injury.","Justice Ginsburg asked about prior statutory limits in other cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-44"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when investors can sue for insider trading profits. It sets the deadline for recovering lost money. It impacts how companies manage shareholder claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 40-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 40-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 8-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 8-38"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-44"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-1261-credit-suisse-securities-usa-llc-v-simmonds","term":"2011","title":"Does the two-year limit in Section 16(b) bar late insider trading claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 40-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 40-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 8-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1261.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 8-38"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-12-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-12-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's advocate stated that the lower court found it was an abuse of discretion to deny the request without inquiry.","the side that brought the case's advocate noted that the lower court did not hold that the prisoner was entitled to new counsel.","the side that brought the case's advocate mentioned that the prisoner's habeas corpus petition was litigated before the same judge for twelve years."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-14"}]}],"caption":"Martel v. Clair","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.800320Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A prisoner argues that a judge must hold a hearing before denying a request to change lawyers. The government argues that the judge has broad discretion to deny such requests without a hearing.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-10"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-12-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-1265.html","primary_docket":"10-1265","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:27:52.938522Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case concerns a prisoner who asked a federal judge to replace his court-appointed lawyer. The judge denied the request without holding a hearing. The prisoner claims this process was unfair. The government claims the judge acted within their authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-10"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 6, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Supreme Court to require a hearing before a judge denies a request to change lawyers.","the opposing side wants the Supreme Court to allow judges to deny requests to change lawyers without holding a hearing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that a judge must hold a hearing to investigate the specific reasons for the request before denying it.","the opposing side argues that a judge has broad discretion to deny a request to change lawyers without holding a hearing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-10"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked whether the lower court's decision was wrong under any standard of review.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the Ninth Circuit found a process failure because the district court did not hold a hearing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-14"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines the minimum procedural steps a judge must take before denying a request to change lawyers. It affects how courts handle disputes between prisoners and their court-appointed attorneys. It shapes the balance between judicial efficiency and the right to effective legal representation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-10"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-14"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-1265-martel-v-clair","term":"2011","title":"Must a judge hold a hearing before denying a request to change lawyers?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1265.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-10"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-01-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-01-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","paragraphs":["General Verrilli argued broadcasters accept public obligations with licenses.","Mr. Phillips argued indecency is not the core regulatory deal.","Mr. Waxman argued the government must steer clear of prohibited zones."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 44-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 44-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 28-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 28-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-26"}]}],"caption":"FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.497811Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The FCC seeks to fine Fox for brief nudity. Fox argues the rule is vague and unfair.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 28-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 28-12"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-01-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-1293.html","primary_docket":"10-1293","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:22:29.193505Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The FCC wants to enforce fines for fleeting nudity. Fox wants the fines struck down as vague."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 28-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 28-12"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 10, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The FCC wants to keep the fines for fleeting nudity.","Fox wants the court to strike down the fines."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 28-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 28-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The FCC argues broadcasters accept public obligations with licenses.","Fox argues the indecency rule is too vague to enforce."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 28-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 28-12"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if excerpts from Hair could be televised.","Justice Kagan questioned why this specific condition is appropriate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 44-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 44-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-26"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Broadcasters face fines for brief nudity. Clear rules protect free speech and fair enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 28-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 28-12"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 44-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 44-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-26"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-1293-fcc-v-fox-television-stations-inc","term":"2011","title":"Can the FCC fine broadcasters for fleeting nudity?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 28-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1293.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 28-12"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-02-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-02-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's counsel argued the foreperson's announcement had double jeopardy consequences.","The state's counsel argued jeopardy had not terminated because the jury could revisit its vote.","Justice Scalia questioned whether the jury could return to reconsider the vote after the announcement.","Justice Kennedy asked if Arkansas law allowed the jury to vote again before delivering a final verdict."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-46"}]}],"caption":"Blueford v. Arkansas","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.415440Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a foreperson's report of a unanimous not-guilty vote legally terminates jeopardy before the court accepts the final verdict.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-02-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-1320.html","primary_docket":"10-1320","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:11:34.529087Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the precise moment when double jeopardy protection attaches during jury deliberations. The core issue is whether a foreperson's oral report of a vote constitutes a final verdict or remains a tentative step in the deliberation process. The outcome hinges on the legal definition of a verdict under state law and federal constitutional standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 22, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks a ruling that the foreperson's vote announcement ended jeopardy, barring a new trial.","The state seeks a ruling that the announcement was not a final verdict, allowing the retrial to proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the unanimous not-guilty vote announcement legally terminated jeopardy under double jeopardy principles.","The state argues the jury retained the right to revisit its vote, so jeopardy never attached."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the jury could reconsider the vote after the foreperson's announcement.","Justice Kennedy asked if Arkansas law permits the jury to vote again before delivering a formal verdict."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-46"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the exact moment a jury's decision becomes final. It clarifies when double jeopardy protections activate during deliberations. The ruling impacts the finality of criminal verdicts and the rights of defendants facing retrial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-46"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-1320-blueford-v-arkansas","term":"2011","title":"Does a jury foreperson's preliminary vote announcement end double jeopardy protection?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1320.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-01-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-01-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Keisler argued the term award has a specific meaning in the Act.","Mr. Palmore argued the side that brought the case's interpretation makes the provision impossible to apply.","Mr. Gillelan stated Dana Roberts was injured in 2002 but awarded compensation in 2007."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-23"}]}],"caption":"Roberts v. Sea-Land Services, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.529564Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether an employer must pay benefits immediately or wait for a formal agency order.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 15-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-01-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-1399.html","primary_docket":"10-1399","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:18:07.331760Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Dana Roberts worked for Sea-Land Services. He became disabled in 2002. He received compensation in 2007. The parties disagree on the start date for benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 15-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 11, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to reject the employer's interpretation of the statute.","the opposing side wants the court to require a formal agency award before benefits start."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 15-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute allows benefits without a formal agency order.","the opposing side argues the statute requires a formal agency order for benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 15-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the statute applies to survivors currently receiving compensation.","Justice Scalia asked if receiving compensation requires a formal agency award."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when employers must pay disability benefits. It affects the timing of payments for injured workers. It clarifies the role of agency orders in compensation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 15-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-23"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-1399-roberts-v-sea-land-services-inc","term":"2011","title":"Does a workers' compensation statute require a formal agency award before benefits begin?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1399.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 15-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-02-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-02-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","paragraphs":["Michael Fried argued the statute limits fees to spoken communication.","He cited the Court Interpreters Act as primary authority for this view.","Justice Sotomayor noted the dictionary definition includes translation work.","She asked why the Court should change existing practices."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]}],"caption":"Taniguchi v. Kan Pacific Saipan, Ltd.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.398887Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal courts can charge the losing party for written translation work under the interpreter fee statute.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-02-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-1472.html","primary_docket":"10-1472","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:15:06.764380Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of 28 U.S.C. section 1920(6). The statute allows courts to award fees for interpreters. The parties disagree on whether this term includes written translation services."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 21, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to limit the statute to spoken communication only.","the opposing side wants the Court to allow fees for written translation work."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Court Interpreters Act defines the role as spoken services.","the opposing side argues the dictionary definition supports a broader interpretation of the term."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked why other courts adopted the opposite reading.","Justice Sotomayor questioned why the Court should disrupt a working system."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue determines whether litigants pay for written translation. It affects the cost of federal litigation involving foreign languages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-1472-taniguchi-v-kan-pacific-saipan-ltd","term":"2011","title":"Does the term interpreter cover written translation fees?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1472.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-02-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-02-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Hoffman argued that aiding and abetting is a conduct-regulating norm.","Ms. Sullivan stated that no customary international law source holds corporations liable.","Mr. Kneedler argued the lower court erred in its categorical ruling."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-38"}]}],"caption":"Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.439336Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.466608Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek corporate liability for human rights abuses. the opposing sides argue international law bars such claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 6-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 6-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 8-18"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-02-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-1491.html","primary_docket":"10-1491","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:09:49.749149Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether the Alien Tort Statute allows suits against corporations for human rights violations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 6-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 6-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 28, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to allow corporate liability under the statute.","the opposing sides want the Court to bar corporate liability under the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 6-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 6-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the lower court erred by categorically barring corporate liability.","the opposing sides argue no international law source holds corporations liable for these offenses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 6-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 6-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if all judges interpret the relevant opinion the same way.","Justice Kennedy asked if international law recognizes corporate responsibility for these offenses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 4-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-38"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether corporations face legal accountability for human rights abuses abroad."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 6-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 6-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 4-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 40-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 40-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 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40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-38"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-1491-kiobel-v-royal-dutch-petroleum-co","term":"2011","title":"Can corporations face liability under the Alien Tort Statute?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 6-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 6-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1491.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 8-18"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-01-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-01-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Rothfeld argued the government's reading of the statute is not sensible.","Mr. Kinnaird stated that children present special problems under immigration laws.","Ms. Kruger explained that Congress added a five-year durational requirement to the statute."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 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9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-49"}]}],"caption":"Holder v. Martinez Gutierrez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.435601Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.466013Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a child can use a parent's permanent resident status to qualify for cancellation of removal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-01-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-1542.html","primary_docket":"10-1542","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:16:27.322832Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if a child inherits a parent's permanent resident status. This status triggers eligibility for cancellation of removal. The government argues the child must hold the status independently. The child's side argues the parent's status applies to the child."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 18, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The child's side wants the court to apply the parent's status to the child.","The government side wants the court to require the child to hold status independently."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The child's side argues the statute allows imputing the parent's status to the child.","The government side argues the statute requires the child to possess the status directly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if a parent can request status for a five-year-old child.","Justice Breyer asked why the agency does not remove a six-month-old child immediately upon arrival."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how children access immigration relief. It determines whether a child relies on a parent's legal status. It shapes the agency's power to remove young children from the country."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-49"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-1542-holder-v-martinez-gutierrez","term":"2011","title":"Does a child inherit a parent's permanent resident status for immigration relief?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-1542.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-10-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-10-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","paragraphs":["Cooper's lawyer argued the bad advice caused a much longer prison term.","The state's lawyer argued the trial itself was fair and reliable.","The state's lawyer argued a new trial is the standard remedy for bad advice.","Justice Kagan questioned why a longer sentence is not a different outcome."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-11"}]}],"caption":"Lafler v. Cooper","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.589007Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.619916Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Anthony Cooper claims his lawyer gave bad advice. He now serves a longer sentence than the rejected deal offered.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-10-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-209.html","primary_docket":"10-209","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:44:26.954121Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Cooper rejected a plea deal after his lawyer advised him to. He lost at trial and received a harsher sentence. He argues this bad advice violated his rights. The state argues the trial itself was fair and reliable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 31, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Cooper wants a remedy for the longer sentence he received after rejecting the plea deal.","The state wants the conviction to stand because the trial process was reliable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Cooper argues bad advice caused a significantly longer prison term, which is a clear harm.","The state argues the right to effective counsel only protects the reliability of the trial itself."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if being a poor negotiator constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel.","Justice Kagan asked how a longer sentence is not a different outcome if the advice was bad."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of the right to effective counsel during plea negotiations. It determines whether a longer sentence from a rejected deal counts as legal harm. The outcome shapes how courts evaluate claims of bad legal advice in criminal cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-11"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-209-lafler-v-cooper","term":"2011","title":"Does a rejected plea bargain require a new trial if counsel gave bad advice?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-209.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-12-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-12-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","paragraphs":["PPL argues the case concerns riverbeds, not flood lands.","Montana argues the state owns navigable riverbeds.","PPL claims predecessors secured all necessary property rights.","Montana argues the lower court committed three basic errors."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 34-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 34-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 18-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-32"}]}],"caption":"PPL Montana, LLC v. Montana","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.857944Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.865958Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"PPL Montana seeks to keep riverbed ownership. Montana claims state title to those beds.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 18-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 6-8"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-12-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-218.html","primary_docket":"10-218","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:28:02.093792Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on who holds title to riverbeds. PPL argues private ownership. Montana asserts state ownership based on navigability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 18-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 6-8"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 7, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 20-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["PPL wants to retain ownership of the riverbeds.","Montana wants the state to hold title to the riverbeds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 18-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 6-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["PPL argues private parties secured all necessary property rights.","Montana argues the state owns navigable riverbeds under the Constitution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 18-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 6-8"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why a specific factor is not considered.","Justice Alito asked which authorities define river segments versus the whole."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 34-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 34-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-32"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state versus private ownership of riverbeds. It clarifies how courts assess historical navigation evidence. It impacts property rights along waterways nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 18-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 6-8"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 34-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 34-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-32"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-218-ppl-montana-llc-v-montana","term":"2011","title":"Who owns riverbeds when navigation history is unclear?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 18-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 6-8"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-11-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-11-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Wells argued federal rules govern all slaughterhouse operations and sales.","Ms. Smith argued state laws must target specific premises to be preempted.","Mr. Horwich noted no one disputes states cannot control animal handling at gates."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-11"}]}],"caption":"National Meat Assn. v. Harris","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.658163Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal meat safety laws prevent states from banning the slaughter of horses.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-11-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-224.html","primary_docket":"10-224","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:39:55.099866Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the reach of federal preemption over state animal welfare laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 9, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The industry wants the federal law to block state bans on horse slaughter.","The state wants to keep its ban on horse slaughter in effect."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The industry argues federal rules cover all slaughterhouse operations and sales.","The state argues federal law only covers specific premises and facilities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if federal law bans selling cats or dogs for slaughter.","Justice Scalia asked if states can ban buying nonambulatory animals off-site."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between federal meat safety and state animal welfare laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-11"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-224-national-meat-assn-v-harris","term":"2011","title":"Does federal law block state bans on horse slaughter?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-224.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-10-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-10-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Queener stated Frye pleaded guilty to a felony charge.","He noted the lawyer failed to inform Frye of a misdemeanor offer.","Mr. Koster argued Frye would have insisted on going to trial.","He claimed Frye knowingly waived his right to a trial."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"}]}],"caption":"Missouri v. Frye","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.585008Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Galin Frye claims his lawyer ignored a plea deal. The state argues he still chose to plead guilty.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-10-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-444.html","primary_docket":"10-444","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:44:49.107348Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Galin Frye pleaded guilty to a felony. He claims his lawyer hid a misdemeanor plea offer. The state says he knowingly waived his trial rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 31, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Frye wants a new trial or resentencing based on the lost plea offer.","Missouri wants the guilty plea to stand because Frye admitted guilt."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Frye argues his lawyer's error deprived him of a better outcome.","Missouri argues Frye would have insisted on trial even with the offer."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked about the specific dates of Frye's offenses.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned why defendants might rush to accept plea deals early."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts handle uncommunicated plea offers. It sets the standard for proving lawyer error caused harm. It impacts how defendants evaluate plea negotiations against trial risks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-444-missouri-v-frye","term":"2011","title":"Does a lawyer's failure to relay a plea offer require a new trial?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-444.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-10-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-10-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued the statute does not cover dry land injuries.","He stated the answer to the legal question is no.","Justice Scalia asked for examples of shelf injuries not from operations.","Justice Roberts asked where the state offshore limit falls under the definition."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-41"}]}],"caption":"Pacific Operators Offshore, LLP v. Valladolid","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.689620Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.716733Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A worker injured on dry land seeks compensation under federal offshore law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-10-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-507.html","primary_docket":"10-507","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:46:23.220694Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act. It asks if this statute covers injuries that happen on land."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 11, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Pacific Operators Offshore wants the Court to reject the worker's claim.","Valladolid wants the Court to uphold his right to compensation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Pacific Operators Offshore argues the statute only covers offshore operations.","Valladolid argues the injury resulted from offshore work activities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked how many accountants work on platforms.","Justice Kennedy asked if substantial time offshore defines the worker's status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between land and offshore legal protections. It determines which workers receive federal compensation for injuries. The outcome shapes liability for offshore energy companies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-41"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-507-pacific-operators-offshore-llp-v-valladolid","term":"2011","title":"Does the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act cover land-based injuries?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-507.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-10-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-10-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","paragraphs":["Anthony Falzone argued Section 514 took millions of works out of the public domain.","He claimed this unprecedented action violated the Copyright Clause and the First Amendment.","General Verrilli responded by addressing the concept of setting the copyright term at zero.","He argued this approach distinguishes the statute from standard copyright term extensions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-33"}]}],"caption":"Golan v. Holder","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.485369Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue Section 514 violates the Constitution by removing works from the public domain. The government defends the statute as a valid exercise of legislative power.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-10-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-545.html","primary_docket":"10-545","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:49:28.674442Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of congressional power over copyright terms. It asks whether the Copyright Clause permits restoring protection to works that previously lacked it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 5, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down Section 514 as unconstitutional.","The government wants the Court to uphold Section 514 as valid law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute violates the Copyright Clause by taking works from the public domain.","The government argues Congress validly set the initial copyright term at zero for foreign works."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if a U.S. author published in the same year as De Tocqueville holds copyright today.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the lack of initial protection distinguishes these works from standard term extensions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of public domain rights. It determines whether Congress can retroactively restore copyright to foreign works. This affects access to cultural and historical materials for all Americans."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-33"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-545-golan-v-holder","term":"2011","title":"Can Congress restore copyright to foreign works in the public domain?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-545.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-10-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-10-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","paragraphs":["Douglas Laycock argued the church controls its own clergy selection.","He stated government does not set criteria for church officers.","The government argued religious freedom must accommodate public welfare.","Justice Scalia noted it is not government business to judge church interests."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-49"}]}],"caption":"Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. EEOC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.686589Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.710396Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A church claims the First Amendment bars courts from reviewing its dismissal of a teacher. The government argues employment laws must apply to all workers.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-10-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-553.html","primary_docket":"10-553","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:49:50.476557Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether the First Amendment blocks courts from applying employment laws to church staff. The church argues religious freedom requires total control over its clergy. The government argues anti-discrimination laws protect workers in all sectors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 5, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The church wants the Supreme Court to dismiss the lawsuit entirely.","The government wants the Supreme Court to allow the lawsuit to proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The church argues the First Amendment forbids government interference in selecting clergy.","The government argues religious freedom must balance against public welfare interests."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Roberts asked how to define who qualifies as a minister.","Justice Sotomayor asked for a theoretical framework for the church's position."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between religious autonomy and employment law. It determines whether courts can review church personnel decisions. The outcome shapes the rights of religious workers nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-49"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-553-hosanna-tabor-evangelical-lutheran-church-and-school-v-eeoc","term":"2011","title":"Can a church fire a minister without government review?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-553.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-11-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-11-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Whalen argued that the Kawashimas filed a false corporate tax return.","Mr. Gannon argued that Congress specifically referenced tax evasion in the statute.","Justice Scalia questioned the definition of willfulness in the context of false statements.","Justice Kennedy asked if a false statement made in good faith violates the statute."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-5"}]}],"caption":"Kawashima v. Holder","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.452103Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether filing a false tax return constitutes an aggravated felony under immigration law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-11-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-577.html","primary_docket":"10-577","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:41:15.950652Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case examines the definition of aggravated felony in the Immigration and Nationality Act. It tests whether specific tax offenses fall under this category."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 7, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to rule that their tax conviction is not an aggravated felony.","the opposing side wants the Court to confirm that the conviction is an aggravated felony."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue that Congress specifically listed tax evasion, excluding other tax offenses from the aggravated felony definition.","the opposing side argues that the statute covers all tax offenses, not just the specific ones listed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the government relies on tax return statements to calculate taxes.","Justice Scalia asked if willfulness requires knowing a statement is false when made."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of aggravated felony convictions. It determines which tax crimes trigger mandatory deportation. The outcome affects the rights of non-citizens with tax convictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-5"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-577-kawashima-v-holder","term":"2011","title":"Does a false tax return conviction qualify as an aggravated felony?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-577.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-10-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-10-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Neiman argued Maples advocates principles incompatible with the justice system.","Mr. Garre cited agency principles from Justice Story's time.","Mr. Garre referenced the Holland decision and its application.","Justice Scalia questioned who says local attorneys have no responsibility."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"}]}],"caption":"Maples v. Thomas","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.891994Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.894979Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek relief for a missed deadline caused by lawyer abandonment. the opposing sides argue the state must enforce strict filing rules.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-10-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-63.html","primary_docket":"10-63","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:50:09.674090Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a lawyer's abandonment excuses a missed filing deadline. the sides that brought the case want relief for a missed deadline caused by lawyer abandonment. the opposing sides want the state to enforce strict filing rules. The Court must decide if the state bears responsibility for a lawyer's failure to act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 4, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 5-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want relief for a missed deadline caused by lawyer abandonment.","the opposing sides want the state to enforce strict filing rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the state bears responsibility for a lawyer's failure to act.","the opposing sides argue the state should not bear responsibility for a lawyer's failure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how a clerk knows a lawyer is inactive.","Justice Ginsburg asked who the lawyer disclaimed to the clerk."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the state's duty to monitor lawyer activity. It sets the standard for excusing missed deadlines. It clarifies the role of local counsel in state courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-63-maples-v-thomas","term":"2011","title":"Does a lawyer's abandonment excuse a missed filing deadline?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-63.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-10-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-10-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Cain argued that Congress included a provision delegating authority to the Attorney General for pre-enactment offenders.","Ms. Sherry stated that the Wetterling Act was not retroactive and did not apply to pre-enactment conduct.","The government advocate stated that the statute applies facially to all sex offenders regardless of conviction date.","Justice Scalia expressed concern about leaving the determination of criminal status to the Attorney General."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-27"}]}],"caption":"Reynolds v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.888930Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a federal law requiring sex offender registration applies to individuals convicted before the law took effect.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 15-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-10-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-6549.html","primary_docket":"10-6549","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:34:52.016731Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the scope of a federal registration mandate. The core issue is whether the law reaches past convictions or only future ones."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 3, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to rule that the registration law does not apply to pre-enactment convictions.","The government wants the Court to rule that the registration law applies to all sex offenders regardless of conviction date."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that Congress delegated authority to the Attorney General to decide how to apply the law to past offenders.","The government argues that the statute textually applies to all sex offenders without distinguishing the date of their conviction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked whether the Wetterling Act requirement applied as of the enactment date or reached back.","Justice Kennedy asked if the criminal conviction resulted from the client being in a covered class of persons."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether federal registration mandates can reach individuals convicted before the law existed. It defines the temporal scope of criminal compliance requirements. It impacts how legislatures draft laws affecting past conduct. It clarifies the role of executive discretion in applying statutory mandates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-27"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-6549-reynolds-v-united-states","term":"2011","title":"Does the federal sex offender registration law apply to crimes committed before the law passed?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-6549.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 15-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-10-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-10-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that isolation for outside conduct creates a custodial environment.","the opposing side argues that normal prison conditions do not negate interview voluntariness.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the application of the all-circumstances test to custody.","Justice Kagan asked if the test excludes normal prison living circumstances."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"}]}],"caption":"Howes v. Fields","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.898572Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a prisoner isolated for questioning about outside conduct is in custody.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-10-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-680.html","primary_docket":"10-680","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:50:45.763930Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if Miranda warnings apply to isolated prison interviews about external crimes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 4, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks a rule that isolated prison interviews about outside conduct require Miranda warnings.","the opposing side seeks a rule that normal prison conditions do not automatically trigger Miranda warnings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that isolation for outside conduct creates a custodial environment requiring warnings.","the opposing side argues that standard prison conditions do not negate the voluntariness of the interview."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the all-circumstances test applies to voluntariness or custody.","Justice Kagan asked if the test excludes normal prison living circumstances."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when prisoners must receive Miranda warnings during isolated interviews."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-680-howes-v-fields","term":"2011","title":"Does prison isolation trigger Miranda rights for off-prison conduct?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-680.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-10-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-10-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Fleming argued that the sides that brought the case deserve equal relief opportunities.","Mr. Gannon argued that some comparability analysis is necessary.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-15"}]}],"caption":"Judulang v. Holder","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.498838Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.518844Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek retroactive relief. The government seeks to apply current law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-10-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-694.html","primary_docket":"10-694","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:45:08.066344Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether new legal standards apply to old convictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 12, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the court to apply older, more lenient rules.","The government wants the court to apply current, stricter rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue that changing the law harms their rights.","The government argues that the law has not changed significantly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked about reasonable expectations.","Justice Kagan asked if the law was previously confused."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines how courts treat past convictions under new laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-15"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-694-judulang-v-holder","term":"2011","title":"Can a court apply new deportation rules to a past conviction?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-694.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-11-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-11-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's counsel cited prior cases supporting a tripartite scheme of powers.","the opposing side's counsel argued the executive's recognition power is exclusive under the Constitution.","Justices questioned whether the side that brought the case's view limits the President's future flexibility."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-23"}]}],"caption":"Zivotofsky v. Clinton","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.834015Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A citizen wants the State Department to list Israel as his birthplace. The President refuses, claiming exclusive control over foreign recognition.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-11-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-699.html","primary_docket":"10-699","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:41:34.899692Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the balance of power between Congress and the President on foreign policy. the side that brought the case argues Congress can mandate passport entries. the opposing side argues the President alone controls recognition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 7, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to order the State Department to list Israel as the birthplace on his passport.","the opposing side wants the court to uphold the President's refusal to list Israel as the birthplace."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues Congress holds shared power over foreign relations and can override executive judgment.","the opposing side argues the President holds exclusive constitutional power to recognize foreign states."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if any foreign relations determinations remain exclusively for the President under the side that brought the case's theory.","Justice Ginsburg asked why Congress trumps the executive if foreign relations is a shared power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines who controls the United States' official stance on Jerusalem's status. It shapes how the government handles similar diplomatic conflicts in the future."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-23"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-699-zivotofsky-v-clinton","term":"2011","title":"Can Congress force the President to list Israel as a birthplace on passports?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-699.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-11-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-11-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Panner stated Article III requires a private plaintiff to show injury-in-fact.","He argued factual injury does not automatically follow from a statutory violation.","Mr. Panner claimed a violation of a duty is not itself an injury.","Justice Sotomayor questioned if the argument applies to statutory damages broadly."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-31"}]}],"caption":"First American Financial Corp. v. Edwards","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.674182Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.719159Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue a legal breach does not equal harm. the opposing sides claim the law presumes injury exists.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-11-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-708.html","primary_docket":"10-708","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:37:36.906674Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a plaintiff must prove actual harm. the sides that brought the case say a legal breach is not injury. the opposing sides say the statute presumes injury exists."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 28, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to require proof of actual harm.","the opposing sides want the Court to accept a presumption of injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Article III requires showing the conduct made the plaintiff worse off.","the opposing sides argue Congress intended to protect against potential harm from kickbacks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the position applies to statutory damages.","Justice Ginsburg asked why Congress acted on potential harm from kickbacks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the minimum proof needed for private lawsuits. It shapes how courts handle statutory violations. It affects the burden of proof for plaintiffs nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-31"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-708-first-american-financial-corp-v-edwards","term":"2011","title":"Does a statutory violation alone prove injury for damages?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-708.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-11-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-11-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Hawkins argued Congress did not grant federal courts authority to order consecutive sentences to unimposed state sentences.","Mr. Jay stated the Bureau of Prisons has historically decided where and when sentences are served.","Mr. Young argued the right to impose punishment is judicial and Congress must clearly transfer such authority.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the clarity of the statutory text regarding multiple terms of imprisonment."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 48-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 48-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-16"}]}],"caption":"Setser v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.766099Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.768817Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal judges hold the power to set the timing of sentences relative to future state convictions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 48-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 48-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-24"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-11-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-7387.html","primary_docket":"10-7387","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:34:59.873188Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal sentencing authority under the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. The core issue is whether Congress granted district courts the power to order federal sentences to run consecutively to state sentences that have not yet been imposed. the side that brought the case argues this authority does not exist."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 48-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 48-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-24"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 30, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 24-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to rule that federal judges lack authority to order consecutive sentences to unimposed state sentences.","The government wants the Court to affirm that the Bureau of Prisons decides when federal sentences commence relative to state sentences."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 48-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 48-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues Congress did not clearly transfer the core judicial authority to impose punishment to the executive branch.","The government argues the Bureau of Prisons has historically decided where and when sentences are served, including their timing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 48-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 48-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-24"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked what is unclear about the statutory text stating multiple terms run consecutively.","Justice Alito asked who decides whether federal and state sentences run concurrently or consecutively in such situations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-16"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between judicial sentencing power and executive prison administration. It determines whether federal judges control the timing of sentences relative to future state convictions. The outcome shapes the balance of power between the judiciary and the Bureau of Prisons. It clarifies the scope of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 48-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 48-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-24"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-16"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-7387-setser-v-united-states","term":"2011","title":"Can a federal judge order a sentence to run consecutively to a state sentence not yet imposed?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 48-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 48-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-7387.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-24"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-11-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-11-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","paragraphs":["Andrew Pincus argued that prior cases limit immunity for false affidavits.","the opposing side argued that all grand jury witnesses deserve absolute protection.","justice_questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"}]}],"caption":"Rehberg v. Paulk","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.589024Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The case tests whether a witness who files a false affidavit to start a prosecution receives absolute or qualified immunity.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-11-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-788.html","primary_docket":"10-788","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:43:53.167364Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This dispute centers on the scope of witness immunity in federal civil rights lawsuits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 1, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants qualified immunity for false grand jury witnesses.","the opposing side wants absolute immunity for all grand jury witnesses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that false affidavits should not receive absolute protection.","the opposing side argues that all grand jury witnesses deserve absolute immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if complaining witnesses exist in federal grand juries.","Justice Ginsburg questioned the definition of the witness who motivated the charge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the legal shield for witnesses who provide false evidence to prosecutors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-788-rehberg-v-paulk","term":"2011","title":"Do false grand jury witnesses get absolute immunity?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-788.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-11-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-11-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","paragraphs":["Smith's lawyer argued the prosecution hid evidence that would have shown a witness was unreliable.","The state's lawyer argued the witness was credible and the hidden statements did not affect the verdict.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-1"}]}],"caption":"Smith v. Cain","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.648841Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Smith claims prosecutors hid witness statements that could have weakened the case against him.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-11-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-8145.html","primary_docket":"10-8145","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:40:36.899756Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Smith argues the state withheld evidence that would have shown a witness was unreliable. The state argues the witness was credible and the hidden statements did not change the outcome."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 8, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Smith wants the Court to find the hidden evidence changed the trial result.","The state wants the Court to uphold the conviction and deny relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Smith argues the prosecution violated its duty to share favorable evidence with the defense.","The state argues the witness was credible and the hidden statements did not affect the verdict."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked who determines if a statement is a dying declaration.","Justice Kennedy asked if specific statements were provided to defense counsel."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how much evidence prosecutors must share with the defense. It affects the fairness of criminal trials nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-1"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-8145-smith-v-cain","term":"2011","title":"Did prosecutors hide key witness statements?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8145.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-12-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-12-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Hurst argued that a statutory path exists for generic drugs since 1984.","Mr. Perry argued the core issue is an administrative law challenge to the FDA.","Mr. Horwich discussed the FDA's role in writing use codes for drugs."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 4-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 24-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 24-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 36-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 36-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-6"}]}],"caption":"Caraco Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Ltd. v. Novo Nordisk A/S","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.766023Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.797552Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Caraco argues the law bars its patent suit. Novo Nordisk claims the statute allows the challenge.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 24-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 24-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 36-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 36-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 44-44"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-12-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-844.html","primary_docket":"10-844","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:28:49.419574Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a generic drug maker can sue a brand-name company over FDA use codes. Caraco seeks to dismiss the patent claim. Novo Nordisk wants the court to allow the suit to proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 24-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 24-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 36-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 36-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 44-44"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 5, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 30-32"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Caraco wants the court to dismiss the patent claim against it.","Novo Nordisk wants the court to allow the patent claim to proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 24-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 24-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 36-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 36-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 44-44"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Caraco argues the statute does not cover this specific FDA use code scenario.","Novo Nordisk argues the statute permits a challenge to the FDA's administration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 24-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 24-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 36-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 36-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 44-44"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the original drug patent had already expired.","Justice Scalia asked if the statute explicitly excludes generic use claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 4-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-6"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines how generic drug makers challenge brand-name patents. It affects the speed of generic drug entry into the market. It shapes the balance between patent rights and public access to medicine."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 24-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 24-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 36-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 36-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 44-44"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 4-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-6"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-844-caraco-pharmaceutical-laboratories-ltd-v-novo-nordisk-a-s","term":"2011","title":"Can a generic drug maker sue a brand-name company over FDA use codes?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 24-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 24-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 36-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 36-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-844.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 44-44"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-12-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-12-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Carroll argued the testimony violated the Confrontation Clause.","Mr. Dreeben argued the testimony had two distinct components.","Justice Scalia asked if the statements were true."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 51-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"}]}],"caption":"Williams v. Illinois","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.824590Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a witness may relay DNA match results from a non-testifying analyst.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 51-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-12-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-8505.html","primary_docket":"10-8505","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:29:37.478489Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Sandra Lambatos testified that the side that brought the case's DNA matched a profile. She described results generated by Cellmark analysts. No Cellmark analyst appeared at the trial. the side that brought the case argues this violates the Confrontation Clause. The state argues the testimony was permissible."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 51-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 6, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction overturned.","The state wants the conviction upheld."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 51-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case claims the testimony violated the Confrontation Clause.","The state claims the testimony described facts rather than opinions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 51-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the statements violated the Confrontation Clause.","Justice Kennedy asked if the blood test entered a state database."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of witness testimony regarding lab results. It impacts how prosecutors present forensic evidence in trials. It affects the rights of defendants to confront witnesses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 51-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-8505-williams-v-illinois","term":"2011","title":"Can a witness describe lab results without the analyst testifying?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8505.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 51-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-11-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-11-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Freeman argued bankruptcy estates incur taxes when they generate income.","Mr. Shah argued postpetition tax liabilities are not subject to discharge.","Justice Kennedy asked about debts incurred after the filing date.","Justice Sotomayor noted the debtor is going to pay."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 30-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 30-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-22"}]}],"caption":"Hall v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.716556Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a debtor or the estate pays income taxes generated after filing.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 30-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 30-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-11-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-875.html","primary_docket":"10-875","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:36:19.802477Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines who owes income taxes created after a bankruptcy filing. the sides that brought the case argue the estate should pay. The government argues the debtor must pay. The Court seeks clarity on this financial responsibility."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 30-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 30-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 29, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the estate to pay the postpetition income taxes.","The government wants the debtor to pay the postpetition income taxes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 30-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 30-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue postpetition tax liabilities are not dischargeable nonpriority debts.","The government argues the debtor remains liable for taxes incurred after filing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 30-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 30-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked who files the state tax return.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the rule applies to state taxes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-22"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue determines who bears the cost of post-bankruptcy income. It affects the financial burden on debtors and estates. It clarifies the allocation of tax liabilities in bankruptcy proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 30-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 30-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-22"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-875-hall-v-united-states","term":"2011","title":"Who pays post-bankruptcy income taxes?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 30-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 30-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-875.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-11-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-11-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Smith asserted the LIA does not cover broader regulatory authority.","Ms. Harrington urged the Court to separate field and conflict preemption.","Mr. Frederick stated Congress intended the LIA for locomotive safety in use.","Mr. Hacker argued the DOT holds exclusive authority over locomotive design."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-13"}]}],"caption":"Kurns v. Railroad Friction Products Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.680297Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek dismissal of state asbestos claims. the opposing sides seek to keep those claims alive.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-11-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-879.html","primary_docket":"10-879","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:40:21.289192Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if federal locomotive rules block state asbestos claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 9, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the state claims dismissed.","the opposing sides want the state claims to continue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue federal law preempts state claims.","the opposing sides argue federal law does not preempt state claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the argument depends on asbestos staying inside.","Justice Sotomayor asked how the ICC regulated yard lights in 1916."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of federal regulatory power. It determines which law governs workplace safety disputes. It shapes future litigation over industrial materials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-13"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-879-kurns-v-railroad-friction-products-corp","term":"2011","title":"Does federal law block state asbestos claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-879.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-11-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-11-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Millett argued the Fifth Circuit had the power to hear the appeal but decided the case wrongly.","Mr. Mitchell argued the Fifth Circuit lacked power because the certificate failed to meet legal requirements.","Mr. Delaney argued the certificate must name a specific constitutional claim to be valid.","Justice Scalia questioned whether the certificate's failure to name an issue invalidates it entirely."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-27"}]}],"caption":"Gonzalez v. Thaler","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.623003Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.655064Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a court can review a case if the appeal certificate fails to name a specific legal issue.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-11-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-895.html","primary_docket":"10-895","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:31:48.634467Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the rules for appealing a federal habeas corpus decision. A habeas petition asks a judge to release a prisoner if their detention violates the law. To appeal a denial, a prisoner must get a certificate of appealability. The core question is whether this certificate must list a specific legal claim to be valid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 2, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Gonzalez wants the Supreme Court to confirm the Fifth Circuit had the power to hear the appeal despite the vague certificate.","Thaler wants the Supreme Court to rule that the vague certificate stripped the Fifth Circuit of the power to hear the appeal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Gonzalez argues the certificate was valid because it met the basic requirement of allowing an appeal, even without naming a specific issue.","Thaler argues the certificate was invalid because the law requires it to identify a specific constitutional claim to grant appeal power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked how a court decides if a missing detail creates a jurisdictional bar.","Justice Kagan asked what specific words count as a valid certificate of appealability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the minimum requirements for a prisoner to appeal a habeas denial. It determines whether a vague certificate allows courts to review legal errors. The outcome shapes the procedural path for all federal prisoners seeking appellate review of their detention."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-27"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-895-gonzalez-v-thaler","term":"2011","title":"Does a vague appeal certificate strip courts of power to hear a case?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-895.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-11-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-11-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","paragraphs":["Richard Guerriero argued that suggestive identifications present a unique danger of misidentification.","He stated this danger implicates due process and requires a reliability evaluation.","Justice Scalia questioned whether the rule treats prosecution and defense evidence equally.","He asked why eyewitness identification receives special treatment compared to other evidence types."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]}],"caption":"Perry v. New Hampshire","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.622959Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Constitution requires courts to exclude eyewitness identifications that are suggestive but not arranged by police.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-11-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-8974.html","primary_docket":"10-8974","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:43:33.859861Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of due process protections for eyewitness testimony. The core issue is whether police involvement is a prerequisite for constitutional scrutiny of identification reliability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 2, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to exclude the identification because it was suggestive and unreliable.","The state wants the court to admit the identification because police did not manipulate the witness."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues suggestive identifications create a unique danger of misidentification that requires a reliability review.","The state argues due process applies only when police arrange a confrontation and use unnecessarily suggestive techniques."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the rule excludes unreliable defense testimony in the same way it excludes prosecution testimony.","Justice Scalia asked why unreliable eyewitness identification differs from other unreliable evidence in criminal cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the constitutional limits on eyewitness evidence. It determines when courts must screen identifications for reliability. The outcome shapes criminal trial procedures nationwide. It affects the balance between accurate convictions and procedural fairness."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-8974-perry-v-new-hampshire","term":"2011","title":"Does Due Process Exclude Suggestive Eyewitness Identifications Without Police Manipulation?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-8974.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 5-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-10-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-10-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Goldstein argued for a reasonable suspicion standard for strip searches.","Ms. Saharsky argued that blanket searches are necessary to find hidden contraband.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 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13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 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51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"}]}],"caption":"Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders of County of Burlington","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.919812Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.926302Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether jails must show reasonable suspicion before strip-searching every arrestee.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 51-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-10-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-945.html","primary_docket":"10-945","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:45:21.429369Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of Fourth Amendment protections during jail intake."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 51-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 12, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a rule requiring reasonable suspicion before strip searches.","the opposing sides want to keep the blanket strip-search rule for all arrestees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 51-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue blanket searches violate individual dignity and privacy rights.","the opposing sides argue blanket searches prevent contraband smuggling and protect staff safety."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 51-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if reasonable suspicion is easier to meet for serious felonies.","Justice Alito asked if arrest for violent offenses justifies a search."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance between jail security and detainee dignity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 51-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-945-florence-v-board-of-chosen-freeholders-of-county-of-burlington","term":"2011","title":"May jails strip-search all arrestees without individualized suspicion?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-945.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 51-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2011-10-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2011-10-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","paragraphs":["Michael McConnell argued for the sides that brought the case. He said the Court has rejected arguments that such statutes override the Federal Arbitration Act.","Justice Alito asked what statutory language would eliminate the ability to enter arbitration agreements. He suggested language expressly prohibiting waiver of the right to sue.","Justice Kagan asked where the distinction between procedural and substantive rights comes from. She noted it seems atextual in the cases cited by the sides that brought the case.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if a lawsuit typically describes arbitration. He used a car accident example to illustrate the colloquial use of the term."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-45"}]}],"caption":"CompuCredit Corp. v. Greenwood","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.713764Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Creditors argue a federal law allows arbitration. Consumers say the law bans it.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2011-10-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-948.html","primary_docket":"10-948","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:48:56.518461Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the Credit Repair Organizations Act. It creates a right to sue. It also bars waiver of rights. the sides that brought the case say this does not ban arbitration. the opposing sides say it does."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 11, 2011."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to allow arbitration agreements. They argue the law does not ban them.","the opposing sides want the Court to ban arbitration agreements. They argue the law explicitly protects the right to sue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Federal Arbitration Act favors arbitration. They say the consumer law is not explicit enough to override this policy.","the opposing sides argue the consumer law explicitly creates a right to sue. They say this right is non-waivable by contract."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if a lawsuit typically describes arbitration. He asked if a person in arbitration is in a lawsuit.","Justice Kagan asked where the distinction between procedural and substantive rights comes from. She noted it seems atextual in the cases cited by the sides that brought the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines if consumers can be forced into arbitration. It affects the scope of federal consumer protections. It clarifies the interaction between arbitration law and consumer statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-45"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-948-compucredit-corp-v-greenwood","term":"2011","title":"Does a federal consumer law ban arbitration agreements?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-948.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-03-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-03-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","paragraphs":["Stevenson argued children have unique traits. He said these traits limit culpability.","Neiman argued the sentence fits the crime. He cited national consensus and penological goals.","questions_and_answers"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-11"}]}],"caption":"Miller v. Alabama","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.269332Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.294758Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to ban mandatory life sentences for minors. the opposing sides defend the practice as a valid penalty for aggravated murder.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-03-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-9646.html","primary_docket":"10-9646","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:04:36.212787Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the Eighth Amendment. It asks if mandatory life sentences for juveniles violate constitutional limits on punishment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 20, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a constitutional ban on mandatory life sentences for minors.","the opposing sides want to keep mandatory life sentences for juvenile aggravated murder."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue children lack adult culpability. They claim mandatory sentences ignore individual circumstances.","the opposing sides argue the penalty fits the crime. They claim national consensus supports this punishment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the sentence is always or never permitted.","Justice Scalia asked if fifty years is too much time in prison."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of juvenile punishment. It determines whether states can impose the harshest penalty on young offenders without individualized review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-11"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-9646-miller-v-alabama","term":"2011","title":"Can states mandate life without parole for juvenile offenders?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9646.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-03-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-03-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Stevenson argued for the side that brought the case.","Mr. Holt argued for the opposing side.","argument_detail"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-19"}]}],"caption":"Jackson v. Hobbs","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.651610Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether executing a juvenile who did not commit the killing violates the Eighth Amendment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-03-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-9647.html","primary_docket":"10-9647","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:05:38.574191Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of capital punishment for young offenders who did not directly cause death."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 20, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the death sentence overturned.","the opposing side wants the death sentence upheld."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the sentence violates constitutional protections for juveniles.","the opposing side argues the sentence fits the severity of the crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked about the intent behind the defendant's actions.","Justice Breyer asked about the specific jury instructions given."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of capital punishment for young people. It clarifies when a state can impose the ultimate penalty. The outcome shapes future sentencing laws nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-19"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-9647-jackson-v-hobbs","term":"2011","title":"Can a state execute a juvenile who did not kill or intend to kill?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-02-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-02-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Lord argued the lower court denied relief solely for lateness.","Mr. Domenico argued two straightforward rules resolve the case.","Ms. Arbus Sherry argued prior decisions answer the first question."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 14-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 14-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-12"}]}],"caption":"Wood v. Milyard","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.425715Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Prisoners argue states cannot waive filing deadlines. States argue they can waive them if they choose.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 14-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 14-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 46-8"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-02-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-9995.html","primary_docket":"10-9995","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:26:53.503920Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a state can give up a legal deadline. If yes, prisoners lose a strict time limit. If no, states must enforce the deadline strictly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 14-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 14-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 46-8"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 27, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The prisoner wants the court to say states cannot waive deadlines.","The state wants the court to say states can waive deadlines."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 14-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 14-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 46-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The prisoner argues long-standing rules require strict deadline enforcement.","The state argues prior cases allow states to waive deadlines."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 14-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 14-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 46-8"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if prior cases support the state's view.","Justice Sotomayor asked if this is a power or discretion issue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-12"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This defines state power over federal court deadlines. It affects every prisoner seeking federal review. It sets a national standard for filing limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 14-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 14-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 46-8"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-12"}]}],"slug":"2011-10-9995-wood-v-milyard","term":"2011","title":"Can a state waive a deadline to block a prisoner's federal appeal?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 14-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 14-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/10-9995.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 46-8"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-01-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-01-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","paragraphs":["The government contends that overstating costs hides income from the tax return.","Home Concrete argues that the statute requires leaving out specific taxable items.","Justice Scalia questioned whether the statute's meaning changed after a prior decision.","Justice Kennedy asked if the legal split is more obscure than a previous case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-3"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Home Concrete & Supply, LLC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.544215Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.561303Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether overstating costs triggers a longer tax audit window.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-01-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-139.html","primary_docket":"11-139","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:17:02.508095Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The government seeks to extend the audit period for tax returns. Home Concrete argues the statute does not cover cost overstatements. The case tests the meaning of a specific tax code phrase."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 17, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to allow a longer audit period for this tax return.","Home Concrete wants the Court to limit the audit period to the standard timeframe."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that overstating costs effectively omits income from the tax return.","Home Concrete argues that the statute only covers leaving out specific taxable items."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the statute's meaning changed after a prior Court decision.","Justice Kennedy asked if the legal split is more obscure than a previous case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of tax audit authority. It determines how long the government can review business returns. It clarifies the legal definition of income omission."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-3"}]}],"slug":"2011-11-139-united-states-v-home-concrete-supply-llc","term":"2011","title":"Does overstating business costs count as omitting income?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-139.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-03-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-03-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Miller argued the agency reasonably interpreted the Act to require state inheritance proof.","Mr. Rothfeld argued the statute unambiguously dictates the family's reading without state law references.","Chief Justice Roberts asked how the agency handles new reproductive technologies where state law is unclear.","Justice Alito suggested Congress may have assumed a clear definition of child without needing state law."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 4-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 4-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-8"}]}],"caption":"Astrue v. Capato","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.229180Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law requires applicants to prove state inheritance rights to receive child survivor benefits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 4-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 4-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-36"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-03-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-159.html","primary_docket":"11-159","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:06:29.043980Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Social Security Administration interprets the Social Security Act to require proof of state inheritance eligibility. The Capato family argues the statute unambiguously defines eligibility without referencing state law. The government contends state intestacy law provides a reasonable standard for determining child status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 4-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 4-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-36"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 19, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the use of state inheritance law as the eligibility standard.","The family wants the Court to reject the state law requirement and grant benefits based on federal definitions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 4-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 4-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-36"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the Social Security Act reasonably incorporates state intestacy law to define child status.","The family argues the statute is unambiguous and does not reference state inheritance law for eligibility."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 4-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 4-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-36"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked about the meaning of a specific statutory provision regarding state law status.","Justice Kagan questioned why Congress defined stepchildren without referencing state intestacy law in other sections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-8"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines how federal agencies define family relationships for benefit eligibility. It clarifies the relationship between federal benefits and state inheritance laws. The outcome affects millions of families seeking survivor benefits. It establishes a standard for interpreting statutory definitions of family status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 4-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 4-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-36"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-8"}]}],"slug":"2011-11-159-astrue-v-capato","term":"2011","title":"Does state inheritance law define child survivor benefits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 4-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 4-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-159.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-36"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-02-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-02-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Stancil argued the city left the sides that brought the case paying thirty times more. He stated this happened because they paid their tax bills in full.","Mr. Clement stated the city abandoned the Barrett Law. He noted the program had proved unpopular for financing public improvements.","Justice Breyer questioned why the state does not refund money to those who paid. He emphasized this is a matter of constitutional law.","Justice Sotomayor asked about other amnesty programs. She mentioned immigration status amnesty and illegal entry forgiveness."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 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9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-45"}]}],"caption":"Armour v. Indianapolis","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.459740Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.481442Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Homeowners paid full sewer assessments. The city later waived fees for others. the sides that brought the case claim this violates equal protection.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 51-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-02-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-161.html","primary_docket":"11-161","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:07:42.891214Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The city abandoned a sewer funding program. It waived fees for some residents. the sides that brought the case paid full assessments. They claim the waiver violates equal protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 51-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 29, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 25-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the court to strike down the amnesty program. They argue it treats them unfairly compared to non-payers.","The city wants the court to uphold the amnesty program. It argues the waiver is a valid policy choice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 51-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the city treated them unequally. They paid full assessments while others received waivers. This violates the Equal Protection Clause.","The city argues the waiver is a policy choice. It does not create a protected class. The city can choose whom to forgive."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 51-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how the logic applies to other amnesty programs. She cited immigration status amnesty as an example.","Justice Breyer asked why the state must not refund money to those who paid. He framed this as a constitutional law matter."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of government amnesty programs. It determines whether cities can waive fees for some while others pay. The outcome affects how municipalities manage public debt and funding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 51-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-45"}]}],"slug":"2011-11-161-armour-v-indianapolis","term":"2011","title":"Does a city amnesty program violate equal protection by favoring non-payers?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-161.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 51-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Maynard argued secured creditors bargain for full repayment or foreclosure rights.","Mr. Neff argued the Bankruptcy Code plainly says no to credit bidding in Chapter 11.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned if credit bidding deprives creditors of holding devalued assets.","Justice Alito questioned if the dispute arises from doubts about the indubitable equivalent standard."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 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13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"}]}],"caption":"RadLax Gateway Hotel, LLC v. Amalgamated Bank","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.195533Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.205934Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Bankruptcy Code bars secured creditors from credit bidding when a Chapter 11 plan sells their collateral.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-166.html","primary_docket":"11-166","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:59:02.008837Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of credit bidding rights under the Bankruptcy Code. the sides that brought the case argue the statute prohibits credit bidding in Chapter 11 plan sales. the opposing sides argue secured creditors retain the right to credit bid to protect their collateral value."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to bar credit bidding in Chapter 11 plan sales.","the opposing sides want the Court to allow credit bidding to protect collateral value."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Bankruptcy Code plainly prohibits credit bidding in Chapter 11 plan sales.","the opposing sides argue secured creditors bargained for the right to foreclose and take collateral."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if credit bidding deprives creditors of holding devalued assets.","Justice Alito asked if the dispute stems from doubts about the indubitable equivalent standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Credit bidding affects how much cash enters bankruptcy sales. It determines whether secured creditors can offset debt with collateral value. This impacts the final distribution of assets to all stakeholders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 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45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"}]}],"slug":"2011-11-166-radlax-gateway-hotel-llc-v-amalgamated-bank","term":"2011","title":"Can secured creditors credit bid in Chapter 11 sales?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-166.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-04-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-04-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued Arizona bears disproportionate costs from illegal immigration.","Clement stated Arizona borrowed federal standards for its own enforcement.","Clement claimed the state enlisted resources for uniform federal laws.","Clement criticized the government's theory on ad hoc versus systematic enforcement."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]}],"caption":"Arizona v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.229262Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.251154Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Arizona claims federal law allows state police to check immigration status. The United States argues this power belongs only to federal agencies.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 37-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-04-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-182.html","primary_docket":"11-182","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:56:32.921401Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Arizona argues it bears high costs from illegal immigration. The state wants to use federal standards for enforcement. It seeks to enlist state resources for uniform laws. The United States argues immigration status is a federal matter. It claims state enforcement violates federal exclusivity. The dispute centers on state versus federal power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 37-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 25, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Arizona wants to enforce federal immigration standards using state police.","The United States wants to keep immigration enforcement exclusively federal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 37-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Arizona argues state enforcement of federal standards is permissible.","The United States argues state enforcement violates federal exclusivity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 37-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if police have discretion to make calls.","Justice Breyer asked about arresting a Hispanic-looking citizen jogging."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between state and federal police power. It determines who controls immigration enforcement at the border. It shapes how states interact with federal immigration laws. It impacts daily interactions between police and residents. It clarifies the scope of state sovereignty in this area."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 37-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]}],"slug":"2011-11-182-arizona-v-united-states","term":"2011","title":"Can Arizona enforce federal immigration rules?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-182.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 37-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-03-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-03-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Yang asserted the inquiry turns on whether a rational jury would convict.","Mr. Brindley addressed the government's reliance on prior precedent.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-50"}]}],"caption":"Vasquez v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.272341Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.304938Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on which jury standard applies when courts review trial errors.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 4-12"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-03-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-199.html","primary_docket":"11-199","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:03:26.313830Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks how courts should evaluate trial errors. The government argues for a rational jury standard. the side that brought the case argues for the actual jury standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 4-12"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 21, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 14-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to apply the actual jury standard.","The government wants the Court to apply the rational jury standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 4-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the focus must be on the specific jury that heard the case.","The government argues the focus should be on a hypothetical rational jury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 4-12"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the difference is between a rational jury and this particular jury.","Justice Roberts asked where the government brief supports the rational jury test."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-50"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This standard determines how courts weigh trial errors. It affects the finality of criminal convictions. It shapes the scope of appellate review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 4-12"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-50"}]}],"slug":"2011-11-199-vasquez-v-united-states","term":"2011","title":"Does harmless error review require a rational jury or the actual jury?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-199.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 4-12"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-04-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-04-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Goldstein argued the Secretary defined outside salesmen as those who make sales.","Mr. Clement stated the sides that brought the case were hired and evaluated as salespeople.","Mr. Stewart noted common ground that outside salesmen must make sales.","Justice Alito questioned the consistency of the government's title transfer argument."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 48-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 8-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 8-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-14"}]}],"caption":"Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.161384Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.181696Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether these employees make sales or merely promote them.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 8-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 8-30"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-04-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-204.html","primary_docket":"11-204","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:59:55.193958Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the FLSA outside salesman exemption. The core conflict involves how courts define the act of making a sale."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 8-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 8-30"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 16, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 36-38"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to rule they are not outside salesmen.","the opposing sides want the Court to affirm their status as outside salesmen."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 8-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 8-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the employees promote sales rather than making them.","the opposing sides argue the employees make sales through their daily activities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 8-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 8-30"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if consignment transfers title to the property.","Justice Ginsburg asked if golf time counts as overtime work."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 48-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-14"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who qualifies for the outside salesman exemption. It determines which workers receive overtime pay. It clarifies the legal definition of making a sale."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 8-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 8-30"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 48-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-14"}]}],"slug":"2011-11-204-christopher-v-smithkline-beecham-corp","term":"2011","title":"Do pharmaceutical sales reps qualify for the outside salesman exemption?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 8-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-204.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 8-30"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-02-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-02-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","paragraphs":["General Verrilli argued that military honors sustain core national values.","He stated that Congress has a long tradition of protecting the honors system.","Mr. Libby argued that the Stolen Valor Act criminalizes pure speech.","He noted that the law punishes lies regardless of the context or audience."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-27"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Alvarez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.404946Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Stolen Valor Act violates free speech by punishing false statements about military service.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-02-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-210.html","primary_docket":"11-210","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:12:52.758385Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the limits of federal power to punish lies about military decorations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 22, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government seeks to uphold the law to protect the integrity of military honors.","The defendant seeks to strike down the law to protect free speech from government punishment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that protecting the military honors system is a vital national interest.","The defendant argues that the law criminalizes pure speech without any tangible harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the government claims no value exists for false speech.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the law would ban false claims of service without decorations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between government regulation and individual expression. It determines whether citizens can speak falsely about military service without facing federal prison. The outcome shapes the scope of free speech protections in public discourse."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-27"}]}],"slug":"2011-11-210-united-states-v-alvarez","term":"2011","title":"Can Congress criminalize false claims of military honors?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-210.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-04-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-04-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","paragraphs":["The tribe's counsel argued the suit suffers from jurisdictional defects. They cited sovereign immunity as a bar to the lawsuit. They stated the government has not waived immunity for such claims.","The citizen's counsel argued this is a classic Administrative Procedure Act action. They claimed the citizen is challenging unlawful agency action. They distinguished this from a quiet title action.","Justice Ginsburg questioned whether the tribe agreed judicial review was available. She noted the tribe's brief said the case was not about review availability. She asked about standing if a tribe was not under federal jurisdiction.","Justice Kagan noted the statute promotes economic development. She said this depends on understanding how tribes use the land. She implied the statute requires specific knowledge of land use."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-49"}]}],"caption":"Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians v. Patchak","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.215965Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.239507Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A private citizen claims the federal government violated the law by placing land into tribal trust. The tribe argues the citizen lacks legal standing to challenge that action.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-04-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-246.html","primary_docket":"11-246","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:57:19.914001Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether a private citizen can sue the federal government over its decision to place land into tribal trust. The citizen argues the government acted unlawfully. The tribe argues the citizen lacks legal standing to bring this suit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 24, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The tribe wants the Court to reverse the lower court and dismiss the citizen's lawsuit.","The citizen wants the Court to affirm the lower court and allow the lawsuit to continue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The tribe argues the citizen lacks standing because the government has not waived its sovereign immunity.","The citizen argues the government violated the Administrative Procedure Act by acting unlawfully."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked about environmental consequences of taking land into trust.","Justice Sotomayor asked who can challenge the Secretary's actions under the APA."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether private citizens can challenge federal land trust decisions. It affects tribal sovereignty and federal land management. It defines the scope of judicial review for agency actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-49"}]}],"slug":"2011-11-246-match-e-be-nash-she-wish-band-of-pottawatomi-indians-v-patchak","term":"2011","title":"Can a private citizen sue to stop the federal government from placing land into tribal trust?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-246.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-03-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-03-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Clement argued the mandate is essential to the rest of the Act.","Mr. Kneedler argued the minimum coverage provision is constitutional and severability is not needed.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the economic data on price increases.","Justice Scalia noted that severability tests vary across Court cases."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 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15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-47"}]}],"caption":"National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.325171Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.348963Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the mandate is essential to the law. The government argues the rest survives without it.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 39-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-03-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-393.html","primary_docket":"11-393","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:00:58.023095Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether the individual mandate is inseparable from the rest of the health care law. the sides that brought the case claim the mandate supports other provisions. The government claims the law survives without the mandate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 39-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 28, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike the entire law if it strikes the mandate.","The government wants the Court to keep the rest of the law if it strikes the mandate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 39-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the mandate is essential to the community rating and guaranteed issue provisions.","The government argues the minimum coverage provision is consistent with the Constitution and severability is unnecessary."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 39-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the Court should take on more power.","Justice Sotomayor asked if Congress was concerned about rising costs when drafting the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether the health care law survives in part or fails entirely. It defines the limits of congressional power to mandate individual conduct. It shapes the future of federal health policy and state insurance markets."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 39-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-47"}]}],"slug":"2011-11-393-national-federation-of-independent-business-v-sebelius","term":"2011","title":"Does striking the individual mandate require striking the entire health care law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-393.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 39-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-03-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-03-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued the expansion is coercive.","Donald Verrilli argued the expansion is voluntary.","Clement compared the funding to a gun to the head.","Verrilli compared the funding to a job offer."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"}]}],"caption":"Florida v. Department of Health and Human Servs.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.338543Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.369196Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Florida argues the federal Medicaid expansion forces states to comply. The government argues it offers a voluntary financial incentive.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 9-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-03-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-400.html","primary_docket":"11-400","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:01:35.744121Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether federal funding conditions cross a constitutional line. Florida claims the expansion acts as a threat. The government claims it acts as a reward."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 9-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 28, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Florida wants the Court to strike down the Medicaid expansion.","The government wants the Court to uphold the Medicaid expansion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 9-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Florida argues the funding amount is coercive.","The government argues the funding amount is voluntary."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 9-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if a large federal gift constitutes coercion.","Justice Sotomayor asked what percentage of state budgets becomes coercive."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary of federal power over state budgets. It determines how much financial leverage Washington holds over state policy choices. The outcome shapes the scope of national health care programs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 9-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"}]}],"slug":"2011-11-400-florida-v-department-of-health-and-human-servs","term":"2011","title":"Does the Medicaid expansion coerce states?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-400.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 9-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-02-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-02-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Schwartz argued the Act does not clearly revoke district court jurisdiction for constitutional claims.","Mr. Feigin addressed why the scope of MSPB authority should not determine district court access.","justice_questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 52-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 52-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-14"}]}],"caption":"Elgin v. Department of Treasury","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.674272Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.683735Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek district court access for constitutional claims. The government argues the Civil Service Reform Act bars this path.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 52-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 52-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 34-8"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-02-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-45.html","primary_docket":"11-45","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:10:23.928729Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Civil Service Reform Act. the sides that brought the case argue the Act does not strip district courts of jurisdiction over constitutional claims. The government contends the Act removes that power. The Court must decide if the statutory text clearly revokes this authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 52-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 52-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 34-8"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 27, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 14-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to affirm district court jurisdiction for their constitutional claims.","The government wants the Court to uphold the dismissal of those claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 52-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 52-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 34-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Civil Service Reform Act does not clearly revoke district court jurisdiction for constitutional claims.","The government argues the Act strips district courts of jurisdiction over these specific employee claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 52-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 52-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 34-8"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if the proposed scheme forces employees to choose between constitutional and statutory claims.","Justice Scalia asked if plaintiffs in similar cases also pursued nonconstitutional claims in the Federal Circuit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-14"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether federal employees can access district courts for constitutional grievances. It defines the boundary between statutory and constitutional remedies for public servants. The outcome shapes the procedural path for challenging government actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 52-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 52-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 34-8"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-14"}]}],"slug":"2011-11-45-elgin-v-department-of-treasury","term":"2011","title":"Can federal employees sue in district court for constitutional violations?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 52-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 52-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-45.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 34-8"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-04-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-04-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Freeman argued the funding dispute stems from two distinctive features of the ISDA scheme.","Mr. Phillips argued the Ferris doctrine is the fundamental issue in this case.","Justice Sotomayor stated she did not think the Federal Circuit was right about the appropriation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-47"}]}],"caption":"Salazar v. Ramah Navajo Chapter","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.641218Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.648803Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Ramah Navajo Chapter claims the Interior Secretary illegally withheld funds. The Secretary argues the law requires him to enforce spending limits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 19-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-04-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-551.html","primary_docket":"11-551","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:59:21.000339Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Ramah Navajo Chapter wants the court to order the Interior Secretary to pay withheld funds. The Secretary wants the court to confirm his power to withhold funds to enforce statutory caps."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 18, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Ramah Navajo Chapter wants the court to order the Secretary to pay the withheld funds.","The Secretary wants the court to confirm his authority to withhold funds to enforce caps."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Ramah Navajo Chapter argues the Secretary must pay all approved tribal funds.","The Secretary argues the law requires him to withhold funds to enforce spending limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked why the same statutory language means different things in different acts.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the Secretary could have acted differently regarding the payments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the Secretary's power to withhold tribal funds. It determines how the government enforces spending caps on tribal programs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 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49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-47"}]}],"slug":"2011-11-551-salazar-v-ramah-navajo-chapter","term":"2011","title":"Can the Interior Secretary withhold tribal funds to enforce spending caps?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-551.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 19-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-04-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-04-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case claim the new law implies immediate application to all pending cases.","The government asserts the statute requires an express statement for retroactive changes.","Justices questioned the relevance of the Dictionary Act to this interpretation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 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31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"}]}],"caption":"Dorsey v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.188920Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek new sentencing rules. The government demands strict statutory adherence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-04-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-5683.html","primary_docket":"11-5683","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:59:38.646931Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Fair Sentencing Act changed drug sentencing laws. the sides that brought the case argue these changes apply to pending cases. The government argues the law requires explicit text for such changes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 17, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the new sentencing rules to apply to their pending cases.","The government wants the old sentencing rules to remain in effect."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the new law implies Congress intended immediate application.","The government argues the statute requires an express statement for retroactive changes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the argument relies on a specific footnote.","Chief Justice Roberts asked why Congress should not follow its own statutory standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether new sentencing laws apply to pending cases. It affects how courts interpret legislative intent for retroactive changes. It shapes the balance between statutory text and implied intent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"}]}],"slug":"2011-11-5683-dorsey-v-united-states","term":"2011","title":"Does the Fair Sentencing Act apply to pending cases?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-5683.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-01-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-01-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","paragraphs":["Texas claims the lower court lost sight of first principles.","Opponents claim Texas inverts the federal approval burden.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-17"}]}],"caption":"Perry v. Perez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.513580Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.526554Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Texas wants to use a judicial map. Opponents say federal law forbids it.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-01-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-713.html","primary_docket":"11-713","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:22:47.313869Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Texas seeks to use a court-drawn map. Opponents argue federal law blocks this action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 9, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Texas wants to use the court-drawn map immediately.","Opponents want to block the map until approval."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Texas argues the lower court ignored key legal principles.","Opponents argue Texas inverts the federal approval burden."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked how this case differs from prior plans.","Justice Alito asked what happens if neither map works."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when states can use new maps. It shapes federal oversight of voting rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-17"}]}],"slug":"2011-11-713-perry-v-perez","term":"2011","title":"Can Texas use a court-drawn map before federal approval?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-713.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-02-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-02-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Fisher argued Congress created a specific statutory cause of action.","Ms. Ferguson stated the term individual is unambiguous in U.S. law.","Mr. Gannon argued the ordinary meaning limits scope to natural persons."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 8-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 8-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 14-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-48"}]}],"caption":"Mohamad v. Palestinian Authority","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.432246Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek damages from a foreign government. the opposing sides argue the statute only covers natural persons.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 8-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 8-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 14-32"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-02-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-88.html","primary_docket":"11-88","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:08:16.736115Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Torture Victim Protection Act. the sides that brought the case want to sue a foreign authority. the opposing sides argue the law limits liability to individuals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 8-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 8-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 14-32"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 28, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to hold a foreign authority liable for damages.","the opposing sides want the Court to limit liability to natural persons."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 8-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 8-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 14-32"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute allows suits against foreign entities.","the opposing sides argue the word individual excludes corporate entities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 8-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 8-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 14-32"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if legal representatives can be corporate entities.","Justice Sotomayor noted the statute uses the word person elsewhere."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-48"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who can face liability under federal law. It clarifies the scope of civil remedies for human rights abuses. It impacts how victims seek compensation from foreign actors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 8-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 8-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 14-32"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-48"}]}],"slug":"2011-11-88-mohamad-v-palestinian-authority","term":"2011","title":"Does the Torture Victim Protection Act cover corporate entities?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 8-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 8-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-88.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 14-32"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-03-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-03-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","paragraphs":["Carter Phillips argued the case involves findings the common law never entrusted to juries.","The government advocate stated the judge decides how often the crime was committed for sentencing.","Justice Alito questioned whether a corporation has a Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial.","Justice Kennedy asked what standard applies to jury trials when fines are involved."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-20"}]}],"caption":"Southern Union Co. v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.261965Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a judge or a jury must determine the duration of a corporate offense.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-03-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2011","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-94.html","primary_docket":"11-94","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T23:05:56.415486Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Southern Union Company faces federal charges for violating a law over several months. The government sought a fine based on the number of days of violation. A lower court judge determined the duration and set the fine. The company argues this fact belongs to the jury. The government argues the judge may decide sentencing facts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 19, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The company wants the jury to decide the number of violation days.","The government wants the judge to determine the duration for sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The company argues the duration is an element of the offense requiring a jury verdict.","The government argues the duration is a sentencing fact traditionally decided by judges."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked why the jury did not specify the exact number of violation days.","Justice Breyer asked if sentencing facts are traditionally found by judges rather than juries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-20"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between jury and judge roles in corporate criminal sentencing. It determines who controls the calculation of fines based on offense duration. The outcome shapes the procedural rights of corporations facing federal charges. It clarifies the scope of the Sixth Amendment in white-collar crime cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-20"}]}],"slug":"2011-11-94-southern-union-co-v-united-states","term":"2011","title":"Must a jury decide the number of days a company violated a law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2011/11-94.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-10-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-10-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","paragraphs":["General Verrilli argued the statute should not cover foreign corporate conduct abroad. He stated there is no meaningful connection to the United States in these cases.","Ms. Sullivan emphasized the case involves Nigerian plaintiffs suing an English and Dutch company. She noted the alleged conduct took place entirely within Nigeria.","Mr. Hoffman stated the plaintiffs received asylum in the United States. He argued they sued the defendants for their role in these human rights violations in U.S. courts."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-7"}]}],"caption":"Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.097693Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Nigerian plaintiffs sue a Dutch and English company for aiding Nigerian officials. The company argues the conduct occurred entirely outside the United States.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-10-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-1491.html","primary_docket":"10-1491","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:55:13.518825Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the reach of the Alien Tort Statute. It asks if U.S. courts can adjudicate claims about foreign corporate conduct abroad. The dispute centers on jurisdiction and international law application."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 1, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The plaintiffs want a U.S. court to hear their human rights claims. They argue their asylum status creates a sufficient connection to the United States.","The defendants want the court to dismiss the case. They argue the conduct occurred entirely in Nigeria and lacks a meaningful U.S. connection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The plaintiffs argue their presence in the U.S. as asylum seekers links the case to American soil. They contend the statute allows suits for foreign conduct when plaintiffs are here.","The defendants argue the statute does not cover extraterritorial conduct by foreign corporations. They state there is no meaningful connection to the United States in this category of cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if personal jurisdiction was raised as a defense.","Justice Kennedy asked if a U.S. corporation can be sued globally for domestic violations. He also asked what U.S. effects exist between the Nigerian events and the U.S. connection claimed by the plaintiffs. Justice Scalia asked who decides what constitutes a violation of international law norms. Chief Justice Roberts asked if plaintiffs can sue in multiple countries simultaneously."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the geographic limits of U.S. judicial power. It determines whether American courts adjudicate foreign corporate conduct abroad. This shapes the role of U.S. courts in international human rights enforcement. It clarifies the scope of the Alien Tort Statute for foreign actors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-7"}]}],"slug":"2012-10-1491-kiobel-v-royal-dutch-petroleum-co","term":"2012","title":"Can U.S. courts hear claims about foreign corporate conduct abroad?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-1491rearg.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-10-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-10-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. O'Connell stated the United States agrees with Ohio and Arizona. She supported a general framework for allowing or denying stays. She emphasized the need for limited stays in federal proceedings.","Ms. Marquez corrected a statement by the United States. She asserted that Mr. Gonzales is not precluded by specific statutes. She identified ineffective assistance claims as ripe for review under recent precedent.","Mr. Horne addressed a question regarding the Rees case. He noted that the Rees case predates the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act. He distinguished the current legal landscape from that earlier decision."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"}]}],"caption":"Ryan v. Valencia Gonzales","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.147763Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal courts can impose time limits on state efforts to restore a defendant's competence for post-conviction review.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-10-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/10-930.html","primary_docket":"10-930","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:50:03.321408Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the duration of stays in federal post-conviction proceedings. The core issue involves restoring a defendant's competence to assist counsel. The parties debate whether indefinite delays are permissible during this process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 9, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks to preserve the ability to raise ineffective assistance claims. the side that brought the case argues these claims are ripe for review under recent precedent. the side that brought the case wants to avoid preclusion by specific statutory bars.","the opposing side seeks to limit the duration of federal stays. the opposing side argues for a general framework governing when stays are allowed. the opposing side wants to prevent open-ended delays in the judicial process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case contends that specific ineffective assistance claims remain viable. the side that brought the case asserts that recent Supreme Court decisions allow these claims in district court. the side that brought the case rejects the argument that statutory bars preclude review.","the opposing side argues that federal courts should not allow indefinite stays. the opposing side supports a framework that distinguishes between limited and unlimited delays. the opposing side asserts that open-ended stays without conditions are improper."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how the parties define indefinite stays. She questioned whether a six-month to one-year period is acceptable. She asked if this applies when the defendant's information is necessary.","Justice Scalia asked if the proposed framework applies to all cases. He sought clarification on the universal application of the time limits discussed by the advocates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance between state autonomy and federal oversight. It impacts the speed of post-conviction proceedings. It affects the rights of defendants to competent representation. It shapes the procedural rules for federal courts reviewing state convictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"}]}],"slug":"2012-10-930-ryan-v-valencia-gonzales","term":"2012","title":"Can federal courts limit the time states take to restore a defendant's competence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/10-930.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-02-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-02-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case contends Texas rules effectively bar ineffective assistance claims on direct appeal. The state contends its procedures offer generous opportunities to raise these claims.","Justice Alito questioned the practicality of case-by-case determinations in other states. Justice Kennedy asked how the Court should formulate the rule if it favors the side that brought the case.","the side that brought the case cited Texas court statements that direct appeal is not the preferred route. The state argued its procedures provide constitutionally protected opportunities to raise claims."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-4"}]}],"caption":"Trevino v. Thaler","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.589052Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether Texas rules prevent defendants from raising ineffective assistance claims during direct appeal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-02-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-10189.html","primary_docket":"11-10189","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:14:18.950768Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Martinez rule. It asks if Texas procedures satisfy federal standards for raising ineffective assistance claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 25, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to find Texas procedures inadequate. This would allow the ineffective assistance claim to proceed.","The state wants the Court to uphold Texas procedures. This would keep the claim barred from federal review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues Texas rules make it virtually impossible to raise these claims on direct appeal. This creates a procedural barrier that violates federal rights.","The state argues its procedures are among the most generous in the country. It claims defendants receive two opportunities to raise these claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if Martinez applies when Texas allows direct appeal but notes transcript limitations.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the appellate court has ever allowed such claims on direct appeal before."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-4"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the procedural path for raising ineffective assistance claims. It determines whether state rules can block federal review of these constitutional claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-4"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-10189-trevino-v-thaler","term":"2012","title":"Does Texas procedure bar ineffective assistance claims on direct appeal?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10189_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-10-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-10-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","paragraphs":["General Verrilli argued the question is whether the opposing sides have standing to challenge the law.","Mr. Jaffer argued plaintiffs have standing due to a substantial risk of acquisition.","Justice Scalia questioned whether the issue belongs to the judiciary under separated powers.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the government could invoke state secrets if standing exists."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-9"}]}],"caption":"Clapper v. Amnesty International USA","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.902444Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.933506Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Plaintiffs claim a substantial risk of surveillance. The government argues the threat is too speculative.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-10-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-1025.html","primary_docket":"11-1025","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:48:06.079018Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether plaintiffs can sue over a law that allows foreign surveillance. The core dispute is whether a future, uncertain threat creates legal standing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 29, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to dismiss the case for lack of standing.","The plaintiffs want the Court to allow their lawsuit to proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the threat of surveillance is too speculative to create standing.","The plaintiffs argue a substantial risk of surveillance compels immediate protective measures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked who specifically would be charged with a criminal offense.","Justice Sotomayor asked if anyone has standing under the current legal framework."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the threshold for challenging government surveillance powers. It determines when citizens can seek judicial review of secret intelligence programs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-9"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-1025-clapper-v-amnesty-international-usa","term":"2012","title":"Do plaintiffs have standing to challenge foreign surveillance laws?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1025.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-02-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-02-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Paolella argued the waiver language is clear and unambiguous.","Mr. Bucholtz argued the proviso limits coverage to investigative officers.","Justice Scalia questioned the exclusion of specific torts from the waiver.","Justice Sotomayor pressed counsel on the boundaries of the statutory term."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-5"}]}],"caption":"Millbrook v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.512835Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.547380Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek a damages waiver for guard conduct. The government argues the waiver excludes non-investigative staff.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-02-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-10362.html","primary_docket":"11-10362","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:17:36.948796Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of a federal tort waiver. It asks if prison guards qualify as law enforcement officers under the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 19, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a damages waiver for guard conduct.","The government wants to exclude non-investigative staff from the waiver."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute textually covers all law enforcement officers.","The government argues the proviso limits coverage to investigative officers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked why the statute excludes libel and slander.","Justice Sotomayor asked counsel to define the boundaries of the waiver."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines which federal employees face civil liability. It determines the scope of sovereign immunity waivers for tort claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-5"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-10362-millbrook-v-united-states","term":"2012","title":"Does the law enforcement proviso cover prison guards?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-10362_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-12-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-12-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Mann argued for the company. He focused on the constitutional problem.","Mr. Yang argued for the worker. He stated the claim remains live.","Mr. Katyal argued a withdrawn offer cannot moot a case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 3-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-33"}]}],"caption":"Genesis HealthCare Corp. v. Symczyk","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.865126Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.889338Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A company argues a rejected offer moots a wage claim. The worker argues the case stays live.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 3-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-12-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-1059.html","primary_docket":"11-1059","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:32:42.420348Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Genesis HealthCare Corp. v. Symczyk"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 3-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 3, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Genesis HealthCare Corp. wants the case dismissed as moot.","Symczyk wants to keep her individual and collective claims alive."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 3-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Genesis HealthCare Corp. argues a full settlement offer moots the case.","Symczyk argues a rejected offer does not moot the claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 3-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if courts routinely enter judgments on silent offers.","Justice Sotomayor asked about the offer's disclaimer of liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when a lawsuit ends. It affects how companies handle settlement offers. It shapes the power of workers to sue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 3-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-33"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-1059-genesis-healthcare-corp-v-symczyk","term":"2012","title":"Does a rejected settlement offer end a lawsuit?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 3-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1059-543i.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-11-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-11-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","paragraphs":["Waxman stated that the core of a 10b-5 claim is individual reliance.","Sherry argued that Rule 23 focuses on whether common issues predominate.","Frederick contended that certification determines if the case generates common answers."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"}]}],"caption":"Amgen Inc. v. Connecticut Retirement Plans and Trust Funds","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.021055Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Amgen argues that materiality is an individual issue. Plaintiffs claim it is a common question for the whole class.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 45-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-11-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-1085.html","primary_docket":"11-1085","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:42:20.509425Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a judge can resolve materiality at the class certification stage. This step happens before a full trial on the merits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 45-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 5, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Amgen wants the Court to bar judges from deciding materiality at certification.","Plaintiffs want the Court to allow judges to decide materiality at certification."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 45-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Amgen argues that materiality depends on each investor's unique reliance.","Plaintiffs argue that materiality is a common question for all class members."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 45-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if a judge can dismiss a suit for immateriality at certification.","Justice Kagan asked if a judge can keep an individual case after ruling a statement immaterial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute shapes how securities fraud cases proceed. It determines whether individual investors must prove reliance separately. It affects the cost and speed of class action litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 45-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-1085-amgen-inc-v-connecticut-retirement-plans-and-trust-funds","term":"2012","title":"Can a judge decide materiality before certifying a securities class action?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1085.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 45-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-01-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-01-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Webre argued that federal jurisdiction requires a substantial federal issue.","She cited the Grable decision to support her position on jurisdiction.","Mr. Michel agreed with the premise of the federal interest argument."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-35"}]}],"caption":"Gunn v. Minton","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.810793Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal courts must hear patent malpractice claims filed under state law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-01-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-1118.html","primary_docket":"11-1118","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:20:17.123180Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal jurisdiction over state-law claims involving patent issues."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 16, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the case returned to state court.","the opposing sides want the case to remain in federal court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the federal issue is not substantial enough for federal jurisdiction.","the opposing sides argue patent law is a complex specialty requiring federal oversight."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the federal issue is substantial beyond this specific case.","Justice Alito asked why the complexity of patent law does not favor federal jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines which courts handle patent-related state law claims. It affects access to state courts for legal malpractice disputes. It shapes the balance between state and federal judicial power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-35"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-1118-gunn-v-minton","term":"2012","title":"Can a patent malpractice suit stay in state court?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1118-nfh3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-11-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-11-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","paragraphs":["Benjamin Horwich argued the state action doctrine provides a defense. He stated the state must clearly articulate intent to displace competition.","Waxman argued the Georgia legislature adopted a model of local public choice. He stated this model includes the choice to reduce or eliminate competition.","Chief Justice Roberts asked about the difference between acquiring properties to fulfill or promote a mission.","Justice Scalia questioned whether general corporate powers allow ignoring the Sherman Act."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]}],"caption":"FTC v. Phoebe Putney Health System, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.622046Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The FTC argues a Georgia hospital violated antitrust laws. The hospital claims state law protected its actions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-11-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-1160.html","primary_docket":"11-1160","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:37:23.374934Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Federal Trade Commission sued a Georgia hospital system. The FTC claims the hospital illegally acquired a competitor. The hospital argues state law authorized the move. The case tests the limits of state action doctrine."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 26, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The FTC wants the Court to reject the state action defense. It seeks to hold the hospital liable for antitrust violations.","The hospital wants the Court to uphold the state action defense. It seeks to keep the lower court ruling intact."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The FTC argues the state did not clearly articulate intent to displace competition. It contends the general charter language is insufficient for immunity.","The hospital argues the Georgia legislature adopted a model of local public choice. It contends this choice includes the power to reduce competition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if normal corporate charters contain authority to acquire property.","Justice Scalia asked if this enables all corporations to ignore the Sherman Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of state action doctrine. It determines when state law shields private entities from federal antitrust enforcement. The outcome shapes the balance between state regulatory power and federal market competition laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-1160-ftc-v-phoebe-putney-health-system-inc","term":"2012","title":"Does a state charter authorizing property acquisition exempt a hospital from antitrust laws?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1160.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-11-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-11-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case asserts the specific statute provides a different rule for costs.","the opposing side asserts the general rule applies unless expressly repealed by statute.","Justice Breyer questioned the legislative intent behind the specific statutory language.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the specific statute meets the requirement for express repeal."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 13-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 13-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-5"}]}],"caption":"Marx v. General Revenue Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.070218Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a specific debt collection statute overrides the general federal rule allowing courts to award costs to winning defendants.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 13-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 13-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-11-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-1175.html","primary_docket":"11-1175","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:38:47.969052Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the interaction between a specific federal statute and a general procedural rule. The core issue is whether the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act displaces the default rule for cost awards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 13-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 13-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 7, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to deny the defendant's request for costs.","the opposing side wants the court to uphold the lower court's award of costs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 13-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 13-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the specific statute displaces the general rule for cost awards.","the opposing side argues the general rule remains available because the statute does not expressly repeal it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 13-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 13-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked why the drafter included a provision for attorney fees but not costs.","Justice Ginsburg noted that the specific statute covers costs only under a different section."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether prevailing defendants in debt collection suits can recover court costs. The outcome affects the financial burden on debt collectors and the scope of judicial discretion in awarding costs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 13-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 13-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-5"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-1175-marx-v-general-revenue-corp","term":"2012","title":"Does the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act bar courts from awarding costs to prevailing defendants?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 13-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 13-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1175.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-04-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-04-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Ruttenberg argued federal interest ends once proceeds are paid.","Mr. Johnson argued federal law grants an absolute right to the beneficiary.","Ms. Goldenberg argued the state order attempts to bypass federal preemption."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"}]}],"caption":"Hillman v. Maretta","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.346720Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A state court order conflicts with a federal statute that locks in a named beneficiary.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 25-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-04-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-1221.html","primary_docket":"11-1221","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:50:34.719106Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether state law can alter federal insurance rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 25-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 22, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the state court order to control the payout.","the opposing side wants the federal statute to control the payout."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 25-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues state law can change the beneficiary after divorce.","the opposing side argues federal law creates an absolute right for the named beneficiary."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 25-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if Congress would have left money with the first wife.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the divorce exception generalizes to all cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines who receives federal life insurance proceeds after a divorce."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 25-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-1221-hillman-v-maretta","term":"2012","title":"Does a state divorce decree override federal law to change a life insurance beneficiary?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1221_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 25-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-12-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-12-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kneedler argued the deadline is absolute.","Mr. Manning argued the deadline allows equitable tolling.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file 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3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-11"}]}],"caption":"Sebelius v. Auburn Regional Medical Center","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.899317Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.929636Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Hospitals seek to file late claims. The government insists strict deadlines apply.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 39-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-12-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-1231.html","primary_docket":"11-1231","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:32:26.051651Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Auburn Regional Medical Center filed Medicare claims late. The government rejected them. Auburn argues the deadline is flexible. The government argues the deadline is absolute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 4, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Auburn wants to recover payment for late claims.","The government wants to deny payment for late claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Auburn argues the deadline allows equitable tolling.","The government argues the deadline is jurisdictional."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if equitable tolling applies to jurisdictional limits.","Justice Alito asked if hospital sophistication affects deadline compliance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines Medicare claim deadlines. Hospitals rely on these rules for revenue. The government relies on them for budget control. Clear rules prevent administrative chaos."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-11"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-1231-sebelius-v-auburn-regional-medical-center","term":"2012","title":"Can hospitals extend Medicare claim deadlines?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1231.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 39-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-01-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-01-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Liman argued the statute sets a five-year limit.","He stated Congress provided a clear time limitation.","Mr. Wall focused on the term accrual in the statute.","He argued the statute uses specific legal language."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-37"}]}],"caption":"Gabelli v. SEC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.696254Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The SEC seeks to sue for fraud years after the act. the sides that brought the case argue the clock starts at the act.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-01-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-1274.html","primary_docket":"11-1274","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:27:26.507490Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the Securities Exchange Act. The SEC wants to sue for fraud penalties. the sides that brought the case argue the five-year limit applies. The core issue is when the clock starts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 8, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The SEC wants to sue for fraud penalties after five years.","the sides that brought the case want the five-year limit to bar the SEC's claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The SEC argues the clock starts when the fraud is discovered.","the sides that brought the case argue the clock starts when the fraud occurs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the clock starts when the plaintiff discovers the fraud.","Justice Sotomayor asked how the theory handles fraudulent concealment tolling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the SEC's power to punish fraud. It sets the deadline for government penalty claims. It affects how long the government can act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-37"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-1274-gabelli-v-sec","term":"2012","title":"When does the five-year clock start for SEC fraud penalties?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1274_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-11-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-11-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Katyal argued ERISA allows plans to seek equitable relief to enforce terms.","Mr. Wessler argued subrogation claims are governed by equitable principles.","Mr. Palmore argued Section 502(a)(3) invokes the equitable powers of district courts."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-7"}]}],"caption":"US Airways, Inc. v. McCutchen","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.853616Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.889373Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"US Airways seeks full reimbursement from a settlement. McCutchen argues equity limits the recovery.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-11-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-1285.html","primary_docket":"11-1285","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:36:07.338352Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether equitable principles limit a health plan's right to recover costs from a third-party settlement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 27, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["US Airways wants full reimbursement of medical costs from the settlement.","McCutchen wants the plan's recovery limited by equitable principles."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["US Airways argues ERISA permits fiduciaries to seek equitable relief to enforce plan terms.","McCutchen argues reimbursement claims based on subrogation are subject to equitable principles."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why the plan is not bound by equity if it seeks equitable relief.","Justice Scalia questioned whether the Court reviewed the specific plan language or general law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines how much a health plan recovers from a third-party settlement. It affects the financial balance between injured workers and their insurers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-7"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-1285-us-airways-inc-v-mccutchen","term":"2012","title":"Can an ERISA plan recover full medical costs from a third-party settlement?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1285.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-11-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-11-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Moran argued for the side that brought the case's position on appeal rights.","Mr. Gannon argued for distinguishing different types of judicial errors.","Justice Scalia questioned the source of unfairness in the trial process."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"}]}],"caption":"Evans v. Michigan","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.056551Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.083856Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a state can block an appeal when a judge incorrectly adds a legal element to a criminal charge.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-11-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-1327.html","primary_docket":"11-1327","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:39:26.702304Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of finality in criminal trials. It asks if a state can prevent review of a judge's error in defining a crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 6, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the state to allow an appeal of the judge's error.","The state wants to bar the appeal to preserve trial finality."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the judge wrongly added a legal element to the charge.","The state argues the error did not warrant a new trial or appeal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if states could suspend jury proceedings for appeals.","Justice Scalia asked if unfairness from judges counts as government error."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue determines whether states can block appeals for specific judicial errors. It affects the finality of criminal convictions. It impacts the right to correct legal mistakes in trials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-1327-evans-v-michigan","term":"2012","title":"Can a state bar appeal after a judge wrongly adds a crime element?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1327.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-12-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-12-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Manely argued U.S. courts can effectuate relief.","Mr. Cullen argued U.S. appeals have zero effect.","Ms. Saharsky argued the case is not moot."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-27"}]}],"caption":"Chafin v. Chafin","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.920181Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.950923Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Parents dispute whether U.S. courts hold power to enforce Hague Convention relief.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-12-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-1347.html","primary_docket":"11-1347","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:30:51.335927Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests U.S. court authority over international child custody disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 5, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants U.S. courts to enforce Hague Convention relief.","the opposing side wants U.S. courts to lack enforcement power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues U.S. courts can effectuate treaty relief.","the opposing side argues U.S. appeals have zero effect in Scotland."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked how six months would be satisfied.","Justice Sotomayor asked if Alabama courts would seize jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines U.S. court power in international custody cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-27"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-1347-chafin-v-chafin","term":"2012","title":"Can U.S. courts order a child's return under the Hague Convention?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1347.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-01-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-01-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Shah argued the statute unequivocally waives sovereign immunity for medical battery.","Mr. Feldman argued Congress did not eliminate the standard tort remedy for unauthorized surgery.","questions_and_answers"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-49"}]}],"caption":"Levin v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.753011Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.786703Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case seeks damages for unauthorized surgery. The government argues the statute preserves the intentional tort exception.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-01-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-1351.html","primary_docket":"11-1351","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:21:30.676777Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a specific statute overrides the general bar on intentional tort claims against the federal government."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 15, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants a damages award for the unauthorized surgery.","The government wants the claim dismissed under the intentional tort exception."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Gonzalez Act explicitly waives immunity for these claims.","The government argues the statute preserves the standard intentional tort bar."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked how the law treats deliberate harm versus negligence.","Justice Kennedy asked if legal scholars criticize the battery-negligence distinction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal liability for medical malpractice. It determines whether patients can sue for unauthorized procedures. The outcome shapes future tort litigation against government hospitals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-49"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-1351-levin-v-united-states","term":"2012","title":"Does the Gonzalez Act waive sovereign immunity for medical battery claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1351.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-01-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-01-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Shapiro argued the state should not force needles on all suspects.","Ms. Saharsky argued officers face certain destruction of critical blood evidence.","Mr. Koester stated quickly securing blood alcohol evidence is incredibly important.","Justice Kennedy questioned if other states' rules are relevant to reasonableness."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-33"}]}],"caption":"Missouri v. McNeely","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.713902Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.736852Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether officers may force a blood draw from a suspect without a warrant.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-01-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-1425.html","primary_docket":"11-1425","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:25:51.633952Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the Fourth Amendment limits on warrantless blood draws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 9, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Missouri wants the Court to allow warrantless blood draws.","McNeely wants the Court to require a warrant for blood draws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Missouri argues blood evidence disappears quickly, making a warrant unreasonable.","McNeely argues the Fourth Amendment requires a warrant for bodily intrusion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked what constitutional right supports state evidence collection.","Justice Scalia asked why officers did not use a breathalyzer instead."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines police power to collect bodily evidence without judicial approval."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 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43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-33"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-1425-missouri-v-mcneely","term":"2012","title":"Can police draw blood from a drunk driver without a warrant?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1425.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-01-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-01-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","paragraphs":["The landowner's counsel stated the case concerns the extent of Nollan and Dolan review for excessive exactions.","The district's counsel emphasized that applying these standards would radically change standard regulatory programs.","The Solicitor General's counsel noted the parties agree Florida may require mitigation for wetland destruction."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 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25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-23"}]}],"caption":"Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Management Dist.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.789789Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.824206Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A Florida landowner seeks to challenge a permit fee as an unconstitutional exaction. The water district argues the fee is a valid regulatory requirement.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-01-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-1447.html","primary_docket":"11-1447","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:22:20.419355Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether the Nollan and Dolan legal standards apply to monetary conditions. The landowner wants to test the fee's proportionality. The district wants to preserve its regulatory authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 15, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The landowner wants the Court to allow a lawsuit challenging the fee as an unconstitutional exaction.","The district wants the Court to reject the lawsuit and uphold the fee as a valid regulatory condition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The landowner argues that Nollan and Dolan review applies to monetary conditions imposed during discretionary land-use approvals.","The district argues that applying Nollan and Dolan to general regulatory programs would radically change how agencies operate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if a landowner has a claim when an agency denies a permit without requiring mitigation.","Justice Sotomayor questioned why the case is before the Court if the conservation offer was not considered mitigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of constitutional challenges to permit conditions. It determines whether landowners can sue over monetary demands. It affects how agencies structure land-use regulations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-23"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-1447-koontz-v-st-johns-river-water-management-dist","term":"2012","title":"Can a landowner sue over a permit condition that demands money instead of land improvements?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1447.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-01-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-01-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued Congress enacted the Class Action Fairness Act to protect absent class members.","the side that brought the case contended the stipulation binds the entire civil action filed by the representative.","the opposing side argued the text of the statute focuses on the specific claim amount.","the opposing side noted that absent class members can bring their own claims before certification."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-27"}]}],"caption":"Standard Fire Ins. Co. v. Knowles","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.686141Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.718751Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether a single plaintiff's claim satisfies the federal jurisdictional requirement for class actions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-01-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-1450.html","primary_docket":"11-1450","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:29:25.286277Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Standard Fire Insurance Company seeks to remove a class action to federal court. the opposing side argues the claim does not meet the statutory threshold. The Court must interpret the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 7, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Standard Fire Insurance Company wants the Court to allow removal to federal court.","Knowles wants the case to remain in state court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the defendant can prove the amount in controversy exceeds the threshold.","the opposing side argues the plaintiff's specific demand controls the jurisdictional analysis."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the class would be certified if the stipulation were inadequate.","Justice Kagan asked whether the amount in controversy refers to the specific demand made."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the federal jurisdictional threshold for class actions. It determines which courts hear these disputes. It affects the balance of power between state and federal courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-27"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-1450-standard-fire-ins-co-v-knowles","term":"2012","title":"Does a class action meet the federal amount-in-controversy threshold?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1450.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-03-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-03-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Byrne stated that defalcation is a confounding question in bankruptcy law.","Mr. Bensinger argued that the trustee's self-dealing was a reckless breach of duty.","Mr. Gannon contended that no particular mens rea is inherent in defalcation.","Justice Breyer noted that the trustee acted knowingly, which is stronger than recklessness."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-43"}]}],"caption":"Bullock v. BankChampaign, N. A.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.437921Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a trustee's self-dealing constitutes defalcation without proof of intent to defraud.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 25-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-03-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-1518.html","primary_docket":"11-1518","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:08:02.703715Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the mental state required for defalcation under bankruptcy law. the side that brought the case argues that reckless self-dealing suffices. the opposing side contends that intent to defraud is necessary. The Court must define the term defalcation in Section 523(a)(4)."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 25-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 18, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to hold that reckless self-dealing meets the defalcation standard.","the opposing side wants the Court to require proof of intent to defraud for defalcation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 25-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that a reckless breach of fiduciary duty is a defalcation.","the opposing side argues that no specific mental state is inherent in the term defalcation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 25-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked whether the mental state applies to facts or law.","Justice Sotomayor noted the trustee wanted profits from the investment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the mental state required for defalcation. It determines when a trustee's self-dealing bars debt discharge. It clarifies the scope of fiduciary duties in bankruptcy. It impacts how courts treat reckless breaches of trust."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 25-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-43"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-1518-bullock-v-bankchampaign-n-a","term":"2012","title":"Does defalcation require intent to defraud?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1518_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 25-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-01-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-01-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","paragraphs":["Goldstein argued the word jurisdiction has many meanings in different contexts.","Goldstein cited seventeen cases where the Court reviewed entry point questions de novo.","Verrilli argued the side that brought the case's central point cuts through most arguments.","Ginsburg noted the Commission has broad rule-making power to carry out the Act."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"}]}],"caption":"Arlington v. FCC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.807705Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.837453Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The City of Arlington disputes the FCC's interpretation of a statutory term. The agency claims this term defines its legal authority.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-01-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-1545.html","primary_docket":"11-1545","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:18:54.050053Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The City of Arlington challenges the FCC's interpretation of a statute. The agency claims this interpretation defines its legal authority. The city argues courts must review this question independently."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 16, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The city wants a court to review the agency's interpretation of its own authority.","The agency wants a court to accept its interpretation of its own authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The city argues courts must independently determine if an agency has legal authority.","The agency argues its interpretation of its own authority deserves judicial deference."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked why the case is complicated if the agency interprets a phrase reasonably.","Justice Scalia asked if the side that brought the case means real jurisdiction when using that term."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between agency power and judicial review. It determines how courts treat an agency's claim of legal authority. The outcome shapes the balance of power in administrative law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-1545-arlington-v-fcc","term":"2012","title":"Does the FCC have final say on its own jurisdictional limits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-1545.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-10-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-10-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","paragraphs":["Eric Schnapper argued Section 7703(b)(2) grants district courts jurisdiction over all mixed cases.","Schnapper stated the second sentence of the statute is a limitations period, not a jurisdictional limit.","Ms. Harrington began her argument by referencing Justice Scalia's prior comments.","Justice Alito questioned the statutory basis for filing non-discrimination claims in district court."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-7"}]}],"caption":"Kloeckner v. Solis","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.610775Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek district court review of mixed civil service and discrimination claims. The government argues only discrimination claims belong in district court.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-10-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-184.html","primary_docket":"11-184","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:54:12.492599Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal district court jurisdiction. the sides that brought the case argue the statute grants broad jurisdiction over mixed cases. The government contends the statute limits district courts to discrimination claims only."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 2, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Supreme Court to affirm district court jurisdiction over their mixed claims.","The government wants the Supreme Court to limit district court jurisdiction to discrimination claims only."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Section 7703(b)(2) grants district courts jurisdiction over all mixed cases.","The government argues the statute functions as a limitations period, not a jurisdictional grant."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how a merits decision on the CSRA interacts with discrimination claims.","Justice Alito asked which provision authorizes filing non-discrimination claims in district court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether federal courts can resolve mixed civil service and discrimination claims together. It affects the procedural path for federal employees seeking judicial review. It shapes the balance between agency and judicial oversight."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-7"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-184-kloeckner-v-solis","term":"2012","title":"Can federal courts hear mixed civil service and discrimination claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-184.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-10-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-10-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor questioned why the Court addressed Tucker Act jurisdiction.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the FLSA has its own remedial scheme.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the Tucker Act would ever apply to a statute.","The government advocate stated Congress must unequivocally express intent to waive immunity."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-43"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Bormes","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.114355Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the FLSA allows workers to sue the government for back pay under the Tucker Act.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-10-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-192.html","primary_docket":"11-192","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:53:52.345922Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if the FLSA waives sovereign immunity for Tucker Act claims. The government argues the FLSA has its own remedial scheme. The worker argues the FLSA waives immunity for Tucker Act suits. Courts are split on this interpretation. The outcome affects federal workers' access to courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 2, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to reject the worker's Tucker Act claim.","The worker wants the Court to allow the Tucker Act claim to proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the FLSA contains its own specific remedial scheme.","The worker argues the FLSA waives sovereign immunity for Tucker Act claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan questioned if the argument was truly textual.","Justice Scalia asked if the specific governs the general principle applied here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Federal workers need clear access to courts for back pay claims. The FLSA defines the scope of government liability. This case clarifies the relationship between the FLSA and the Tucker Act. It determines how workers seek compensation from the federal government."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-43"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-192-united-states-v-bormes","term":"2012","title":"Does the Fair Labor Standards Act waive sovereign immunity for Tucker Act claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-192.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-10-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-10-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Schimmer argued the Sixth Circuit rationale was wrong.","Mr. Michelman stated Ohio and the United States agree on stay authority.","Ms. Schimmer noted Carter disowns the circuit's rationale."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-23"}]}],"caption":"Tibbals v. Carter","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.144648Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to end indefinite stays. the opposing sides defend the power to pause cases.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-10-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-218.html","primary_docket":"11-218","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:51:12.756828Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the duration of procedural pauses. One side argues for a strict limit. The other side supports flexible judicial control."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 9, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to reject indefinite stays.","the opposing sides want the Court to preserve broad stay authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue indefinite stays violate statutory limits.","the opposing sides argue courts need flexibility to manage competence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if indefinite stays are never appropriate.","Justice Kennedy asked if new evidence serves as a backstop."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Prisoners face uncertain timelines for legal review. Courts manage case backlogs differently. The rule defines procedural fairness for all inmates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-23"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-218-tibbals-v-carter","term":"2012","title":"Can courts indefinitely pause habeas cases for incompetent prisoners?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-218.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-12-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-12-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the EPA rule change moots the dispute.","the opposing sides argue the case remains live and the ruling stands.","chief_justice_roberts_asked_if_respondents_can_challenge_the_new_rule","justice_ginsburg_asked_if_the_court_of_appeals_ruled_on_the_statute"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]}],"caption":"Decker v. Northwest Environmental Defense Center","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.868108Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to strike down a Ninth Circuit ruling that mandates permits for logging road runoff. the opposing sides defend the ruling and oppose dismissal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-12-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-338.html","primary_docket":"11-338","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:33:14.655831Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether the Clean Water Act requires permits for stormwater runoff from logging roads. the sides that brought the case argue the EPA rule is invalid. the opposing sides argue the rule is valid and the case remains live."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 3, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to dismiss the case as improvidently granted.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the Ninth Circuit ruling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the EPA rule change moots the dispute.","the opposing sides argue the case remains live and the ruling stands."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the opposing sides can challenge the new rule.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the court of appeals ruled on the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether logging roads require stormwater permits. It affects environmental regulation and industry compliance costs. The outcome shapes federal oversight of industrial runoff."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-338-decker-v-northwest-environmental-defense-center","term":"2012","title":"Does the Clean Water Act require permits for stormwater runoff from logging roads?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-338.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-10-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-10-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","paragraphs":["General Verrilli argued the case focuses on what is not at issue. He emphasized the specific context of the admissions process.","Mr. Garre argued the admissions plan is constitutional. He cited two overriding reasons based on Court precedents.","Mr. Rein represented the side that brought the case. He addressed the Court regarding the specific legal claims."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 9-11"}]}],"caption":"Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.158332Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.172120Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Abigail Fisher challenges the University of Texas admissions policy. She claims the plan discriminates against white applicants. The university defends the policy as constitutional.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 9-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-10-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-345.html","primary_docket":"11-345","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:48:46.368431Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the legality of a state admissions rule. The rule admits students based on high school rank. It also considers race as one factor. The parties dispute whether this practice harms white applicants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 10, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Fisher wants the Court to strike down the admissions plan. She seeks a declaration that the policy is unconstitutional.","The university wants the Court to uphold the admissions plan. It seeks to keep the current policy in place."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Fisher argues the plan causes concrete harm to white applicants. She claims the policy violates the Equal Protection Clause.","The university argues the plan serves a compelling state interest. It claims the policy is narrowly tailored to achieve diversity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how Fisher proves a specific injury. She questioned the measure of damages available.","Justice Ginsburg raised the issue of standing. She noted the Court must address this on its own."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the limits of race-conscious admissions. It shapes how public universities select students. It affects the legal standing of similar state policies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-345-fisher-v-university-of-texas-at-austin","term":"2012","title":"Does Texas's top-ten-percent admissions plan violate the Equal Protection Clause?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-345.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 9-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-12-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-12-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","paragraphs":["The county argued the water flow is natural and not a pollutant discharge.","The council argued the sewer system creates a discharge that requires a permit.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"}]}],"caption":"Los Angeles County Flood Control Dist. v. Natural Resources Council, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.920123Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.957133Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Los Angeles County seeks to avoid a permit for stormwater flowing from its sewer system into the ocean. The Natural Resources Defense Council argues the flow requires a permit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-12-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-460.html","primary_docket":"11-460","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:32:07.885823Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether stormwater leaving a municipal sewer system counts as a pollutant discharge. The county argues the flow is natural and needs no permit. The council argues the flow is a discharge requiring a permit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 4, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The county wants the Court to reject the permit requirement for its stormwater flow.","The council wants the Court to uphold the permit requirement for the stormwater flow."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The county argues the water flow is natural and not a pollutant discharge.","The council argues the sewer system creates a discharge that requires a permit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the sewer system remains active.","Chief Justice Roberts asked why monitoring stations sit where they do."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when cities must permit stormwater entering waterways. It shapes how municipalities manage urban runoff and water quality."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-460-los-angeles-county-flood-control-dist-v-natural-resources-council-inc","term":"2012","title":"Does stormwater from a city sewer system count as a pollutant discharge?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-460.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-10-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-10-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Brenan argued that a state court decision denying relief constitutes a merits ruling on the federal claim.","She stated this is especially true when the state court grapples with the substance of the alleged error.","Mr. Hermansen argued that the rule should follow the consensus of the courts of appeals.","He stated that courts look at the text of the reasoned opinion to determine what it says."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-43"}]}],"caption":"Johnson v. Williams","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.111327Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case argues a state court ruling on state law satisfies federal review. the opposing side argues the court must explicitly address the federal claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-10-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-465.html","primary_docket":"11-465","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:52:47.598346Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests when a state court decision counts as a merits ruling on a federal claim. the side that brought the case seeks federal habeas relief. the opposing side opposes that relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 3, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Supreme Court to treat the state court ruling as a merits decision on the federal claim.","the opposing side wants the Supreme Court to require an explicit statement that the state court resolved the federal claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues a state court decision denying relief implies a merits ruling unless the court states otherwise.","the opposing side argues courts must read the text of the opinion to determine if the federal claim was actually addressed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the argument was made under state law and then linked to the Sixth Amendment.","Justice Sotomayor asked if one can assume the state court reached the federal claim when it only discussed state evidentiary rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of federal habeas review. It determines how state court rulings interact with federal constitutional claims. It affects the finality of state criminal judgments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-43"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-465-johnson-v-williams","term":"2012","title":"Does a state court decision on state law count as a merits ruling on a federal claim?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-465.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-11-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-11-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Ortiz argued the case concerns who counts as a supervisor. He stated the side that brought the case's position on the legal standard.","Mr. Garre argued the lower court's judgment should stand. He claimed the record showed the employees lacked supervisory authority.","Ms. Davis described specific incidents. She mentioned an elevator block and alleged use of racial slurs.","Justice Alito questioned the clarity of the proposed legal standard. He noted courts might struggle to apply it consistently."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-31"}]}],"caption":"Vance v. Ball State Univ.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.821124Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.840405Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether an employee with limited authority over daily tasks qualifies as a supervisor for liability purposes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-11-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-556.html","primary_docket":"11-556","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:22:02.018077Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case asks how much power an employee needs to be considered a supervisor. The lower court found the accused employee lacked this power. the side that brought the case argues this standard is too narrow."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 26, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 43-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the lower court's finding overturned. They argue the accused employee had enough power to be a supervisor.","the opposing side wants the lower court's finding kept. They argue the accused employee lacked the necessary supervisory power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that assigning daily tasks makes an employee a supervisor. They claim this standard captures real workplace power.","the opposing side argues that only employees with major authority are supervisors. They claim the side that brought the case's standard is too broad."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked for concrete examples of supervisory authority in the record.","Justice Alito asked for a definition of the materially augments rule. He asked what assigning daily tasks must achieve to count as supervisory power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who counts as a supervisor under Title VII. It determines when employers face liability for employee harassment. It clarifies the line between supervisors and regular employees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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VII?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-556.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-10-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-10-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","paragraphs":["Florida's lawyer said the dog sniff is unique.","Jardines' lawyer said the officer's approach was lawful.","Florida's lawyer said the team stayed for five to ten minutes."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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Jardines","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.989095Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.000453Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Florida argues the sniff is not a search. Jardines claims it is a search requiring a warrant.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 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contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether police may use a drug dog at a home entrance without a warrant."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 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7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Florida wants the Court to rule the sniff is not a search.","Jardines wants the Court to rule the sniff is a search."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Florida argues the dog reveals only contraband, not private details.","Jardines argues the dog invades the home's protected area."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 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23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines police power at home entrances. It sets limits on warrantless drug detection. It protects privacy in residential spaces."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-43"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-564-florida-v-jardines","term":"2012","title":"Does a drug dog sniff at a front door violate the Fourth Amendment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-564.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 19-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-10-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-10-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Goodhart argued temporary flooding can be a taking. He stated the Federal Circuit ruling that permanent consequences are irrelevant is incorrect. He asserted the lower-court rule cannot stand.","Mr. Kneedler argued temporary flooding is a trespass. He distinguished temporary flooding from permanent invasion cases. He cited precedent requiring permanent invasion for government responsibility.","questions_and_answers"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-27"}]}],"caption":"Arkansas Game and Fish Comm'n v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.131499Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether temporary flooding by the government constitutes a taking under the Fifth Amendment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-10-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-597.html","primary_docket":"11-597","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:53:29.416723Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if temporary flooding by the government counts as a taking under the Fifth Amendment. the side that brought the case argues temporary flooding can be a taking. The government argues temporary flooding is never a taking. The lower court ruled temporary flooding is not a taking. the side that brought the case seeks to reverse that ruling. The government seeks to affirm that ruling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 3, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to rule that temporary flooding can be a taking.","The government wants the Court to rule that temporary flooding is never a taking."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues temporary flooding can constitute a taking under the Fifth Amendment.","The government argues temporary flooding is a trespass, not a taking."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if temporary flooding is a taking.","Justice Breyer asked how temporary flooding differs from permanent invasion cases like Causby and Kimball Laundry. Justice Breyer noted eleven cases support the temporary trespass view. Justice Ginsburg asked about the Sanguinetti precedent requiring permanent invasion for government responsibility."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether landowners can claim compensation for temporary government flooding. It defines the scope of the Fifth Amendment's takings clause. It clarifies the legal distinction between temporary trespass and permanent taking. It impacts government water management and property rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-27"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-597-arkansas-game-and-fish-comm-n-v-united-states","term":"2012","title":"Does temporary government flooding count as a taking?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-597.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-10-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-10-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Fisher argued the structure must be practically capable of maritime transportation.","Mr. Frederick argued the houseboat posed a hazard and violated marina rules.","Mr. Gannon argued function is key to determining if a structure is a vessel."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-19"}]}],"caption":"Lozman v. Riviera Beach","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.100646Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.134638Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a houseboat permanently moored in a marina qualifies as a vessel for federal jurisdiction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-10-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-626.html","primary_docket":"11-626","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:54:32.236467Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if a structure used as a home counts as a vessel. The answer determines federal court jurisdiction over local disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 1, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to rule the houseboat is not a vessel.","The City wants the Court to rule the houseboat is a vessel."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the structure lacks practical capability for maritime transportation.","The City argues the structure served a transportation function and was moved."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked about the frequency of the term indefinitely moored in the brief.","Justice Scalia questioned the clarity of the proposed legal test for vessels."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between local property and federal maritime law. It determines which courts handle disputes over floating structures. The outcome shapes jurisdiction for similar nationwide cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-19"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-626-lozman-v-riviera-beach","term":"2012","title":"Does a permanently moored houseboat count as a vessel under federal law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-626.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-10-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-10-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","paragraphs":["The publisher's advocate argued that the statute targets international gray markets.","The importer's advocate argued that the phrase lawfully made under this title is ambiguous.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]}],"caption":"Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.961255Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the first-sale doctrine applies to copyrighted works manufactured outside the United States.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 21-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-10-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-697.html","primary_docket":"11-697","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:48:30.232979Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the first-sale doctrine. It asks if copyright holders can block the resale of lawfully made foreign copies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 21-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 29, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The importer wants to resell foreign-made books without permission.","The publisher wants to block the resale of foreign-made books."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 21-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The importer argues that the first-sale doctrine applies to all lawfully made copies.","The publisher argues that the statute only covers copies made under U.S. law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 21-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if the statute defines non-piratical copies by U.S. law.","Justice Ginsburg asked how the case would resolve in the European Union."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether copyright holders control the global market for their works. It affects the price and availability of imported goods for consumers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 21-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-697-kirtsaeng-v-john-wiley-sons-inc","term":"2012","title":"Does U.S. copyright law restrict the resale of books made abroad?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-697.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 21-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-10-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-10-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued the state law lacks specific quantity or payment requirements.","The government argued the state law broadly covers drug distribution activities.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-15"}]}],"caption":"Moncrieffe v. Holder","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.422201Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.455087Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a state drug conviction qualifies as an aggravated felony for immigration removal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-10-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-702.html","primary_docket":"11-702","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:49:08.240980Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if a state drug conviction counts as an aggravated felony for removal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 10, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction to avoid aggravated felony status.","The government wants the conviction to remain an aggravated felony."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the state law does not require large amounts or payment.","The government argues the state law covers all drug distribution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked about the intent to distribute under federal law.","Justice Sotomayor asked if an immigration judge must ignore a guilty plea admission."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of aggravated felony status for state drug convictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-15"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-702-moncrieffe-v-holder","term":"2012","title":"Does a state drug conviction count as an aggravated felony for removal?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-702.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case claims the Summers exception is categorical but limited to the scene.","Government contends officer safety is undermined if police must stop people inside first.","Justice Kagan asked if awareness of the police presence changes the analysis."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-1"}]}],"caption":"Bailey v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.010907Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.044360Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether officers may stop a person located on the sidewalk while executing a warrant inside a residence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-770.html","primary_docket":"11-770","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:44:11.772781Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Summers rule. the side that brought the case argues the rule only covers people inside the home. The government argues it covers nearby areas to protect officers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 1, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the detention ruled unlawful.","Government wants the detention ruled lawful."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the rule requires probable cause for stops outside the home.","Government argues officer safety justifies stops in the immediate vicinity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked about the lack of immediate threat to officers.","Justice Scalia asked if the suspect was on the sidewalk rather than the premises."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This defines the boundary of police power during warrant executions. It balances individual liberty against officer safety. The outcome shapes future encounters near homes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-1"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-770-bailey-v-united-states","term":"2012","title":"Can police detain a suspect found outside a home during a search?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-770.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-02-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-02-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","paragraphs":["The farmer's counsel argued that patent exhaustion allows the purchaser to practice the invention. He stated that soybeans are harvested at a specific time regardless of use. He described replanting as a desperate measure for a cheap seed source.","Monsanto's counsel argued that the patent covers the unique genetic traits. She referenced the J. E. M. decision regarding utility patents on plants. She contended that creating new seeds violates the patent rights.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-17"}]}],"caption":"Bowman v. Monsanto Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.540389Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.551506Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A farmer replanted patented soybean seeds. Monsanto claims this violates the patent. The farmer argues the patent rights ended after the initial sale.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 47-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-02-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-796.html","primary_docket":"11-796","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:18:22.757656Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on patent exhaustion. The farmer argues that buying the seeds exhausts the patent rights. Monsanto argues that replanting creates new patented material. The Court must decide if the first sale doctrine covers self-replicating technology."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 47-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 19, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The farmer wants the Court to rule that the initial sale exhausts the patent rights. He seeks to replant the seeds without liability.","Monsanto wants the Court to rule that replanting constitutes patent infringement. It seeks to prevent unauthorized reproduction of its patented seeds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 47-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The farmer argues that patent exhaustion applies to self-replicating seeds. He contends that the purchaser can use the seeds for any purpose, including replanting.","Monsanto argues that the patent covers the unique genetic traits. It contends that creating new seeds from the first crop violates the patent rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 47-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked why inventors would invest in seed improvement if anyone could replicate them freely.","Justice Scalia asked if the patent violation occurs only when growing additional seeds from the first crop. He questioned if any farmer planting soybeans violates the patent. Justice Breyer asked if infringement lies in making the third generation of seeds. Justice Kennedy noted difficulties with characterizing the argument but suggested Monsanto could prevail if the farmer plants for seed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of patent rights for self-replicating technology. It determines whether the first sale doctrine limits patent protection. The outcome shapes the balance between innovation incentives and agricultural practices. It affects the commercial viability of patented biological products."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 47-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-17"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-796-bowman-v-monsanto-co","term":"2012","title":"Can a farmer replant patented seeds without infringing the patent?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-796-1j43.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 47-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-04-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-04-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","paragraphs":["Truckers cite the FAAAA text and the Castle precedent.","The city compares port rules to standard private property contracts.","Justices probe the distinction between ports and airfields.","Justices examine the scope of the market participant exception."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-5"}]}],"caption":"American Trucking Assns., Inc. v. Los Angeles","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.307454Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Truckers claim federal law voids port access rules. The city argues these rules are valid contracts.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 9-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-04-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-798.html","primary_docket":"11-798","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:54:05.325920Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether federal law preempts local port access rules. Truckers argue the FAAAA bars these rules. The city argues the rules are private contracts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 9-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 16, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Truckers want the Court to strike down the port access rules.","The city wants the Court to uphold the port access rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 9-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Truckers argue the FAAAA preempts these local regulations.","The city argues the rules are private contracts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 9-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked why Congress regulates ports differently than airfields.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the market participant exception exists."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal preemption over local port rules. It affects how cities manage commercial vehicle access. It clarifies the boundary between public regulation and private contracts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 9-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-5"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-798-american-trucking-assns-inc-v-los-angeles","term":"2012","title":"Does the FAAAA preemption clause bar port access rules?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-798_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 9-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-10-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-10-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Garre argued that a trained dog's alert establishes probable cause to search a vehicle.","Mr. Gifford argued that no canine exception exists to the totality of the circumstances test.","Mr. Palmore argued that trained dogs reliably detect target odors in critical security roles."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-15"}]}],"caption":"Florida v. Harris","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.964260Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Florida and Harris disagree on whether a dog's alert alone proves probable cause to search a vehicle.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-10-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-817.html","primary_docket":"11-817","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:46:35.999987Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if a trained dog's alert alone proves probable cause to search a vehicle."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 31, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Florida wants the Court to hold that a dog's alert alone proves probable cause.","Harris wants the Court to require courts to examine the dog's reliability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Florida argues a dog's alert alone establishes probable cause to search a vehicle.","Harris argues courts must apply the totality of the circumstances test."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how a judge determines if a police department's training is adequate.","Justice Sotomayor asked what specific legal rule the state wants the Court to announce."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the standard for using drug dogs to search vehicles without a warrant."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-15"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-817-florida-v-harris","term":"2012","title":"Does a trained dog's alert alone prove probable cause to search a vehicle?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-817.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Fisher argued that procedural default applies to federal post-conviction review.","Mr. Dreeben asserted that Padilla announced a new rule under Teague.","justice_questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-1"}]}],"caption":"Chaidez v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.978855Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.992014Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek retroactive application of the Padilla rule. The government argues the rule is new and cannot apply to pending cases.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-820.html","primary_docket":"11-820","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:44:40.425791Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether a new legal standard applies to cases already in the courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 1, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the new rule to apply to their pending case.","The government wants the new rule to apply only to future cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the rule is not new and should apply now.","The government argues the rule is new and cannot apply retroactively."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts questioned why ten courts of appeals disagreed with the side that brought the case.","Justice Ginsburg asked if Strickland applies to collateral consequences like professional licenses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether new legal standards apply to pending criminal cases. It affects the finality of convictions and the scope of attorney duties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-1"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-820-chaidez-v-united-states","term":"2012","title":"Does Padilla v. Kentucky apply retroactively to pending cases?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-820.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-11-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-11-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Estrada argued the Third Circuit wrongly treated damages as a merits issue.","Justice Ginsburg noted liability can be class-wide while damages remain individual.","Justice Breyer questioned why damages cannot be calculated using competitive benchmarks."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"}]}],"caption":"Comcast Corp. v. Behrend","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.021056Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Comcast disputes the lower court's rejection of its expert evidence on class-wide damages.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-11-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-864.html","primary_docket":"11-864","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:22:35.081574Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a class can certify without proving uniform damages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 5, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Comcast wants the class dismissed for lacking uniform damages proof.","Behrend wants the class certified despite individualized damages issues."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Comcast argues class certification requires proof of uniform damages.","Behrend argues liability can be proven collectively while damages vary."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked what specific conduct shows Comcast gained power unfairly.","Justice Kagan asked if the lower courts used a favorable legal standard for Behrend."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the evidence needed to certify large consumer classes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-864-comcast-corp-v-behrend","term":"2012","title":"Can a class proceed without proving uniform damages?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-864.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","paragraphs":["Texas counsel stated Oklahoma agreed to let Texas use water in Oklahoma.","Oklahoma counsel argued the lower court correctly allowed Oklahoma to block Texas access.","Justice Breyer questioned the mechanism for a state to take water from another state.","Justice Sotomayor questioned how a non-bordering state would access water in Oklahoma."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-5"}]}],"caption":"Tarrant Regional Water Dist. v. Herrmann","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.401448Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.411448Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Texas water users seek access to water located in Oklahoma. Oklahoma argues it can deny that access entirely.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-889.html","primary_docket":"11-889","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:46:39.681635Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Red River Compact grants Texas rights to use specific water in Oklahoma. Oklahoma claims it can block that use. Texas claims the Compact forces Oklahoma to allow it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Texas wants the Court to enforce the Compact and allow its users to use water in Oklahoma.","Oklahoma wants the Court to uphold its right to deny Texas users access to that water."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Texas argues Oklahoma agreed to let Texas use a specified quantity of water in Oklahoma.","Oklahoma argues it can categorically foreclose Texas users from accessing water in its subbasin."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if a state can take water from another state without a mechanism.","Justice Sotomayor asked how Louisiana would take water from Oklahoma if it shares no border."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how states share water across borders. It determines whether a state can unilaterally block another state's compact rights. The outcome shapes interstate water management and resource allocation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-5"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-889-tarrant-regional-water-dist-v-herrmann","term":"2012","title":"Can Oklahoma block Texas from using water in Oklahoma under the Red River Compact?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-889_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-11-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-11-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","paragraphs":["Kramer argued the government need not disprove withdrawal.","Sotomayor questioned the logic of extinguishing liability.","Scalia asked if withdrawal is a crime element."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-3"}]}],"caption":"Smith v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.035106Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.056528Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Smith argues the government must disprove withdrawal. The government says it need not.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-11-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-8976.html","primary_docket":"11-8976","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:40:59.678815Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Smith seeks a jury instruction on withdrawal. The government seeks to avoid that burden."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 6, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Smith wants the government to disprove withdrawal.","The government wants to avoid disproving withdrawal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Smith argues withdrawal is an element of the crime.","The government argues withdrawal is not an element."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if withdrawal is an element.","Justice Sotomayor asked why the government must prove amnesty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the government's burden in conspiracy trials. It shapes how prosecutors prove criminal intent. It affects the rights of all federal defendants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-3"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-8976-smith-v-united-states","term":"2012","title":"Does the government prove conspiracy withdrawal?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-8976.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 9-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-11-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-11-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Gilley argued the case involves a small subset of Rule 52(b) cases.","Mr. Wall emphasized the need for a contemporaneous objection.","Justice Scalia questioned how the Court would decide whether to take such a case.","Justice Kennedy noted the number of presented cases could be substantial."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-21"}]}],"caption":"Henderson v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.853695Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Court should review legal errors that affect substantial rights but lack a clear record.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-11-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-9307.html","primary_docket":"11-9307","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:34:31.531297Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of plain-error review under Rule 52(b)."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 28, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Henderson wants the Court to review the legal error despite the record gap.","The United States wants the Court to deny review due to the record gap."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Henderson argues the error affects substantial rights and warrants review.","The United States argues the record lacks the necessary clarity for review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the rule would create a new issue in every case.","Justice Alito asked what purpose the plain-error rule serves without the word plain."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of appellate review for legal errors. It determines how courts handle records that lack clarity. It affects the finality of lower-court decisions. It shapes the burden on litigants to preserve issues."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-21"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-9307-henderson-v-united-states","term":"2012","title":"Should the Court review legal errors that affect substantial rights but lack a clear record?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9307.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-01-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-01-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued the Sixth Amendment requires jury findings for mandatory minimums.","Government argued prior precedent allows judges to find these facts.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-15"}]}],"caption":"Alleyne v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.739948Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case seeks jury findings for mandatory minimums. Government seeks judge findings.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-01-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-9335.html","primary_docket":"11-9335","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:24:02.090928Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on who finds facts for mandatory minimums. the side that brought the case wants a jury. Government wants a judge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 14, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants a jury to find facts beyond reasonable doubt.","Government wants a judge to find facts by preponderance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Sixth Amendment requires jury findings for mandatory minimums.","Government argues prior precedent allows judges to find these facts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if McMillan was a Sixth Amendment case.","Justice Sotomayor asked how many federal courts charge these facts to juries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the jury's role in sentencing. It determines who finds facts for mandatory minimums. It affects criminal sentencing procedures nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-15"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-9335-alleyne-v-united-states","term":"2012","title":"Who decides facts triggering mandatory minimums?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9335.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-01-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-01-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Johnson argued that the specific facts of the 1978 conviction do not matter.","He stated that only the statutory definition matters for the Armed Career Criminal Act.","Justice Scalia asked if state supreme court statements about weapon types suffice for classification.","Justice Alito questioned whether two different phrasings of an element are substantively equivalent."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-41"}]}],"caption":"Descamps v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.652875Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal judges may rely on state supreme court interpretations to classify prior convictions under the Armed Career Criminal Act.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-01-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-9540.html","primary_docket":"11-9540","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:29:05.205230Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of the categorical approach. It asks if federal courts can look beyond the statutory text to state court decisions. The outcome affects how judges count prior offenses for sentencing enhancements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 7, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Supreme Court to limit federal courts to the statutory text alone.","The government wants the Supreme Court to allow courts to use state court interpretations to define elements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that federal courts must ignore state court opinions when applying the categorical approach.","The government argues that state supreme court interpretations clarify the elements of the underlying state offense."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if the Ninth Circuit could reimagine any indivisible statute as having divisible elements.","Justice Alito asked if there is a difference between an element and a violation of a possessory interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of the categorical approach. It determines how federal judges count prior state convictions. The ruling shapes sentencing enhancements for career offenders nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-41"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-9540-descamps-v-united-states","term":"2012","title":"Can courts use state court opinions to define federal crime elements?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-9540.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2012-11-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2012-11-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Anders argued a trademark holder can end a case with a broad promise.","She said the voluntary cessation doctrine should guide the analysis.","Mr. Dabney asked if any covenant could make a competitor feel secure.","He suggested no written promise might provide total security."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-9"}]}],"caption":"Already, LLC v. Nike, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.067139Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:35.086882Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Nike argues a broad promise to stop suing ends the legal dispute. Already, LLC argues the promise leaves real harm and uncertainty.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2012-11-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-982.html","primary_docket":"11-982","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:38:06.230688Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Nike wants the Court to accept a broad promise to stop suing as a final fix. Already, LLC wants the Court to reject that promise as insufficient. The dispute centers on whether a voluntary stop in enforcement ends a legal case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 7, 2012."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Nike wants the Court to accept its broad promise to stop suing as a final fix.","Already, LLC wants the Court to reject that promise as insufficient to end the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Nike argues a broad promise to stop suing eliminates the legal controversy.","Already, LLC argues the promise leaves real harm and uncertainty for competitors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if demanding marketing plans from competitors is injurious.","Justice Kennedy asked if the claim of high costs is in the record."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when a promise to stop suing ends a lawsuit. It affects how companies protect trademarks. It shapes the balance between legal certainty and competitive freedom."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-9"}]}],"slug":"2012-11-982-already-llc-v-nike-inc","term":"2012","title":"Can a trademark owner end a lawsuit by promising not to sue?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/11-982.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-04-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-04-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Bowker stated that the opposing sides do not dispute the government's authority to fund programs.","Mr. Srinivasan argued that Congress includes an anti-prostitution policy to combat HIV and AIDS.","Mr. Srinivasan cited the Regan case to support a rationality standard for funding conditions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-27"}]}],"caption":"Agency for Int'l Development v. Alliance for Open Society Int'l, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.366319Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.375330Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal funding conditions compel recipients to express government views on prostitution.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-04-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-10.html","primary_docket":"12-10","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:49:08.780538Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The government argues it controls funded programs. Recipients argue this forces them to speak against their will."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 22, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the funding condition.","The recipients want the Court to strike down the funding condition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government claims the Spending Clause allows it to control speech within funded programs.","The recipients claim the government cannot force them to express agreement with its views."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked how partnering differs from simply giving money to do a job.","Justice Alito asked if the Court has ever permitted compelled speech in funding conditions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between government funding and compelled speech. It determines whether recipients must adopt government policies to receive aid. The outcome shapes how federal grants interact with private expression."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-27"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-10-agency-for-int-l-development-v-alliance-for-open-society-int-l-inc","term":"2012","title":"Can the government force grant recipients to adopt its anti-prostitution policy?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-10_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-03-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-03-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","paragraphs":["Michael McConnell argued for the Hornes. He stated the case involves difficult merits questions. He focused on whether a taking occurred. He discussed how to conceptualize and value the taking. He emphasized the complexity of the legal issues.","Paul D. Clement argued for the Department of Agriculture. He began by identifying the property allegedly taken. He noted the Hornes advanced two different theories. He argued the takings analysis must start with property identification. He challenged the Hornes' theories about property ownership.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the nature of the taking. She asked what is taken from the handler entity. She explored the distinction between ownership and handling. She noted the handler entity does not own the raisins. She asked if the taking is a percentage payment. She highlighted the legal distinction between the two entities.","Chief Justice Roberts managed the oral argument. He introduced the case and the parties. He called on the side that brought the case's counsel first. He set the stage for the merits discussion. He ensured the argument focused on the taking question."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-23"}]}],"caption":"Horne v. Department of Agriculture","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.479106Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Horne family disputes a federal program that requires raisin handlers to pay for raisins they do not own.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-03-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-123.html","primary_docket":"12-123","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:03:06.583442Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Horne family challenges a federal marketing order. They argue the order forces them to pay for raisins they do not own. The Department of Agriculture defends the program. It claims the order regulates the raisin market. The core dispute involves the definition of property taken."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 20, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Hornes want the Court to strike down the payment requirement. They argue the government takes property from a non-owner entity.","The Department of Agriculture wants the Court to uphold the marketing order. It argues the order validly regulates the raisin market."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Hornes argue the government takes money from the handler entity. They claim the handler entity does not own the raisins. They assert this constitutes a taking of property.","The Department of Agriculture argues the order regulates the raisin market. It claims the payment requirement is a valid exercise of regulatory power. It asserts the order does not take property from the handler entity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked what is being taken from the handler entity. She questioned whether two separate legal entities exist. One entity owns the raisins. The other entity handles the raisins. She asked if the handler entity owns the raisins. She noted that the handler entity cannot be taken raisins if it does not own them.","Chief Justice Roberts introduced the case. He called on the side that brought the case's counsel to argue. He identified the case as Horne v. Department of Agriculture. He noted the argument would focus on the merits. He asked the counsel to address the taking question."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The case defines the scope of government power over agricultural markets. It clarifies what constitutes a taking of property. It determines whether regulators can force payments from entities that do not own the underlying goods. The outcome affects how the government structures marketing orders. It impacts the rights of business owners in regulated industries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-23"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-123-horne-v-department-of-agriculture","term":"2012","title":"Does the government take property by forcing raisin handlers to pay for unowned raisins?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-123_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-02-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-02-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Readler cited Holland to support incorporating equitable rules into the statute.","Mr. Bursch argued that the statute lacks a specific tolling rule for this situation.","Mr. Bursch noted that Congress remained silent on equitable tolling in the prior case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-3"}]}],"caption":"McQuiggin v. Perkins","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.600841Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.617256Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a prisoner's late filing defeats a claim of actual innocence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-02-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-126.html","primary_docket":"12-126","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:13:42.544889Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of equitable tolling under federal habeas statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 25, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 39-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks a ruling that allows the actual innocence claim to proceed.","the opposing side seeks a ruling that bars the claim due to the filing delay."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that equitable principles incorporate diligence requirements into the statute.","the opposing side argues that the statute contains no provision for equitable tolling in this context."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked whether the side that brought the case argued the diligence issue in the Sixth Circuit.","Justice Kennedy asked how the system handles multiple successive petitions over time."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the procedural limits for prisoners seeking relief based on innocence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-3"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-126-mcquiggin-v-perkins","term":"2012","title":"Does a prisoner's delay bar a claim of actual innocence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-126.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-02-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-02-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kellogg argued the lower court erred in refusing enforcement.","Mr. Clement argued the vindication of rights doctrine applies here.","Mr. Stewart noted the Court asked about pure exculpatory clauses."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-31"}]}],"caption":"American Express Co. v. Italian Colors Restaurant","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.649846Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.679812Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"American Express seeks to enforce an arbitration clause. The restaurant argues the clause blocks effective antitrust relief.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-02-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-133.html","primary_docket":"12-133","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:09:38.652524Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether high arbitration costs invalidate a contract clause. American Express wants to enforce the clause. The restaurant argues the clause prevents effective legal relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 27, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["American Express wants the Court to enforce the arbitration clause.","The restaurant wants the Court to reject the arbitration clause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["American Express argues the clause is valid under federal law.","The restaurant argues the clause prevents effective vindication of rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if individual arbitrations provide sufficient relief.","Justice Kagan asked if a clause barring antitrust claims is enforceable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of arbitration agreements. It determines whether cost barriers can invalidate statutory rights. The outcome shapes access to federal antitrust remedies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-31"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-133-american-express-co-v-italian-colors-restaurant","term":"2012","title":"Can arbitration costs block antitrust claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-133.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-03-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-03-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Katz stated that only two ways exist to vacate an award under the applicable standard.","Mr. Waxman cited Stolt-Nielsen to argue that arbitration requires a clear contractual basis.","Justice Ginsburg noted that arbitrators interpret contract terms and courts rarely overturn them."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-9"}]}],"caption":"Oxford Health Plans LLC v. Sutter","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.496258Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Oxford Health Plans seeks to overturn an arbitrator's award. Sutter argues the award stands despite factual disputes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-03-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-135.html","primary_docket":"12-135","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:02:32.264592Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the limits of judicial review over arbitration awards. Oxford Health Plans argues the arbitrator distorted facts. Sutter argues courts must defer to arbitrators on factual matters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 25, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Oxford Health Plans wants the Court to allow courts to vacate awards based on factual errors.","Sutter wants the Court to bar courts from reviewing arbitrators' factual findings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Oxford Health Plans argues that severe factual distortion transforms a fact issue into a legal one.","Sutter argues that arbitrators decide facts and courts cannot second-guess those decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if factual distortion becomes a legal question at some point.","Justice Sotomayor asked if this is always an arbitrator's question or a mistake here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between judicial review and arbitration finality. It determines whether courts can correct factual errors in private dispute resolution. The outcome shapes the reliability of arbitration as a legal mechanism."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-9"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-135-oxford-health-plans-llc-v-sutter","term":"2012","title":"Can a court void an arbitration award for factual error?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-135_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-03-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-03-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","paragraphs":["Mutual Pharmaceutical argues federal law requires identical ingredients and warnings.","Bartlett argues New Hampshire law imposes a hybrid design-defect standard.","Justice Sotomayor questioned whether FDA approval creates an absolute liability shield.","Justice Kagan asked how the argument applies to brand-named drugs."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"}]}],"caption":"Mutual Pharmaceutical Co. v. Bartlett","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.472355Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law blocks state design-defect claims against generic drug manufacturers.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-03-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-142.html","primary_docket":"12-142","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:04:06.452054Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal preemption for generic drugs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 19, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Mutual Pharmaceutical seeks dismissal of the state design-defect claim.","Bartlett seeks to maintain the state design-defect claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Mutual Pharmaceutical argues federal law preempts state design-defect claims.","Bartlett argues state law imposes a distinct design-defect duty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if FDA approval bars all tort claims.","Justice Kagan asked about the scope of the argument for brand drugs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between federal drug regulation and state tort law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-142-mutual-pharmaceutical-co-v-bartlett","term":"2012","title":"Can generic drug makers face design-defect liability despite FDA approval?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-142_fchk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-03-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-03-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Cooper argued marriage definitions have historical roots.","Mr. Olson contextualized the ballot measure before addressing standing.","General Verrilli argued the measure denies equal protection.","General Verrilli described the measure as a permanent constitutional ban."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 15-17"}]}],"caption":"Hollingsworth v. Perry","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.530236Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.566731Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to defend a state ballot measure. the opposing sides argue the state lacks standing to do so.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official 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13-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-03-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-144.html","primary_docket":"12-144","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:59:48.992870Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests who may defend a state law in federal court. the sides that brought the case claim a state official has standing. the opposing sides argue only the state itself holds that right."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 26, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to allow a state official to defend the measure.","the opposing sides want the Court to dismiss the appeal for lack of standing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the official has a personal interest in the law.","the opposing sides argue the state must authorize any defense of its laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if a state can assign defense rights to any citizen.","Justice Scalia asked if the attorney general has a proprietary interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 29-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines who controls state law defenses in federal courts. It shapes the balance of power between state officials and private citizens."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 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25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 15-17"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-144-hollingsworth-v-perry","term":"2012","title":"Can a state official defend a ballot measure without state authorization?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-144_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-04-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-04-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Feigin argued on behalf of the side that brought the case.","Mr. Yablon argued that the magistrate judge distorted the pretrial process.","justice_questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Davila","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.299929Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a magistrate judge may urge a defendant to abandon trial rights and accept a plea deal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-04-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-167.html","primary_docket":"12-167","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:57:48.755121Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case examines the limits of judicial neutrality during pretrial proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 15, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks a ruling that the magistrate judge acted improperly.","the opposing side seeks a ruling that the magistrate judge acted within bounds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the magistrate judge abandoned neutrality and distorted the process.","the opposing side argues the magistrate judge did not improperly influence the defendant."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked whether the judge assumed the defendant would not rebut the intervention.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the district judge knew about the earlier magistrate episode."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundaries of judicial conduct during plea negotiations. It protects the integrity of the pretrial process. It ensures defendants retain their constitutional trial rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-167-united-states-v-davila","term":"2012","title":"Can a magistrate judge pressure a defendant to plead guilty?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-167_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-02-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-02-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Virginia's law discriminates against non-residents.","the opposing sides argue the state may limit records access.","questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-29"}]}],"caption":"McBurney v. Young","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.579923Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A private citizen challenges Virginia's ban on out-of-state access to public records.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-02-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-17.html","primary_docket":"12-17","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:14:42.637703Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Virginia restricts public records access to residents. the sides that brought the case claim this violates the Constitution. the opposing sides defend the state's policy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 20, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down Virginia's law.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold Virginia's law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the law discriminates against non-residents.","the opposing sides argue the state may limit records access."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if a non-resident could hire a resident to request records.","Justice Ginsburg asked how much the law impacts the side that brought the case's business."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The case defines state power over public information. It affects interstate commerce and equal access to government data."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-29"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-17-mcburney-v-young","term":"2012","title":"Does Virginia's public records law violate the Privileges and Immunities Clause?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-17.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-02-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-02-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","paragraphs":["Maryland argues arrestees are in a unique category. They are on the gateway into the criminal justice system. Their privacy expectations are substantially reduced.","King argues the search was warrantless and suspicionless. He claims this practice is presumptively unconstitutional. He argues the state cites no valid exception.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-41"}]}],"caption":"Maryland v. King","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.636001Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.666677Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Maryland seeks to uphold its law requiring DNA collection from arrestees. King argues this practice violates his constitutional rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-02-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-207.html","primary_docket":"12-207","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:10:34.831859Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Maryland wants to keep its law requiring DNA collection from arrestees. It claims this practice helps solve crimes. King wants the court to strike down the law. He argues it violates his Fourth Amendment rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 26, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Maryland wants to keep its DNA collection law for arrestees.","King wants the court to strike down the DNA collection law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Maryland argues arrestees have reduced privacy expectations.","King argues warrantless suspicionless searches are unconstitutional."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked how long the DNA procedure takes.","Justice Kagan asked if the state can search homes for unrelated crimes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of police power during arrest. It determines whether DNA collection is a standard booking procedure. It affects the privacy rights of all arrestees nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-41"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-207-maryland-v-king","term":"2012","title":"Does the Fourth Amendment allow police to collect DNA from arrestees without a warrant?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-207-lp23.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-03-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-03-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","paragraphs":["The government argued that the Vaccine Act does not provide for an award of attorneys' fees on a petition that is denied as untimely.","the side that brought the case argued that Section 15(e)(1) makes any petition filed under Section 11 eligible for fees, even if denied, provided two conditions are met.","Justice Ginsburg asked whether the parties file anything in the Federal Register.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the side that brought the case's conclusion is that the deadline is not jurisdictional. He later asked if the Court should say a deadline is jurisdictional if it sounds that way to secure a win. Justice Kagan asked if the Department subtracts untimely petitions from its congressional reports. Justice Sotomayor noted the government concedes the deadline is not jurisdictional."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"}]}],"caption":"Sebelius v. Cloer","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.466116Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Vaccine Act permits attorneys to collect fees when a court dismisses a claim for filing too late.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-03-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-236.html","primary_docket":"12-236","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:05:25.418604Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Vaccine Act fee provision. The government argues the statute bars fees for untimely filings. the side that brought the case argues the statute allows fees even when a court denies a late claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 19, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to confirm that the Vaccine Act bars fee awards for petitions dismissed as untimely.","the side that brought the case wants the Court to hold that the Vaccine Act allows fee awards even when a court denies a late petition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government contends that the Vaccine Act does not provide for an award of attorneys' fees on a petition that is denied as untimely.","the side that brought the case contends that Section 15(e)(1) makes any petition filed under Section 11 eligible for fees, even if denied, provided two conditions are met."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked whether the parties file anything in the Federal Register.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the side that brought the case's conclusion is that the deadline is not jurisdictional. He later asked if the Court should say a deadline is jurisdictional if it sounds that way to secure a win. Justice Kagan asked if the Department subtracts untimely petitions from its congressional reports. Justice Sotomayor noted the government concedes the deadline is not jurisdictional."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether attorneys can recover fees when a court dismisses a vaccine injury claim for being late. The outcome affects the financial risk lawyers take when filing these claims. It also shapes how the government reports untimely petitions to Congress. The ruling clarifies the scope of the Vaccine Act fee provision for all future cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-236-sebelius-v-cloer","term":"2012","title":"Does the Vaccine Act allow fees for late petitions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-236_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-04-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-04-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","paragraphs":["Jeffrey Fisher argued the Fifth Amendment prohibits using silence against a suspect.","He stated that specific facts do not justify an exception to this rule.","Justice Breyer asked where the line lies between silence and invocation.","Justice Ginsburg cited a case where silence was not an invocation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-3"}]}],"caption":"Salinas v. Texas","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.337126Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.343576Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Texas prosecutors used a suspect's silence during a police interview as evidence of guilt. The suspect argues this violates the Fifth Amendment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-04-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-246.html","primary_docket":"12-246","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:52:06.030885Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether the Fifth Amendment protects silence during noncustodial police interviews. The Court must decide if prosecutors may comment on a suspect's refusal to answer questions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 17, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Texas wants the Court to allow prosecutors to use a suspect's silence as evidence of guilt.","The suspect wants the Court to ban prosecutors from using silence as evidence against him."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Texas argues silence during a voluntary interview is not protected by the Fifth Amendment.","The suspect argues the Fifth Amendment prohibits using his silence against him at trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if silence during witness examination counts as a waiver.","Justice Sotomayor asked if this rule gives noncustodial defendants more rights than those in custody."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of Fifth Amendment protections. It determines whether silence during police questioning remains a shield or becomes evidence of guilt."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-3"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-246-salinas-v-texas","term":"2012","title":"Can prosecutors use a suspect's silence against them at trial?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-246_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-01-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-01-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Guerra argues the DPPA requires express consent.","He says the litigation exception does not apply.","Mr. Clement argues Congress did not manage attorney solicitation.","He says states always controlled this area."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"}]}],"caption":"Maracich v. Spears","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.749932Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.775398Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Lawyers want to buy DMV records for lawsuits. The state says the DPPA bans this bulk sale.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-01-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-25.html","primary_docket":"12-25","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:25:34.922333Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The DPPA restricts state DMV data sales. It imposes civil and criminal penalties for violations. It directly regulates state database use."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 9, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to buy DMV data for litigation.","the opposing sides want to block this bulk data sale."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the DPPA does not cover lawyers.","the opposing sides argue the DPPA bans bulk solicitation sales."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does the research exception cover university projects?","Does the statute cover state health marketing?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state data privacy limits. It shapes commercial data sales rules. It impacts legal research and marketing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-25-maracich-v-spears","term":"2012","title":"Does the DPPA ban lawyers from buying DMV data for litigation?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-25.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-03-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-03-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Jackson argued the United States does not ask the Court to redress its asserted injuries.","Ms. Jackson stated the House Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group asserts no judicially cognizable injury.","Mr. Clement argued the House is the proper party to defend the constitutionality of an Act of Congress.","Mr. Clement cited precedent holding the House defends laws when the executive agrees with the plaintiff."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 111, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 111, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 113, lines 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Windsor","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.610767Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.613545Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.643972Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the House of Representatives has standing to defend a federal statute when the executive branch agrees with the plaintiff that the law is unconstitutional.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 111, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 111, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 51-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 51-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-03-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-307.html","primary_docket":"12-307","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:59:29.328718Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the constitutional limits of legislative power. The core conflict involves the separation of powers between the legislative and executive branches. The Court must determine who holds the authority to defend federal laws in court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 111, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 111, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 51-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 51-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 27, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 113, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 113, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The United States wants the Court to dismiss the case for lack of standing.","The House of Representatives wants the Court to affirm the lower court's rejection of the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 111, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 111, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 51-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 51-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The United States argues the House lacks a judicially cognizable injury to defend the statute.","The House argues it is the proper party to defend the constitutionality of an Act of Congress."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 111, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 111, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 51-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 51-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked about the jurisdictional basis for the Court's review.","Justice Breyer asked why a fiduciary would have standing to act under the law despite believing it unconstitutional."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 113, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 113, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the constitutional role of the legislative branch in defending federal statutes. It clarifies the separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches. The outcome shapes the ability of Congress to protect its laws from judicial review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 111, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 111, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 51-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 51-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 113, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 113, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-49"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-307-united-states-v-windsor","term":"2012","title":"Can the House defend a law when the President opposes it?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 111, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 111, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 51-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-307_c18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 51-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued the Hobbs Act is a property crime like larceny.","the side that brought the case claimed the law requires taking tangible property from a victim.","The government argued the statute covers intangible property interests.","The government stated that future commissions are a valid property interest."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-13"}]}],"caption":"Sekhar v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.369282Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.379395Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a threat to withhold business counts as taking property under federal extortion law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-357.html","primary_docket":"12-357","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:17:03.107327Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Hobbs Act. The law bans using threats to obtain property from others. The core question is whether future business commissions count as property. the side that brought the case argues the law only covers tangible items. The government argues it covers intangible economic benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction overturned because the threat did not take tangible property.","The government wants the conviction to stand because the threat secured future commissions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Hobbs Act is a property crime requiring tangible items.","The government argues the statute covers intangible benefits like future business fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if the law requires taking property from the specific person threatened.","Justice Kennedy asked why prosecutors did not charge the case as taking future commissions directly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary of federal extortion law. It determines whether threats to secure future business deals are crimes. The outcome shapes how prosecutors handle business disputes involving threats. It clarifies what counts as property under federal statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 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49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-13"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-357-sekhar-v-united-states","term":"2012","title":"Does the Hobbs Act cover threats to secure future business commissions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-357_ed9f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]}],"caption":"Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.271039Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.277374Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Myriad Genetics holds patents on isolated BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. the sides that brought the case argue these natural sequences cannot be patented. The Court must decide if isolation creates a patentable invention.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-04-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-398.html","primary_docket":"12-398","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:59:08.287220Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Myriad Genetics claims patents on isolated BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. These genes correlate with increased cancer risk. the sides that brought the case argue Myriad discovered, not invented, these sequences. Myriad argues isolation creates a new, patentable molecule. The dispute centers on patent eligibility for natural products."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 15, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Myriad wants to keep its patents on isolated genes valid.","the sides that brought the case want the Court to invalidate the gene patents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Myriad argues isolated DNA differs functionally from natural DNA.","the sides that brought the case argue Myriad merely discovered natural genetic sequences."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if isolated DNA has a different function than natural DNA.","Justice Sotomayor asked why diagnostic tests were not patented separately from the genes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Gene patents control access to cancer testing. High costs limit patient access to genetic screening. Patent validity affects research and medical innovation. The outcome shapes the balance between private incentives and public access to biological tools."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-398-association-for-molecular-pathology-v-myriad-genetics-inc","term":"2012","title":"Can isolated human genes receive patent protection?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-398_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Blatt argued for the sides that brought the case. She focused on the child's best interests. She stated the father had no legal rights under state law.","Mr. Kneedler argued for the opposing side. He started with the definition of an official parent. He argued this definition drives the entire legal analysis.","Mr. Clement argued that without federal law, the father has no rights. He stated the child would receive a best interests determination. He emphasized the clarity of state law.","Mr. Rothfeld argued the child's custody was not transferred without a best interest determination. He stated this is clear from the lower court decisions. He rejected the claim of a procedural violation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-21"}]}],"caption":"Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.303206Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.310478Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law protects a noncustodial biological father's rights over a child's best interests.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 27-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-04-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-399.html","primary_docket":"12-399","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:52:25.370131Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal protections for Native American families. The core conflict involves the definition of a family under federal law. One side argues for a broad biological definition. The other side argues for a definition based on actual custody and care."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 27-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 16, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the adoption to stand. They argue the child needs a stable home. They believe the biological father had no legal rights.","the opposing side wants to block the adoption. They argue federal law protects the biological father. They believe this preserves the Indian family unit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 27-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue federal law should not override state custody rules. They claim the father had no legal standing. They emphasize the child's best interests as the primary goal.","the opposing side argues federal law creates a special family definition. They claim biological ties trigger federal protections. They assert this prevents the breakup of Indian families."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 27-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if this situation breaks up an Indian family. He noted the federal statute uses an expansive phrase. He distinguished this from state law definitions.","Justice Sotomayor asked why a noncustodial parent with visitation rights is not a family. She questioned the reliance on state definitions. She suggested a federal meaning might be better."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the legal meaning of an Indian family. It determines when federal law overrides state custody decisions. It affects the rights of biological parents in adoption cases. It shapes the balance between child welfare and cultural preservation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 27-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-21"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-399-adoptive-couple-v-baby-girl","term":"2012","title":"Does federal law define an Indian family by custody or biological ties?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-399_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 27-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-03-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-03-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Stewart argued payments for non-competition violate antitrust law.","Justice Kennedy questioned if the test ignores patent strength.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the government changed its position."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]}],"caption":"FTC v. Actavis, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.509682Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.509711Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The FTC argues these payments harm consumers. Actavis claims they resolve patent disputes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-03-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-416.html","primary_docket":"12-416","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:01:13.366859Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether brand-name drug makers can pay generic rivals to delay market entry. The FTC says this practice suppresses competition. Actavis argues it settles valid patent disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 25, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The FTC wants the Court to strike down these payment agreements.","Actavis wants the Court to uphold the settlement as lawful."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The FTC argues payments for non-competition are antitrust violations.","Actavis argues the payments resolve genuine patent uncertainty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if Hatch-Waxman amendments caused this issue.","Justice Scalia questioned why payments differ from market division."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute affects drug prices and consumer access. It defines the limits of patent settlements. The outcome shapes future antitrust enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-416-ftc-v-actavis-inc","term":"2012","title":"Do patent settlement payments violate antitrust law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-416-8fe5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-04-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-04-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the 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43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-37"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Kebodeaux","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.333951Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law can compel a person to register as a sex offender after their federal prison term concludes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-04-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-418.html","primary_docket":"12-418","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:51:48.805047Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of federal power over individuals who have completed their federal sentences."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 17, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the registration mandate for this individual.","The defendant wants the Court to strike down the registration mandate for this individual."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues Congress can impose civil sanctions to protect public safety after a federal conviction.","The defendant argues the government cannot reach back to control a person after their federal sentence expires."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if this power applies to all federal crimes, not just sex offenses.","Justice Sotomayor asked what limits exist on Congress imposing registration requirements for any federal conviction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between federal and state authority over individuals after incarceration ends."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-37"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-418-united-states-v-kebodeaux","term":"2012","title":"Can Congress force state convicts to register after their federal sentence ends?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-418_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-02-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-02-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued the UK privatized utilities to allow efficiency gains.","He stated the government planned to keep prices constant.","He claimed the tax targeted the resulting value increase.","Justice Sotomayor noted the tax has two components: floatation value and time."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-49"}]}],"caption":"PPL Corp. v. Commissioner","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.583026Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"PPL Corp. argues the UK windfall tax is a value tax. The IRS claims it is an income tax.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-02-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-43.html","primary_docket":"12-43","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:16:05.561845Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["PPL Corp. seeks a foreign tax credit for a UK windfall tax. The IRS denies the credit. The dispute centers on the tax's legal classification."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 20, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["PPL Corp. wants a foreign tax credit for the UK windfall tax.","The IRS wants to deny the foreign tax credit for the UK windfall tax."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["PPL Corp. argues the tax targets company value, not income.","The IRS argues the tax targets excess profits, not company value."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if a one-time tax on income remains an excess profits tax.","Justice Sotomayor asked why the tax does not simply use actual profits instead of estimates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines how taxpayers classify foreign windfall taxes. It affects the calculation of foreign tax credits. It shapes the definition of income tax in international law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-49"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-43-ppl-corp-v-commissioner","term":"2012","title":"Does a one-time UK windfall tax qualify as an income tax for credit purposes?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-43.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-04-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-04-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Joseffer argued that the Gross decision and 1991 amendments support the but-for standard.","Mr. Lauten argued that Congress would not create two standards without explicit language.","Ms. Arbus Sherry addressed why Congress might adopt different standards for different claims."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.405358Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.437909Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on the legal standard for proving workplace retaliation under Title VII.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 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Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks whether a plaintiff must prove that retaliation was the sole cause of an adverse action. the side that brought the case argues the but-for standard applies. the opposing side argues a lesser standard applies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 24, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to apply the but-for causation standard to retaliation claims.","the opposing side wants the Court to apply a lesser causation standard to retaliation claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that the 1991 amendments did not change the traditional burden of proof for retaliation.","the opposing side argues that Congress created two distinct causation standards within the same statute in 1991."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if any other discrimination statute uses different standards for retaliation and discrimination.","Justice Ginsburg asked if age discrimination claims use the same standard for both types of claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the evidentiary burden for employees alleging workplace retaliation. It determines how strictly courts must link retaliatory acts to adverse employment decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-484_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"}]}],"caption":"Dan's City Used Cars, Inc. v. Pelkey","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.476080Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A used car dealer and a car owner dispute federal preemption of state storage laws.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 49-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-03-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-52.html","primary_docket":"12-52","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:02:52.686624Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if federal trucking deregulation overrides state car storage rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 49-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 20, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The dealer wants the federal law to block state storage rules.","The owner wants state law to govern the car storage dispute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 49-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The dealer argues federal law preempts state storage regulations.","The owner argues state law controls the storage dispute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 49-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked how state towing laws survive federal preemption.","Justice Scalia questioned the distance between the case and preemption."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary between federal trucking law and state property rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 49-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-52-dan-s-city-used-cars-inc-v-pelkey","term":"2012","title":"Does federal trucking law preempt state car storage rules?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-52_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 49-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-04-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-04-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Bursch argued for AEDPA deference.","Mr. Mogill argued against the state court interpretation.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-13"}]}],"caption":"Metrish v. Lancaster","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.405388Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek federal habeas relief. the opposing sides defend the state court judgment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-04-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-547.html","primary_docket":"12-547","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:46:07.278938Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal deference to state courts under AEDPA."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 24, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Supreme Court to reverse the Sixth Circuit decision.","the opposing sides want the Supreme Court to affirm the Sixth Circuit decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the state court decision was contrary to federal law.","the opposing sides argue the state court decision deserves AEDPA deference."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked about intermediate state appellate court decisions.","Justice Kennedy asked about the basis of a 1973 case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of federal habeas review. It shapes how federal courts treat state statutory interpretations. It affects the finality of state criminal judgments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-13"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-547-metrish-v-lancaster","term":"2012","title":"Does AEDPA deference apply when state courts interpret statutes differently?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-547_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-03-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-03-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","paragraphs":["Arizona argues the National Voter Registration Act does not preempt Proposition 200.","The state claims Congress did not expressly prohibit state enforcement of citizenship rules.","The Inter Tribal Council argues the federal form streamlines the registration process.","The challengers assert federal law preempts state-added documentary requirements."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-5"}]}],"caption":"Arizona v. Inter Tribal Council of Ariz. Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.438070Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.442067Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Arizona demands documentary proof of citizenship. Federal law mandates a simple signed attestation. The conflict centers on state authority versus federal preemption.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-03-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-71.html","primary_docket":"12-71","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:07:21.032530Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute involves the National Voter Registration Act. Arizona enacted Proposition 200. This measure requires documentary proof of citizenship. Federal law requires a signed attestation. The state argues federal law does not preempt its stricter rule. The challengers argue federal law preempts the state requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 18, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Arizona wants to enforce its documentary proof requirement on federal forms.","The Inter Tribal Council wants to invalidate the state documentary proof requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Arizona argues Congress did not expressly prohibit state enforcement of citizenship requirements.","The Inter Tribal Council argues federal law streamlines registration and preempts state additions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why one requirement takes precedence over another.","Justice Scalia asked why the state did not challenge the federal form directly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary between state and federal voter registration authority. It determines whether states can impose stricter citizenship documentation rules. This affects the uniformity of federal voter registration processes nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-5"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-71-arizona-v-inter-tribal-council-of-ariz-inc","term":"2012","title":"Can Arizona require proof of citizenship on federal voter forms?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-71_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 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eight Justices raised a constitutional question in 2009."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-15"}]}],"caption":"Shelby County v. Holder","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.645859Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.676647Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Shelby County argues the formula is outdated. The government argues it remains necessary.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 17-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-02-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-96.html","primary_docket":"12-96","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T22:08:25.223395Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Shelby County seeks to strike down the coverage formula. The government defends the formula's validity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 27, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Shelby County wants the Court to invalidate the coverage formula.","The government wants the Court to uphold the coverage formula."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Shelby County argues the formula relies on outdated data.","The government argues the formula addresses ongoing discrimination."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the formula should apply today.","Justice Kennedy asked why the county is injured under this formula."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The formula determines which jurisdictions need federal approval for voting changes. This affects how states manage elections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 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15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-15"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-96-shelby-county-v-holder","term":"2012","title":"Does the Voting Rights Act coverage formula remain constitutional?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-96_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 17-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-01-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-01-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2012","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Maddrey argued the Medicaid Act requires reasonable reimbursement measures.","Ms. Browning argued the state statute overrides jury verdicts.","Ms. Anders argued states have broad discretion to allocate damages."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"}]}],"caption":"Delia v. E.M.A.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.706787Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue a state statute overrides jury verdicts. the opposing sides claim the state controls Medicaid recovery.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests state control over Medicaid reimbursement. the sides that brought the case seek full recovery based on jury findings. the opposing sides want a fixed statutory cap applied to settlements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 51-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 8, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want full recovery based on jury verdicts.","the opposing sides want a fixed 30 percent statutory cap."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 51-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the state statute overrides jury verdicts.","the opposing sides argue states have broad discretion to allocate damages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 51-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how to predict the 30 percent cap ex ante.","Justice Scalia asked if the state denies property rights in the 30 percent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines state power over medical settlements. It determines how much Medicaid recovers from liable third parties. It affects how states allocate medical damages in court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 51-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"}]}],"slug":"2012-12-98-delia-v-e-m-a","term":"2012","title":"Can a state cap Medicaid reimbursement at 30 percent of a settlement?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2012/12-98-qsde.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 51-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-01-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-01-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Messenger argued Illinois forces workers to pay fees.","He stated these fees fund petitions to the state.","He claimed this violates the First Amendment.","Mr. Smith explained the state's home-care decision ten years ago."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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Quinn","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.123851Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.148109Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Home-care workers challenge Illinois fees that fund union lobbying.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-01-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-681.html","primary_docket":"11-681","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:00:14.455815Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Susan Watts and others sue Illinois. They claim forced union fees violate free speech. The state defends the fee structure. The Court must decide if Abood applies here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 21, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the fee requirement struck down.","the opposing sides want the fee requirement upheld."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue these fees fund political lobbying.","the opposing sides argue the fees support collective bargaining."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked about the likelihood of specific bargaining topics.","Justice Kagan asked if the argument extends beyond this situation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of union fee mandates. It affects millions of public-sector workers. It shapes the balance between labor rights and free speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 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31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"}]}],"slug":"2013-11-681-harris-v-quinn","term":"2013","title":"Can states force home-care workers to pay union fees?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-681_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-10-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-10-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","paragraphs":["Daimler AG's counsel argued that the Due Process Clause does not provide fixed rules for attributing contacts. He stated that the subsidiary's presence does not automatically create jurisdiction over the parent. He emphasized the need for a clear constitutional standard.","Plaintiffs' counsel argued that the case involves multiple complex questions. He noted that only two issues were adequately preserved for review. He contended that the lower court correctly applied California law to attribute the subsidiary's contacts to the parent.","Justice Kagan questioned whether the attribution standard matters if no general jurisdiction exists over Daimler. She asked if attributing all subsidiary contacts still fails to establish jurisdiction over the parent. She sought clarification on the relationship between state law and constitutional limits."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-7"}]}],"caption":"Daimler AG v. Bauman","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.545968Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.546002Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Daimler AG disputes a lower court finding that it faces general jurisdiction in California. Plaintiffs seek to sue the German parent for worldwide conduct.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-10-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/11-965.html","primary_docket":"11-965","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:15:01.271032Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of general jurisdiction. General jurisdiction lets a court hear any claim against a defendant. It usually requires the defendant to be essentially at home in that state. Daimler AG is a German company. Its U. S. subsidiary operates in California. Plaintiffs want to sue Daimler AG in California."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 15, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Daimler AG wants the Court to rule that California lacks general jurisdiction over it. It seeks to dismiss the case and prevent global suits in California.","Plaintiffs want the Court to uphold the lower court finding. They seek to keep the case in California and sue Daimler AG for worldwide conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Daimler AG argues that due process limits general jurisdiction. It claims a foreign parent is not at home in a state just because a subsidiary operates there. It asserts the subsidiary's contacts cannot be attributed to the parent for jurisdiction purposes.","Plaintiffs argue that the subsidiary's deep ties to California make the parent at home there. They contend that corporate form should not shield the parent from liability for global acts. They assert that California law allows attributing the subsidiary's contacts to the parent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the Court would reach the main question if the subsidiary lacked general jurisdiction.","Justice Scalia asked if California cases previously disregarded the corporate form in similar contexts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines where foreign companies can be sued for global conduct. It sets the standard for attributing a subsidiary's local presence to a parent company. The outcome shapes the balance between state power and corporate mobility. It affects how plaintiffs access courts for international claims. It clarifies the constitutional limits on general jurisdiction for multinationals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-7"}]}],"slug":"2013-11-965-daimler-ag-v-bauman","term":"2013","title":"Can a foreign company be sued in California for global claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/11-965_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-11-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-11-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Massey argued CAFA text excludes state parens patriae actions.","Mr. Curran argued the statute covers all mass actions.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 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5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-19"}]}],"caption":"Mississippi, Inc. ex rel. Hood v. AU Optronics Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.388896Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.419027Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Mississippi seeks to keep its consumer suit in state court. AU Optronics wants federal jurisdiction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-11-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-1036.html","primary_docket":"12-1036","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:31:31.097599Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Mississippi argues CAFA excludes state parens patriae actions. AU Optronics claims the statute covers all mass actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 6, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Mississippi wants to keep the case in state court.","AU Optronics wants the case moved to federal court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Mississippi argues CAFA text excludes state parens patriae actions.","AU Optronics argues the statute covers all mass actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked about settled consumer actions.","Justice Alito questioned the definition of named plaintiffs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines federal court power over state consumer suits. It affects how states protect citizens from corporate harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-19"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-1036-mississippi-inc-ex-rel-hood-v-au-optronics-corp","term":"2013","title":"Does CAFA cover state parens patriae suits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1036_elpd.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-12-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-12-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the 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7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-39"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Apel","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.250270Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.253083Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A man faces a misdemeanor charge for reentering a public road on a military base after a ban.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-12-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-1038.html","primary_docket":"12-1038","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:14:43.938066Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of a federal statute banning reentry to military areas."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 4, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the conviction to stand.","The man wants the conviction overturned."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the road is part of the military installation.","The man argues the road is a public space open to all."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the man could access public schools nearby.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the ruling would erase prior precedent on public roads."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines where military authority ends and public rights begin."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-39"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-1038-united-states-v-apel","term":"2013","title":"Does a public road on a military base count as a military installation?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1038_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-03-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-03-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Waxman argued the Constitution bars executing persons with mental retardation.","Mr. Winsor argued the Florida Supreme Court decision is consistent with Atkins.","questions_in_argument"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-7"}]}],"caption":"Hall v. Florida","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.982458Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Florida argues a fixed IQ score proves normal intelligence. the side that brought the case argues this method ignores adaptive behavior deficits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-03-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-10882.html","primary_docket":"12-10882","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:51:59.618758Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Florida uses a strict IQ cutoff to deny mental retardation claims. the side that brought the case argues this method ignores adaptive behavior deficits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 3, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Florida wants the Court to affirm the lower-court decision.","the side that brought the case wants the Court to reverse the lower-court decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Florida argues the fixed IQ cutoff is a reasonable legislative judgment.","the side that brought the case argues the Constitution bars executing persons with mental retardation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the standard error of measuring refers to a degree of confidence.","Justice Alito asked if the Constitution allows a state to establish a hard cutoff like 76."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines how states define mental retardation for death penalty eligibility. It affects the application of the Eighth Amendment to capital cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-7"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-10882-hall-v-florida","term":"2013","title":"Can Florida set a fixed IQ cutoff to deny mental retardation claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-10882_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-03-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-03-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","paragraphs":["Mosley argued the Sixth Circuit failed to analyze the clearly established law prong.","Bash argued reckless driving during a pursuit can authorize deadly force.","Smith argued the case presents a classic jury question."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-19"}]}],"caption":"Plumhoff v. Rickard","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.004197Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.034755Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Officers shot a fleeing driver. The driver claims the force violated his rights. The officers claim qualified immunity protects them.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-03-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-1117.html","primary_docket":"12-1117","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:51:34.484075Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests when police may use deadly force against a fleeing driver. It also tests how courts apply qualified immunity defenses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 4, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Officers want the Court to affirm the lower court's qualified immunity ruling.","Driver wants the Court to reverse the lower court's qualified immunity ruling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Officers argue the law was not clearly established against their use of force.","Driver argues the lower court failed to properly analyze the qualified immunity defense."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked whether the rule applied was clearly established.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if any high-speed chase scenario would not justify lethal force."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of police force during vehicle pursuits. It determines when officers face personal liability for shooting fleeing drivers. The outcome shapes future police tactics and civil rights protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-19"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-1117-plumhoff-v-rickard","term":"2013","title":"Does reckless driving during a police chase justify deadly force?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1117_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 31-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-11-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-11-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","paragraphs":["Medtronic's counsel stated that patent law places the burden of proving infringement on the patentee.","Medtronic's counsel argued that this burden does not shift in declaratory actions seeking non-infringement.","Boston Scientific's counsel agreed that the same burden of proof applies in declaratory actions.","Boston Scientific's counsel argued that the Federal Circuit applied settled law correctly."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-5"}]}],"caption":"Medtronic Inc. v. Boston Scientific Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.385255Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Medtronic seeks a ruling that it does not infringe Boston Scientific's patent. Boston Scientific argues Medtronic must prove non-infringement.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 51-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-11-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-1128.html","primary_docket":"12-1128","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:33:07.151920Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Medtronic wants a court to declare its product does not infringe a patent. Boston Scientific wants Medtronic to prove that claim. The dispute centers on which party must carry the burden of proof."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 51-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 5, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Medtronic wants the Court to confirm that the patent holder must prove infringement.","Boston Scientific wants the Court to require Medtronic to prove non-infringement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 51-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Medtronic argues that patent law places the burden of proving infringement on the patent holder.","Boston Scientific argues that the same burden of proof applies in declaratory actions as in direct suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 51-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if a notice of infringement creates the necessary controversy for a declaratory judgment.","Justice Alito asked if the discussion concerns only the risk of nonpersuasion and not the burden of production."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines which party must prove patent infringement in declaratory actions. It affects how companies defend against patent claims. It shapes the procedural rules for patent litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 51-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-5"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-1128-medtronic-inc-v-boston-scientific-corp","term":"2013","title":"Who bears the burden of proving patent infringement in a declaratory judgment action?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 51-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1128_d28l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-02-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-02-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","paragraphs":["Keisler argued the situation is unprecedented.","Verrilli argued EPA is managing a transition.","Mitchell noted both sides agree on two issues."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file 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21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-11"}]}],"caption":"Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.965047Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.967954Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the statute does not cover greenhouse gases. EPA argues the law requires regulation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 27-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-02-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-1146.html","primary_docket":"12-1146","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:55:24.848333Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether the Clean Air Act mandates greenhouse gas regulation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 27-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 24, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 27-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute does not cover greenhouse gases.","EPA argues the statute requires regulating these pollutants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 27-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked how the phrase any air pollutant applies.","Justice Sotomayor asked why the agency should receive deference."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether factories must cut emissions. It shapes national climate policy. It affects industrial compliance costs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 27-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1146_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 27-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-02-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-02-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","paragraphs":["Highmark's counsel argued that the Federal Circuit's de novo standard was wrong.","Allcare's counsel argued that the de novo standard is correct for legal questions.","Justices questioned the relationship between claim construction and the standard of review."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, 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Allcare Health Management System, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.970761Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Parties dispute whether appellate courts must defer to lower courts when reviewing patent fee awards.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-02-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-1163.html","primary_docket":"12-1163","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:53:33.041640Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case concerns the standard of review for patent fee awards. Highmark argues for a deferential standard. Allcare argues for a de novo standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 26, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Highmark wants the Supreme Court to apply an abuse of discretion standard to fee awards.","Allcare wants the Supreme Court to apply a de novo standard to fee awards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Highmark argues that prior Supreme Court cases support a deferential standard for similar fee disputes.","Allcare argues that the de novo standard is appropriate because claim construction involves legal questions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito questioned why the attorneys' fees context is special compared to other legal issues.","Justice Kagan asked how a judge measures the difference between correct and mistaken claim constructions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines how much deference appellate courts give to lower courts in patent fee disputes. This affects the cost and risk of patent litigation for all parties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-47"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-1163-highmark-inc-v-allcare-health-management-system-inc","term":"2013","title":"Should courts defer to lower courts when reviewing patent fee awards?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1163_ifkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-01-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-01-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Rienzi argued sidewalks are special. He cited First Amendment protections for speech.","Ms. Miller said the sides that brought the case can protest. She noted they use public spaces.","Mr. Gershengorn called the law neutral. He said it moves speech, not bans it.","Justice Ginsburg noted past disturbances. She said the state cannot predict behavior."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 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9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]}],"caption":"McCullen v. Coakley","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.096949Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.113514Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the law bans speech. The state argues it only moves speech.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-01-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-1168.html","primary_docket":"12-1168","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:01:43.966279Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests a Massachusetts law. It limits protest near abortion clinics. the sides that brought the case say the law violates free speech. The state says it protects access."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 15, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the law struck down. They argue it bans protected speech.","The state wants the law upheld. It argues the rule only moves speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case claim public sidewalks are special. They say the law targets specific speakers.","The state claims the rule is neutral. It says the law only changes location."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked about past obstruction events. She questioned the last incident date.","Justice Scalia asked about recent prosecutions. He inquired about blocking clinic entrances."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines protest zones near clinics. It balances speech rights with access. The outcome shapes future protest laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 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17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-1168-mccullen-v-coakley","term":"2013","title":"Can a state restrict protest speech near abortion clinics?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1168_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-01-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-01-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Lechner argued the lower decision would upset property law.","He claimed the government recently created an implied reversionary interest.","Justice Scalia questioned the government's stance in the Great Northern case.","Justice Alito asked about the government's reserved interest under Section 1912."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-21"}]}],"caption":"Marvin M. Brandt Revocable Trust v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.080288Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Brandt Trust claims full ownership of former railroad land. The United States argues the government retained a reversionary interest.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-01-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-1173.html","primary_docket":"12-1173","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:03:40.952790Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Brandt Trust seeks full fee simple ownership of the land. The United States seeks to retain a reversionary interest in the property."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 14, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Brandt Trust wants full ownership of the land.","The United States wants to keep a reversionary interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Brandt Trust argues the government created a new implied interest.","The United States argues the land was never a fee simple grant."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the government denied the fee status in Great Northern.","Justice Alito asked if the government reserved an interest for a public highway."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines who owns former railroad corridors. It affects title to potentially one million acres of land."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-21"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-1173-marvin-m-brandt-revocable-trust-v-united-states","term":"2013","title":"Does a railroad easement revert to the government when the railroad stops running?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1173_25f3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-12-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-12-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Stewart argued EPA sought to protect public health. He stated the agency struck a fair balance between states.","Mr. Mitchell argued EPA wrote states out of the Clean Air Act. He claimed the agency left states in the dark about the legal phrase.","Justice Scalia questioned the statutory basis for EPA's approach. He pressed for a direct answer on the legal provision.","Justice Roberts used a stabbing analogy to probe the definition of contribution. He asked if any role in a bad result counts as significant."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 37-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 37-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-9"}]}],"caption":"EPA v. EME Homer City Generation, L.P.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.200040Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.210458Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"States challenge EPA's rule requiring them to reduce air pollution. They argue the agency failed to define the legal trigger for these cuts.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 37-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 37-8"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-12-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-1182.html","primary_docket":"12-1182","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:11:33.817990Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the Clean Air Act. EPA issued a rule requiring upwind states to cut pollution. States argue the rule lacks a clear legal definition. They claim this violates the law's requirements for state action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 37-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 37-8"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 10, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["EPA wants the rule to stand. It aims to protect public health and balance state interests.","States want the rule struck down. They seek to avoid mandates without a clear legal definition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 37-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 37-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["EPA argues the rule strikes a fair balance. It claims the analysis followed three basic steps to protect health.","States argue EPA wrote them out of the law. They claim the agency failed to define the phrase contribute significantly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 37-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 37-8"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked which statute provision allows EPA to consider state interests.","Justice Roberts asked if significant contribution means causing a fatal result in any way."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 33-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 33-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how federal agencies regulate state pollution. It determines the balance between federal power and state autonomy. It sets the standard for defining legal triggers in environmental rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 37-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 37-8"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 33-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 33-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 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43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-9"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-1182-epa-v-eme-homer-city-generation-l-p","term":"2013","title":"Can EPA force states to cut pollution without defining the legal standard?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1182_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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37-8"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-02-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-02-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Telscher argued for a full equitable assessment of fee awards.","Mr. Phillips defended the district court's thorough analysis of the case.","Mr. Martinez emphasized the discretionary authority granted to district courts."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 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31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 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27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-49"}]}],"caption":"Octane Fitness, LLC v. Icon Health & Fitness, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.175352Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute the legal test for awarding attorney fees in patent litigation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-02-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-1184.html","primary_docket":"12-1184","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:52:15.540999Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case concerns the standard for awarding attorney fees in patent suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 26, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Octane wants a flexible equitable standard for fee awards.","Icon wants the objective baselessness standard to remain."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Octane argues courts must weigh all equitable factors.","Icon argues the objective baselessness test is correct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked about the difference between objective reasonableness and meritlessness.","Justice Ginsburg questioned the proper court for reviewing fee denials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The standard determines when losing patent litigants pay opposing counsel fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-49"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-1184-octane-fitness-llc-v-icon-health-fitness-inc","term":"2013","title":"What standard governs patent fee awards?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1184_b0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-01-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-01-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","paragraphs":["EBIA claims the judge lacked authority under the Constitution.","Arkison claims consent validates the judge's decision.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the importance of the judge's signature.","Justice Breyer focused on congressional intent for future cases."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-43"}]}],"caption":"Executive Benefits Ins. Agency v. Arkison","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.066319Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.093173Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a bankruptcy judge can resolve a fraud claim when both parties consent to that judge's authority.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-01-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-1200.html","primary_docket":"12-1200","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:12:06.355160Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of bankruptcy judge power. The core issue is whether consent allows a non-Article III judge to decide a fraud claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 14, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["EBIA wants the judgment set aside because the judge lacked constitutional authority.","Arkison wants the judgment to stand because both parties agreed to the judge's role."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["EBIA argues the judge violated separation of powers by deciding a fraud claim.","Arkison argues consent allows a bankruptcy judge to decide the fraud claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the judge's signature makes a difference.","Justice Breyer asked about congressional intent in future cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of bankruptcy judge authority. It determines if consent can override constitutional limits on judicial power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-43"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-1200-executive-benefits-ins-agency-v-arkison","term":"2013","title":"Can a bankruptcy judge decide a fraud claim if both sides agree?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1200_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-01-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-01-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","paragraphs":["General Verrilli argued that limiting appointments would undermine presidential authority.","Mr. Estrada argued that the Senate decides when it is in recess.","Mr. Francisco argued that the Senate triggers the appointment power."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 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Canning","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.025302Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.058549Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the President may make recess appointments while the Senate holds brief pro forma sessions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 51-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-01-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-1281.html","primary_docket":"12-1281","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:05:51.487049Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Recess Appointments Clause. It asks if the President can appoint officials when the Senate technically remains in session."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 51-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 13, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 35-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Board wants the Court to uphold the President's recess appointments.","the opposing side wants the Court to invalidate those appointments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 51-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Board argues that historical practice supports broad presidential appointment power.","the opposing side argues that the Senate controls its own recess status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 51-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the opposing side would invalidate past appointments.","Justice Scalia asked if practice overrides clear constitutional text."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 3-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 3-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance of power between the President and the Senate. It determines how quickly the executive branch can fill key vacancies. The outcome shapes the operational capacity of federal agencies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 51-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 35-49"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-1281-nlrb-v-canning","term":"2013","title":"Can the President fill vacancies during Senate pro forma sessions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1281_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 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51-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-01-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-01-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's counsel argued the Court never applied laches to federal limitations periods.","the opposing side's counsel argued the lower courts correctly applied laches to bar the suit.","The Solicitor General argued the 1957 amendment did not abrogate laches."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"}]}],"caption":"Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.127025Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.226024Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case argues laches cannot bar timely copyright claims. the opposing side argues laches bars the suit despite timeliness.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-01-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-1315.html","primary_docket":"12-1315","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:59:55.462559Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether the equitable doctrine of laches can dismiss a copyright infringement suit filed within the statutory deadline. the side that brought the case contends the statute of limitations controls. the opposing side argues laches independently bars the claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 21, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to reverse the dismissal and allow the copyright claims to proceed.","the opposing side wants the Court to affirm the dismissal and bar the copyright claims entirely."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues laches cannot constrict a federal statute of limitations.","the opposing side argues laches bars the suit even if filed within the statutory period."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if a statute of limitations makes a party scot-free within the period.","Justice Breyer asked if rules that increase the statute of limitations also apply here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether copyright holders can delay filing suit indefinitely. It defines the boundary between statutory deadlines and equitable defenses. It affects how courts handle stale copyright claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-1315-petrella-v-metro-goldwyn-mayer-inc","term":"2013","title":"Does laches bar copyright claims filed within the statute of limitations?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1315_d29l.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-01-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-01-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","paragraphs":["The government advocate stated the law aims to protect battered women and children.","The defendant advocate argued the statute explicitly requires the use of physical force.","justice_question_contexts"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-5"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Castleman","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.196986Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.213620Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law defines violence as requiring physical force or merely causing fear.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-01-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-1371.html","primary_docket":"12-1371","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:03:06.574143Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of a federal firearms ban. The government argues the ban covers all domestic violence convictions. The defendant argues the ban requires proof of physical force."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 15, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 5-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants to keep the defendant's firearms ban in place.","The defendant wants the court to strike down his firearms ban."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that any domestic violence conviction triggers the federal ban.","The defendant argues that the statute requires proof of physical force."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if punching a spouse constitutes violence.","Justice Sotomayor asked if pinching or shoving counts as violence in all situations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of federal firearms restrictions for domestic violence offenders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1371_h81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-15"}]}],"caption":"BG Group plc v. Republic of Argentina","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.191367Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.208625Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"BG Group and Argentina dispute who decides if a treaty precondition exists.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 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39-42"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-12-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-138.html","primary_docket":"12-138","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:16:40.701161Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests who decides if a treaty precondition exists."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-42"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 2, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["BG Group wants an arbitrator to decide the precondition.","Argentina wants a court to decide the precondition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-42"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["BG Group argues the treaty creates a standing offer to arbitrate.","Argentina argues this is a contract formation issue for courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-42"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if consent determines the decision-maker.","Justice Alito asked if U.S. law applies to the arbitration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between courts and arbitrators. It shapes how investors enforce treaty rights. It impacts global investment stability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-42"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-15"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-138-bg-group-plc-v-republic-of-argentina","term":"2013","title":"Who decides if a treaty precondition exists?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-138_8l9c.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-42"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-01-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-01-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Feigin argued these payments are wages under FICA.","Mr. Hertzberg argued these payments are exempt benefits under the statute.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-47"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Quality Stores, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.090320Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government argues these payments are wages. Quality Stores claims they are exempt benefits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-01-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-1408.html","primary_docket":"12-1408","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:04:34.217155Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether supplemental unemployment benefits are wages. The government says they are. Quality Stores says they are not."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 14, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to classify these payments as wages.","Quality Stores wants the Court to classify these payments as exempt benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues these payments fit the broad definition of wages.","Quality Stores argues these payments meet the statutory definition of exempt benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked why a prior distinction does not apply here.","Justice Kennedy asked if these payments are subject to FICA withholding now."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines how employers calculate payroll taxes. It affects the funding of Social Security and Medicare programs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-47"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-1408-united-states-v-quality-stores-inc","term":"2013","title":"Do supplemental unemployment benefits count as wages for FICA tax purposes?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1408_i85k.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-01-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-01-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","paragraphs":["Richard Dietz represented the side that brought the case. He stated Abramski filled out all required federal paperwork. He noted Abramski passed the background check. Dietz argued the statute has two possible interpretations. He emphasized this is a criminal statute.","The government argued the law targets the actual acquirer. They contended the straw purchaser is not the true buyer. They highlighted the requirement to record the final recipient's details.","Justices questioned the practical application of the law. They asked why Congress focused on the straw purchaser. They probed the distinction between the legal buyer and the final user."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-9"}]}],"caption":"Abramski v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.163680Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.179284Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Bruce Abramski bought a firearm in Virginia using his own identity. The government claims he broke federal law by acting as a straw purchaser for a third party.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-01-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-1493.html","primary_docket":"12-1493","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:56:59.479375Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of federal firearm transfer rules. The dispute centers on whether a buyer who passes a background check but intends to give the gun to someone else commits a crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 22, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction overturned because he acted as the legal buyer.","The government wants the conviction upheld because the firearm went to a third party."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute targets the person who physically receives the firearm.","The government argues the statute targets the person who actually acquires the weapon."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the side that brought the case's theory makes the conduct actionable.","Justice Alito asked why Congress would record the straw purchaser's name instead of the final recipient."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who counts as a buyer under federal law. It determines whether intent to transfer a firearm creates criminal liability. The outcome shapes how gun stores verify the final recipient of a weapon."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-9"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-1493-abramski-v-united-states","term":"2013","title":"Does a gun buyer violate federal law by purchasing for another person?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 3-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-1493_1b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-11-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-11-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","paragraphs":["Bond's counsel argued the statute exceeds Congress's limited powers.","The government argued the framers gave exclusive treaty control to the federal government.","justice_questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-45"}]}],"caption":"Bond v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.343855Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.358652Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Carrie Bond challenges her federal conviction for using a toxic substance on a rival.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-11-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-158.html","primary_docket":"12-158","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:31:45.045626Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Bond argues the federal law oversteps Congress's limited powers. The government claims the law implements a valid treaty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 5, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Bond wants the Court to strike down her federal conviction.","The government wants the Court to uphold the federal conviction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Bond argues the law exceeds Congress's enumerated powers.","The government argues the law implements a valid treaty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked why valid treaty legislation could be unconstitutional.","Justice Kagan asked where the constraint on treaty power comes from."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between federal and state police powers. It determines whether federal law can regulate local chemical use."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-45"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-158-bond-v-united-states","term":"2013","title":"Does the Chemical Weapons Convention Implementation Act exceed Congress's power?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-158_5468.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-11-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-11-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Saharsky argued the statute protects contractor employees from retaliation.","She stated Congress intended to cover accountants and lawyers.","Mr. Schnapper argued the statute uses classic employee-employer language.","He stated legislation regarding entity treatment refers to own employees."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-5"}]}],"caption":"Lawson v. FMR LLC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.448989Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.480278Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The case tests whether federal law shields workers hired by outside firms from employer retaliation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-11-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-3.html","primary_docket":"12-3","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:29:53.977107Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the scope of a federal whistleblower statute. One side argues the law covers only direct employees. The other side claims it protects workers of outside contractors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 12, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to extend legal protection to contractor employees.","the opposing sides want the Court to limit protection to direct employees only."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute text covers contractor workers.","the opposing sides argue the statute refers only to an entity's own employees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked how to limit protection if contractors are included.","Justice Ginsburg asked whether the law covers all employees or only some."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who receives federal whistleblower protection. It determines the scope of anti-retaliation laws for corporate workers. It affects how companies manage outside contractor relationships."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-5"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-3-lawson-v-fmr-llc","term":"2013","title":"Does the Sarbanes-Oxley Act protect contractor employees from retaliation?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-3_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 31-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-12-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-12-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","paragraphs":["Cohn stated truth matters for immunity.","Feigin emphasized the scope of protection.","Kennedy questioned the clarity of the issue."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 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17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-27"}]}],"caption":"Air Wisconsin Airlines Corp. v. Hoeper","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.256571Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.287542Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Airlines seek to limit defamation liability for security reports. Passengers argue truth alone should not shield false claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-12-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-315.html","primary_docket":"12-315","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:13:07.468718Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of airline immunity under the Air Transportation Security Act. The dispute centers on whether a statement must be materially false to lose protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 9, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Air Wisconsin wants immunity for true statements.","Hoeper wants liability for false statements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Cohn argues truth should preserve immunity.","Feigin argues materiality defines the scope."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Kennedy asked about real-time reporting needs.","Scalia asked what material falsity sustains."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This defines the boundary of airline legal protection. It balances security reporting against passenger reputation rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-27"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-315-air-wisconsin-airlines-corp-v-hoeper","term":"2013","title":"Does airline immunity require materially false statements?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 3-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 3-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-315_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-10-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-10-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's advocate stated that the Michigan Court of Appeals erred in creating an end-run around Strickland.","the side that brought the case's advocate argued that a defendant's professed innocence does not automatically prove effective assistance.","the opposing side's advocate noted that the lower court found the submitted materials sufficient to justify a hearing.","Justice Kagan questioned the lower court's reasoning regarding a defendant's refusal to plead guilty."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-21"}]}],"caption":"Burt v. Titlow","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.510560Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.528435Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a court can find ineffective assistance of counsel based solely on a silent record.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-10-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-414.html","primary_docket":"12-414","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:15:39.560280Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves a prisoner challenging his conviction. The core issue is the standard for proving ineffective assistance of counsel in habeas corpus proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 8, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Supreme Court to reject the lower court's reliance on a silent record to prove ineffective assistance.","the opposing side wants the Supreme Court to uphold the lower court's finding that the record supports the ineffective assistance claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that no court has ever allowed a presumption of ineffective assistance based solely on a silent record.","the opposing side argues that the lower court correctly found the materials sufficient to justify a hearing on ineffective assistance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the final sentence fell within Michigan guidelines.","Justice Breyer asked for clarification on habeas corpus law principles."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the evidentiary standard for proving ineffective assistance of counsel. It clarifies how courts must evaluate attorney performance in habeas proceedings. The outcome impacts the rights of prisoners seeking post-conviction relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-21"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-414-burt-v-titlow","term":"2013","title":"Does a silent record prove ineffective assistance of counsel?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-414_ipdi.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-11-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-11-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Schnapper argued not everything worn is clothes.","Mr. Dinardo noted the Portal-to-Portal Act context.","Justices questioned the boundary between ordinary and protective gear."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-45"}]}],"caption":"Sandifer v. United States Steel Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.326259Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.355887Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek compensation for time spent putting on and removing protective equipment. the opposing sides argue this time falls outside the statutory definition of clothes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-11-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-417.html","primary_docket":"12-417","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:34:47.231002Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case centers on the definition of clothes under the Fair Labor Standards Act. the sides that brought the case argue safety gear counts as clothes. the opposing sides argue only ordinary garments qualify."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 4, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 47-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want employers to pay for time spent donning and doffing safety gear.","the opposing sides want to exclude safety gear from the definition of clothes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue safety gear functions as clothing under the statute.","the opposing sides argue only ordinary garments qualify as clothes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if leggings count as clothes.","Justice Alito asked if protection against hazards defines clothing status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether workers receive pay for safety gear preparation time. This affects compensation standards for millions of industrial employees nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-45"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-417-sandifer-v-united-states-steel-corp","term":"2013","title":"Does the FLSA require employers to pay for donning and doffing safety gear?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-417_o8kg.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-12-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-12-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued the Ninth Circuit erred on two points. He said frequent flyer benefits relate to prices, routes, and services.","Clement stated the Airline Deregulation Act leaves airline decisions to business judgment. He argued this limits state-law interference.","Justice Kagan questioned the logic of leaving ticket decisions to the airline. She noted uncertainty about whether a passenger would accept such terms.","Justice Kennedy asked if federal common law or DOT oversight offers relief. He sought alternatives to state law or no relief."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-39"}]}],"caption":"Northwest, Inc. v. Ginsberg","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.220391Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.223259Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Airlines argue federal law preempts state claims for frequent flyer benefits. Passengers argue state law provides needed relief.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-12-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-462.html","primary_docket":"12-462","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:14:58.570193Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether federal law blocks state-law claims for frequent flyer benefits. Airlines say federal law preempts these claims. Passengers say state law provides needed relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 3, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-4"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Northwest wants the Court to affirm the preemption rule. It wants to dismiss the state-law claim for frequent flyer benefits.","Ginsberg wants the Court to reject the preemption argument. It wants to allow the state-law claim for frequent flyer benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Northwest argues the Airline Deregulation Act preempts state claims. It says these claims relate to airline prices, routes, and services.","Ginsberg argues the Airline Deregulation Act does not preempt state claims. It says the airline contract lacks valid consideration under state law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if an unreviewable termination right makes a contract illusory. She questioned what kind of bargain that creates.","Justice Sotomayor asked if absolute discretion has a limit of reasonableness. She noted a contract without substance lacks validity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal preemption in airline contracts. It determines whether passengers can sue under state law for frequent flyer benefits. It shapes the balance between federal regulation and state consumer protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-39"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-462-northwest-inc-v-ginsberg","term":"2013","title":"Does the Airline Deregulation Act block state-law claims for frequent flyer benefits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-462_j86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-10-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-10-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's counsel argued that property owners have a right to be heard.","The government's counsel argued that probable cause justifies the seizure.","Justices questioned the relationship between probable cause and property rights."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-17"}]}],"caption":"Kaley v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.580286Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the government can seize private property based solely on a grand jury finding of probable cause.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-10-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-464.html","primary_docket":"12-464","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:36:37.876073Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves the seizure of private property by the government. the side that brought the case argues this action requires a hearing. The government relies on the initial probable cause finding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 16, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants a hearing before the government seizes their property.","The government wants to seize property based only on probable cause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues property owners have a right to be heard before seizure.","The government argues probable cause is sufficient justification for seizure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if probable cause equates to the weight of evidence in bail decisions.","Justice Roberts asked if property deserves greater protection to hire counsel for release."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance between government power and private property rights. It determines when citizens can challenge the seizure of their assets. The outcome shapes the scope of due process protections for property owners."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-17"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-464-kaley-v-united-states","term":"2013","title":"Does probable cause justify seizing property without a hearing?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-464_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-12-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-12-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","paragraphs":["Michigan argues the tribe waived immunity through commercial conduct.","The tribe argues Congress did not authorize state suits.","Justice Sotomayor asked why Michigan did not file its own injunction.","Justice Kagan asked if the arbitration agreement waived immunity."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-3"}]}],"caption":"Michigan v. Bay Mills Indian Community","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.188511Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.194156Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Michigan seeks to sue Bay Mills for operating a casino off its reservation. The tribe claims sovereign immunity blocks the suit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 19-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-12-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-515.html","primary_docket":"12-515","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:17:39.583544Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Michigan argues the tribe waived immunity by operating off-reservation. The tribe argues Congress did not authorize such suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 2, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Michigan wants to sue the tribe for off-reservation gaming.","The tribe wants to dismiss the state lawsuit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Michigan argues the tribe waived immunity through commercial conduct.","The tribe argues Congress did not authorize state suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why Michigan did not file its own injunction.","Justice Kagan asked if the arbitration agreement waived immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state power over tribal commercial activity. It determines whether states can regulate off-reservation gaming."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-3"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-515-michigan-v-bay-mills-indian-community","term":"2013","title":"Can a state sue a tribe for off-reservation gaming?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-515_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 19-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-01-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-01-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that outside bankruptcy, a debtor cannot wipe out debts while keeping property.","the side that brought the case cites Section 522(k) to show Congress prohibited using exempt property for administrative expenses.","the opposing side argues the facts justify the court's exercise of discretion under Section 105(a).","the opposing side claims the debtor committed massive fraud using fake mortgage documents and other fake records."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 51-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 51-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-9"}]}],"caption":"Law v. Siegel","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.046699Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.063598Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a bankruptcy court can seize a debtor's protected assets to cover legal costs incurred by the trustee.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 9-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-01-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-5196.html","primary_docket":"12-5196","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:07:41.095467Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of a bankruptcy court's inherent power. The core conflict involves the use of a debtor's exempt property to satisfy administrative expenses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 9-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 13, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 51-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 51-4"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to stop using exempt property to pay administrative expenses.","the opposing side wants the court to keep its power to seize exempt property for legal fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 9-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues Congress expressly prohibited using exempt property for administrative expenses under Section 522(k).","the opposing side argues the court properly used its inherent power and Section 105(a) to address the debtor's fraud."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 9-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the court's inherent power allows it to use that property.","Justice Kennedy asked if the trustee can take no action to make the estate whole in a hypothetical scenario."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 51-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 51-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of a bankruptcy court's inherent power. It determines whether courts can seize protected assets to pay legal fees. The outcome shapes the balance between debtor protections and court authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 9-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 51-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 51-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-9"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-5196-law-v-siegel","term":"2013","title":"Can a bankruptcy court use inherent power to seize a debtor's exempt property to pay legal fees?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-5196_299n.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 9-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-10-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-10-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Murphy argued aggregate limits equalize political ability.","Mr. Burchfield argued these limits fail strict scrutiny.","General Verrilli argued aggregate limits combat corruption."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-17"}]}],"caption":"McCutcheon v. Federal Election Comm'n","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.513336Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.543291Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Appellants argue aggregate caps equalize political influence. The government argues these caps prevent corruption.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-10-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-536.html","primary_docket":"12-536","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:42:08.309381Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the constitutionality of aggregate contribution limits. Appellants seek to remove these caps. The government defends them as anti-corruption measures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 8, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Appellants want the Court to strike down aggregate limits.","The government wants the Court to uphold aggregate limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Appellants argue aggregate limits impermissibly equalize political participation.","The government argues aggregate limits combat corruption."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked how a donor's $5,000 to 400 PACs creates a problem.","Justice Kagan asked about a donor giving $100,000 to five Senate candidates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of political spending rights. It determines how much money individuals can give to candidates and PACs. The outcome shapes the balance between free speech and anti-corruption efforts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-17"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-536-mccutcheon-v-federal-election-comm-n","term":"2013","title":"Do aggregate limits on political donations violate free speech?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-536_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-10-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-10-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","paragraphs":["Malcolm Stewart argued the penalty applies to sham transactions.","He stated the IRS determined the partnerships were shams.","He distinguished this from cases where transactions did not occur.","Paul Garre argued the government seeks an expansive code interpretation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-5"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Woods","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.234317Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.247451Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government seeks to tax partners immediately. Taxpayers demand a full partnership audit first.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 37-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-10-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-562.html","primary_docket":"12-562","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:41:31.013844Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on tax penalties for sham transactions. The government wants to tax partners now. Taxpayers want to wait for a partnership audit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 37-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 9, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants to impose penalties on partners immediately.","Taxpayers want to resolve the sham issue at the partnership level first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 37-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the penalty applies to individual partner returns.","Taxpayers argue the penalty requires a partnership-level determination."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 37-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if penalties can precede partnership tax determinations.","Justice Alito asked if this position evades the statute of limitations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when the IRS can tax individual partners. It shapes the balance of power in federal tax enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 37-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 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45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-5"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-562-united-states-v-woods","term":"2013","title":"Does the IRS impose valuation penalties before partnership audits conclude?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-562_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 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Fiore","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.329141Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.376399Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A federal officer faces a lawsuit in Nevada for actions taken in Georgia.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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23-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-11-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-574.html","primary_docket":"12-574","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:14:38.850070Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a state court has power over a defendant who acted outside that state."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript 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lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 4, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Walden wants the case dismissed from Nevada courts.","Fiore wants to keep the lawsuit in Nevada."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme 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file page 60, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Walden argues his actions in Georgia lack a link to Nevada.","Fiore argues the lawsuit targets Nevada residents and their money."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked what aiming at a state means in tort law.","Justice Alito asked what the Court meant by aiming at California in Calder."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 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33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines where a person can be sued for intentional harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 6-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 6-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-41"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-574-walden-v-fiore","term":"2013","title":"Can a state court hear a tort claim when the defendant acted elsewhere?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-574_cb48.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-10-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-10-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","paragraphs":["Katyal argues the state used Cheever's words to execute him.","Saharsky argues the state may rebut mental state claims with its own expert.","Schmidt argues the Simmons precedent does not apply to these facts."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-43"}]}],"caption":"Kansas v. Cheever","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.574646Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.592368Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Kansas seeks to use Cheever's compelled statements. Cheever argues this violates his Fifth Amendment rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-10-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-609.html","primary_docket":"12-609","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:36:54.019806Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Kansas wants to execute Cheever using his words. Cheever wants to suppress those words. The dispute centers on the scope of a Fifth Amendment waiver."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 16, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Kansas wants to execute Cheever using his compelled statements.","Cheever wants to suppress his compelled statements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Kansas argues the state may rebut mental state claims with its own expert.","Cheever argues the prosecution exceeded the scope of his Fifth Amendment waiver."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asks if the issue is unconstitutional compulsion.","Justice Scalia asks if the state can compel speech to its expert."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 3-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of state power to compel defendant testimony. It protects the right against self-incrimination during criminal proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 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51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-43"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-609-kansas-v-cheever","term":"2013","title":"Can the State compel a defendant to speak to its expert?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-609_233i.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-10-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-10-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case claim the ban targets racial minorities and violates equal protection.","the opposing sides claim the ban preserves democratic choice and does not target racial minorities.","justice_sotomayor_questioned_if_the_ban_reverses_desegregation_efforts_in_michigan","justice_kennedy_asked_if_the_ban_differs_from_previous_cases_involving_racial_preferences"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"}]}],"caption":"Schuette v. BAMN","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.120365Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.148240Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Michigan voters banned race-conscious admissions. the sides that brought the case claim this violates equal protection. the opposing sides argue the ban protects democratic process.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 7-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-10-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-682.html","primary_docket":"12-682","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:38:48.892014Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a state can ban race-based preferences in public university admissions. the sides that brought the case argue the ban violates the Equal Protection Clause. the opposing sides argue the ban preserves democratic choice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 7-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 15, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the state ban on race-based admissions.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the state ban on race-based admissions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 7-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the ban violates the Equal Protection Clause by targeting racial minorities.","the opposing sides argue the ban preserves democratic process and does not target racial minorities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 7-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the ban effectively reverses desegregation efforts in Michigan.","Justice Kennedy asked if the ban differs from previous cases involving racial preferences."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of state power to regulate race in public education. It shapes how universities design admissions policies. It affects the legal status of race-conscious programs nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 7-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-682-schuette-v-bamn","term":"2013","title":"Does a state ban on race-based admissions violate the Constitution?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 9-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 9-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-682_8n6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 7-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-11-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-11-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Hungar argued the Second Circuit's approach is flawed.","Mr. Gershengorn argued the lower court required excessive judicial review.","Mr. Laycock argued the town's answer is entirely formalistic.","Mr. Hungar cited the Senate brief on prayer history."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-13"}]}],"caption":"Town of Greece v. Galloway","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.406789Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.424457Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether town board prayers violate the Establishment Clause.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-11-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-696.html","primary_docket":"12-696","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:31:13.227667Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Town of Greece argues its opening prayers are constitutional. Galloway argues the prayers exclude non-Christians and violate the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 6, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The town wants the Court to uphold its prayer practice.","Galloway wants the Court to strike down the prayer practice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The town argues legislative prayers have a long historical tradition.","Galloway argues the prayers exclude non-Christians and coerce participation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if the distinction applies to congressional hearings.","Justice Scalia questioned the town's stance on the marshal's announcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of government-sponsored religious speech. It determines whether local boards can open meetings with sectarian prayers. The outcome shapes the daily experience of citizens attending public meetings. It clarifies the boundary between state and religion in local governance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-13"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-696-town-of-greece-v-galloway","term":"2013","title":"Does the First Amendment ban town board prayers?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-696_3jqa.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-10-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-10-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the clause starts the clock too early. They say this happens before the claim exists.","the opposing side argues the clause is a valid contract term. They say ERISA allows employers broad leeway to set terms.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the finality of the administrative process. She noted the uncertainty of when the process ends.","Justice Ginsburg asked about the time remaining in a similar case. She explored the practical impact of the proposed rule."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-31"}]}],"caption":"Heimeshoff v. Hartford Life & Accident Ins. Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.557666Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.577433Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a plan can start a lawsuit deadline before a claimant receives a final benefits decision.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-10-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-729.html","primary_docket":"12-729","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:37:09.859083Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the validity of a specific contract clause. The clause starts a one-year lawsuit clock early in the internal review process. the side that brought the case argues this violates federal law. the opposing side argues the clause is a valid contract term."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 15, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to strike the one-year limit. They argue this limit violates federal law principles.","the opposing side wants the Court to enforce the one-year limit. They argue the plan terms control the lawsuit deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the clause starts the clock before a claim exists. They say this undermines the federal remedial framework.","the opposing side argues ERISA allows broad leeway to choose plan terms. They say a suit can only enforce those agreed-upon terms."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the lower court found the date irrelevant to the outcome.","Justice Ginsburg asked if a one-year rule from the final decision would make the claim too late."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the deadline for filing federal benefits lawsuits. It determines how long claimants have to sue after a denial. It clarifies the balance between contract terms and federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 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35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-31"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-729-heimeshoff-v-hartford-life-accident-ins-co","term":"2013","title":"Does an ERISA plan limit the time to sue after a benefits denial?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-729_7m4d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-04-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-04-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Long argued that offering employer stock is presumptively prudent.","Mr. Kneedler addressed the interests of employees as plan participants.","justice_questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 49-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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Dudenhoeffer","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.933802Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.952428Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Plaintiffs seek damages for alleged mismanagement. Defendants seek a legal presumption of prudence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 49-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 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for ERISA fiduciaries managing employee stock ownership plans."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 49-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 2, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Plaintiffs want full fiduciary liability for stock losses.","Defendants want a presumption that stock offers are prudent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 49-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Plaintiffs argue fiduciaries must act with undiluted loyalty.","Defendants argue statutory design implies a presumption of prudence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 49-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the plan required exclusive stock purchases.","Justice Kagan asked about fiduciaries with inside information on value."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the legal duty of care for plan managers. It determines the scope of fiduciary liability in corporate retirement plans."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 49-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-19"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-751-fifth-third-bancorp-v-dudenhoeffer","term":"2013","title":"Does ERISA shield ESOP fiduciaries from prudence claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 49-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-751_1pe4.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-11-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-11-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Campbell argued that the jury instruction failed to require primary causation.","Mr. Horwich stated that Congress intended to hold traffickers responsible for overdose results.","justice_questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-7"}]}],"caption":"Burrage v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.436857Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.468504Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Marcus Burrage challenges his mandatory minimum sentence for a death involving multiple substances.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-11-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-7515.html","primary_docket":"12-7515","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:26:10.464004Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the legal standard for causation in drug-related death statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 12, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Burrage seeks reversal of his conviction because his drug was not the sole cause of death.","The government seeks to uphold the conviction because his drug contributed to the fatal overdose."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Burrage argues that but-for causation is the required legal standard for conviction.","The government argues that contributing to an overdose satisfies the statutory requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if adding a third drop to two existing drops creates liability.","Justice Scalia asked why the scenario does not fit but-for causation definitions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of criminal liability for drug dealers in multi-substance deaths."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-7"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-7515-burrage-v-united-states","term":"2013","title":"Does a drug dealer's supply cause a death if other drugs also contributed?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7515_g119.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-04-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-04-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","paragraphs":["Seth Waxman argued the Lanham Act remedies market misappropriation by competitors.","Ms. Sullivan argued the FDCA promotes honesty and fair dealing for consumers.","Justice Kagan noted a potential conflict between FDA findings and Lanham Act claims."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-23"}]}],"caption":"POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.783221Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"POM Wonderful seeks to sue Coca-Cola for misleading pomegranate juice labels. Coca-Cola argues federal law blocks such private lawsuits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-04-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-761.html","primary_docket":"12-761","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:42:05.335520Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["POM Wonderful wants a court to stop Coca-Cola from using labels it deems misleading. Coca-Cola wants the court to dismiss the case because federal food laws control labeling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 21, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["POM Wonderful wants a private right to sue competitors for misleading labels.","Coca-Cola wants courts to dismiss private suits over FDA-approved labels."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["POM Wonderful argues the Lanham Act protects businesses from competitor misrepresentation.","Coca-Cola argues federal food laws preempt private claims about required labels."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if plaintiffs must concede they cannot challenge FDA-required labels.","Justice Sotomayor asked how courts decide if ads violate regulations without interpreting them."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines whether private companies can police food labeling. It determines if competitors can sue over FDA-approved claims. It shapes the balance between federal regulation and private litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-23"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-761-pom-wonderful-llc-v-coca-cola-co","term":"2013","title":"Can a competitor sue over FDA-approved food labels?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-761_j5f1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-11-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-11-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","paragraphs":["Jeffrey Fisher argued third-party consent creates a rebuttable presumption of authority.","He stated social custom allows one resident to speak for all when police arrive.","The state argued a present co-tenant's consent remains valid despite prior objections.","They claimed absent tenants lack authority to block entry while away."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-15"}]}],"caption":"Fernandez v. California","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.451814Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.483761Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a co-tenant's earlier refusal to allow entry invalidates a later consent given by another resident.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 49-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-11-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-7822.html","primary_docket":"12-7822","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:20:22.070946Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the limits of third-party consent during home searches. It asks if an absent tenant's prior objection overrides a present tenant's later permission."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 49-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 13, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the search ruled invalid due to the prior objection.","The state wants the search upheld based on the present tenant's consent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 49-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues a prior objection creates a rebuttable presumption against entry.","The state argues a present co-tenant's consent is not nullified by an absent tenant's prior objection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 49-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked why a joint tenant cannot invite others into the home.","Justice Breyer asked if a tenant can invite police into her own house."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance between individual privacy and police authority in shared homes. It clarifies when a resident's consent overrides another's refusal. The outcome shapes future searches in multi-occupant dwellings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 49-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-15"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-7822-fernandez-v-california","term":"2013","title":"Can a co-tenant's prior objection block a later police search?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-7822_5593.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 49-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-04-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-04-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Panner argued that the Patent Act text requires direct infringement for indirect liability.","Ms. Anders argued that the Federal Circuit's holding on inducement liability is legally incorrect.","Mr. Waxman argued that Limelight's theory allows parties to divide steps without liability."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"}]}],"caption":"Limelight Networks, Inc. v. Akamai Technologies, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.884324Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Limelight argues that inducing infringement requires direct infringement. Akamai argues that inducement liability exists without it.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-04-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-786.html","primary_docket":"12-786","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:32:42.665333Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on Section 271(b) of the Patent Act. Limelight seeks to limit liability. Akamai seeks to expand it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 30, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Limelight wants the Court to require direct infringement for inducement liability.","Akamai wants the Court to allow inducement liability without direct infringement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Limelight argues that Section 271(b) requires actionable direct infringement under Section 271(a).","Akamai argues that parties can divide method steps to avoid liability under Limelight's theory."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if Limelight's position makes it easy to bypass patent protection.","Justice Kennedy asked if the rule should differ for method patents versus device patents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of patent liability. It determines how companies structure their operations. It affects the enforceability of method patents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-786-limelight-networks-inc-v-akamai-technologies-inc","term":"2013","title":"Does indirect patent infringement require direct infringement?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-786_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argues the fraud included material misrepresentations about covered securities transactions.","Clement warns against letting materiality or causation slip into the connection requirement.","Ms. Goldenberg agrees with a narrow formulation of the legal standard."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-47"}]}],"caption":"Chadbourne & Parke LLP v. Troice","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.497680Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.516091Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Investors sue lawyers for aiding a Ponzi scheme. The lawyers argue the fraud did not directly involve buying or selling securities.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-79.html","primary_docket":"12-79","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:44:46.571124Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal securities fraud laws. It asks whether a private plaintiff must prove a direct link between the fraud and a specific securities transaction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The investors want the court to allow their fraud claims to proceed.","The lawyers want the court to dismiss the investors' fraud claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The investors argue the lawyers' fraud directly affected the market for covered securities.","The lawyers argue the fraud did not involve a direct transaction in covered securities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asks if listing fake stocks on a loan application violates securities law.","Justice Kagan asks how a misrepresentation affects a potential purchaser or seller in the market."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary of federal securities fraud liability. It determines whether private plaintiffs can sue for fraud without proving a direct securities transaction. The outcome shapes the scope of investor protections in financial markets."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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link to a covered securities transaction?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-79_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-12-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-12-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Lenz argued that no clearly established federal law was violated in this case.","Mr. Komp argued that prior precedent holds no basis to distinguish between guilt and penalty phases.","Justice Sotomayor questioned whether an affirmative instruction allowing the use of silence would be constitutional.","Justice Kagan asked if the Fifth Amendment has no role in sentencing hearings once a defendant is eligible for death."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"}]}],"caption":"White v. Woodall","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.323594Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Fifth Amendment bars a jury from inferring guilt from a defendant's refusal to testify at a capital sentencing hearing.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-12-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-794.html","primary_docket":"12-794","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:09:04.042156Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. The core conflict involves whether that protection extends to the sentencing phase of a capital trial. the side that brought the case argues the right applies fully. the opposing side argues the right does not bar such inferences at that stage."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 11, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to hold that the Fifth Amendment bars the jury from using the defendant's silence against him during sentencing.","the opposing side wants the Court to hold that the Fifth Amendment does not bar the jury from using the defendant's silence against him during sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination applies equally to the guilt and penalty phases of a capital trial.","the opposing side argues that the Fifth Amendment does not prohibit a jury from drawing inferences from a defendant's silence during a sentencing hearing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked whether the Fifth Amendment permits a judge to instruct a jury to use a defendant's silence against him.","Justice Scalia asked whether a judge could inform a jury that a defendant chose not to testify during a punishment hearing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the practical limits of the right against self-incrimination. It determines whether defendants can remain silent during sentencing without facing adverse inferences. This affects the conduct of all capital sentencing proceedings nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-794-white-v-woodall","term":"2013","title":"Can a jury use a defendant's silence against him during sentencing?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-794_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-11-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-11-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","paragraphs":["Sprint's counsel warned against broadening Younger abstention.","Windstream's counsel argued federal courts must retain jurisdiction.","justice_question"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-43"}]}],"caption":"Sprint Communications, Inc. v. Jacobs","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.362272Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Sprint argues federal courts must dismiss challenges to state agency orders. Windstream argues federal courts must hear these claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-11-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-815.html","primary_docket":"12-815","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:32:08.106019Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Sprint seeks dismissal of Windstream's federal lawsuit. Windstream seeks a federal court ruling on its claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 5, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Sprint wants the federal court to dismiss the case.","Windstream wants the federal court to hear the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Sprint argues Younger abstention applies to state agency proceedings.","Windstream argues Younger abstention does not apply to these proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how to define coercive proceedings.","Justice Kennedy asked if Burford abstention applies here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines federal court access to state agency disputes. It shapes the balance between state and federal judicial power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-43"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-815-sprint-communications-inc-v-jacobs","term":"2013","title":"Does Younger abstention bar federal review of state agency orders?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-815_o75p.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-12-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-12-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","paragraphs":["The father's advocate stated the mother kidnapped the daughter. He said she concealed her in the UK, France, and the US.","The mother's advocate argued equitable tolling contradicts the treaty. She cited the Convention's text and drafting history.","Justice Ginsburg asked where Article 13 appears in the materials. She emphasized the paramount importance of the child's interest.","Justice Scalia asked where the relevant text is located. He sought specific reference points in the case record."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-13"}]}],"caption":"Lozano v. Montoya Alvarez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.234470Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.244548Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A father seeks to return his daughter. The mother argues the deadline expired. The father claims concealment stopped the clock.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-12-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-820.html","primary_docket":"12-820","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:09:26.509462Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether equitable tolling applies to the Hague Convention. This doctrine pauses deadlines when a party hides evidence. The father argues concealment justifies a return. The mother argues the treaty text forbids this delay."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 11, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The father wants the court to apply equitable tolling. He seeks the return of his daughter to his custody.","The mother wants the court to reject equitable tolling. She seeks to keep her daughter in the United States."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The father argues concealment stopped the one-year deadline. He claims the mother hid the child for years.","The mother argues the treaty text forbids extending deadlines. She claims other signatory states reject this interpretation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the opposing side's position incentivizes child abduction. He noted parents might hide children to delay proceedings.","Justice Kennedy asked if the court uses equitable discretion or tolling. He questioned how a six-month suspension affects the weighing process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the deadline for returning abducted children. It balances parental rights against child stability. It clarifies how courts handle concealed children under international law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-13"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-820-lozano-v-montoya-alvarez","term":"2013","title":"Does the Hague Convention allow courts to extend deadlines for returning abducted children?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-820_h31j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-04-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-04-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","paragraphs":["Argentina's counsel argued the lower court order targets immune property.","Creditors' counsel referenced legislative reports to support their position.","justice_questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-19"}]}],"caption":"Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital Ltd.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.137970Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Argentina disputes a lower court order requiring it to disclose worldwide property to satisfy a debt.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-04-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-842.html","primary_docket":"12-842","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:43:35.544365Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Argentina seeks to stop a broad asset search. Creditors demand full disclosure to collect a debt."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 21, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Argentina wants to limit the asset search to U.S. territory.","Creditors want a global search to find collectible assets."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Argentina argues the law protects foreign state property from broad process.","Creditors argue the law allows execution on property within the United States."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the law restricts discovery of exempt property.","Justice Scalia asked if a New York judgment reaches Florida assets."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of asset searches against foreign states. It determines how creditors collect debts from sovereign entities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-19"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-842-republic-of-argentina-v-nml-capital-ltd","term":"2013","title":"Can U.S. courts compel foreign states to reveal global assets?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 7-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 7-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-842_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-01-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-01-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's counsel argued that all losses must be proximately caused by the defendant's offense conduct.","The government's counsel argued that the statute promises the victim restitution for all of her losses.","The government's counsel contended that the side that brought the case's position would leave the victim with nothing in restitution."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"}]}],"caption":"Paroline v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.159934Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a sentencing judge can award restitution for losses not directly caused by the defendant's specific conduct.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 35-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-01-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-8561.html","primary_docket":"12-8561","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:55:39.007887Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a federal restitution statute. The core issue is how courts calculate damages when multiple offenders contribute to a victim's harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 35-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 22, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to limit restitution to losses directly caused by the defendant's specific actions.","The government wants the court to allow restitution for the victim's total losses, even if not directly caused by one offender."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 35-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that statutory law requires a direct causal link between the defendant's conduct and the victim's specific losses.","The government argues that the statute promises full compensation for the victim's total losses, regardless of individual offender causation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 35-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked why proximate causation is a legal issue rather than a factual one.","Justice Kennedy asked why the award is not based on the aggregate number of offenders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts calculate financial compensation for victims of crimes involving multiple perpetrators. It determines whether victims receive full compensation or only a portion tied to specific defendants. The outcome shapes restitution standards for similar federal crimes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 35-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-8561-paroline-v-united-states","term":"2013","title":"Does a victim's loss require direct causation by a specific offender?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-8561_e1gj.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 35-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Scodro argued Congress created specific procedures for age discrimination.","Mr. Theobald argued the Seventh Circuit lacked jurisdiction over the issue.","questions_and_answers"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-25"}]}],"caption":"Madigan v. Levin","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.486643Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue federal law blocks state age discrimination suits. the opposing sides claim state courts retain jurisdiction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-872.html","primary_docket":"12-872","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:43:24.578263Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether federal age discrimination law preempts state law claims. the sides that brought the case seek dismissal of state claims. the opposing sides want to keep those claims alive."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to dismiss the state law claims.","the opposing sides want the Court to allow the state law claims to proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue federal law creates a comprehensive remedy system that blocks state claims.","the opposing sides argue the Seventh Circuit lacked jurisdiction to decide the preclusion issue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked about the Seventh Circuit's authority to hear the case.","Justice Kennedy asked if the Court is granting certiorari before judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether workers can sue under state age discrimination laws. It defines the scope of federal preemption in employment cases. It affects the availability of legal remedies for older workers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-25"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-872-madigan-v-levin","term":"2013","title":"Can federal courts dismiss age discrimination claims under state law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-872_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-12-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-12-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Loy argued the antitrust standing test applies here.","Mr. Jones argued only misrepresented goods holders have standing.","questions_and_answers"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-11"}]}],"caption":"Lexmark Int'l, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.238211Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Lexmark argues only direct competitors may sue. Static Control argues any harmed party may sue.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-12-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-873.html","primary_docket":"12-873","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:15:22.572416Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests who qualifies as a plaintiff in false advertising claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 3, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Lexmark wants the Court to limit standing to direct competitors.","Static Control wants the Court to allow any harmed party to sue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Lexmark argues the Lanham Act requires a direct competitive relationship.","Static Control argues the statute protects any party directly victimized by false statements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked why a supplier mentioned in false statements lacks standing.","Justice Alito asked if a competing cartridge manufacturer would have standing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling defines who can enforce federal advertising laws. It shapes the scope of commercial litigation. It affects how companies police market claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-11"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-873-lexmark-int-l-inc-v-static-control-components-inc","term":"2013","title":"Who can sue for false advertising under the Lanham Act?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-873_ebfi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-11-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-11-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Elwood argued that aiding and abetting requires purposeful intent to facilitate the crime.","Mr. Elwood stated that mere knowing assistance is insufficient for liability.","Justice Scalia questioned if knowing a crime involves firearms is enough for liability.","Justice Alito asked if the aider learns about the gun after the crime happens."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 51-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 51-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]}],"caption":"Rosemond v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.391780Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.421919Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a person who helps commit a crime must intend for that crime to involve a firearm to face enhanced charges.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-11-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-895.html","primary_docket":"12-895","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:13:36.393296Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the mental state required for accomplice liability. the side that brought the case argues that knowing a gun is present is not enough. The government argues that knowing a gun is present satisfies the legal standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 12, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 51-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 51-4"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction overturned because the jury did not find intent to facilitate gun use.","The government wants the conviction to stand because the side that brought the case knew a gun was present during the crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that accomplice liability requires purposeful intent to encourage the specific crime of using a firearm.","The government argues that knowing a crime is being conducted with firearms is sufficient for liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if knowing a crime involves firearms is enough for liability.","Justice Alito asked if the aider learns about the gun after the crime happens."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 51-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 51-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the mental state needed for accomplice liability. It determines when a helper faces charges for a crime involving a weapon. The outcome shapes how prosecutors prove intent in joint criminal activities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 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27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-895-rosemond-v-united-states","term":"2013","title":"Does aiding a crime require intent to use a gun?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-895_7m42.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 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27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-1"}]}],"caption":"Robers v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.995194Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.001468Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a bank recovers its full loss when it repossesses a home bought with a fraudulent loan.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-02-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-9012.html","primary_docket":"12-9012","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:54:59.789424Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests how courts calculate restitution for mortgage fraud. the side that brought the case argues that returning the property satisfies the debt. The government argues that the bank loses the difference between the loan and the property value."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 25, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to rule that returning the property fully offsets the restitution order.","The government wants the court to rule that the bank must recover the difference between the loan and the property value."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that Section 3663A requires an offset when any part of the property is returned to the victim.","The government argues that the bank suffers a loss equal to the difference between the loan amount and the property value."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the bank was defrauded of money or if the client never received the funds.","Justice Sotomayor asked why it is impractical to measure the loss by the amount the client received."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines how courts calculate restitution for mortgage fraud. It affects the financial recovery of banks and the liability of borrowers. The outcome sets a standard for valuing returned property in fraud cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-1"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-9012-robers-v-united-states","term":"2013","title":"Does returning a foreclosed property fully offset a fraud restitution order?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9012_kjg1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-10-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-10-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued forum selection clauses are common in contracts. It urged the Court to enforce them as written.","the opposing side argued the case belongs in Texas. It noted the work, witnesses, and evidence are located there.","Justice Alito questioned the distinction between venue and jurisdiction. He cited a case where the court denied a motion to dismiss."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-1"}]}],"caption":"Atlantic Marine Constr. Co. v. United States Dist. Court for Western Dist. Tex.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.267989Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.274275Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A construction firm wants to move a lawsuit to Virginia. The opposing party wants to keep it in Texas.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-10-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-929.html","primary_docket":"12-929","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:41:47.698004Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a contract clause can force a lawsuit into a specific court. the side that brought the case argues the clause is binding. the opposing side argues the clause cannot override federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 9, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to enforce the contract clause. It seeks to move the case to Virginia.","the opposing side wants the court to keep the case in Texas. It seeks to litigate where the work occurred."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the clause is a binding contract term. It claims courts must enforce it as written.","the opposing side argues the clause cannot create jurisdiction. It claims federal law controls venue selection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if parties can create personal jurisdiction by contract.","Justice Kennedy asked if treatises treat forum clauses as venue provisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the power of private contracts over federal court rules. It affects how businesses structure litigation risks. It determines whether parties can choose their forum by agreement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-1"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-929-atlantic-marine-constr-co-v-united-states-dist-court-for-western-dist-tex","term":"2013","title":"Can a contract clause override federal venue rules?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-929_h4dp.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-12-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-12-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Goldenberg argued the Board's interpretation was reasonable.","Mr. Fleming argued the case should be resolved at step one.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — 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33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-3"}]}],"caption":"Mayorkas v. Cuellar de Osorio","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.280681Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.298886Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a new family petition automatically converts an aged-out child's immigration status.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-12-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-930.html","primary_docket":"12-930","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:10:51.040725Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves children who age out of their immigration category. The government argues a new petition does not convert status. The children argue it does."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 10, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to reject the automatic conversion argument.","The children want the Court to accept the automatic conversion argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the Board reasonably interpreted the statute.","The children argue the statute mandates automatic conversion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why the regulation was not copied.","Justice Breyer asked about the total number of affected people."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines the immigration status of thousands of children. It defines the scope of family-sponsored visa categories. It impacts the waiting time for these applicants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-930_hocg.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 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19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 4-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 4-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-1"}]}],"caption":"Prado Navarette v. California","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.132505Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.157117Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether officers need independent verification before stopping a vehicle based on an anonymous report of dangerous driving.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-01-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-9490.html","primary_docket":"12-9490","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:58:34.877453Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the Fourth Amendment limits on traffic stops. It asks if an anonymous tip alone provides enough probable cause for a brief detention."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 21, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 47-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to require police to corroborate anonymous tips before stopping a vehicle.","The state wants the Court to allow stops based solely on anonymous tips of reckless driving."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that uncorroborated anonymous tips lack the reliability needed to justify a seizure.","The state argues that stopping cars based on anonymous tips serves a critical public safety interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if there is evidence that false anonymous tips are a serious problem.","Justice Alito asked for examples of stops based on tips without observing illegal acts directly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 4-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 4-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance between public safety and individual liberty during traffic stops. It determines how much evidence police need before detaining drivers. The outcome shapes future interactions between law enforcement and citizens on roads."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-1"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-9490-prado-navarette-v-california","term":"2013","title":"Can police stop a car based solely on an anonymous tip of reckless driving?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-9490_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-11-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-11-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. McCracken argued these agreements avoid conflict and create good environments.","Mr. Messenger argued enforcing Section 302 cannot conflict with the NLRA.","Mr. Dreeben argued Section 302 cannot be read in isolation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"}]}],"caption":"Unite Here Local 355 v. Mulhall","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.455452Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Employers and unions dispute whether paying for employee lists and access breaches federal labor statutes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-11-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-99.html","primary_docket":"12-99","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:19:02.773840Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests if a union paying an employer for organizing benefits violates Section 302."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 13, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The union wants the court to allow these payments.","The employer wants the court to ban these payments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The union argues these agreements prevent conflict and aid bargaining.","The employer argues these payments violate federal labor laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the payment constitutes property.","Justice Scalia asked if the union promised legislative support."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of union-employer financial arrangements during organizing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-99-unite-here-local-355-v-mulhall","term":"2013","title":"Does a union payment for employee data violate labor law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-99_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2013-12-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2013-12-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Himmelfarb cited Budinich v. Becton Dickinson for immediate appeal rights.","Mr. Feldman argued all damages claims must resolve before finality.","Justice Kagan questioned if listing fees in complaints changes the outcome.","Justice Breyer asked if general fee mentions in contracts affect finality."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-41"}]}],"caption":"Ray Haluch Gravel Co. v. Central Pension Fund of Operating Engineers and Participating Employers","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.268550Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.290435Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether unresolved fee claims prevent a merits judgment from becoming final for appeal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 9-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2013-12-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-992.html","primary_docket":"12-992","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T21:14:28.650082Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the finality of a judgment when fee requests remain pending."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 9-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 9, 2013."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Ray Haluch Gravel Co. wants immediate appeal of the merits judgment.","Central Pension Fund wants to delay appeal until fees resolve."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 9-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Ray Haluch Gravel Co. argues fee requests do not block finality.","Central Pension Fund argues all damages claims must resolve first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 9-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if motion-based fees create separate judgments.","Justice Sotomayor asked why merits are final when auditor fees are not."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines when parties can appeal final merits decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 9-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-41"}]}],"slug":"2013-12-992-ray-haluch-gravel-co-v-central-pension-fund-of-operating-engineers-and-participa","term":"2013","title":"Does a pending fee request block appeal of a final merits judgment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/12-992_71n8.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 9-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-03-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-03-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Wilker argued the plaintiffs pled a plausible claim. He stated they alleged intentional viewpoint discrimination.","Mr. Gershengorn described the physical layout of the protest area. He noted the alley entry point on California Street.","Justice Kennedy asked if objective bases make motive irrelevant. He questioned the weight of subjective intent in such cases."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-1"}]}],"caption":"Wood v. Moss","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.903190Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.906021Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Protesters claim Secret Service agents moved them based on their political views. Agents argue safety concerns required the action.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-03-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-115.html","primary_docket":"13-115","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:47:37.311709Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether officials can move protesters for safety reasons. The core issue is if subjective intent matters when objective grounds exist."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 26, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 12-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Protesters want a ruling that subjective intent matters. They seek to prove agents acted with discriminatory motives.","Agents want a ruling that objective safety justifies action. They seek dismissal of the discrimination claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Protesters argue agents moved them solely due to their political views. They claim this violates core First Amendment principles.","Agents argue they acted for objective safety reasons. They contend subjective motives are irrelevant if safety grounds exist."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if objective reasons negate unconstitutional motives. He suggested the case is simple if objective grounds exist.","Justice Breyer asked if the Court should reach the intent question. He noted the distinction between ordinary police and Secret Service agents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of government power over speech. It determines if officials can prioritize safety over viewpoint neutrality. The outcome shapes how agencies manage public demonstrations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-1"}]}],"slug":"2013-13-115-wood-v-moss","term":"2013","title":"Does objective safety justify moving protesters?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-115_3246.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-04-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-04-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Fisher argued the Fourth Amendment applies here.","Justice Kennedy asked about gathering evidence from a gun.","Justice Alito compared phone photos to billfold photos.","Mr. Dreeben explained the categorical Robinson rule."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-21"}]}],"caption":"Riley v. California","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.867583Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.877129Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether officers may search a phone found on an arrestee without a warrant.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-04-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-132.html","primary_docket":"13-132","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:35:51.215374Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the Fourth Amendment. It applies to a new factual circumstance. The core protection faces a digital device."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 29, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants a warrant requirement for phones.","The state wants to search phones without a warrant."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues phones hold vast private data.","The state argues phones are like physical objects."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked about taking gun fingerprints.","Justice Alito asked about photos in a billfold."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This defines privacy rights in the digital age. It sets rules for police searches. It protects personal data from state access."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-21"}]}],"slug":"2013-13-132-riley-v-california","term":"2013","title":"Can police search a phone without a warrant?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-132_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 21-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-04-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-04-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","paragraphs":["Michael Carvin argued the threat creates a justiciable controversy.","He claimed waiting for prosecution forces speakers to admit guilt.","Michael Murphy argued the group failed to show a credible threat.","He stated the alleged injury is not certainly impending."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 12-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 12-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 52-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 52-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-28"}]}],"caption":"Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.811894Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.811932Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Susan B. Anthony List claims Ohio officials threatened criminal charges. The state argues no actual prosecution occurred.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 12-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 12-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 52-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 52-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 30-34"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-04-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-193.html","primary_docket":"13-193","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:40:39.504709Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests when a court can review a threat of prosecution. The group seeks a ruling before any charges file. The state demands the group wait for an actual trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 12-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 12-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 52-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 52-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 30-34"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 22, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-40"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Susan B. Anthony List wants a court ruling now to protect its speech.","Steven Driehaus wants the group to wait for an actual prosecution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 12-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 12-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 52-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 52-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 30-34"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The group argues the threat of prosecution is a concrete injury.","The state argues the threat is too speculative to review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 12-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 12-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 52-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 52-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 30-34"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why this case differs from Clapper.","Justice Ginsburg asked who specifically might be charged."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-28"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines when citizens can challenge government threats. It shapes the balance between free speech and state enforcement. The outcome sets a standard for pre-enforcement legal challenges."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 12-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 12-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 52-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 52-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 30-34"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-28"}]}],"slug":"2013-13-193-susan-b-anthony-list-v-driehaus","term":"2013","title":"Can a group sue to stop a state from threatening to prosecute its speech?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 12-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 12-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 52-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 52-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-193_mjo0.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 30-34"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-04-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-04-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","paragraphs":["The government claims a categorical rule harms law enforcement.","The defendant states encryption was not litigated below.","questions_and_argument_context"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 36-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 36-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 8-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 8-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-1"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Wurie","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.874471Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government seeks a broad search right. The defendant demands a warrant for digital data.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 8-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 8-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-04-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-212.html","primary_docket":"13-212","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:34:26.649790Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Police seized a phone during an arrest. They searched it without a warrant. The lower court admitted the evidence. The defendant challenges this search."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 8-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 8-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 29, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants a broad search right for phones.","The defendant wants a warrant for digital data."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 8-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 8-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues historical practice supports the search.","The defendant argues encryption complicates the search."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 8-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 8-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked about phone passwords.","Justice Kagan asked about cloud storage limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 36-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 36-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines police access to digital data. It balances privacy against law enforcement needs. The outcome shapes future search procedures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 8-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 8-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 36-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 36-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-1"}]}],"slug":"2013-13-212-united-states-v-wurie","term":"2013","title":"Can police search a phone without a warrant after arrest?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 8-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 8-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-212_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-03-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-03-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Phillips argued the patent is a system patent. He stated Section 101 applies directly to the claims.","Mr. Perry argued the patent covers an abstract idea. He cited Bilski and Mayo as controlling precedent.","General Verrilli argued a computer must impose a meaningful limit. He stated tacking on a computer instruction is insufficient.","Justice Breyer questioned the distinction between the patent and a checkbook. He asked how the patent is less abstract than a reservoir."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 4-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 36-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 36-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 14-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 14-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-10"}]}],"caption":"Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank Int’l","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.908952Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.940723Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Alice Corp. argues its settlement system patent is valid. CLS Bank argues the patent covers an abstract idea.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 4-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 36-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 36-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 14-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 14-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-03-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-298.html","primary_docket":"13-298","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:45:59.212500Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Alice Corp. holds a patent for a computerized settlement system. CLS Bank uses the system without a license. Alice Corp. sued for infringement. The lower court found the patent invalid. Alice Corp. seeks to reverse that finding. CLS Bank seeks to affirm the lower court decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 4-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 36-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 36-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 14-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 14-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 31, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Alice Corp. wants the Court to reverse the lower court decision. It seeks to uphold its patent as valid.","CLS Bank wants the Court to affirm the lower court decision. It seeks to invalidate the patent as an abstract idea."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 4-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 36-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 36-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 14-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 14-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Alice Corp. argues the patent is valid. It claims the computer implementation makes the abstract idea concrete.","CLS Bank argues the patent is invalid. It claims the computer merely executes an abstract economic principle."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 4-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 36-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 36-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 14-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 14-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked why the patent is less abstract than a grain elevator.","Justice Kennedy asked if the innovative aspect is merely an idea."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-10"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary between patentable technology and abstract concepts. It affects software patents and financial technology innovation. It determines whether basic business methods can be monopolized by code."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 4-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 36-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 36-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 14-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 14-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 5-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 5-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-10"}]}],"slug":"2013-13-298-alice-corp-v-cls-bank-int-l","term":"2013","title":"Does using a computer make an abstract idea patentable?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 4-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 36-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 36-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 14-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-298_d18k.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 14-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-03-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-03-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Spinelli asserted that parties agree retirement funds are set aside for when an individual stops working.","Ms. Spinelli stated that funds in an inherited IRA do not meet that specific definition.","Mr. Shanmugam argued that the Bankruptcy Code's plain terms exempt funds in tax-exempt retirement accounts.","Justice Kagan noted that inherited funds cannot be added to and must be depleted over time."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-13"}]}],"caption":"Clark v. Rameker","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.134951Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether inherited IRA funds meet the legal definition of retirement funds under the Bankruptcy Code.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-03-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-299.html","primary_docket":"13-299","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:48:40.816513Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Bankruptcy Code's retirement funds exemption. The core issue is whether inherited IRA assets fit the statutory definition of funds set aside for retirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 24, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to rule that inherited IRAs are not retirement funds and thus lack bankruptcy protection.","the opposing sides want the Court to rule that inherited IRAs are retirement funds and retain bankruptcy protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue that inherited IRAs do not meet the definition of funds set aside for an individual's retirement.","the opposing sides argue that the Bankruptcy Code's plain terms categorically exempt funds in tax-exempt retirement accounts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how a retirement fund differs from an inherited one.","Justice Sotomayor asked about the 10 percent penalty for early Roth IRA withdrawals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether inherited retirement assets remain protected from creditors in bankruptcy. This affects the financial security of beneficiaries who inherit retirement funds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-13"}]}],"slug":"2013-13-299-clark-v-rameker","term":"2013","title":"Does an inherited IRA qualify as a retirement fund for bankruptcy protection?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-299_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","paragraphs":["Sarah Harrington argued the Eleventh Circuit applied the wrong standard. She stated the taxpayer needs only a plausible inference of improper purpose. She claimed the lower court required too much evidence.","Mr. Marod argued the taxpayer must present specific facts. He stated a plausible inference is insufficient without supporting evidence. He emphasized the need for concrete proof of improper purpose.","Justice Scalia questioned the difference between plausible inference and specific facts. He asked if plausibility requires evidence suggesting the claim is true. He noted the opposing side conceded certain points.","Justice Breyer asked why the government seeks the information. He wanted to understand the purpose behind the summons. He sought clarification on the government's intent."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-49"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Clarke","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.838723Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a taxpayer must present specific facts to prove an IRS summons serves an improper purpose before receiving an evidentiary hearing.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-301.html","primary_docket":"13-301","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:11:22.151274Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a challenge to an IRS summons. The taxpayer argues the government used the summons for an improper purpose. The government argues the taxpayer failed to provide enough evidence to support that claim. The lower court denied the taxpayer's request for a hearing. The taxpayer now seeks a different standard for proving improper purpose."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The taxpayer wants a hearing based on a plausible inference of improper purpose.","The government wants the taxpayer to provide specific facts proving improper purpose."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The taxpayer argues a plausible inference of improper purpose is enough to trigger a hearing.","The government argues the taxpayer must present specific facts to prove improper purpose."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if a plausible inference requires evidence suggesting the claim is true.","Justice Breyer asked why the government wants the information and what it intends to do with it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the evidence needed to challenge an IRS summons. It affects how taxpayers prove government overreach. It sets the standard for judicial review of tax enforcement actions. It balances taxpayer rights against government efficiency."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 3-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 3-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-49"}]}],"slug":"2013-13-301-united-states-v-clarke","term":"2013","title":"Does a taxpayer need specific facts to prove an IRS summons serves an improper purpose?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-301_flpe.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-04-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-04-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Russell argued the statute requires intent to defraud a bank.","Mr. Yang argued the statute covers schemes affecting banks indirectly.","questions_and_answers"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]}],"caption":"Loughrin v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.916645Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.940662Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a defendant must intend to defraud a bank or if intent to defraud a third party suffices when bank funds are involved.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-04-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-316.html","primary_docket":"13-316","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:44:35.610697Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal bank fraud statutes. It asks if the law covers schemes targeting third parties that indirectly affect banks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 1, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to require specific intent to defraud a bank.","The government wants the Court to accept intent to defraud a third party as sufficient."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues Section 1344 requires intent to defraud the bank directly.","The government argues the statute covers schemes that affect banks through third parties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if clause (2) covers representations made to others.","Justice Ginsburg asked if two checks were paid by the drawing bank."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This defines the reach of federal bank fraud laws. It determines which financial schemes face federal prosecution. It impacts how prosecutors charge check fraud cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]}],"slug":"2013-13-316-loughrin-v-united-states","term":"2013","title":"Does bank fraud require intent to defraud the bank itself?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-316_4257.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-03-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-03-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Streett argued Basic was wrong when decided.","Mr. Boies argued Basic relied on commerce.","Justice Kagan asked about the third point.","Justice Alito asked about rebuttal success rates."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 7-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 7-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-37"}]}],"caption":"Halliburton Co. v. Erica P. John Fund, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.012596Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:24.037549Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case want to prove no price impact at class certification. the opposing sides want to delay that proof until trial.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 7-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 7-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-03-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-317.html","primary_docket":"13-317","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:50:04.797781Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests when defendants may prove a stock price did not react to alleged fraud. the sides that brought the case argue this proof belongs at class certification. the opposing sides argue it belongs at trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 7-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 7-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 5, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to prove no price impact at class certification.","the opposing sides want to delay price impact proof until trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 7-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 7-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Basic was wrong and substituted theory for reliance.","the opposing sides argue Basic relied on commerce, not economic theory."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 7-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 7-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if the approach is binary.","Justice Ginsburg asked when the rebuttal occurs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines when courts examine price impact evidence. It affects the cost and speed of securities litigation. It shapes how plaintiffs prove reliance on market prices."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 7-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 7-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-37"}]}],"slug":"2013-13-317-halliburton-co-v-erica-p-john-fund-inc","term":"2013","title":"Can defendants prove no price impact before class certification?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 7-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 7-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-317_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 23-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg warned that prevailing might encourage states to enact stricter repose statutes.","Justice Kagan questioned why Congress would not also remove the statute of repose.","advocate_contention"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-11"}]}],"caption":"CTS Corp. v. Waldburger","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.822912Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.847668Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Parties dispute whether a federal statute extends state deadlines for filing toxic tort lawsuits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-339.html","primary_docket":"13-339","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:39:33.820619Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a federal environmental law provision. It asks if that provision changes how states calculate filing deadlines for injury claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["CTS wants the Court to hold that the federal statute only changes the start date for state filing deadlines.","Waldburger wants the Court to hold that the federal statute extends the total time available to file suit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["CTS argues the statute is a federalism compromise that leaves state repose limits untouched.","Waldburger argues the statute surgically modifies state tort actions by changing the commencement date for the time period."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked when the statute was enacted and what it was.","Justice Ginsburg asked how many states have such statutes of repose."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines how long injured parties have to sue polluters. It affects the balance between federal environmental goals and state procedural rules. It shapes the rights of victims seeking compensation for toxic exposure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-11"}]}],"slug":"2013-13-339-cts-corp-v-waldburger","term":"2013","title":"Does federal law override state time limits for toxic tort claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-339_4428.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-03-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-03-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","paragraphs":["General Verrilli argued that religious freedom limits apply when activities affect others.","Mr. Clement argued the agency knew religious claims would follow the mandate.","justice_questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 32-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 32-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 40-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 40-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 10-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 10-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 16-36"}]}],"caption":"Sebelius v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.168622Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.179464Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Hobby Lobby argues the government must show a compelling interest. The government argues the law is neutral and generally applicable.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 16-36"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-03-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-354.html","primary_docket":"13-354","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:48:19.055000Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether a federal mandate violates religious freedom. Hobby Lobby seeks an exemption from providing certain contraceptives. The government seeks to enforce the mandate uniformly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 16-36"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 25, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 40-6"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Hobby Lobby wants an exemption from the contraceptive mandate.","The government wants to enforce the mandate on all employers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 16-36"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Hobby Lobby argues the mandate burdens their religious exercise.","The government argues the law is neutral and generally applicable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 16-36"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if exemptions would create a piecemeal system.","Justice Kagan asked if the interpretation subjects the entire U.S. Code to strict scrutiny."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 32-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 32-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 40-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 40-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 10-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 10-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-26"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of religious exemptions in federal law. It determines how courts balance individual rights against public health mandates. The outcome shapes future challenges to government regulations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 16-36"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 32-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 32-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 40-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 40-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 10-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 10-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-26"}]}],"slug":"2013-13-354-sebelius-v-hobby-lobby-stores-inc","term":"2013","title":"Do religious employers face a compelling interest test for contraceptive coverage?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-354_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 16-36"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-04-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-04-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","paragraphs":["Nautilus contends the claim is not particular and distinct. It argues the claim is ambiguous after applying all interpretive tools.","Biosig contends the Federal Circuit correctly applied the definiteness test. It argues the claim provides reasonable notice of the invention's boundaries.","questions_and_answers"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"}]}],"caption":"Nautilus, Inc. v. Biosig Instruments, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.148063Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.165548Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether a patent claim is definite when it permits two reasonable interpretations of its scope.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-04-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-369.html","primary_docket":"13-369","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:36:50.290046Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case concerns a patent for a heart-rate monitor. The core issue is the legal standard for patent claim definiteness. One side argues the claim is ambiguous because it allows two reasonable readings. The other side argues the claim is definite because a skilled artisan understands its scope."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 28, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Nautilus wants the court to reverse the lower court decision. It seeks a ruling that the patent claim is ambiguous and invalid.","Biosig wants the court to affirm the lower court decision. It seeks a ruling that the patent claim is definite and valid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Nautilus argues the claim is ambiguous because it has two reasonable readings with different scopes.","Biosig argues the claim is definite because it gives a skilled artisan reasonable notice of the invention's boundaries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked about the purpose of the invention if it only covered spacing without canceling EMG.","Justice Scalia asked about the limits on trial and error in determining electrode spacing for a patent claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the legal standard for patent claim definiteness. It determines whether ambiguous claims remain enforceable. This affects patent holders and competitors in the technology sector."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"}]}],"slug":"2013-13-369-nautilus-inc-v-biosig-instruments-inc","term":"2013","title":"Does a patent claim lack definiteness if it allows two reasonable readings?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-369_g31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-04-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-04-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued Aereo's model enables strangers to watch live TV online.","Clement stated Congress passed a statute that forecloses Aereo's legal argument.","Aereo's counsel argued the service is not a public performance under the law."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 34-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 34-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 50-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 50-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 51-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 51-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 44-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-42"}]}],"caption":"American Broadcasting Co. v. Aereo, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.817249Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.844027Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Broadcasters claim Aereo's cloud TV service violates copyright law. Aereo argues its technology avoids public performance rules.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 34-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 34-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 50-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 50-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 51-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 51-10"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-04-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-461.html","primary_docket":"13-461","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:40:20.760277Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Aereo uses tiny antennas to stream live TV to subscribers. Broadcasters say this is a public performance. Aereo says it is private viewing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 34-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 34-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 50-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 50-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 51-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 51-10"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 22, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 16-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Broadcasters want the Court to find Aereo liable for copyright infringement.","Aereo wants the Court to find its service is not a public performance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 34-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 34-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 50-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 50-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 51-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 51-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Broadcasters argue Aereo's service is the functional equivalent of a public performance.","Aereo argues its technology allows private viewing without public performance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 34-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 34-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 50-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 50-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 51-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 51-10"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how the ruling applies to services like Dropbox.","Justice Breyer suggested the Court might remand the case for further review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 44-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-42"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of public performance rights. It determines how cloud-based media services operate legally. It affects the balance between copyright holders and technology providers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 34-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 34-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 50-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 50-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 51-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 51-10"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 44-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-42"}]}],"slug":"2013-13-461-american-broadcasting-co-v-aereo-inc","term":"2013","title":"Does Aereo's cloud TV service count as a public performance?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 34-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 34-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 50-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 50-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 51-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-461_97l5.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 51-10"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-04-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-04-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","paragraphs":["Lane's attorney stated the firing followed grand jury testimony.","Franks' attorney cited the government's interest in managing staff.","questions_and_answers"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-37"}]}],"caption":"Lane v. Franks","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.855870Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A fired employee claims retaliation for grand jury testimony. His employer argues the speech falls within his job duties.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-04-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2013","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-483.html","primary_docket":"13-483","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:36:33.326541Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether compelled testimony counts as job duties. This status affects First Amendment protection for public employees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 28, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Lane wants a ruling that his testimony was protected speech.","Franks wants a ruling that the testimony was part of his job."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Lane argues compelled testimony is not a job duty.","Franks argues the government manages employees during their work."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if bad circuit precedent excuses the employee.","Justice Alito asked when subpoenaed testimony leaves job scope."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary between job duties and protected speech. This boundary shapes retaliation claims for public employees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-37"}]}],"slug":"2013-13-483-lane-v-franks","term":"2013","title":"Does a public employee's compelled testimony count as job duties?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2013/13-483_21o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-12-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-12-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","paragraphs":["Young's counsel argues the law aims to keep women in the workforce.","UPS's counsel argues the law does not mandate specific accommodations for pregnancy.","Justices question how to apply the law to different employee groups."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 6-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 6-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 50-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 50-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-28"}]}],"caption":"Young v. United Parcel Service, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.497878Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.522408Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Peggy Young seeks a lifting restriction accommodation. UPS denies it because she is pregnant. The law requires equal treatment for similar conditions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 6-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 6-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 50-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 50-28"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-12-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-1226.html","primary_docket":"12-1226","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:07:42.273612Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Peggy Young worked at UPS. She needed a lifting restriction due to pregnancy. UPS denied the request. Other workers with similar restrictions received accommodations. Young sued for discrimination. The lower court ruled against her. She now asks the Supreme Court to review the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 6-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 6-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 50-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 50-28"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 3, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 16-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Young wants the Court to rule that UPS must accommodate her pregnancy.","UPS wants the Court to rule that it can deny accommodations to pregnant workers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 6-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 6-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 50-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 50-28"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Young argues the Pregnancy Discrimination Act requires equal treatment for similar conditions.","UPS argues the law does not require accommodations for pregnant workers if others are treated differently."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 6-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 6-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 50-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 50-28"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asks how to distinguish this case from other employment scenarios.","Justice Scalia asks if the law requires giving benefits to all pregnant employees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-28"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines employer obligations for pregnant workers. It affects workplace accommodation policies nationwide. It clarifies the scope of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act. It impacts hiring and retention practices for women."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 6-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 6-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 50-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 50-28"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-28"}]}],"slug":"2014-12-1226-young-v-united-parcel-service-inc","term":"2014","title":"Does a pregnancy accommodation law require equal treatment for non-pregnant workers?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 6-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 6-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 50-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1226_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 50-28"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-01-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-01-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Stone argued the case falls under the Wartime Suspension of Limitations Act.","Mr. Elwood argued the lower court erred in allowing the fifth complaint.","Mr. Stewart argued Congress enacted the law against a criminal statute backdrop.","Justice Scalia questioned the use of the word pending in the statute."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 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19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 3-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-13"}]}],"caption":"Kellogg Brown & Root Services, Inc. v. United States, ex rel, Carter","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.096792Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.117830Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A contractor argues the Wartime Suspension of Limitations Act pauses civil fraud clocks. A relator argues it does not.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 3-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-01-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/12-1497.html","primary_docket":"12-1497","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:01:38.674204Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a wartime law pauses civil fraud deadlines. The contractor claims the law applies to civil cases. The relator claims the law applies only to criminal cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 3-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 13, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The contractor wants the Supreme Court to dismiss the relator's fraud complaint.","The relator wants the Supreme Court to allow the fraud complaint to proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 3-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The contractor argues the Wartime Suspension of Limitations Act pauses civil fraud deadlines.","The relator argues the Wartime Suspension of Limitations Act applies only to criminal cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 3-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how collateral estoppel works in this area.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the government gets suspension under the contractor's view."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether civil fraud deadlines pause during wartime. This affects how long the government can sue contractors for fraud."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 3-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-13"}]}],"slug":"2014-12-1497-kellogg-brown-root-services-inc-v-united-states-ex-rel-carter","term":"2014","title":"Does the Wartime Suspension of Limitations Act pause civil fraud clocks?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 3-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 3-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/12-1497_6k37.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-10-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-10-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","paragraphs":["Kansas argues the parties accepted the formula's potential inaccuracies during negotiations.","Nebraska argues the Court should correct the formula if it contains a mistake.","The United States argues disgorgement must remain an available remedy for compact breaches."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-43"}]}],"caption":"Kansas v. Nebraska","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.746350Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.757086Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Kansas and Nebraska dispute whether a court can fix a water-sharing formula that produces unanticipated allocations.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-10-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/126%20ORIG..html","primary_docket":"126 ORIG.","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:27:38.493162Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Kansas and Nebraska argue over a water-sharing formula. Kansas wants the formula to stay as written. Nebraska wants the Court to fix the formula if it yields errors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 14, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Kansas wants the Court to keep the water formula unchanged.","Nebraska wants the Court to revise the water formula if it is wrong."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Kansas argues the parties agreed to the formula despite potential inaccuracies.","Nebraska argues the Court should fix the formula if it contains a mistake."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the Court lacks authority to revise a formula that yields unexpected results.","Justice Breyer asked what a court should do when parties agree a formula contains a mistake."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts handle errors in interstate water-sharing agreements. It sets the standard for fixing formulas that produce unanticipated allocations. The outcome affects how states manage shared water resources during scarcity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-43"}]}],"slug":"2014-126-orig-kansas-v-nebraska","term":"2014","title":"Should the Court revise a water-sharing formula that yields unexpected results?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/126, orig_ppl4.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-11-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-11-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Clark argued that retiree health benefits should be decided like other contract disputes.","Ms. Ho argued that unalterable benefits must be negotiated, not imposed by courts.","Justice Scalia questioned the advocate's stance on the parol evidence rule."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"}]}],"caption":"M&G Polymers USA, LLC v. Tackett","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.649213Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Employers and retirees dispute whether silent contract language creates a permanent right to health coverage.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-11-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1010.html","primary_docket":"13-1010","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:20:45.927462Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how courts interpret collective bargaining agreements. The core issue is whether silence implies a permanent promise of retiree health benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 10, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["M&G Polymers wants courts to apply ordinary contract principles without presumptions.","Retirees want courts to infer permanent benefits from contractual silence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["M&G Polymers argues that promises of costly benefits must be explicitly negotiated.","Retirees argue that the Sixth Circuit correctly inferred vested benefits from silence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the district court relied on a presumption.","Justice Kagan asked if the parties are disputing specific language rather than silence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines how courts interpret silent labor contracts. It affects the financial stability of employers and the security of retirees. The outcome shapes the balance of power in collective bargaining negotiations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-1010-m-g-polymers-usa-llc-v-tackett","term":"2014","title":"Does silence in a labor contract guarantee lifetime retiree health benefits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1010_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-01-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-01-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","paragraphs":["Mach Mining's counsel argued Title VII prohibits suits without prior conciliation attempts.","The EEOC's counsel argued the Seventh Circuit correctly rejected broad judicial review.","Justice Kennedy noted the government's theory lacked strong case law support."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-3"}]}],"caption":"Mach Mining, LLC v. EEOC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.373513Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.391423Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Mach Mining seeks judicial review of EEOC settlement attempts. The EEOC argues courts lack authority to inspect these private negotiations.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-01-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1019.html","primary_docket":"13-1019","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:01:54.905797Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether federal courts can examine the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's pre-suit conciliation efforts. Mach Mining argues Title VII requires this modest inquiry. The EEOC contends the statute grants it exclusive discretion over settlement terms."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 13, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Mach Mining wants courts to verify the EEOC attempted good-faith conciliation.","The EEOC wants courts to defer entirely to its internal settlement decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Mach Mining argues Title VII mandates a modest judicial inquiry into conciliation efforts.","The EEOC argues the statute grants it exclusive prerogative to define acceptable offers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia questioned whether the EEOC could act in bad faith during conciliation.","Justice Kagan asked if the statute clearly gives the EEOC sole authority over offers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of judicial oversight over federal agency enforcement. It determines whether private employers face unchecked administrative power. The outcome shapes the balance between agency discretion and statutory accountability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 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page 29, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1019_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-12-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-12-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Isaacson argued the injunction deprived Colorado of a legislative tool.","He stated this tool allows the state to assess and collect taxes.","Justice Scalia questioned how private parties can alter a statutory mandate to courts.","He asked if the state would seek to enjoin its own tax."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 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42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-46"}]}],"caption":"Direct Marketing Assn. v. Brohl","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.510243Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Businesses argue a federal law blocks state tax collection mandates. Colorado claims the law allows such state actions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-20"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-12-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1032.html","primary_docket":"13-1032","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:06:25.569153Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the Tax Injunction Act. the sides that brought the case claim the Act bars federal courts from enjoining state taxes. the opposing sides argue the Act permits states to require tax collection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-20"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 8, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the injunction to stand. They seek to stop Colorado from forcing them to collect taxes.","the opposing sides want the injunction lifted. They seek to enforce their state tax collection laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Tax Injunction Act prohibits federal courts from interfering with state tax systems.","the opposing sides argue the Tax Injunction Act does not bar states from requiring tax collection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-20"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if states can grant federal courts power the Constitution denies them.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the Tax Injunction Act covers employer reporting requirements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-46"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between state tax authority and federal judicial power. It determines whether states can compel out-of-state businesses to collect taxes. The outcome shapes how states enforce tax laws against remote sellers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-20"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-46"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-1032-direct-marketing-assn-v-brohl","term":"2014","title":"Can states force out-of-state sellers to collect taxes?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1032_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-20"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-01-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-01-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Kovner asserts two independent reasons for removal.","Mr. Laramore claims the BIA abandoned longstanding practice.","Justice Alito probes the statutory text's grammatical structure.","Justice Breyer questions the logical consequence of the argument."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 34-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 34-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-16"}]}],"caption":"Mellouli v. Holder","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.373421Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a state drug paraphernalia conviction triggers federal removal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 34-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 34-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-01-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1034.html","primary_docket":"13-1034","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:01:25.500608Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of federal removal statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 34-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 34-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 14, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Ms. Kovner seeks removal based on the conviction.","Mr. Laramore seeks to keep the side that brought the case in the country."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 34-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 34-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Ms. Kovner argues the conviction permits removal.","Mr. Laramore argues the BIA changed the removability analysis."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 34-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 34-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asks what the statutory phrase modifies.","Justice Breyer asks why the opposing side loses the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-16"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the reach of federal removal laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 34-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 34-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-16"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-1034-mellouli-v-holder","term":"2014","title":"Does a drug paraphernalia conviction make a noncitizen removable?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 34-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 34-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1034_1i70.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","paragraphs":["Edwin Kneedler argued the law exempts interpretive rule changes from public comment.","Ms. Ho argued the agency must follow public comment rules when changing its interpretation.","Justice Scalia suggested the Court should not defer to agency interpretations of its own rules.","Justice Kennedy asked if a background principle favors interpretive rules over regulations."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 40-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 40-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-34"}]}],"caption":"Perez v. Mortgage Bankers Assn.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.453610Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Mortgage bankers argue the agency must follow public comment rules to change its view on loan officer pay.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 40-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 40-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-48"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1041.html","primary_docket":"13-1041","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:10:38.488271Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if the Department of Labor must hold public hearings before changing how it reads its own pay rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 40-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 40-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-48"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 1, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the agency to change its interpretation without public comment.","the opposing sides want the agency to hold public hearings before changing its interpretation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 40-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 40-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-48"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the law exempts interpretive rule changes from public comment requirements.","the opposing sides argue the agency must follow public comment rules when changing its interpretation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 40-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 40-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-48"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if agency leadership changed between the two letters.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the agency changed its mind about employee classification."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-34"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines if agencies can change their views on worker pay without public input. It affects how many workers receive overtime pay. It shapes the balance between agency flexibility and public participation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 40-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 40-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-48"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-34"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-1041-perez-v-mortgage-bankers-assn","term":"2014","title":"Can an agency change its interpretation of a rule without public comment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 40-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 40-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1041_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-48"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-12-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-12-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Martinez argued the text and history show Congress wanted a strict bar.","Mr. Schnapper noted two different background rules are at issue here.","justice_questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-12"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Kwai Fun Wong","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.547885Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.579464Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government argues the statute bars late claims. The plaintiff argues fairness allows an extension.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 34-10"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-12-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1074.html","primary_docket":"13-1074","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:10:23.687778Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a strict time limit in the Federal Tort Claims Act allows courts to extend deadlines for good cause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 34-10"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 10, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the time limit to be absolute.","The plaintiff wants the court to allow a late filing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 34-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the text makes the deadline jurisdictional.","The plaintiff argues fairness principles should apply to the deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 34-10"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked why a 1972 statute differs from later laws.","Justice Kagan asked if the argument applies to other time limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-12"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines when courts can extend strict filing deadlines for tort claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 34-10"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-12"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-1074-united-states-v-kwai-fun-wong","term":"2014","title":"Does the Federal Tort Claims Act time limit allow equitable tolling?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1074_k4m8.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 34-10"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-12-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-12-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Prelogar argued Congress did not want equitable tolling to apply.","Mr. Rosenkranz argued the administrative presentment requirement supports the government's position.","Justice Roberts asked if modern statutes would interpret similar words as jurisdictional bars.","Justice Scalia asked if prior notions of congressional intent were wrong at the time."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 44-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 44-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-8"}]}],"caption":"United States v. June","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.560448Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether courts can extend the strict deadline for suing the federal government under the Federal Tort Claims Act.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 44-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 44-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-16"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-12-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1075.html","primary_docket":"13-1075","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:05:09.821906Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if the equitable tolling doctrine applies to the Federal Tort Claims Act statute of limitations. The government argues Congress intended a strict deadline. The plaintiff argues equitable principles should allow extensions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 44-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 44-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-16"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 10, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to reject equitable tolling for this statute.","The plaintiff wants the Court to allow equitable tolling for this statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 44-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 44-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues Congress intended a strict, non-extendable deadline for claims.","The plaintiff argues equitable principles should permit extending the deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 44-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 44-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-16"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if Congress intended to benefit the federal employee or the plaintiff.","Justice Kagan asked about the opposing side's account of the Westfall Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-8"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether federal employees face strict deadlines for personal injury claims. It clarifies the scope of sovereign immunity waivers. It affects how courts interpret statutory time limits involving the government."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 44-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 44-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-16"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-8"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-1075-united-states-v-june","term":"2014","title":"Does equitable tolling apply to the Federal Tort Claims Act time limit?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 44-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 44-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1075_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-16"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-12-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-12-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Gannon argued the lower court misread the statute. He stated the law does not delegate regulatory authority to a private entity. He rejected the claim that Amtrak acts as a government regulator.","Mr. Dupree argued the Constitution forbids this structure. He stated Congress cannot create a corporation and give it regulatory power. He argued this violates the separation of powers.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-14"}]}],"caption":"Department of Transportation v. Association of American Railroads","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.531742Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Railroads challenge a law that lets Amtrak set safety rules for private carriers.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-12-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1080.html","primary_docket":"13-1080","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:06:46.043714Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether Amtrak acts as a government regulator. The railroads argue this violates the Constitution. The government argues Amtrak is a private entity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 8, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The railroads want the law struck down as unconstitutional.","The government wants the law upheld as valid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The railroads argue Congress cannot create a corporation and give it regulatory power over competitors.","The government argues the statute does not delegate regulatory authority to a private entity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if meeting standards stops an agency from initiating a review.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if calling Amtrak governmental solves the legal issue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-14"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of corporate regulatory power. It determines whether government-created entities can police private markets. The outcome shapes the balance between public mandates and private competition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-14"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-1080-department-of-transportation-v-association-of-american-railroads","term":"2014","title":"Can a government-created corporation regulate private competitors?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1080_b81f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-12-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-12-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Goldstein argued the dismissal was final.","Mr. Waxman argued the court needed flexibility.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the impact on consolidated cases.","Justice Breyer raised concerns about procedural messes."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 28-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 28-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 40-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 40-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-10"}]}],"caption":"Gelboim v. Bank of America Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.540985Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.573258Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to appeal a dismissal. the opposing sides argue the court withheld the judgment to prevent piecemeal appeals.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 28-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 28-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 40-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 40-26"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-12-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1174.html","primary_docket":"13-1174","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:05:51.290631Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a district court can stop an appeal by refusing to enter a formal judgment. the sides that brought the case want to appeal a dismissal. the opposing sides want to keep the case in district court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 28-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 28-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 40-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 40-26"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 9, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 46-48"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to appeal the dismissal immediately.","the opposing sides want to keep the case in district court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 28-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 28-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 40-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 40-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the dismissal is final and appealable.","the opposing sides argue the court withheld judgment to manage the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 28-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 28-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 40-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 40-26"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the Court could handle the issue itself.","Justice Breyer asked how parties find relevant rules without help."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-10"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute affects how parties access appellate review. It shapes the finality of district court orders. It impacts the management of complex litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 28-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 28-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 40-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 40-26"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-10"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-1174-gelboim-v-bank-of-america-corp","term":"2014","title":"Can a district court block appeals by withholding a formal judgment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 28-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 28-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 40-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1174_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 40-26"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-03-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-03-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","paragraphs":["The city argues inspections deter serious crimes.","The hotel company argues inspections need a warrant.","justice_sotomayor_questioned_if_the_search_purpose_is_administrative","justice_ginsburg_questioned_if_police_need_reasonable_suspicion"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 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29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-29"}]}],"caption":"Los Angeles v. Patel","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.313239Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.316851Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The city seeks to inspect hotel logs without a warrant. The hotel company demands a judicial order first.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-03-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1175.html","primary_docket":"13-1175","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:49:41.605334Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Los Angeles requires hotels to keep guest records. Police can inspect these logs without a warrant. The hotel company argues this violates privacy rights. The city claims this tool deters crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 3, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 5-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The city wants to inspect hotel logs without a warrant.","The hotel company wants a judge to approve inspections first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The city argues inspections deter trafficking and prostitution.","The hotel company argues inspections require a judicial order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the search purpose is administrative.","Justice Ginsburg asked if police need reasonable suspicion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines police access to private business records. It balances public safety against individual privacy rights. The outcome shapes how cities monitor commercial spaces."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-29"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-1175-los-angeles-v-patel","term":"2014","title":"Must hotels show guest records to police without a warrant?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1175_k4lo.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-12-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-12-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","paragraphs":["Hana Financial's advocate stated tacking is a legal fiction.","Hana Bank's advocate argued every court agrees tacking is factual.","Justice Alito questioned the distinction between infringement and tacking.","Chief Justice Roberts noted the Federal Circuit might err like juries."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 28-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-30"}]}],"caption":"Hana Financial, Inc. v. Hana Bank","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.127865Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Hana Financial argues tacking is a legal question. Hana Bank argues it is a factual question for juries.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 28-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 26-44"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-12-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1211.html","primary_docket":"13-1211","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:07:03.712747Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case concerns trademark tacking. This legal doctrine lets owners update marks while keeping old priority dates. The core dispute is whether courts or juries decide if two marks create the same commercial impression."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 28-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 26-44"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 3, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Hana Financial wants the Court to classify tacking as a legal question.","Hana Bank wants the Court to classify tacking as a factual question."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 28-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 26-44"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Hana Financial argues tacking is a legal fiction requiring judicial review.","Hana Bank argues tacking depends on consumer impression, which juries evaluate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 28-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 26-44"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked about evidence on consumer impression between marks.","Justice Alito asked why infringement is for juries but tacking is not."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-30"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who decides trademark priority disputes. It shapes how businesses protect brand identity. It affects the balance between judicial consistency and jury fact-finding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 28-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 26-44"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-30"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-1211-hana-financial-inc-v-hana-bank","term":"2014","title":"Who decides if two trademarks share the same commercial impression?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 28-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1211_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 26-44"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-03-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-03-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued Proposition 106 permanently removes legislative authority.","He claimed the Elections Clause vests power in state legislatures only.","Waxman argued the legislature's claim that people usurped power is misconceived.","He stated the framers would not have expected federal courts to hear this case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-47"}]}],"caption":"Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Comm'n","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.281408Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.310294Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Arizona's legislature claims the Constitution bars citizens from using a ballot initiative to create an independent redistricting commission.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-3"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-03-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1314.html","primary_docket":"13-1314","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:51:08.703106Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether the Elections Clause reserves congressional districting power exclusively to state legislatures or allows the people to act directly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-3"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 2, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The legislature wants the Court to strike down the independent commission.","The commission wants the Court to uphold the voter-approved redistricting process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The legislature argues the Constitution vests districting power solely in elected bodies.","The commission argues the people may exercise this power directly through referendum."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-3"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the legislature's power allows a governor veto.","Justice Kennedy asked how voter ID laws fit into the legislative definition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines who controls congressional district boundaries. It determines whether citizens can bypass legislatures to draw maps. The outcome shapes the balance of power in state government."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-3"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-47"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-1314-arizona-state-legislature-v-arizona-independent-redistricting-comm-n","term":"2014","title":"Can a state legislature bypass its own voters to draw congressional maps?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1314_ook3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-3"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-03-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-03-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Meyer argued for Ohio. He said denying child evidence harms justice. He claimed the law protects injured children.","Mr. Fisher argued for Clark. He said they do not seek a ban on all statements. He focused on the specific context of this case.","Ms. Eisenstein argued for Clark. She said the Ohio Supreme Court erred. She claimed the teachers were not equivalent to police."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-3"}]}],"caption":"Ohio v. Clark","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.301072Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Ohio and Clark disagree on whether a child's statement to a teacher is testimonial evidence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-03-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1352.html","primary_docket":"13-1352","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:52:41.750903Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the Confrontation Clause. It asks if a child's words to a teacher count as testimony. The lower court said yes. Ohio says no. The child told a teacher about injuries. The teacher asked questions. The child answered. The state used these answers in court. The defense objected. The Ohio Supreme Court agreed with the defense."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 2, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Ohio wants the Court to allow the child's statements. It argues the teacher acted like a private citizen. It seeks to admit the evidence at trial.","Clark wants the Court to exclude the child's statements. It argues the teacher acted like a police officer. It seeks to bar the evidence at trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Ohio argues the teacher's questions were not investigative. It claims the setting was not a formal interrogation. It says the Confrontation Clause does not apply here.","Clark argues the teacher acted as a state agent. It claims the questions sought evidence for prosecution. It says the Confrontation Clause applies to these statements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the recipient's identity matters. She focused on the intent to use statements later.","Justice Scalia asked if the Due Process Clause covers hearsay. He questioned if government agency status triggers the Confrontation Clause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of the Confrontation Clause. It determines when child statements become testimonial. It affects how prosecutors handle evidence from young victims. It shapes the rights of defendants in abuse cases. It clarifies the role of teachers in legal proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-3"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-1352-ohio-v-clark","term":"2014","title":"Does a preschooler's answer to a teacher count as testimony?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1352_dk8d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-01-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-01-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","paragraphs":["Texas argues the Fair Housing Act requires proof of intent.","Inclusive Communities argues the law bans policies with unequal effects.","Justice Kagan questioned the statutory language regarding adverse effects.","Justice Ginsburg asked about the congressional goal of ending discrimination."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-49"}]}],"caption":"Texas Dept. of Housing and Community Affairs v. Inclusive Communities Project, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.432710Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Texas argues the law targets only intent. Inclusive Communities argues it bans unequal outcomes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-01-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1371.html","primary_docket":"13-1371","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:58:34.632547Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the Fair Housing Act. Texas claims the statute requires proof of intent. Inclusive Communities claims the statute covers disparate impact."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 21, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Texas wants the Court to limit the law to intentional discrimination.","Inclusive Communities wants the Court to uphold liability for unequal effects."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Texas argues the statutory text lacks effects-based language.","Inclusive Communities argues the exemptions presuppose disparate impact liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if a specific point appeared in the brief.","Justice Kagan questioned the distinction between statutory phrasing and legal effect."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal fair housing protections. It determines whether policies with unequal racial outcomes violate the law. The outcome shapes housing policy nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-49"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-1371-texas-dept-of-housing-and-community-affairs-v-inclusive-communities-project-inc","term":"2014","title":"Does the Fair Housing Act ban policies with unequal racial effects?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1371_1p24.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 9-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-02-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-02-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy questioned the scope of the wife's verification rights.","Justice Sotomayor explored whether marriage creates specific legal protections.","The government advocate emphasized the inherent sovereign power to exclude aliens."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"}]}],"caption":"Kerry v. Din","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.213716Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Fauzia Din argues the government wrongly denied her husband a visa. The State Department claims courts cannot review such decisions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-02-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1402.html","primary_docket":"13-1402","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:56:06.943660Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of consular nonreviewability. Din claims her husband faced arbitrary denial. The government asserts sovereign power over entry."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 23, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Din wants a court review of the visa denial.","The government wants to block all judicial review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Din argues the denial violated her marital rights.","The government argues exclusion power is inherent in sovereignty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the wife has a minimum right to verify identification.","Justice Sotomayor asked if marriage grants rights against arbitrary interference."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of judicial oversight over immigration decisions. It determines whether spouses can challenge arbitrary visa denials. The outcome shapes the balance between national security and individual rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-1402-kerry-v-din","term":"2014","title":"Does a spouse have a right to challenge a visa denial?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1402_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-03-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-03-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Van Aken argued the ADA grants important rights during police interactions.","Mr. Gershengorn stated the ADA provides rights in interactions with police.","Mr. Feldman claimed the dispute is factual, not legal."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-23"}]}],"caption":"City and County of San Francisco v. Sheehan","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.124358Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"San Francisco police officers shot a woman with a disability during an arrest. Her family claims the city violated federal disability rights laws.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-03-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1412.html","primary_docket":"13-1412","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:46:46.232115Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether federal disability law limits how police handle armed suspects."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 23, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["San Francisco wants the court to reject the family's disability claim.","The family wants the court to uphold the lower court's ruling against the city."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["San Francisco argues the ADA does not require accommodations for armed, violent suspects.","The family argues the ADA prohibits discrimination against disabled individuals during police interactions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the petition claimed Title II requires accommodations for armed suspects.","Justice Alito asked if the statute defines discrimination in this specific context."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines police duties toward disabled suspects. It shapes how officers handle armed individuals with disabilities. It balances public safety with disability rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 33-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 33-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-23"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-1412-city-and-county-of-san-francisco-v-sheehan","term":"2014","title":"Does the ADA require police to accommodate armed, violent suspects with disabilities?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1412_o290.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-03-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-03-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Spinelli argued debtors can strip underwater mortgages and keep homes.","Mr. Bibas argued claims without value are unsecured and liens are void.","questions_and_answers"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-33"}]}],"caption":"Bank of America, N.A. v. Caulkett","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.131373Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Debtors seek to remove liens on homes worth less than their debt. Lenders argue this strips their security interest.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-03-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1421.html","primary_docket":"13-1421","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:45:16.255668Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether Section 506(d) voids liens on underwater mortgages. Debtors want to keep homes and drop debt. Lenders want to preserve their security interest in the property."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 24, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Debtors want to remove underwater mortgage liens and keep their homes.","Lenders want to preserve their security interest in the property value."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Debtors argue Section 506(d) voids liens on claims with no value.","Lenders argue debtors cannot strip liens and prevent access to appreciation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how a lender forecloses if the trustee sells the property.","Justice Scalia asked why the Court should not limit prior precedent to specific facts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether debtors can eliminate underwater mortgage debt. It affects the balance between fresh starts and lender security."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-33"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-1421-bank-of-america-n-a-v-caulkett","term":"2014","title":"Can debtors strip underwater mortgages in Chapter 7 bankruptcy?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1421_0813.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-03-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-03-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Urbanski argued the state harmlessness determination was an adjudication on the merits.","She stated a federal court can set aside the state judgment only if specific conditions are met.","Mr. Dain agreed the state ruling was an adjudication on the merits.","He based this position on the harmlessness determination made by the state court."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-31"}]}],"caption":"Davis v. Ayala","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.332560Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the state court decided the case on the merits. the opposing sides claim it did not.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-03-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1428.html","primary_docket":"13-1428","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:50:06.805462Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case centers on whether a state court's harmlessness finding constitutes an adjudication on the merits. This status determines if federal courts must defer to the state decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 3, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the state harmlessness ruling treated as a merits decision.","the opposing sides want the state ruling treated as a procedural dismissal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the state court decided the claim based on its intrinsic merits.","the opposing sides argue the state court did not reach the federal constitutional error."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the state court assumed federal and state claims were denied.","Justice Sotomayor questioned why the court should assume the state reached a federal error it did not."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This ruling defines the scope of federal habeas review. It determines how much deference federal courts give to state harmlessness findings. The outcome shapes the balance between state and federal judicial authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-31"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-1428-davis-v-ayala","term":"2014","title":"Does a state harmlessness ruling count as a merits decision?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1428_2dp6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-03-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-03-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Burns argued the state court's conclusion was unreasonable. She claimed it lacked viable support in the record.","Mr. DeSanctis argued the state court unreasonably denied a hearing. He claimed the court misjudged Brumfield's mental condition.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the relevance of state evidence. He asked how state facts pertain to federal questions.","Justice Kennedy asked if state misinterpretation of federal rules creates violations. He probed the effect of low state standards."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-18"}]}],"caption":"Brumfield v. Cain","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.160572Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Brumfield argues the state court unreasonably denied his disability claim. The state defends its factual findings under federal deference rules.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-20"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-03-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1433.html","primary_docket":"13-1433","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:43:43.259623Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Brumfield seeks a hearing on his intellectual disability claim. The state court denied this request. Brumfield argues the denial was unreasonable. The state argues its findings deserve federal deference."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-20"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 30, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Brumfield wants the Court to reject the state court's factual findings. He argues they were unreasonable under federal law.","The state wants the Court to uphold the state court's decision. It argues the findings deserve AEDPA deference."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Brumfield argues the state court's factual conclusion was unreasonable. He claims this violates federal habeas standards.","The state argues its court's findings were reasonable. It claims AEDPA requires deference to state fact-finding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-20"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if state law thresholds change the federal burden. He questioned the relevance of state evidence to federal questions.","Justice Kennedy asked if misinterpreting federal rules creates a violation. He questioned the impact of low state standards on federal claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-18"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal review over state court fact-finding. It determines how strictly courts must examine state determinations of intellectual disability. The outcome shapes the balance between federal rights and state judicial authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-20"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-18"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-1433-brumfield-v-cain","term":"2014","title":"Does AEDPA deference apply to state court fact-finding on intellectual disability?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1433_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-20"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-02-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-02-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Ortiz argued the case asks whether the felon-in-possession statute prevents courts from ordering the transfer of seized firearms to a third party.","Justice Kennedy asked if a black-letter case supports the proposition that courts have general equitable authority to order such transfers.","Justice Kennedy asked under what statutory rule or authority the court holds the hearing on the transfer.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the side that brought the case was on a futile mission in this circuit regarding the transfer request."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"}]}],"caption":"Henderson v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.248043Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal courts can order the government to transfer a felon's seized firearms to a third party.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-02-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1487.html","primary_docket":"13-1487","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:55:44.837814Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal court authority over seized property. the side that brought the case seeks a court order to transfer his guns to a third party. The government argues the statute bars such orders. The core legal question is whether the felon-in-possession statute prevents courts from directing the transfer of seized firearms."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 24, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to allow the transfer of his seized guns to a third party.","The government wants the Court to uphold the ban on transferring the guns to a third party."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the felon-in-possession statute does not prevent courts from ordering the transfer of seized firearms to a suitable third party.","The government argues the statute prohibits courts from ordering the transfer of a felon's seized firearms to a third party."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked how the Court can verify that a transfer to a third party prevents the felon from possessing the guns.","Justice Ginsburg asked where the side that brought the case requested the court to allow the guns to be sold by a licensed dealer."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of federal court power over seized property. It determines whether courts can direct the transfer of a felon's guns to third parties. The outcome shapes how courts handle seized firearms in criminal cases. It affects the balance between property rights and public safety."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-1487-henderson-v-united-states","term":"2014","title":"Can courts order the transfer of a felon's seized guns to a third party?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1487_82i7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-01-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-01-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","paragraphs":["Andrew Pincus argued Florida punished lawful campaign speech.","He stated the First Amendment bars prohibiting that speech.","Richard argued Florida law allows candidates to provide donor names.","He stated this action does not violate judicial ethics canons."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"}]}],"caption":"Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.423899Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Florida punished a judge for soliciting lawful campaign funds. She argues this violates the First Amendment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-01-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1499.html","primary_docket":"13-1499","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:59:10.254641Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if judicial ethics rules can override free speech rights for candidates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 20, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the punishment struck down as unconstitutional.","The Florida Bar wants the punishment upheld to protect judicial dignity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the First Amendment bars banning lawful speech.","The Florida Bar argues judicial ethics require restricting candidate conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if a tablet note counts as written or oral.","Justice Scalia asked for the three specific interests at issue in the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary between judicial ethics and free speech rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-1499-williams-yulee-v-florida-bar","term":"2014","title":"Can Florida ban judicial candidates from soliciting campaign funds?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-1499_h75k.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-01-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-01-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","paragraphs":["Buyers argue state antitrust laws predate federal energy statutes.","Sellers argue FERC regulates practices that affect wholesale gas prices.","Buyers claim defendants conspired to fix retail gas prices.","Sellers assert federal law preempts conflicting state regulations."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"}]}],"caption":"Oneok, Inc. v. Learjet, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.360533Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.379003Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Buyers claim gas sellers conspired to fix prices. Sellers argue federal law preempts these state claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-01-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-271.html","primary_docket":"13-271","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:03:02.137954Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether federal energy law blocks state antitrust suits. Buyers allege sellers conspired to inflate gas prices. Sellers argue federal regulators hold exclusive jurisdiction over these transactions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 12, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Buyers want to keep their state antitrust claims alive.","Sellers want the Court to dismiss the state claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Buyers argue state antitrust laws protect consumers from price-fixing conspiracies.","Sellers argue federal law gives regulators exclusive power over gas prices."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if customers can still complain to regulators.","Justice Sotomayor asked if FERC could punish retail sellers for consumers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether state courts can police gas prices. It affects how buyers seek redress for alleged price-fixing. It shapes the balance between state and federal antitrust enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-271-oneok-inc-v-learjet-inc","term":"2014","title":"Does federal law block state antitrust suits against gas sellers?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-271_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-12-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-12-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Jay argued the Lanham Act contains one confusion concept.","Mr. Bash argued the board and infringement issues are identical.","Mr. Katyal argued Congress reserved final rights for Article III courts."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 42-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 42-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 46-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 46-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 52-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 52-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-40"}]}],"caption":"B&B Hardware, Inc. v. Hargis Industries, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.469073Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.491409Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a prior trademark board ruling prevents a later court from re-evaluating the same confusion claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 46-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 46-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 52-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 52-50"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-12-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-352.html","primary_docket":"13-352","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:10:01.088279Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the finality of administrative trademark decisions. The core conflict involves the scope of preclusion in federal courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 46-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 46-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 52-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 52-50"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 2, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 52-4"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["B&B Hardware wants the board decision to bind the later court.","Hargis Industries wants the later court to re-evaluate the confusion claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 46-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 46-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 52-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 52-50"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["B&B Hardware argues the Lanham Act contains one confusion standard.","Hargis Industries argues the board decision does not resolve the infringement issue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 46-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 46-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 52-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 52-50"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked what deference courts give to the board.","Justice Scalia questioned whether the board decision is broader than infringement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 42-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 42-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-40"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the finality of administrative trademark decisions. It shapes how courts treat prior board rulings in infringement suits. The outcome affects the cost and speed of trademark litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 46-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 46-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 52-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 52-50"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 42-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 42-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-40"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-352-b-b-hardware-inc-v-hargis-industries-inc","term":"2014","title":"Does a trademark board decision bind later infringement courts?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 46-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 46-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 52-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-352_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 52-50"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-10-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-10-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","paragraphs":["Clement argued security checks are non-compensable.","Thierman argued security checks are principal activities.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-31"}]}],"caption":"Integrity Staffing Solutions, Inc. v. Busk","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.723615Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.749089Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Warehouse workers seek pay for mandatory security checks. Employers argue these checks are non-compensable.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-10-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-433.html","primary_docket":"13-433","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:29:00.049793Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the definition of compensable work. The dispute centers on security screenings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 8, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Employers want to exclude security checks from pay.","Workers want to receive pay for security checks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Employers argue security checks are non-compensable postliminary activities.","Workers argue security checks are principal activities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked about theft-prevention processes.","Justice Kennedy asked about hypothetical checkout times."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of paid work. It affects millions of hourly workers nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-31"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-433-integrity-staffing-solutions-inc-v-busk","term":"2014","title":"Must employers pay warehouse workers for security screenings?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 3-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 3-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 23-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 23-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-433_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 21-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-11-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-11-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","paragraphs":["The company's lawyer argued that Section 11 covers only material facts.","The investors' lawyer argued that opinions frequently imply underlying facts.","The Solicitor General argued for a middle ground between the two positions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 37-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-31"}]}],"caption":"Omnicare, Inc. v. Laborers Dist. Council Constr. Industry Pension Fund","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.592042Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.626075Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Investors sue over false beliefs in a prospectus. The company argues only the belief matters.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 37-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-11-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-435.html","primary_docket":"13-435","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:26:29.874082Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests Section 11 of the Securities Act. It asks if opinion statements need factual support."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 37-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 3, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 10-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The company wants a ruling that belief statements are not actionable.","The investors want a ruling that belief statements require factual proof."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 37-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The company argues that only the existence of the belief is a fact.","The investors argue that opinions imply underlying facts that must be true."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 37-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if lack of investigation proves a speaker did not believe their statement.","Justice Breyer asked why an issuer's opinion does not imply they investigated the facts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of liability for corporate statements. It determines how investors prove fraud in securities offerings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 37-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 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11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-31"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-435-omnicare-inc-v-laborers-dist-council-constr-industry-pension-fund","term":"2014","title":"Does a belief statement require proof of underlying facts?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 37-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-435_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-11-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-11-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","paragraphs":["Brockman argued residency grants special tax benefits.","Feigin discussed the interaction of residency and business taxes.","Perella addressed the Court regarding the case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-21"}]}],"caption":"Comptroller of Treasury of Md. v. Wynne","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.684738Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Maryland taxes nonresident income without a full credit. Taxpayers argue this violates the Commerce Clause.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-11-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-485.html","primary_docket":"13-485","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:19:32.129158Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Maryland taxes nonresident income without a full credit. Taxpayers argue this violates the Commerce Clause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 12, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Maryland wants to keep its current tax structure.","Taxpayers want a full credit for out-of-state taxes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Maryland argues residency justifies its tax power.","Taxpayers argue the tax burdens interstate commerce."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Roberts asked if Maryland could raise the nonresident tax rate.","Breyer asked about double taxation of hot dog stand income."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state tax limits on nonresidents. It affects how states tax cross-border income."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-21"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-485-comptroller-of-treasury-of-md-v-wynne","term":"2014","title":"Can Maryland tax nonresident income without a full credit?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-485_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-01-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-01-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","paragraphs":["David Cortman argued for the sign owner. He said the town code discriminates based on what signs say. He said this violates the First Amendment.","Justice Roberts asked if political speech is more valuable than directions to a soccer game. He asked if this is fair.","Justice Alito asked if a yard sale sign has the same right as an election sign. He asked if this is fair.","Justice Kennedy asked if directional signs are a valid category. He asked if this is fair."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]}],"caption":"Reed v. Town of Gilbert","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.342176Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A town sign code treats political signs differently from other signs. One side says this violates free speech. The other side says the town needs flexible rules to manage signs.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 17-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-01-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-502.html","primary_docket":"13-502","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:09:58.561465Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a town sign code. The code treats political signs differently from other signs. One side says this violates free speech. The other side says the town needs flexible rules to manage signs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 12, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The sign owner wants the Court to strike down the town sign code. The sign owner says the code violates free speech.","The town wants the Court to keep the sign code. The town says the code helps manage signs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The sign owner says the town code discriminates based on what signs say. The sign owner says this violates the First Amendment.","The town says strict scrutiny would limit speech. The town says it needs flexible rules to manage signs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if a wealthy person can put up many birthday signs. He asked if this is like political signs.","Justice Ginsburg asked if birthday signs get the same treatment as political signs. She asked if this is fair."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case affects how towns manage signs. It affects what people can say on signs. It affects how towns balance free speech and public order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 17-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 3-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 3-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-5"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-502-reed-v-town-of-gilbert","term":"2014","title":"Does a town sign law that treats political signs differently from other signs violate the First Amendment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-502_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 17-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-10-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-10-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Harrington stated that any new trial hearing tests verdict validity.","Mr. Shanmugam cited McDonough v. Greenwood to support his position.","Ms. Birnbaum argued that Rule 606 language is clear and limiting.","Justice Alito asked if receiving such testimony would be permissible."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-47"}]}],"caption":"Warger v. Shauers","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.728496Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a juror's false statement about their ability to judge damages fairly requires a new trial.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 27-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-10-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-517.html","primary_docket":"13-517","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:29:31.271844Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of Rule 606. This rule limits evidence used to challenge a verdict. the side that brought the case argues dishonesty at voir dire always warrants a new trial. the opposing side argues the rule bars such evidence unless it affects the verdict."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 27-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 8, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants a new trial based on the juror's dishonesty.","the opposing side wants the jury's verdict to stand."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 27-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues dishonesty at voir dire always requires a new trial.","the opposing side argues Rule 606 bars evidence of juror statements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 27-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the inquiry into juror statements is too broad.","Justice Ginsburg asked if any jury room comment reflects on voir dire."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of challenging jury verdicts. It determines when juror statements can overturn a trial. The outcome affects the finality of civil judgments. It shapes how courts handle juror credibility issues."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 27-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-47"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-517-warger-v-shauers","term":"2014","title":"Can a juror's dishonesty about personal experience trigger a new trial?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-517_hfjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 27-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-10-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-10-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Mooppan argued the board retains state immunity. He stated part-time status does not remove protection. He emphasized the need to balance expert benefits against risks.","Mr. Stewart argued the board acts as a private entity. He stated active supervision is required for private agencies. He claimed this case illustrates the need for strict oversight.","Justice Alito asked whether federal or state law defines state instrumentality. He sought clarity on the governing legal framework.","Justice Ginsburg noted the board lacked authority to issue orders. She questioned the basis for antitrust exemption without state authorization."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 51-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 51-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"}]}],"caption":"North Carolina State Bd. of Dental Examiners v. FTC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.760949Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.780486Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a state dental board's enforcement of cease-and-desist orders against non-licensed hygienists violates federal antitrust law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 49-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-10-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-534.html","primary_docket":"13-534","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:27:09.754604Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["North Carolina's dental board issued orders against non-licensed hygienists. The Federal Trade Commission challenged these actions. The board claims state antitrust immunity. The FTC argues the board acted as a private entity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 49-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 14, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The board wants the Court to affirm its antitrust immunity. It argues its members act as state officials. It seeks to keep its regulatory powers intact.","The FTC wants the Court to deny antitrust immunity. It argues the board acted as a private competitor. It seeks to enforce federal antitrust laws against the board."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 49-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The board argues state agency status grants immunity. It claims part-time officials retain state action protection. It asserts experts should balance regulatory costs and benefits.","The FTC argues the board lacks active state supervision. It claims private agency status requires strict oversight. It asserts the board acted without valid state authorization."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 49-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked which specific factors determine state agency status. She questioned if all listed factors are mandatory.","Justice Breyer asked if a simple oath changes the legal analysis. He questioned if this case differs from prior precedent involving oaths. He asked how this case differs if the proposition is accepted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 51-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 51-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between state regulation and private competition. It determines whether professional boards can restrict market entry. It impacts how states structure regulatory agencies. It affects the balance between expert oversight and free markets."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 49-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 51-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 51-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-534-north-carolina-state-bd-of-dental-examiners-v-ftc","term":"2014","title":"Does a state board of licensed professionals qualify for antitrust immunity when its members regulate their own competitors?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-534_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 49-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-02-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-02-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","paragraphs":["David Frederick argued the time limit does not bar old claims.","Ms. Hacker argued the institutional share class matters.","Ms. Saharsky argued only one issue is before the Court.","Mr. Hacker argued the Court should dismiss the case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-35"}]}],"caption":"Tibble v. Edison Int'l","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.244479Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.253498Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Retirees argue a six-year limit blocks claims about old fund choices. Edison argues the limit bars those claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-02-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-550.html","primary_docket":"13-550","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:07:38.545811Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the time limit for suing over old fund choices. Retirees want to sue over funds added years ago. Edison wants the court to dismiss the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 24, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Retirees want to sue over funds added more than six years ago.","Edison wants the court to dismiss the case as too late."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Retirees argue the time limit does not bar claims about old funds.","Edison argues the time limit bars claims about old funds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if a trustee can ignore old assets without new facts.","Justice Sotomayor asked if finding institutional funds counts as a changed circumstance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when retirees can sue over old fund choices. It sets the deadline for challenging past investment decisions. It affects how long plan sponsors face legal risk."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 45-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 5-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 5-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 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29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-35"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-550-tibble-v-edison-int-l","term":"2014","title":"Does a six-year limit bar claims about old fund choices?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-550_ebfj.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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45-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-12-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-12-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Brasher argued the 4-R Act balances interests.","Ms. Goldenberg agreed with the state on the tax issue.","Mr. Phillips argued railroads pay significant sales taxes."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 30-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 30-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 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44-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 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CSX Transp., Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.553971Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.586303Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"CSX argues Alabama's fuel tax discriminates against railroads. The state claims the tax treats carriers fairly.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 30-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 30-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 6-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 6-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 30-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 30-22"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-12-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-553.html","primary_docket":"13-553","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:06:11.068381Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Alabama taxes fuel used by railroads. CSX argues this violates the 4-R Act. The state argues the tax is fair."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 30-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 30-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 6-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 6-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 30-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 30-22"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 9, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 22-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["CSX wants the Court to strike down the fuel tax.","Alabama wants the Court to uphold the fuel tax."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 30-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 30-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 6-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 6-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 30-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 30-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["CSX argues the tax discriminates against railroads.","Alabama argues the tax balances carrier and public needs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 30-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 30-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 6-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 6-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 30-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 30-22"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the lower court's view could change.","Chief Justice Roberts asked about economic viability compared to competitors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-10"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines how states tax railroad fuel. It affects the balance between state revenue and carrier costs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 30-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 30-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 6-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 6-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 30-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 30-22"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-10"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-553-alabama-dept-of-revenue-v-csx-transp-inc","term":"2014","title":"Does Alabama's fuel tax violate the 4-R Act?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 30-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 30-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 6-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 6-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 30-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-553_i4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 30-22"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-10-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-10-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","paragraphs":["Jeffrey Fisher argued that officers should know the law. He stated that citizens rely on this presumption.","North Carolina’s advocate argued that the Fourth Amendment allows reasonable errors. He emphasized that police do not need to be perfect.","questions_and_answers"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-23"}]}],"caption":"Heien v. North Carolina","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.695259Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.698022Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"North Carolina argues that a police officer’s reasonable error about the law justifies a stop. The driver argues that such mistakes violate the Fourth Amendment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-10-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-604.html","primary_docket":"13-604","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:32:13.285728Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a police officer’s reasonable mistake of law can justify a traffic stop. North Carolina claims the officer acted reasonably. The driver claims the stop was unlawful."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 6, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["North Carolina wants the Court to uphold the traffic stop. It argues the officer’s reasonable mistake of law justifies the seizure.","The driver wants the Court to suppress evidence from the stop. It argues a reasonable mistake of law does not justify a seizure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["North Carolina argues that the Fourth Amendment does not require police officers to be perfect. It claims reasonable mistakes of law should be tolerated.","The driver argues that officers must know the law. It claims a reasonable mistake of law does not provide probable cause for a stop."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the Fourth Amendment protects only against unreasonable searches. He questioned the basis for the stop.","Justice Alito asked if an officer could request a search after issuing a warning. He explored the scope of the interaction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of police authority. It determines whether officers can rely on reasonable legal errors. The outcome shapes future traffic stops nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-23"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-604-heien-v-north-carolina","term":"2014","title":"Does a reasonable mistake of law justify a traffic stop?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-604_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-11-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-11-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Lewin argued passport entries do not amount to formal recognition.","General Verrilli addressed the core problem with the specific statutory section.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-41"}]}],"caption":"Zivotofsky v. Kerry","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.598932Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A citizen seeks a passport listing Jerusalem as Israel's capital. The government claims this power belongs solely to the President.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-11-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-628.html","primary_docket":"13-628","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:26:14.649236Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether Congress can direct the President to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital on passports."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 3, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the passport to list Jerusalem as Israel's capital.","The government wants to keep the power to decide this designation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues passport entries do not constitute formal sovereign recognition.","The government argues the President alone controls foreign recognition policy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the provision is disconnected from the section's purpose.","Justice Breyer asked how judges handle State Department policy claims about recognition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between legislative and executive power in foreign affairs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-41"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-628-zivotofsky-v-kerry","term":"2014","title":"Can Congress force the President to list Jerusalem as Israel's capital on passports?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-628_dk8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","paragraphs":["Laycock argued forty prison systems allow beards. He stated Arkansas rejects evidence to seek absolute deference.","Curran argued the beard aids disguise. He claimed it threatens identification and contraband concealment.","Yang argued the state failed its burden. He stated forty states allow such beards without issue."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-41"}]}],"caption":"Holt v. Hobbs","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.714056Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A prisoner seeks to grow a beard for religious reasons. Arkansas claims this rule threatens prison safety.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-6827.html","primary_docket":"13-6827","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:31:08.476180Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Salah Horn argues his faith requires a beard. Arkansas officials ban beards to prevent contraband and disguise. The lower court sided with the state. Horn asks the Supreme Court to reverse that result."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Horn wants the Court to strike down the beard ban. He argues his religious rights outweigh the state's security claims.","Arkansas wants the Court to uphold the beard ban. It argues the rule is essential for maximum security."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Horn's counsel argues forty other prison systems allow beards. They claim Arkansas rejects valid evidence to gain absolute deference.","Arkansas's counsel argues a half-inch beard aids disguise. They claim this threatens identification and contraband concealment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if a quarter-inch rule would satisfy the standard. She noted other inmates receive similar accommodations.","Justice Kennedy asked if RLUIPA displaces the Turner standard. He questioned the specific burden on prisons under strict scrutiny."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance between religious freedom and prison security. It sets the standard for evaluating inmate accommodation requests. The outcome impacts how states manage religious practices in custody."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-41"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-6827-holt-v-hobbs","term":"2014","title":"Does a half-inch beard violate prison security rules?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 3-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 3-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-6827_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Berreth argued Section 1446(a) requires a short and plain statement of grounds.","Mr. Sharp argued Section 1447(d) bars Supreme Court review of the remand order.","Justice Roberts asked why dissenters did not explain their reasoning if the Tenth Circuit relied on different grounds."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-31"}]}],"caption":"Dart Cherokee Basin Operating Co. v. Owens","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.716877Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue a district court wrongly demanded evidence to accept a case removal. the opposing sides claim the court acted within its authority.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-719.html","primary_docket":"13-719","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:31:32.875168Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the standard for removing a lawsuit from state to federal court. the sides that brought the case argue the law requires only a statement of grounds. the opposing sides argue the court needed proof to verify jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Supreme Court to reverse the remand order.","the opposing sides want the Supreme Court to affirm the remand order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Section 1446(a) sets a pleading standard, not a proof requirement.","the opposing sides argue the district court properly required evidence to verify jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if attorneys could seek a mandate to block evidence demands.","Justice Alito asked if any party claimed the decision relied on other reasons."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the burden of proof for removing cases to federal court. It affects how quickly parties can access federal tribunals. It shapes the initial procedural steps in federal litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-31"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-719-dart-cherokee-basin-operating-co-v-owens","term":"2014","title":"Can a federal court require proof before accepting a case removal?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 35-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 35-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-719_f119.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-03-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-03-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","paragraphs":["Kimble's counsel argued that Brulotte is a rule without a reason.","Kimble's counsel claimed that post-expiration royalties are often socially beneficial.","Marvel's counsel argued that Brulotte serves important public interests.","Marvel's counsel stated that Congress is the proper body to change the law."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 4-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 20-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 20-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-6"}]}],"caption":"Kimble v. Marvel Enterprises, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.190337Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Kimble argues that post-expiration royalties violate patent law. Marvel argues that such payments remain valid.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 20-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 20-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 18-42"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-03-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-720.html","primary_docket":"13-720","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:43:00.770807Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether patent holders can demand payments for use after their patent terms end. The lower court ruled against Kimble. Kimble seeks to overturn that result. Marvel seeks to keep that result in place."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 20-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 20-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 18-42"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 31, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Kimble wants the Court to ban post-expiration royalties.","Marvel wants the Court to allow post-expiration royalties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 20-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 20-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 18-42"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Kimble argues that the Brulotte precedent is outdated and harmful.","Marvel argues that Brulotte remains correct and Congress should change the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 20-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 20-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 18-42"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked what parties are doing now.","Justice Breyer asked how to reconcile long-term deals with limited patent terms."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 4-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-6"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary of patent rights. It affects how inventors and companies structure licensing deals. It determines whether patent holders can extend their financial control beyond the statutory term. It shapes the balance between private profit and public access to expired inventions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 20-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 20-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 18-42"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 4-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-6"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-720-kimble-v-marvel-enterprises-inc","term":"2014","title":"Can patent holders collect royalties after their patents expire?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 20-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 20-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-720_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 18-42"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-11-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-11-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Martinez argued the phrase unambiguously covers physical evidence.","Mr. Badalamenti argued the phrase confines to information storage devices.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-1"}]}],"caption":"Yates v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.634059Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Prosecutors argue a dead fish is a tangible object. The defendant argues the law only covers information storage devices.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-11-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-7451.html","primary_docket":"13-7451","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:23:22.524728Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of a federal statute. The government claims the law covers all physical items. The defendant claims the law covers only information storage devices."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 5, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the conviction to stand.","The defendant wants the conviction overturned."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the statute covers all physical evidence.","The defendant argues the statute covers only information storage devices."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if a blank iPad falls under the law.","Justice Ginsburg asked why the phrase stands alone in the text."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of federal obstruction laws. It determines what physical items prosecutors can charge. It affects how courts interpret statutory language."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-1"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-7451-yates-v-united-states","term":"2014","title":"Does a fish count as a tangible object under federal law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-7451_k1fk.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-10-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-10-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Jay argued that trial judges find facts in this case. He stated that appellate courts should defer to those findings. He emphasized the presence of contested facts in the record.","Ms. Anders argued that factual findings rely on evidence outside the patent. She distinguished these findings from pure legal inferences. She contended that deference applies to evidence-based determinations.","Mr. Phillips argued that the distinction between facts and law is clear. He suggested that few cases involve contested facts in claim construction. He maintained that legal questions require de novo review."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-1"}]}],"caption":"Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.776797Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.790967Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Teva and Sandoz dispute whether appellate courts must defer to trial judges on factual findings during patent claim construction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-10-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-854.html","primary_docket":"13-854","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:26:46.331603Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Teva Pharmaceuticals and Sandoz argue over the standard of review for patent claim construction. Teva argues trial judges find facts. Sandoz argues claim construction is a legal question. The Court must decide which standard applies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 15, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Teva wants the Supreme Court to require appellate courts to defer to trial judges on factual findings in claim construction.","Sandoz wants the Supreme Court to allow appellate courts to review claim construction de novo without deference."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Teva argues that claim construction often relies on subsidiary facts. Trial judges are best positioned to weigh evidence. Appellate courts should apply a deferential standard under Rule 52.","Sandoz argues that claim construction is a question of law. Appellate courts must review these determinations de novo. This ensures uniform interpretation of patent rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked about the hybrid nature of claim construction in prior cases.","Justice Kennedy asked whether a skilled artisan would make specific inferences during construction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines how appellate courts review patent disputes. It affects the cost and duration of patent litigation. It influences the stability of patent rights for pharmaceutical companies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-1"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-854-teva-pharmaceuticals-usa-inc-v-sandoz-inc","term":"2014","title":"Who decides disputed facts in patent claim construction?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 31-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-854_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-11-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-11-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Gershengorn argued the statute directly prohibits detrimental disclosures.","Mr. Katyal argued the law restrains agencies, not empowers them.","Justice Kennedy asked if statutes alone create disclosure prohibitions.","Justice Scalia stated the conduct is prohibited by regulations."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"}]}],"caption":"Department of Homeland Security v. MacLean","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.604705Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.623181Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a whistleblower law requires specific regulations to protect security data.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-11-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-894.html","primary_docket":"13-894","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:25:55.507138Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal whistleblower protections. It asks if a general statute suffices to ban specific security disclosures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 4, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the disclosure ruled unlawful under the statute.","The employee wants the disclosure protected as a lawful whistleblower act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the statute directly prohibits detrimental security disclosures.","The employee argues the law restrains agencies rather than empowering them."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked about prior confidential notice distribution.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if specific flight cuts could be stated publicly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This defines the boundary between public safety and employee speech rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 51-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 51-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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alone prohibit disclosing air marshal cuts?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-894_3c45.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-11-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-11-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Schnapper argued Shaw jurisprudence guides the current debate. He identified two constitutional claims regarding race in districting.","General Verrilli stated Shaw claims require district-specific analysis. He argued the district court departed from this principle.","Mr. Pildes claimed Alabama used rigid racial quotas. He stated the state used only racial data to meet targets with precision."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]}],"caption":"Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.665721Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.684714Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Alabama drew new legislative maps using strict racial targets. Plaintiffs claim this violates the Constitution. The state argues it acted to prevent vote dilution.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-11-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-895.html","primary_docket":"13-895","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:18:00.810242Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Alabama redrew its legislative districts using rigid racial quotas. The state claims this prevented the dilution of minority voting power. Plaintiffs argue the state used race as the primary factor in districting. This practice may violate the Equal Protection Clause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 12, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Plaintiffs want the Court to strike down the new maps. They argue the state used race as the primary factor in districting.","The state wants the Court to uphold the new maps. It argues the maps prevent the dilution of minority voting power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Plaintiffs argue Alabama used rigid racial quotas to design districts. They claim the state relied solely on racial demographic data to meet targets.","The state argues it moved people to avoid retrogression. It claims it maintained specific black population percentages to protect minority voting effectiveness."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the state merely moved people to maintain population percentages. He questioned if this avoided retrogression.","Justice Kennedy asked if a party changing districts to undo prior actions creates a violation. He questioned the motive behind partisan balance changes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 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37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how states can use race in redistricting. It balances minority voting power against racial neutrality. The outcome shapes future legislative map drawing nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 3-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 3-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-895-alabama-legislative-black-caucus-v-alabama","term":"2014","title":"Did Alabama use race as the primary factor in drawing its legislative districts?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-895_5483.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-03-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-03-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Werbner argued that an infringer who actively induces cannot escape responsibility by claiming the patent is invalid.","Ms. Anders asserted that a good-faith belief in non-infringement or invalidity should preclude liability for inducing enforcement.","Mr. Waxman contended that the linchpin of scienter is knowledge that the induced acts violate the patentee's rights.","Justice Scalia questioned whether common law aider and abetter liability requires wrongful intent beyond the primary actor's conduct."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 4-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 4-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-34"}]}],"caption":"Commil USA, LLC v. Cisco Systems, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.184026Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Commil argues that a good-faith belief in patent invalidity should block inducement liability. Cisco argues that such a belief is irrelevant to the intent requirement.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 4-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 4-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-03-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-896.html","primary_docket":"13-896","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:43:20.899063Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the mental state required for patent inducement. Commil claims a good-faith belief in invalidity negates the necessary intent. Cisco contends that knowledge of the patent's existence is sufficient for liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 4-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 4-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 31, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Commil wants the Court to hold that a good-faith belief in invalidity defeats inducement liability.","Cisco wants the Court to hold that a good-faith belief in invalidity does not defeat inducement liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 4-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 4-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Commil argues that inducement requires intent to do wrong, which a good-faith belief in invalidity negates.","Cisco argues that inducement requires only knowledge that the acts violate the patentee's rights, not a belief in validity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 4-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 4-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked whether aider and abetter liability requires wrongful intent under common law.","Justice Kagan asked how a seller determines liability when patent construction is ambiguous."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-34"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the mental state required for patent inducement. It determines whether good-faith beliefs in invalidity shield actors from liability. The outcome shapes patent enforcement and market competition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 4-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 4-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-34"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-896-commil-usa-llc-v-cisco-systems-inc","term":"2014","title":"Does a good-faith belief that a patent is invalid defeat inducement liability?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 4-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 4-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-896_aplc.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2014-12-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2014-12-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's counsel stated the provision targets extreme conduct.","Government counsel argued the statute prescribes greater punishment for forced accompaniment.","justice_sotomayor_asked_where_de_minimis_applies","justice_scalia_noted_congressional_intent_matters"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 32-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 32-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 52-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 52-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-48"}]}],"caption":"Whitfield v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.495180Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.527971Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case argues the statute requires significant movement. The government says any forced movement counts.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 32-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 32-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 18-50"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-12-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-9026.html","primary_docket":"13-9026","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:09:04.417617Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the meaning of forced accompaniment in federal bank robbery law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 32-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 32-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 18-50"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 2, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 52-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 52-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the enhancement removed for minor movement.","The government wants the enhancement applied to any movement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 32-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 32-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 18-50"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute targets extreme conduct like murder.","The government argues the text covers any forced accompaniment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 32-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 32-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 18-50"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how much distance qualifies as accompaniment.","Justice Scalia questioned whether a spatial component exists in the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 52-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 52-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-48"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling defines the threshold for enhanced bank robbery penalties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 32-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 32-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 18-50"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 52-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 52-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-48"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-9026-whitfield-v-united-states","term":"2014","title":"Does forcing a victim to walk a few feet trigger a bank robbery enhancement?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 32-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 32-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9026_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 18-50"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-01-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-01-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","paragraphs":["Catherine Steege argued the claim meets the test for bankruptcy court jurisdiction.","She stated the claim stems from the bankruptcy itself.","She noted the debtor holds actual possession of the property.","Mr. Gannon agreed with the sides that brought the case on the questions presented."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-7"}]}],"caption":"Wellness Int'l Network Ltd. v. Sharif","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.401052Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.407429Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether Congress can authorize bankruptcy judges to resolve state law claims that seek to add third-party property to a debtor's estate.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-01-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-935.html","primary_docket":"13-935","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:01:04.917017Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of bankruptcy court power. The core issue is whether Article III of the Constitution prevents Congress from allowing these courts to decide certain state law claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 14, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Supreme Court to affirm the bankruptcy court's authority to decide the state law claim.","the opposing side wants the Supreme Court to reverse the lower court and bar the bankruptcy judge from deciding the claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the claim stems directly from the bankruptcy case, satisfying the constitutional test for bankruptcy court jurisdiction.","the opposing side argues the claim seeks third-party property, which Congress cannot remove from Article III court jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the bankruptcy court could have subpoenaed the third party to appear.","Justice Breyer asked if the claim regarding a living trust is legally distinct from other third-party property claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between federal bankruptcy courts and Article III courts. It determines which judges can resolve disputes over property belonging to third parties. The outcome shapes the efficiency and constitutional limits of the federal bankruptcy system."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 41-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 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5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-7"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-935-wellness-int-l-network-ltd-v-sharif","term":"2014","title":"Can a bankruptcy court decide a state law claim against a third party?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-935_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 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3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 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City of Roswell","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.654724Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.668535Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"T-Mobile argues local denials must include separate written reasons. The city argues the letter suffices.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-11-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-975.html","primary_docket":"13-975","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:21:12.777900Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["T-Mobile seeks a clear rule on written denial requirements. The city seeks to keep its current process valid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 10, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["T-Mobile wants a separate document stating denial reasons.","The city wants its denial letter to satisfy the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["T-Mobile argues the law requires a separate reason document.","The city argues the denial letter meets the legal standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the lateness argument applies here.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if a later letter suffices."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-3"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how local governments must explain denials. It affects wireless infrastructure expansion nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 33-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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separate reasons?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-975_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file 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38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-22"}]}],"caption":"Elonis v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.462589Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.484929Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether criminal intent requires proof of the speaker's actual state of mind or if a reasonable person's interpretation suffices.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 38-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 38-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-40"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-983.html","primary_docket":"13-983","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:16:24.663523Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Elonis argues the First Amendment protects speech unless the speaker truly intends to threaten. The government argues a reasonable person's interpretation proves intent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 38-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 38-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-40"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 1, 2014."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 20-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Elonis wants the conviction overturned because he did not truly intend to threaten.","The government wants the conviction upheld because a reasonable person would view the words as threats."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 38-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 38-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-40"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Elonis argues the First Amendment requires proof of the speaker's actual intent to threaten.","The government argues a reasonable person's interpretation of the words establishes the necessary intent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 38-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 38-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-40"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how a reasonable person's interpretation differs from the defendant's intent.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if online anger posts count as therapeutic rather than threatening."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-22"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the legal standard for prosecuting online speech as threats. It determines when words become criminal acts. It balances free expression against public safety. It sets a precedent for interpreting intent in digital communications."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 38-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 38-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-40"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-22"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-983-elonis-v-united-states","term":"2014","title":"Does a speaker intend a threat if a reasonable person would interpret the words that way?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 38-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 38-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-983_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-40"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-01-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-01-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. O'Connor argued that officers cannot hold drivers for sniffs without individualized suspicion.","Ms. Anders argued that a reasonableness analysis avoids arbitrary results in traffic stops.","Justice Roberts asked if a dog sniff during a ticket-writing process is permissible.","Justice Scalia questioned whether asking for a license after a warning is allowed."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-37"}]}],"caption":"Rodriguez v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.438281Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.465588Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether police may prolong a lawful traffic stop to conduct a dog sniff without individualized suspicion.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-01-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-9972.html","primary_docket":"13-9972","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:56:43.060712Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the limits of Fourth Amendment protections during routine traffic stops."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 21, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 14-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks a bright-line rule prohibiting extended stops for sniffs without new suspicion.","The government seeks a reasonableness standard allowing discretion during traffic stops."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues officers cannot hold drivers for sniffs after completing the stop's purpose.","The government argues a reasonableness analysis prevents arbitrary results in traffic stops."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if officers can ask questions during a stop for a broken taillight.","Justice Kennedy asked if verifying license plates after writing a ticket is permitted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue defines the boundary between routine traffic enforcement and invasive searches. It determines how long police can detain drivers without probable cause. It shapes the balance between public safety and individual liberty. It impacts millions of daily interactions between citizens and law enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 43-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 43-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-37"}]}],"slug":"2014-13-9972-rodriguez-v-united-states","term":"2014","title":"Can officers extend a traffic stop for a dog sniff without new suspicion?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/13-9972_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-02-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-02-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Streett argued fee defense is part of reasonable compensation.","Mr. Oldham argued Section 330(a) compensates all professional services.","Mr. Fletcher agreed that successful fee defense may increase awards.","Justice Sotomayor questioned if accountants can pay legal fees."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"}]}],"caption":"Baker Botts, L.L.P. v. ASARCO LLC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.278796Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.281415Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Baker Botts seeks fees for defending its fee application. ASARCO argues such costs are not compensable.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-02-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-103.html","primary_docket":"14-103","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:53:24.244160Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether bankruptcy professionals may bill for defending their fee applications. The lower court denied these fees. Baker Botts asks the Supreme Court to reverse that denial. ASARCO asks the Court to affirm the denial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 25, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 47-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Baker Botts wants the Court to allow billing for fee defense.","ASARCO wants the Court to deny billing for fee defense."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Baker Botts argues fee defense is part of reasonable compensation.","ASARCO argues fee defense is not a service to the estate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if accountants can pay legal fees.","Justice Ginsburg asked if defending enhancements is compensable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute affects how bankruptcy professionals bill for their work. It determines whether fee defense costs burden the estate. It shapes the financial rules for all bankruptcy cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"}]}],"slug":"2014-14-103-baker-botts-l-l-p-v-asarco-llc","term":"2014","title":"Can bankruptcy professionals bill for defending their own fee applications?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-103_apg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-03-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-03-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Carvin argued the plain language dictates the result.","General Verrilli argued federalism values support the government view.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 28-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 28-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 14-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 14-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 30-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 30-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 10-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 10-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 36-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 36-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-16"}]}],"caption":"King v. Burwell","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.344794Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.347838Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the law limits credits to state-run exchanges. The government argues the law allows credits on all exchanges.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 14-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 14-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 36-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 36-28"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-03-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-114.html","primary_docket":"14-114","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:48:45.241440Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether the Affordable Care Act grants tax credits to people buying insurance on federal exchanges. the sides that brought the case claim the text restricts credits to state exchanges. The government claims the text allows credits on any exchange."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 14-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 14-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 36-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 36-28"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 4, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 30-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down credits for federal exchange buyers.","The government wants the Court to keep credits for federal exchange buyers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 14-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 14-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 36-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 36-28"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute text limits credits to state-established exchanges.","The government argues the statute structure supports credits on all exchanges."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 14-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 14-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 36-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 36-28"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if each plaintiff has a concrete stake.","Justice Breyer asked about the term established by a State."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 28-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 28-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 30-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 30-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 10-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 10-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-16"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines who receives tax credits for health insurance. It affects millions of people buying coverage on federal exchanges. The outcome shapes the financial structure of the health law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 14-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 14-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 36-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 36-28"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 28-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 28-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-16"}]}],"slug":"2014-14-114-king-v-burwell","term":"2014","title":"Do federal exchanges qualify for tax credits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 14-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 14-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 36-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-114_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 36-28"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-04-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-04-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","paragraphs":["Feldman argued for direct appeals under Section 158.","Hallward-Driemeier emphasized speed in Chapter 13 cases.","Tripp noted dismissal acts as an injunction."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 20-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 20-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 38-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 38-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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Blue Hills Bank","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.193070Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.222704Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Debtors seek immediate appeals of plan denials. Creditors oppose this right.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 20-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 20-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 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activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if bankruptcy plan denials allow direct appeals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 20-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 20-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 38-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 38-22"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 1, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 24-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Debtors want immediate appeals of plan denials.","Creditors want to block these direct appeals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 20-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 20-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 38-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 38-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Debtors cite specific bankruptcy appeal statutes.","Creditors argue for limited review options."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 20-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 20-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 38-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 38-22"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked who can appeal plan rejections.","Chief Justice Roberts asked about repeated plan submissions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-40"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This defines access to federal appellate courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 20-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 20-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 38-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 38-22"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-40"}]}],"slug":"2014-14-116-bullard-v-blue-hills-bank","term":"2014","title":"Can debtors appeal a bankruptcy plan denial?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 20-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 20-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 38-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-116_l7m9.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 38-22"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-03-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-03-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","paragraphs":["Scott Keller argued Texas controls all plate content.","Paul George argued the group used the plate for fundraising.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-37"}]}],"caption":"Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.120749Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Texas rejected a Confederate flag plate. The Sons of Confederate Veterans claim the state censored their private speech.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-03-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-144.html","primary_docket":"14-144","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:47:14.201576Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Texas rejected a Confederate flag plate. The Sons of Confederate Veterans claim the state censored their private speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 23, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Texas wants to keep rejecting the Confederate flag plate.","The Sons of Confederate Veterans want Texas to issue the plate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Texas argues the plate displays government speech.","The Sons of Confederate Veterans argue the plate displays private speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked what stops Texas from endorsing a political party.","Justice Ginsburg asked if advertising burgers counts as government speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state control over public symbols. It determines who owns the message on government property."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-37"}]}],"slug":"2014-14-144-walker-v-texas-div-sons-of-confederate-veterans-inc","term":"2014","title":"Does Texas control the message on its license plates?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-144_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 21-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-01-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-01-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Withroe argued no private right of action exists under Section 1983.","Mr. Piotrowski stated an APA challenge was not a viable alternative.","Mr. Kneedler explained Medicaid differs from other Spending Clause programs."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-39"}]}],"caption":"Armstrong v. Exceptional Child Center, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.403827Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.435391Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Providers seek full payment for services. State law caps rates. The dispute centers on federal preemption.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-01-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-15.html","primary_docket":"14-15","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T20:00:48.082195Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether the Supremacy Clause creates a private right to sue for higher Medicaid rates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 20, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Providers want full payment for services rendered.","The state wants to enforce its statutory rate caps."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Providers argue federal law preempts state rate limits.","The state argues no private right of action exists."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why this is not an enforcement action.","Justice Breyer asked if a doctor can sue for the difference in rates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines how providers recover costs under Medicaid. It defines the scope of federal preemption in healthcare billing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 7-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 7-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 3-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 3-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-39"}]}],"slug":"2014-14-15-armstrong-v-exceptional-child-center-inc","term":"2014","title":"Can providers sue for full Medicaid rates when state law caps them?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-15_26o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 15-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-04-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-04-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Fleming argued the Court should take the short path to resolve the case.","Mr. Yang argued the lower court committed a basic error in administrative law.","Mr. Peterson offered a brief opening statement to the Court."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 30-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 30-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-14"}]}],"caption":"Mata v. Lynch","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.102444Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether a federal court can review a board's decision to deny a deadline extension.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 30-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 30-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-32"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-04-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-185.html","primary_docket":"14-185","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:37:03.299191Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Mata seeks a court review of a board's denial of a deadline extension. Lynch argues the court lacks jurisdiction to review that specific denial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 30-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 30-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-32"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 29, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Mata wants the Supreme Court to allow review of the board's extension denial.","Lynch wants the Supreme Court to confirm the lower court lacked jurisdiction to review the denial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 30-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 30-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-32"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Mata argues the lower court made a fundamental administrative law error by recharacterizing the legal question.","Lynch argues the board's denial was a discretionary action that courts cannot review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 30-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 30-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-32"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked why the Fifth Circuit treated the extension denial as a sua sponte action.","Justice Ginsburg asked how the Court can clarify jurisdiction if the statute does not allow equitable tolling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-14"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of judicial review over agency deadline extensions. It determines whether courts can correct legal errors in agency scheduling decisions. The outcome shapes the balance between agency discretion and judicial oversight."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 30-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 30-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-32"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-14"}]}],"slug":"2014-14-185-mata-v-lynch","term":"2014","title":"Can a court review a board's denial of a deadline extension?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 30-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 30-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-185_6kg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-32"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-04-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-04-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","paragraphs":["Michael McConnell argued the program affects the livelihoods of small California raisin growers.","He stated the case involves important principles and the Hornes' financial survival.","The government attorney argued the program regulates the commercial marketing of a fungible product.","He emphasized the program was established with producer approval for their benefit."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 18-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 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36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 34-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-12"}]}],"caption":"Horne v. Department of Agriculture","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.073319Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.076127Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Hornes argue the federal raisin program takes their property. The government claims it is a voluntary cooperative scheme.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 18-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 4-8"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-04-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-275.html","primary_docket":"14-275","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:38:05.259174Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Hornes challenge a federal program that requires them to store part of their raisin crop. They claim this action violates their property rights. The Department of Agriculture defends the program as a cooperative effort. The case tests the limits of government regulation on private property."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 18-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 4-8"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 22, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 34-50"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Hornes want the court to declare the program an unconstitutional taking.","The government wants the court to uphold the program as a valid regulation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 18-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 4-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Hornes argue the government seized their property without paying them.","The government argues the program is a voluntary cooperative arrangement among producers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 18-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 4-8"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the Hornes object to the volume limitation or the reserve pool.","Justice Kagan asked why oyster shells were not considered property after harvest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 34-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-12"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between government regulation and property seizure. It determines how much control the state holds over private agricultural assets. The outcome shapes the rights of all small-scale producers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 18-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 4-8"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 34-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-12"}]}],"slug":"2014-14-275-horne-v-department-of-agriculture","term":"2014","title":"Does a government program that forces farmers to surrender crops constitute a taking?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 18-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-275_2b8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 4-8"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-04-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-04-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","paragraphs":["Kevin Russell argued the briefing narrowed the disagreement among the parties.","Russell stated that ignorance of the law is no excuse.","Ms. Harrington argued a broader view of knowledge is correct.","Harrington stated the government need not limit knowledge specifically to drug laws."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.059426Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.062289Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on the mental state required for a conviction under the Controlled Substances Act.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 28-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 28-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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24-50"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-04-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-378.html","primary_docket":"14-378","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:39:01.649650Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the knowledge element for selling drug analogues."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 28-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 28-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 10-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 10-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 24-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 24-50"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 21, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 38-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 38-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction overturned.","The government wants the conviction upheld."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 28-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 28-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 10-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 10-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 24-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 24-50"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the government must prove specific knowledge of the substance's chemical makeup.","The government argues general knowledge of the substance's effects satisfies the legal requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 28-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 28-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 10-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 10-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 24-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 24-50"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the seller must know the chemical makeup causing the substance to be an analogue.","Justice Ginsburg asked if a supplier stating the substance mimics cocaine satisfies the mental state requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 4-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 40-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 40-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 38-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 38-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-18"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the mental state required for federal drug convictions. It sets the standard for proving a defendant knew the substance was illegal. This standard affects how prosecutors build cases against drug sellers. It determines the scope of criminal liability under federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 28-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 28-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 10-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 10-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 24-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 24-50"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 4-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 40-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 40-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 38-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 38-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 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40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-18"}]}],"slug":"2014-14-378-mcfadden-v-united-states","term":"2014","title":"Does a drug dealer need to know a substance is a controlled substance to face federal charges?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 28-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-378_36b1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 28-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","paragraphs":["General Verrilli argued the EPA's reading is natural and permissible.","He stated the statute directs the agency to focus on health concerns.","Mr. Lindstrom argued the EPA's view contradicts the statutory text.","He noted the law uses two distinct terms: necessary and appropriate."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 41-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-13"}]}],"caption":"Michigan v. EPA","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.134985Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.156319Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"States argue the EPA ignored costs. The agency says health risks drive the rule.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 41-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-03-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-46.html","primary_docket":"14-46","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:06:19.002050Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether the EPA must consider economic costs when setting pollution limits for power plants. Michigan and other states claim the agency ignored these costs. The EPA argues that public health concerns alone justify the regulation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 41-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 25, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 13-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Michigan and other states want the EPA to consider costs when setting pollution limits.","The EPA wants to rely solely on health risks to justify its pollution limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 41-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Michigan argues the law requires the EPA to weigh both necessity and appropriateness, including costs.","The EPA argues the law focuses on health concerns and does not mention costs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 41-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if the EPA ignored technology availability.","Justice Scalia asked for a citation to the lower court opinion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 5-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how agencies balance health and economic factors. It shapes future environmental regulations across the country. The outcome affects power plant operations and public health protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 41-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-13"}]}],"slug":"2014-14-46-michigan-v-epa","term":"2014","title":"Must the EPA weigh costs when regulating power plants?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 41-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-46_1b5p.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 41-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-04-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-04-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Ward argued the core liberty interest is freedom from unjustified bodily restraint.","Mr. Clement argued the Court should adopt the subjective test from prior case law.","Justice Kennedy questioned the distinction between discipline and punishment for detainees.","Justice Scalia asked whether the claim relies on substantive due process."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 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48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 50-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 50-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-14"}]}],"caption":"Kingsley v. Hendrickson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.153469Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.164167Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a pretrial detainee must prove an officer acted with subjective intent to harm when using excessive force.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 26-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 50-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 50-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-04-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-6368.html","primary_docket":"14-6368","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:37:46.531470Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if the Fourteenth Amendment requires a subjective intent standard for pretrial detainees. This differs from the Eighth Amendment standard for convicted prisoners. The lower court applied the subjective test. the side that brought the case seeks an objective standard. the opposing side defends the subjective test."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 26-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 50-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 50-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 27, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to adopt an objective standard for excessive force claims.","the opposing side wants the Court to keep the subjective intent standard for these claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 26-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 50-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 50-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the core liberty interest is freedom from unjustified bodily harm.","the opposing side argues the Court should adopt the subjective test from prior case law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 26-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 50-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 50-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if discipline and punishment differ for pretrial detainees.","Justice Scalia asked if the claim relies on substantive due process rather than the Eighth Amendment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-14"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The standard determines how courts evaluate police force against unconvicted people. It affects the rights of all pretrial detainees. It shapes the balance between public safety and individual liberty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 26-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 50-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 50-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-14"}]}],"slug":"2014-14-6368-kingsley-v-hendrickson","term":"2014","title":"Does a pretrial detainee need to prove officer intent to win an excessive force claim?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 26-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 50-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-6368_linq.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 50-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-04-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-04-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Konrad argued the protocol causes intense pain and suffering.","She stated the second and third drugs cause suffocation.","She claimed the method is constitutional only if pain is absent.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the burden of showing factual errors."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-46"}]}],"caption":"Glossip v. Gross","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.095557Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.108051Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case claim the state's execution method causes severe pain. The state argues the protocol is constitutional.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 44-8"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-04-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-7955.html","primary_docket":"14-7955","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:36:08.251006Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a specific drug combination for execution is cruel and unusual. The dispute centers on the legal standard for reviewing lower court findings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 44-8"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 29, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 32-34"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the three-drug execution protocol.","The state wants the Court to uphold the current execution method."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 44-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the protocol causes intense pain and suffocation.","The state argues the protocol is constitutional if pain is minimized."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 44-8"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked about the burden of proof for factual findings.","Justice Scalia asked whether the core issue is a question of law or fact."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-46"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the legal standard for challenging execution methods. It determines how courts review scientific evidence in death penalty cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 44-8"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-46"}]}],"slug":"2014-14-7955-glossip-v-gross","term":"2014","title":"Does Oklahoma's three-drug execution protocol violate the Eighth Amendment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-7955_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 44-8"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-02-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-02-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","paragraphs":["The EEOC contends that Abercrombie acted because of the religious basis for the headscarf.","Abercrombie asserts that the EEOC's argument incorrectly assumes the employer acted on religious grounds.","The EEOC argues the Tenth Circuit imposed requirements that eliminated liability for refusal to accommodate.","Abercrombie argues the applicant must verbally request the accommodation to trigger the employer's duty."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-37"}]}],"caption":"EEOC v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.250857Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.276169Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether an employer must know an applicant's religious belief to face discrimination claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-02-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2014","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-86.html","primary_docket":"14-86","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:54:42.650838Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The EEOC argues Abercrombie acted on a reasonable assumption of religious belief. Abercrombie claims it lacked explicit knowledge of the applicant's faith."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 25, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The EEOC wants the Court to hold that reasonable suspicion of religious belief triggers liability.","Abercrombie wants the Court to require explicit knowledge of the applicant's religious belief for liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The EEOC argues that acting on a reasonable assumption of religious belief constitutes discrimination.","Abercrombie argues that liability requires the employer to know the applicant's specific religious belief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked how much less than certainty is sufficient for an employer's belief.","Justice Scalia asked what verbs beyond understanding describe the employer's mental state regarding the belief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the standard for employer liability in religious accommodation disputes. It determines whether reasonable suspicion or explicit knowledge triggers legal responsibility. The outcome shapes hiring practices and accommodation requests nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 5-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 5-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-37"}]}],"slug":"2014-14-86-eeoc-v-abercrombie-fitch-stores-inc","term":"2014","title":"Does an employer need explicit knowledge of a religious belief to face liability?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 5-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2014/14-86_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 5-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Basombrio argued the accident occurred in Austria.","Mr. Basombrio cited the Nelson framework for the based-upon question.","Mr. Kneedler argued the FSIA contains its own statutory terms.","Mr. Kneedler stated Congress did not simply incorporate due process standards."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-8"}]}],"caption":"OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.885000Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.914136Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A US citizen injured in Austria sues a foreign state. The dispute centers on whether US courts can hear the case.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 10-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 10-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 48-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 48-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 40-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 40-30"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-10-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1067.html","primary_docket":"13-1067","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:34:34.780999Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the limits of US jurisdiction over foreign states. The plaintiff seeks damages for a train accident. The defendant argues the US lacks authority to hear the claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 10-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 10-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 48-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 48-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 40-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 40-30"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 5, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 8-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The plaintiff wants a US court to hear the injury claim.","The defendant wants the US court to dismiss the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 10-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 10-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 48-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 48-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 40-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 40-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The plaintiff argues the ticket sale creates sufficient US contact.","The defendant argues the FSIA requires specific statutory interpretation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 10-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 10-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 48-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 48-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 40-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 40-30"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if the agency question matters if the ticket was not honored.","Justice Kagan asked if the jurisdiction test matches the foreign corporation standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 48-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 48-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-8"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when US courts can judge foreign state commercial acts. It clarifies the boundary between sovereign immunity and commercial liability. The outcome shapes future cross-border injury claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 10-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 10-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 48-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 48-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 40-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 40-30"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 48-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 48-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 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38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-8"}]}],"slug":"2015-13-1067-obb-personenverkehr-ag-v-sachs","term":"2015","title":"Does a foreign state's commercial train operation create US jurisdiction?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 10-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1067_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 10-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Stewart cited Defenders of Wildlife to define injury in fact.","He stated injury must be concrete, particularized, and actual or imminent.","Mr. Pincus argued the constitutional minimum is injury in fact.","He noted Congress can elevate de facto injuries to legal status in Lujan."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 16-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 16-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 32-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 8-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-6"}]}],"caption":"Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.808677Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.818780Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a plaintiff must show tangible harm beyond a statutory violation to sue.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 16-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 16-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 32-12"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-11-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1339.html","primary_docket":"13-1339","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:24:14.750386Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Spokeo argues a statutory violation is not enough for standing. Robins argues the violation itself is a concrete injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 16-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 16-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 32-12"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 2, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 8-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Spokeo wants the Court to require proof of tangible harm beyond a statutory violation.","Robins wants the Court to accept a statutory violation as sufficient proof of injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 16-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 16-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 32-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Spokeo argues that a legal violation does not automatically create a concrete injury.","Robins argues that Congress can define a statutory violation as a concrete injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 16-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 16-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 32-12"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if non-property cases without economic harm are irrelevant.","Justice Kagan asked why false credit report information is not a concrete injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 8-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-6"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the minimum injury required to sue in federal court. It determines whether statutory violations alone grant access to the judiciary. The outcome shapes the scope of consumer protection laws. It affects how courts interpret congressional definitions of harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 16-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 16-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 32-12"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-6"}]}],"slug":"2015-13-1339-spokeo-inc-v-robins","term":"2015","title":"Does a statutory violation alone prove concrete injury for standing?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 16-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 16-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1339_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 32-12"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-12-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-12-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","paragraphs":["Dollar General argues tribal courts cannot force non-Indians to litigate.","The tribe argues its courts hold inherent sovereign power.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the assumption that tribal judges lack neutrality.","Justice Ginsburg asked how the argument fits with prior precedent."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 30-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 30-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-18"}]}],"caption":"Dollar General Corp. v. Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.717181Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.727284Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Dollar General seeks to stop tribal courts from hearing its tort case. The tribe insists its courts hold that power.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 22-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 34-40"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-12-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13-1496.html","primary_docket":"13-1496","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:11:28.560952Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Dollar General wants a federal court to dismiss the tribal case. The tribe wants its court to keep the case. The dispute centers on tribal sovereign authority over non-members."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 22-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 34-40"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 7, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 12-14"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Dollar General wants the case moved to federal court.","The tribe wants its court to keep the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 22-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 34-40"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Dollar General argues tribal courts lack jurisdiction over non-Indians.","The tribe argues its courts hold mandatory jurisdiction over such claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 22-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 34-40"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy questioned the assumption that tribal judges lack neutrality.","Justice Ginsburg asked how the argument reconciles with prior precedent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 6-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 6-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 30-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 30-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-18"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the reach of tribal judicial power. It determines whether non-Indians face tribal courts for torts. The outcome shapes the balance of federal and tribal authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 22-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 34-40"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 6-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 6-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 30-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 30-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-18"}]}],"slug":"2015-13-1496-dollar-general-corp-v-mississippi-band-of-choctaw-indians","term":"2015","title":"Can tribal courts force non-Indians to litigate tort claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 22-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/13-1496_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 34-40"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-02-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-02-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Villa argued that reckless misdemeanors should be excluded from the phrase use of physical force.","Ms. Villa stated that this exclusion aligns with the Court's prior definitions of use.","Ms. Villa claimed that this view matches the common law definition of battery.","Ms. Eisenstein argued that Congress intended to keep guns away from assault and battery convicts."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 26-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 44-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-8"}]}],"caption":"Voisine v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.490391Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a reckless misdemeanor touching qualifies as using physical force under federal gun laws.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 26-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-42"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-02-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-10154.html","primary_docket":"14-10154","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:58:33.493373Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Federal law bans gun ownership for people convicted of assault or battery. The phrase use of physical force defines these crimes. The lower court ruled that reckless touching meets this definition. the side that brought the case argues that only intentional force counts. The government argues that any force, including reckless acts, fits the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 26-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-42"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 29, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to exclude reckless touching from the definition of physical force.","The government wants the Court to include reckless touching in the definition of physical force."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 26-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-42"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that common law battery requires an intentional act causing injury.","The government argues that Congress intended to ban guns for all assault and battery convictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 26-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-42"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if intentionality is misperceived as the act of causing injury.","Justice Ginsburg asked if bodily injury or offensive touching satisfies the act requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 44-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-8"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal gun bans. It determines which criminal convictions trigger lifetime firearm restrictions. It affects how states prosecute assault and battery. It clarifies the legal meaning of physical force in federal statutes. It impacts public safety and individual rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 26-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-42"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 44-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-8"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-10154-voisine-v-united-states","term":"2015","title":"Does reckless touching count as using physical force for gun bans?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 26-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-10154_g31h.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-42"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-11-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-11-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case claims the jury instruction was obviously erroneous.","The government asserts the jury found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.","justice_question"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 8-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 8-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-1"}]}],"caption":"Musacchio v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.647961Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.682361Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a conviction stands if the jury followed an erroneous instruction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 8-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 8-6"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-11-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-1095.html","primary_docket":"14-1095","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:13:07.109111Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if a conviction survives when the jury instruction was legally incorrect."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 8-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 8-6"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 30, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 14-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction overturned due to the erroneous instruction.","The government wants the conviction upheld based on the jury's verdict."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 8-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 8-6"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the erroneous instruction infected the jury's decision.","The government argues the jury found the required elements beyond a reasonable doubt."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 8-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 8-6"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked what else the jury needed to find unanimously.","Justice Scalia questioned if the jury's finding of guilt on both elements suffices."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts review jury verdicts when instructions contain legal errors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 8-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 8-6"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-1"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-1095-musacchio-v-united-states","term":"2015","title":"Does a jury verdict bind the court when the jury instruction was wrong?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 8-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1095_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 8-6"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-11-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-11-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues Section 1101(a)(43) includes state and foreign law violations.","The government argues Congress chose to make only federal arson an aggravated felony.","The government notes the federal arson statute carries a minimum five-year sentence.","Justice Alito questioned the statutory language describing the state offense in federal terms."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-20"}]}],"caption":"Torres v. Lynch","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.822748Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.843866Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether state arson laws qualify as aggravated felonies under federal immigration statutes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 10-12"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-11-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-1096.html","primary_docket":"14-1096","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:21:26.257494Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if state arson convictions trigger federal immigration penalties. the side that brought the case argues state laws should count. The government argues only federal arson counts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 10-12"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 3, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the state arson conviction excluded from federal aggravated felony status.","The government wants the state arson conviction included as a federal aggravated felony."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 10-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues Congress intended state and foreign arson laws to count as aggravated felonies.","The government argues Congress specifically chose to limit aggravated felonies to federal arson statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 10-12"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the side that brought the case's reading excludes serious state arson offenses.","Justice Kagan asked why the side that brought the case's theory creates an illogical inclusion and exclusion system."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-20"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines which state crimes trigger federal immigration penalties. It defines the scope of federal jurisdiction over state offenses. It impacts how courts classify state convictions for immigration purposes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 10-12"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-20"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-1096-torres-v-lynch","term":"2015","title":"Does a state arson conviction count as a federal aggravated felony?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1096_6478.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 10-12"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","paragraphs":["Merrill Lynch contends the statutory language creates a straightforward test for federal jurisdiction.","Manning argues that state law claims do not seek redress under federal law.","Justice Sotomayor questioned how state law causes of action seek federal redress.","Justice Roberts asked if the plaintiffs are merely alleging fraud under state law."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 6-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 6-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-1"}]}],"caption":"Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc. v. Manning","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.685306Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.696883Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Merrill Lynch argues the case belongs in federal court. Manning argues state courts can hear the fraud claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-4"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-1132.html","primary_docket":"14-1132","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:12:03.705261Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether federal courts hold exclusive jurisdiction over securities fraud claims. the sides that brought the case seek to remove the case to federal court. the opposing sides want to keep the case in state court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-4"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 1, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 44-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Merrill Lynch wants the Supreme Court to affirm the federal court's jurisdiction.","Manning wants the Supreme Court to allow the state court to hear the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-4"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Merrill Lynch argues Exchange Act Section 27 grants federal courts exclusive jurisdiction over enforcement suits.","Manning argues jurisdictional statutes should not intrude on state authority without clear congressional intent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-4"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the test depends solely on the complaint's allegations.","Justice Ginsburg asked if amending the complaint to cite state law would change the outcome."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 6-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 6-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines which courts hear securities fraud claims. It affects the balance of power between state and federal judicial systems. It shapes the procedural path for investors seeking redress."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-4"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 6-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 6-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-1"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-1132-merrill-lynch-pierce-fenner-smith-inc-v-manning","term":"2015","title":"Does a state fraud claim seeking federal remedies trigger exclusive federal jurisdiction?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1132_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-4"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-11-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-11-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","paragraphs":["Carter Phillips argued that the jury instruction was improper. He stated that individual proof is necessary for each worker.","Elizabeth Prelogar argued that the jury instruction was correct. She stated that statistical sampling is a valid method for proving damages.","Justice Sotomayor noted that Tyson's own expert used a similar averaging method. She questioned the consistency of Tyson's position.","Justice Kagan emphasized the presumption that proof is not individualized. She linked this to the Mt. Clemens inquiry."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 30-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 30-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 34-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 34-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 28-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 28-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-10"}]}],"caption":"Tyson Foods, Inc. v. Bouaphakeo","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.882174Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.906217Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Tyson Foods argues that statistical estimates violate due process. Workers argue that sampling is a valid way to prove unpaid wages.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 30-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 30-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 34-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 34-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 24-36"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-11-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-1146.html","primary_docket":"14-1146","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:13:22.820800Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Tyson Foods seeks to reverse a lower court decision. The workers seek to affirm that decision. The dispute centers on whether statistical evidence can support a class-wide damages award."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 30-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 30-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 34-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 34-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 24-36"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 10, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 4-6"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Tyson Foods wants the Court to reverse the lower court decision. It argues that individual proof is required for each worker.","The workers want the Court to affirm the lower court decision. They argue that statistical sampling is a fair method to prove unpaid wages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 30-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 30-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 34-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 34-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 24-36"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Tyson Foods contends that due process requires individualized proof of damages for every class member.","The workers contend that statistical sampling is a reliable and fair method to estimate unpaid wages for the class."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 30-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 30-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 34-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 34-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 24-36"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked about the statistical mechanism and objections to the testimony.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the plaintiff's expert used the same method as Tyson's expert in a prior case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 28-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 28-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-10"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether statistical sampling is a valid tool for proving class-wide damages. It affects how courts handle large groups of workers with similar claims. It shapes the balance between individual proof and collective efficiency in labor disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 30-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 30-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 34-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 34-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 24-36"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 28-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 28-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-10"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-1146-tyson-foods-inc-v-bouaphakeo","term":"2015","title":"Can a jury use statistical sampling to award damages to a class of workers?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 30-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 30-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 34-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 34-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1146_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 24-36"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-12-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-12-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","paragraphs":["Clement argued states feared bankruptcy from citizen suits.","Farr argued against overruling the Nevada v. Hall precedent.","sotomayor_questioned_if_states_are_forced_to_waive_immunity","kagan_noted_states_can_retaliate_against_each_other"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-34"}]}],"caption":"Franchise Tax Bd. of Cal. v. Hyatt","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.739429Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.744963Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"California seeks to sue Nevada for injuries to Californians. Nevada claims sovereign immunity blocks the suit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 44-4"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-12-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-1175.html","primary_docket":"14-1175","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:11:10.601232Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["California wants to recover damages for injuries to its residents. Nevada argues the Constitution bars suits against states."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 44-4"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 7, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 40-48"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["California wants to sue Nevada for torts against its residents.","Nevada wants to keep its immunity from such suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 44-4"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["California argues states can sue each other for torts.","Nevada argues sovereign immunity blocks all such suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 44-4"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if states are forced to waive immunity.","Justice Kagan noted states can retaliate against each other."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-34"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state power over interstate tort claims. It shapes how states handle cross-border injuries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 44-4"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 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44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1175_ed9l.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 44-4"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-01-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-01-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor questioned the statutory text regarding navigable waters.","Justice Kennedy asked if the waters are conceded to be navigable.","advocate_contention"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 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Frost","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.651499Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.678572Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law removed the Park Service's power to manage water access in Alaska.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 30-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 30-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 36-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 36-34"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-01-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-1209.html","primary_docket":"14-1209","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:07:37.308318Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal water management authority in Alaska."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 30-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 30-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 36-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 36-34"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 20, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 36-38"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to affirm the lower court's action.","the opposing side wants the Court to reverse the lower court's action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 30-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 30-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 36-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 36-34"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues ANILCA stripped the Park Service of water regulation authority.","the opposing side argues Congress retained the Park Service's preexisting water authorities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 30-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 30-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 36-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 36-34"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the law excludes navigable waters.","Justice Sotomayor asked about the scope of federal jurisdiction over waters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-30"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines federal control over Alaska's waterways. It determines who manages access to these resources. It shapes the balance between state and federal power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 30-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 30-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 36-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 36-34"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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authority to regulate navigable waters in Alaska?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 30-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 30-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 38-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 36-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1209_jqei.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 36-34"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-01-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-01-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","paragraphs":["The officer's lawyer argued that the employer's motive to suppress political views is the key issue.","The city's lawyer argued that the officer must have engaged in actual political expression to claim a violation.","Justices questioned whether picking up a sign for a family member constitutes protected political association."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 28-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 28-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 48-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-24"}]}],"caption":"Heffernan v. City of Paterson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.594981Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.625867Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A police officer claims his city demoted him because it wrongly thought he supported a political rival. The city argues he did not express a political view.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 48-18"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-01-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-1280.html","primary_docket":"14-1280","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:08:07.904187Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether a public employee can sue for a First Amendment violation when an employer acts on a mistaken belief about the employee's political views. The officer argues the employer's motive to suppress disfavored beliefs matters. The city argues the employee must have actually engaged in protected speech or association."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 48-18"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 19, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 10-14"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The officer wants the Court to rule that an employer's intent to suppress political views violates the First Amendment, even if the employee did not express a view.","The city wants the Court to rule that an employee must have engaged in actual speech or association to claim a First Amendment violation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 48-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The officer argues that public employees have a right not to be demoted for the unconstitutional purpose of suppressing disfavored political beliefs.","The city argues that the officer did not engage in expressive activity or political association, so no constitutional right was violated."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 48-18"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the officer was engaging in speech or association when he picked up the sign for his mother.","Justice Scalia asked which case vindicates the right to associate with a political party when the employee did not express a view."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 28-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 28-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-24"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of First Amendment protections for public employees. It determines whether employers can punish employees based on mistaken beliefs about their political views. The outcome affects workplace political neutrality and employee rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 48-18"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 28-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 28-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-24"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-1280-heffernan-v-city-of-paterson","term":"2015","title":"Does a public employee have a First Amendment right when an employer mistakenly believes they support a political opponent?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1280_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 48-18"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-02-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-02-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","paragraphs":["Utah's lawyer argued the arrest was lawful and independent.","Strieff's lawyer argued the unlawful stop caused the warrant discovery.","Justice Sotomayor asked what was objectively reasonable about the stop.","Justice Kagan questioned the likelihood of finding a warrant during a stop."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 14-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 14-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 22-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-38"}]}],"caption":"Utah v. Strieff","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.448458Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.460535Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Utah seeks to admit drugs found after a lawful arrest. Strieff argues the initial unlawful stop tainted the evidence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 14-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 14-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 22-48"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-02-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-1373.html","primary_docket":"14-1373","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:07:00.520071Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Police stopped Strieff without reasonable suspicion. They found an arrest warrant. They searched him and found drugs. The lower court suppressed the drugs. Utah wants the Court to admit the evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 14-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 14-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 22-48"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 22, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 50-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Utah wants the Court to admit the drugs found during the arrest.","Strieff wants the Court to suppress the drugs found during the arrest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 14-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 14-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 22-48"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Utah argues the arrest was lawful and independent of the stop.","Strieff argues the unlawful stop caused the discovery of the warrant."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 14-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 14-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 22-48"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if finding a warrant is a rare event.","Justice Ginsburg asked if a person's name is suppressible evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-38"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of the exclusionary rule. It determines whether police can use unlawful stops to find warrants. It affects how courts handle evidence from flawed police conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 14-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 14-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 22-48"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-38"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-1373-utah-v-strieff","term":"2015","title":"Does an unlawful stop taint evidence found after a valid arrest?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 14-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 14-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1373_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 22-48"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-03-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-03-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Smith argued the parties agree on the core legal issue. He stated the question concerns prevailing defendants in Title VII cases.","Mr. Fletcher disputed the characterization of the 2013 dismissal. He emphasized the original 2009 dismissal as the relevant event.","Justice Sotomayor noted that judges must decide the final outcome. She questioned whether merits labels alone suffice for fee decisions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 10-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 10-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 4-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 4-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 4-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 50-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-16"}]}],"caption":"CRST Van Expedited, Inc. v. EEOC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.363238Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.391502Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"CRST Van Expedited seeks fees after a dismissal. The EEOC argues the dismissal lacked a merits finding.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 10-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 10-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 4-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 4-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 50-50"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-03-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-1375.html","primary_docket":"14-1375","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:01:55.640949Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the standard for awarding attorney fees in Title VII suits. The lower court denied fees. The parties dispute whether a merits ruling is required."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 10-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 10-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 4-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 4-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 50-50"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 28, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 42-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["CRST Van Expedited wants the fee award restored. It argues the dismissal ended the case in its favor.","The EEOC wants the fee denial upheld. It argues no merits ruling occurred to justify fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 10-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 10-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 4-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 4-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 50-50"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["CRST Van Expedited argues a dismissal with prejudice suffices for fees. It contends the case ended in the defendant's favor.","The EEOC argues fees require a merits determination. It asserts the dismissal did not resolve the underlying claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 10-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 10-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 4-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 4-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 50-50"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if a substitute test exists for fee eligibility.","Justice Kennedy asked if district courts frequently use the term bars in this context."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 4-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-16"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of fee awards in employment discrimination cases. It clarifies when a dismissal qualifies as a prevailing outcome. The standard affects litigation costs for employers and agencies nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 10-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 10-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 4-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 4-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 50-50"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 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44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-16"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-1375-crst-van-expedited-inc-v-eeoc","term":"2015","title":"Can a defendant win fees if the case ends without a merits ruling?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 10-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 10-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 4-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 4-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1375_3d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 50-50"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-01-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-01-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Pospisil argued that trustees control the trust's citizenship.","He cited over two hundred years of Supreme Court precedent.","Justice Alito asked why the trust resembles a traditional trust more than an L.L.C."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-10"}]}],"caption":"Americold Realty Trust v. ConAgra Foods, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.622435Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on which party's citizenship determines federal court jurisdiction in trust lawsuits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-01-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-1382.html","primary_docket":"14-1382","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:58:58.695605Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case asks who determines a trust's citizenship for federal court access."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 19, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["ConAgra wants the trust's citizenship to follow its beneficiaries.","Americold wants the trust's citizenship to follow its trustees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["ConAgra argues the trust acts like a partnership of its beneficiaries.","Americold argues the trust acts like a corporation managed by trustees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if this differs from traditional trusts with beneficiaries.","Justice Scalia asked if common law allowed trustees to sue in their own name."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-10"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This determines which federal courts can hear trust lawsuits nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-10"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-1382-americold-realty-trust-v-conagra-foods-inc","term":"2015","title":"Whose citizenship controls for diversity jurisdiction when a trust sues?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1382_1824.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-01-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-01-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","paragraphs":["Nebraska argues the 1882 act diminished the reservation.","The Tribe argues the reservation status remains intact.","Justice Scalia questioned the reliance on de facto diminishment.","Justice Kagan questioned the weight of subsequent history."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 6-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 6-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-34"}]}],"caption":"Nebraska v. Parker","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.640916Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Nebraska claims the 1882 law removed land from the Omaha Reservation. The Tribe argues the land remains part of the reservation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 22-24"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-01-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-1406.html","primary_docket":"14-1406","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:07:19.659349Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether an 1882 congressional act diminished the Omaha Reservation. Nebraska argues the law redrew the boundaries. The Tribe argues the reservation status persists."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 22-24"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 20, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Nebraska wants the Court to find the 1882 act diminished the reservation.","The Tribe wants the Court to find the reservation boundaries remain unchanged."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 22-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Nebraska argues the 1882 act explicitly redrew the reservation boundaries.","The Tribe argues the reservation status persists until Congress explicitly changes it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 22-24"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if the argument relies on de facto diminishment.","Justice Kagan asked about the relevance of subsequent history to the claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 6-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 6-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-34"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether Nebraska governs the disputed land. It defines the geographic scope of tribal jurisdiction. It clarifies how courts interpret congressional intent regarding reservations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 22-24"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 6-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 6-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-34"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-1406-nebraska-v-parker","term":"2015","title":"Did an 1882 law shrink the Omaha Reservation?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1406_22p6.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 22-24"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-03-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-03-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","paragraphs":["General Verrilli asserted the accommodation strikes a sensible balance.","Mr. Clement stated the sides that brought the case face a dilemma the Act does not allow.","Mr. Francisco noted the government has the same interest for all employees."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 24-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 24-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 38-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 36-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 36-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 50-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 50-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 24-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 24-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 12-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 12-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 40-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 40-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 40-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 40-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 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48-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 48-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-10"}]}],"caption":"Zubik v. Burwell","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.373397Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.391487Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Religious employers challenge a rule requiring them to notify insurers about contraceptive coverage.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 36-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 36-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 50-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 50-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 48-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 48-46"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-03-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-1418.html","primary_docket":"14-1418","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:02:37.375417Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case seek a ruling that the accommodation violates their religious liberty. The government argues the rule balances interests properly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 36-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 36-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 50-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 50-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 48-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 48-46"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 23, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 40-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 40-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the accommodation.","The government wants the Court to uphold the accommodation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 36-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 36-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 50-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 50-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 48-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 48-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the accommodation forces them to participate in a system they find objectionable.","The government argues the accommodation strikes a sensible balance between liberty and interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 36-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 36-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 50-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 50-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 48-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 48-46"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how the situation differs from military service.","Justice Kagan asked if a sincere belief against objecting controls the analysis."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 24-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 24-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 38-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 24-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 24-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 12-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 12-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 40-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 40-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 40-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 40-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-10"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the limits of religious exemptions in federal health regulations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 36-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 36-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 50-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 50-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 48-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 48-46"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-10"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-1418-zubik-v-burwell","term":"2015","title":"Does the accommodation violate religious freedom?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 36-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1418_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 36-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 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48-46"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-03-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-03-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Anders argued that due process analysis adequately addresses potential defense impairments at sentencing.","Mr. Schowengerdt argued that the clause's purpose is to protect presumptively innocent defendants from charge-related harms.","Mr. Rowley argued that the speedy trial clause applies through the culmination of a criminal prosecution in sentencing."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 6-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 6-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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Montana","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.365986Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the constitutional right to a speedy trial extends to the sentencing phase of a criminal case.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 6-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 6-48"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-03-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-1457.html","primary_docket":"14-1457","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:58:14.324411Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the scope of the Sixth Amendment. The core issue is whether the right to a speedy trial ends when a defendant is found guilty or continues through sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 6-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 6-48"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 28, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to recognize that the speedy trial right covers sentencing delays.","The state wants the Court to limit the speedy trial right to the trial phase only."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 6-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 6-48"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the right protects defendants from prolonged uncertainty until the case concludes with sentencing.","The state argues the right protects only presumptively innocent defendants from the harms of a pending charge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 6-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 6-48"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the Federal Speedy Trial Act covers sentencing or only trial.","Justice Kagan asked how the Court applies the four-factor test to sentencing delays."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-8"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the timeline for constitutional protections. It determines when a defendant can challenge delays. It affects how courts manage the pace of criminal proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 6-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 6-48"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-8"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-1457-betterman-v-montana","term":"2015","title":"Does the speedy trial right cover sentencing delays?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 6-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1457_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 6-48"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-04-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-04-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","paragraphs":["Charles Rothfeld argued the statutes make asserting a right a crime.","Michael McCarthy argued the state statute creates a bargain with drivers.","Keena argued rural realities make search warrants impractical in these situations."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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28-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 28-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 44-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 44-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 40-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 40-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-6"}]}],"caption":"Birchfield v. North Dakota","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.202358Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.231914Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Drivers argue criminal penalties for refusing blood tests violate the Fourth Amendment. States argue road use implies consent to testing.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 40-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 40-38"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-04-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-1468.html","primary_docket":"14-1468","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:59:00.603074Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether states can impose criminal penalties when drivers refuse blood alcohol tests. the sides that brought the case claim this violates their constitutional rights. the opposing sides claim road use creates implied consent to testing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 40-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 40-38"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 20, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 40-42"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down criminal penalties for refusing blood tests.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold state laws that criminalize refusal of blood tests."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 40-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 40-38"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue criminalizing refusal punishes the exercise of a constitutional right.","the opposing sides argue using public roads implies consent to blood alcohol testing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 40-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 40-38"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked what constitutional basis supports the right to drive.","Justice Kennedy asked why states cannot impose criminal sanctions if civil ones are allowed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 28-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 28-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 44-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 44-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-6"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of state power to compel bodily searches. It determines whether drivers face criminal charges for refusing blood tests. This affects public safety enforcement and individual privacy rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 40-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 40-38"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-6"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-1468-birchfield-v-north-dakota","term":"2015","title":"Can states criminally punish drivers for refusing blood tests?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 40-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1468_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 40-38"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-03-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-03-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","paragraphs":["Appellants argue race predominated in the map. They cite a 55 percent floor. They claim this moved 44,000 voters.","Virginia argues the legislature treated districts equally. They claim they preserved district cores. They deny racial predominance.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the case's standing. She asked if the map changed meaningfully. She noted the new map splits fewer districts.","Justice Kennedy asked about using race. He questioned moving people for ease. He noted the race votes for one party."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 44-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 48-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 10-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-38"}]}],"caption":"Wittman v. Personhuballah","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.324143Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.333075Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Appellants claim race drove district lines. Virginia says politics did.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 34-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 10-46"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-03-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-1504.html","primary_docket":"14-1504","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:03:23.529375Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Appellants want the Court to reverse the lower court. They argue race drove the map. Virginia wants the Court to affirm the lower court. They argue politics drove the map."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 34-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 10-46"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 21, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 42-48"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Appellants want the Court to reverse the lower court. They argue race drove the map.","Virginia wants the Court to affirm the lower court. They argue politics drove the map."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 34-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 10-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Appellants argue a 55 percent floor moved voters. They claim this triggered strict scrutiny.","Virginia argues the legislature treated all districts equally. They claim no racial predominance occurred."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 34-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 10-46"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the case is moot. She noted most districts did not change.","Justice Kennedy asked if race can move people. He questioned using race for neutral goals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 42-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 42-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 24-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 24-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 44-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 48-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-38"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when race drives redistricting. It sets limits on state map drawing. It affects how states use racial data."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 34-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 10-46"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 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38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-38"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-1504-wittman-v-personhuballah","term":"2015","title":"Does race drive Virginia redistricting?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 34-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1504_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 10-46"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-02-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-02-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","paragraphs":["Jeffrey Wall argued the Federal Circuit test is too rigid. He stated it immunizes bad faith copiers from any enhancement.","Jeffrey Martinez agreed mere negligence is not enough for enhanced damages. He argued the Federal Circuit wrongly bars damages for reasonable defenses.","Justice Breyer noted the statute allows courts to increase damages up to three times. He stated he does not get much guidance from that text."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 4-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 10-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 10-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 48-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 24-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 24-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-14"}]}],"caption":"Halo Electronics, Inc. v. Pulse Electronics, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.463318Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.482210Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Patent holders seek higher damages for bad faith. Defenders argue reasonable beliefs should limit penalties.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 48-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 24-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 24-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 38-48"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-02-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-1513.html","primary_docket":"14-1513","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:06:19.302299Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case concerns patent infringement damages. One side wants courts to award higher penalties for bad faith. The other side wants courts to limit penalties when defendants have reasonable defenses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 48-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 24-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 24-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 38-48"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 23, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 24-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Halo Electronics wants courts to award higher damages for bad faith infringement.","Pulse Electronics wants courts to limit damages when defendants have reasonable defenses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 48-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 24-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 24-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 38-48"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Halo Electronics argues the Federal Circuit test wrongly immunizes bad faith copiers from penalties.","Pulse Electronics argues the statute lacks clear guidance for enhancing damages beyond standard amounts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 48-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 24-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 24-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 38-48"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked why the nature of infringement is so determinative under the side that brought the case's view.","Justice Breyer asked if the advocate is satisfied with the current statutory interpretation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 4-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 10-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 10-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-14"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute shapes how courts punish patent infringement. It affects the financial risk for companies using patented technology. It influences the balance between protecting inventors and allowing market entry."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 48-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 24-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 24-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 38-48"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 4-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 10-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 10-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-14"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-1513-halo-electronics-inc-v-pulse-electronics-inc","term":"2015","title":"Can a reasonable defense block patent damage enhancements?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 48-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 24-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 24-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1513_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 38-48"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-01-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-01-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Shapiro argued the Seventh Circuit erred by granting habeas relief without clear precedent.","Mr. Levenstam argued the lower court found no evidence linking the defendant to drug dealing.","justice_kennedy_questioned_how_the_answer_addressed_justice_kagan_concerns","justice_kagan_requested_clarification_on_the_answer_given_to_justice_sotomayor"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 40-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 40-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 32-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 32-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-8"}]}],"caption":"Duncan v. Owens","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.581819Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a conviction stands if the jury relied on information absent from the official trial record.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 40-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 40-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-30"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-01-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-1516.html","primary_docket":"14-1516","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:59:12.318647Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of jury instructions and evidence rules in criminal trials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 40-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 40-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-30"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 12, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Seventh Circuit decision overturned to uphold the conviction.","the opposing side wants the habeas relief granted to secure a new trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 40-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 40-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Seventh Circuit violated federal law by granting relief without clear precedent.","the opposing side argues the conviction relied on facts not presented in the trial record."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 40-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 40-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-30"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the state proved the defendant wanted to kill the victim.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the conviction relied on information missing from the record."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 32-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 32-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-8"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between jury discretion and strict evidence rules in criminal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 40-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 40-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-30"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 32-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 32-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-8"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-1516-duncan-v-owens","term":"2015","title":"Can a jury base a verdict on facts not in the trial record?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 40-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 40-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-1516_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-30"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-12-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-12-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Asay argued Vermont's data collection is not preempted.","Mr. Waxman argued ERISA fosters nationally uniform plan administration.","Mr. Bash addressed questions about the Affordable Care Act."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 46-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 46-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-32"}]}],"caption":"Gobeille v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.714633Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Vermont requires insurers to report health data. Liberty Mutual argues federal law blocks this state rule.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 46-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 46-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-12-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-181.html","primary_docket":"14-181","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:11:46.685822Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests state power to collect health data from insurers. Federal ERISA law aims for uniform national rules. Vermont claims its law regulates health care, not insurance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 46-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 46-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 2, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Vermont wants to keep its health data reporting law.","Liberty Mutual wants the federal law to block the state rule."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 46-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 46-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Vermont argues its law regulates health care, not insurance.","Liberty Mutual argues ERISA requires uniform national recordkeeping rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 46-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 46-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if data collection falls under ERISA.","Justice Alito asked why the original ERISA text matters now."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-32"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["State health data laws face federal preemption challenges. Insurers rely on uniform national rules. Vermont seeks to track health care spending locally."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 46-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 46-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-32"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-181-gobeille-v-liberty-mut-ins-co","term":"2015","title":"Does Vermont's health data law override federal ERISA rules?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 46-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 46-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-181_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-12-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-12-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","paragraphs":["Appellants argue the map violates equal protection.","The state argues the variance is constitutionally permitted.","The state claims Voting Rights Act compliance explains the design."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-10"}]}],"caption":"Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Comm'n","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.759009Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.771029Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Appellants argue the Arizona map violates equal protection. The state argues Voting Rights Act compliance justifies the variance.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 26-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 26-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-18"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-12-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-232.html","primary_docket":"14-232","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:10:51.654789Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Appellants want the Court to strike down the Arizona map. They claim unequal populations violate the Equal Protection Clause. The state wants the map to stand. It argues the variance serves a valid federal purpose."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 26-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 26-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-18"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 8, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 14-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Appellants want the Court to invalidate the Arizona map.","The state wants the Court to uphold the Arizona map."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 26-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 26-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Appellants argue unequal populations violate the Equal Protection Clause.","The state argues de minimis deviations are permitted by the Constitution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 26-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 26-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-18"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if appellants contest the predominant motive finding.","Justice Kennedy asked if appellants want to overturn the factual finding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-10"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of population equality in redistricting. It determines whether states can deviate from perfect equality. The outcome shapes how states draw legislative districts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 26-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 26-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-18"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 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8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-10"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-232-harris-v-arizona-independent-redistricting-comm-n","term":"2015","title":"Does the Constitution allow small population differences in state districts?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-232_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 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4-18"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-10-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-10-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Bernstein argued the Court should decide the issue now.","Mr. Dreeben argued Louisiana voluntarily incorporated a federal standard.","Mr. Plaisance argued the state court relied exclusively on federal law."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 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40-46"}]}],"caption":"Montgomery v. Louisiana","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.967275Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.984253Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Court can decide if a new federal rule applies to state prisoners.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 48-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 48-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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page 72, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 32-12"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-10-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-280.html","primary_docket":"14-280","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:27:25.712909Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the Court's power to apply federal rules to state cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 48-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 48-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 42-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 42-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 8-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 32-12"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 13, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 14-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["One side wants the Court to decide the case now.","The other side wants the Court to decline jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 48-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 48-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 42-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 42-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 8-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 32-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["One side argues Louisiana adopted a federal standard.","The other side argues the Court lacks jurisdiction here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 48-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 48-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 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8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 8-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 32-12"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the Supremacy Clause binds states only in direct criminal cases.","Justice Sotomayor asked how this case differs from Standard Oil."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 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48-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 42-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 42-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 8-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 32-12"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-280_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-38"}]}],"caption":"Ocasio v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.933821Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.946380Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a defendant can violate the Hobbs Act by conspiring with property owners to take their own property.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 44-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 44-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 36-46"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-361.html","primary_docket":"14-361","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:32:14.960224Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Ocasio faces charges for conspiring with repair shop owners. The government claims this violates the Hobbs Act. Ocasio argues the law requires taking property from a third party."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 44-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 44-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 36-46"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 6, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 48-50"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Ocasio wants the conviction overturned because the law requires taking property from a third party.","The United States wants the conviction upheld because the conspiracy satisfied all statutory elements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 44-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 44-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 36-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Ocasio argues the plain language of the Hobbs Act requires obtaining property from another person.","The United States argues a conspiracy to commit an offense satisfies the statute even if the victim is a co-conspirator."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 44-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 44-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 36-46"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the phrase any woman is broader than another woman.","Justice Kagan asked if it is natural to say a transported woman is transporting any woman."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-38"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal extortion laws. It clarifies who qualifies as a victim under the statute. The outcome shapes how prosecutors charge conspiracy cases involving property owners."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 44-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 44-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 36-46"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-38"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-361-ocasio-v-united-states","term":"2015","title":"Does a Hobbs Act conspiracy require obtaining property from a third party?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 44-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 44-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-361_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 36-46"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-11-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-11-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Srebnick argued the Sixth Amendment protects the right to spend one's own money on counsel.","Mr. Dreeben argued the principle from Monsanto resolves the case regarding substitute property.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned how defendants manage daily expenses under a total freeze.","Justice Kennedy asked about the difficulty of tracing assets to determine their taint."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 18-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 18-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-8"}]}],"caption":"Luis v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.874014Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.902651Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a pretrial freeze order can seize money a defendant earned legally to pay for their attorney.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 18-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 18-8"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-11-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-419.html","primary_docket":"14-419","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:14:29.334619Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Luis argues the Sixth Amendment protects her right to spend her own clean money on legal counsel. The government contends the freeze order is valid because it targets proceeds from drug activity. The lower court upheld the freeze, and Luis seeks reversal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 18-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 18-8"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 10, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Luis wants the Court to strike down the freeze order on her clean funds.","The government wants the Court to uphold the freeze order on her assets."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 18-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 18-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Luis argues the Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to spend one's own money on counsel.","The government argues the freeze order is valid because it targets drug proceeds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 18-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 18-8"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked how a defendant pays daily expenses if the freeze covers all money.","Justice Kennedy asked whether assets can be traced to determine their taint status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-8"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between government power and individual rights. It determines whether defendants can access their own funds for legal defense. The outcome shapes pretrial procedures for all criminal defendants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 18-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 18-8"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-8"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-419-luis-v-united-states","term":"2015","title":"Can the government freeze a defendant's clean funds to pay for legal defense?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 18-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-419_7758.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 18-8"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Kovner argued the Kansas Supreme Court erred.","Mr. McAllister argued each defendant received individualized sentencing.","Mr. Green highlighted differences in mitigation evidence."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 48-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 48-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 10-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 10-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 14-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-32"}]}],"caption":"Kansas v. Carr","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.952844Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.977136Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Kansas argues joint sentencing is constitutional. The defendants claim it violates their rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 48-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 48-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 10-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 10-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 14-10"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-449.html","primary_docket":"14-449","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:31:04.926335Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether joint sentencing violates the Eighth Amendment. Kansas argues the process is fair. The defendants claim it is unfair."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 48-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 48-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 10-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 10-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 14-10"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 14-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Kansas wants the Court to uphold the joint sentencing.","The defendants want the Court to reverse the lower court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 48-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 48-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 10-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 10-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 14-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Kansas argues joint sentencing enhances accuracy and fairness.","The defendants argue joint sentencing prevents individualized sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 48-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 48-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 10-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 10-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 14-10"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the issue applies only to the penalty phase.","Justice Sotomayor asked what constitutional standard the Court should apply."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-32"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of joint criminal sentencing. It affects how courts handle multiple defendants. It shapes future Eighth Amendment interpretations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 48-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 48-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 10-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 10-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 14-10"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 14-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-32"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-449-kansas-v-carr","term":"2015","title":"Does joint sentencing violate the Eighth Amendment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 48-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 48-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 10-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 10-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-449_1924.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 14-10"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Schmidt argued the sentences do not offend the Eighth Amendment.","Mr. Schmidt stated each juror could give meaningful effect to mitigating evidence.","Mr. Katyal argued the instructions create a reasonable likelihood of misinterpretation.","Mr. Katyal claimed this ambiguity is impermissible under the Eighth Amendment."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 10-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 46-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 46-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 50-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 50-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-1"}]}],"caption":"Kansas v. Gleason","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.936692Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.964581Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Kansas argues the instructions were clear. The defendant argues they create a risk of ignoring mitigating evidence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 10-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 46-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 46-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-46"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-452.html","primary_docket":"14-452","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:02:24.267386Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case concerns jury instructions in a death penalty trial. The instructions told jurors how to weigh evidence that might reduce the sentence. The parties disagree on whether these instructions were clear enough to satisfy federal constitutional standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 10-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 46-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 46-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-46"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 26-32"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Kansas wants the Supreme Court to confirm the lower court's finding that the instructions were constitutional.","The defendant wants the Supreme Court to find the instructions violated the Eighth Amendment and require a new trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 10-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 46-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 46-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Kansas argues the instructions allowed jurors to give meaningful effect to all mitigating evidence presented.","The defendant argues the instructions are so confusing that juries might wrongly ignore mitigating evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 10-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 46-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 46-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-46"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the lower court relied on inadmissible hearsay prejudice in a prior case.","Justice Scalia asked if the Court should look only at what the lower court explicitly stated regarding the Eighth Amendment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 50-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 50-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines how clearly states must explain jury instructions in death penalty trials. It affects whether jurors can properly weigh evidence that might spare a defendant's life. Clear instructions protect the right to a fair sentencing process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 10-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 46-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 46-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-46"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 50-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 50-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-1"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-452-kansas-v-gleason","term":"2015","title":"Do jury instructions that confuse the burden of proof violate the Eighth Amendment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 10-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 46-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 46-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-452_b18j.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-46"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","paragraphs":["DirectV's counsel argued the lower court violated federal law.","Imburgia's counsel cited prior Supreme Court precedent on arbitration scope.","Justices questioned the role of state law in federal preemption."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 16-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 16-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 8-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 8-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 4-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-34"}]}],"caption":"Directv, Inc. v. Imburgia","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.083127Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.107336Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"DirectV seeks to enforce an individual arbitration clause. Imburgia argues state law bars class arbitration.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 16-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 16-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 8-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 8-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-462.html","primary_docket":"14-462","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:31:20.163805Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["DirectV wants a federal court to enforce its individual arbitration clause. Imburgia wants a state court to apply state law and allow class arbitration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 16-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 16-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 8-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 8-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 6, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 8-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 8-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["DirectV wants the Court to enforce the individual arbitration clause.","Imburgia wants the Court to uphold the state court's interpretation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 16-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 16-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 8-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 8-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["DirectV argues the Federal Arbitration Act requires enforcing the clause.","Imburgia argues state contract law controls the interpretation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 16-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 16-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 8-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 8-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if federal law applies to scope disputes.","Justice Sotomayor asked which contract principle disfavors arbitration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 4-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-34"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between state and federal contract law. It determines how courts interpret arbitration clauses. It affects consumer rights in class actions. It shapes the enforceability of arbitration agreements nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 16-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 16-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 8-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 8-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 8-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 8-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 4-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-34"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-462-directv-inc-v-imburgia","term":"2015","title":"Does Federal Law Override State Court Interpretation of Arbitration Clauses?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 16-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 16-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 8-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-462_bi7b.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 8-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Strommer argued the legal question is straightforward.","Ms. Eisenstein stated the tribe believed it would not win.","Justice Sotomayor noted prior courts required exhaustion.","Justice Ginsburg pointed out the class action ended."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 10-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 10-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-10"}]}],"caption":"Menominee Tribe of Wis. v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.709051Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Menominee Tribe seeks equitable tolling based on bad legal advice. The government opposes this exception.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 10-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 10-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-28"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-510.html","primary_docket":"14-510","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:12:24.053855Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Menominee Tribe of Wisconsin sued the United States. The tribe claims it missed the filing deadline. It relied on legal advice that it did not need to exhaust administrative remedies. The government argues the deadline is strict. The tribe argues the advice was reasonable. The lower court rejected the tribe's claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 10-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 10-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-28"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 1, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The tribe wants the Court to allow equitable tolling for erroneous legal advice.","The government wants the Court to enforce the strict filing deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 10-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 10-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-28"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The tribe argues reasonable legal advice justifies tolling the deadline.","The government argues legal advice never justifies equitable tolling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 10-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 10-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-28"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked about the time between certification denial and presentment.","Justice Scalia questioned if any case supports tolling for legal advice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-10"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when courts excuse missed deadlines. It affects how parties rely on legal counsel. It shapes the scope of equitable tolling doctrines. It impacts access to federal courts for tribal nations. It clarifies the role of administrative exhaustion requirements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 10-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 10-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-28"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-10"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-510-menominee-tribe-of-wis-v-united-states","term":"2015","title":"Does erroneous legal advice toll the statute of limitations for tribal claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 10-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 10-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-510_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-28"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-10-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-10-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Duggan stated that joint debtors are applicants under the law.","Mr. Mcallister argued that the agency cannot rewrite the statute.","Justice Scalia questioned if a recommendation letter writer is an applicant.","Justice Scalia asked if the agency can define the term applicant."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 6-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 6-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-6"}]}],"caption":"Hawkins v. Community Bank of Raymore","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.920726Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the law protects guarantors from credit discrimination.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 6-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 6-32"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-10-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-520.html","primary_docket":"14-520","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:33:10.940006Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Hawkins v. Community Bank of Raymore asks if guarantors qualify as applicants under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act. The lower court ruled against the sides that brought the case. The Supreme Court will review this legal interpretation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 6-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 6-32"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 5, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to rule that guarantors are applicants under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act.","the opposing sides want the Court to rule that guarantors are not applicants under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 6-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 6-32"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Mr. Duggan argues that joint debtors are applicants under the statute.","Mr. Mcallister argues that the agency cannot rewrite the statute to exclude guarantors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 6-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 6-32"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if a recommendation letter writer is an applicant.","Justice Scalia asked if the agency can define the term applicant."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-6"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who receives federal protection from credit discrimination. It determines the scope of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act. It affects how banks treat guarantors in loan agreements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 6-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 6-32"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-6"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-520-hawkins-v-community-bank-of-raymore","term":"2015","title":"Do guarantors count as applicants under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 6-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-520_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 6-32"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-02-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-02-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","paragraphs":["Maryland's lawyer said states control utility purchasing.","Talen's lawyer said the state targeted federal markets.","justice_kagan_questioned_whether_ferc_jurisdiction_ends_the_case","chief_justice_roberts_asked_why_maryland_acted_if_prices_did_not_drop"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 30-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 30-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 10-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 34-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 24-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 24-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-50"}]}],"caption":"Hughes v. Talen Energy Marketing, LLC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.482152Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.494193Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Maryland argues it can direct utility purchases. Talen argues this violates federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 10-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 34-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 24-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 24-5"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-02-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-614.html","primary_docket":"14-614","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:05:43.875664Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Maryland wants to keep a local power plant running. Talen wants to stop this state mandate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 10-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 34-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 24-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 24-5"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 24, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 8-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Maryland wants to keep its utility purchase mandate.","Talen wants the Court to strike down the mandate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 10-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 34-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 24-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 24-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Maryland argues it controls local utility purchasing decisions.","Talen argues the state interfered with federal markets."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 10-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 34-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 24-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 24-5"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if federal jurisdiction ends the case.","Chief Justice Roberts asked why Maryland acted if prices did not drop."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 30-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 30-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-50"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["States must choose between local energy goals and federal market rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 10-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 34-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 24-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 24-5"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 30-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 30-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-50"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-614-hughes-v-talen-energy-marketing-llc","term":"2015","title":"Can Maryland force utilities to buy power from a specific plant?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 10-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 10-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 34-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 24-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-614_g2hk.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 24-5"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-02-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-02-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Jones argued the Hobbs Act has two elements. One is the robbery itself. The other is interference with commerce.","Mr. Yang argued three characteristics show the case fits Commerce Clause power.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 46-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 46-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-14"}]}],"caption":"Taylor v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.452191Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case argues the Hobbs Act excludes purely local drug robberies. The government claims federal jurisdiction covers all such crimes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 46-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 46-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-02-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-6166.html","primary_docket":"14-6166","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:06:00.684146Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the reach of federal robbery laws. It asks if Congress can regulate local drug crimes under the Commerce Clause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 46-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 46-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 23, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction overturned. They argue the crime was purely local.","The government wants the conviction upheld. They argue federal law covers this robbery."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 46-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 46-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case claims the Hobbs Act requires proof of interstate commerce impact.","The government asserts the Hobbs Act covers all drug-related robberies regardless of location."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 46-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 46-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if exclusive intrastate dealing changes the Hobbs Act analysis.","Justice Ginsburg questioned how to prove marijuana was grown in a specific state."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-14"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary of federal criminal power. It determines whether local drug crimes fall under federal jurisdiction. The outcome shapes the scope of the Commerce Clause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 46-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 46-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-14"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-6166-taylor-v-united-states","term":"2015","title":"Does the Hobbs Act cover local drug robberies?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 46-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 46-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-6166_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-11-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-11-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Stris argued an equitable lien applies only to specific property.","Mr. Katyal noted the beneficiary signed a reimbursement agreement.","Ms. Anders argued Congress limited remedies for plan breaches."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 10-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 38-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 38-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 40-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 40-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 24-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 24-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-18"}]}],"caption":"Montanile v. Board of Trustees of Nat. Elevator Industry Health Benefit Plan","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.855600Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.871349Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A health plan seeks to recover a settlement after the beneficiary spent the money.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 10-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 38-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 38-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 24-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 24-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-11-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-723.html","primary_docket":"14-723","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:16:25.604902Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a dispute over a settlement payment. The beneficiary spent the funds. The plan wants the money back."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 10-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 38-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 38-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 24-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 24-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 9, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 30-34"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The plan wants the beneficiary to repay the spent settlement funds.","The beneficiary wants to keep the spent settlement funds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 10-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 38-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 38-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 24-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 24-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The plan argues the beneficiary agreed to repay the settlement.","The beneficiary argues the plan cannot recover spent funds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 10-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 38-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 38-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 24-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 24-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if the beneficiary kept the money in a specific account.","Justice Kennedy asked if spending a mistaken bonus is generally accepted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 40-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 40-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-18"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when a health plan can recover spent settlement funds. It affects how beneficiaries manage settlement payments. It clarifies the scope of equitable liens in health plans."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 10-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 38-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 38-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 24-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 24-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 40-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 40-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-18"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-723-montanile-v-board-of-trustees-of-nat-elevator-industry-health-benefit-plan","term":"2015","title":"Can a health plan recover a settlement after the beneficiary spends it?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 10-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 38-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 38-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 24-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-723_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 24-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-10-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-10-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","paragraphs":["Seth Waxman argued that a judge made the factual finding for Hurst's death eligibility. He stated this violates the Sixth Amendment under prior Supreme Court precedent.","Florida's advocate argued the system remains constitutional. He claimed the jury already decided the necessary facts for Hurst's case.","justice_questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 16-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 16-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-12"}]}],"caption":"Hurst v. Florida","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.996742Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.999439Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Florida law lets a judge decide if a defendant faces execution. Timothy Hurst argues this violates the Sixth Amendment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 16-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 16-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-8"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-10-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-7505.html","primary_docket":"14-7505","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:28:44.921626Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Timothy Hurst faces the death penalty in Florida. A judge, not a jury, found the facts that made him eligible for execution. Hurst claims this violates the Sixth Amendment. Florida argues the system remains constitutional. The Court must decide who decides these critical facts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 16-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 16-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-8"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 13, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 10-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Timothy Hurst wants the Court to strike down Florida's sentencing law. He seeks a new trial with a jury deciding his eligibility for death.","Florida wants the Court to uphold its current sentencing system. It seeks to keep the judge's decision on death eligibility."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 16-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 16-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Florida argues its system was constitutional before recent rulings. It claims the jury already decided the necessary facts for Hurst's case.","Hurst argues a judge made the factual finding for his death eligibility. He claims this violates the Sixth Amendment under prior Supreme Court precedent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 16-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 16-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-8"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if a judge can ever reverse a jury's death recommendation.","Justice Scalia questioned whether juries must agree on specific aggravating factors or just generic conclusions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-12"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who decides if a person faces execution. It shapes the balance of power between judges and juries in capital cases. The outcome affects the rights of all defendants in death penalty states."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 16-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 16-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-8"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-12"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-7505-hurst-v-florida","term":"2015","title":"Must a jury decide facts that make a defendant eligible for the death penalty?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 16-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 16-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-7505_n55g.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-8"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-01-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-01-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Lamken argued that Congress has never limited a statute to one specific case.","Mr. Kneedler argued that Congress may amend laws to apply to pending cases.","Mr. Olson argued that the case involves a particular outcome and property."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 16-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 16-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 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8-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-14"}]}],"caption":"Markazi v. Peterson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.584528Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.612368Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue a statute targeting a single case violates the Constitution. the opposing sides claim Congress may amend laws for pending cases.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 16-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 16-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 40-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 40-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 4-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 4-46"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-01-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-770.html","primary_docket":"14-770","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:08:30.500055Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a statute that targets a specific pending lawsuit. The core dispute is whether Congress can limit a law's effect to one case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 16-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 16-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 40-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 40-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 4-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 4-46"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 13, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 40-48"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the statute as unconstitutional.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the statute and apply it to the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 16-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 16-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 40-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 40-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 4-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 4-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Congress has never enacted a statute limited to one specific pending case.","the opposing sides argue Congress may amend laws to apply to pending cases based on precedent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 16-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 16-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 40-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 40-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 4-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 4-46"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked what would happen if Congress specified nineteen cases.","Justice Kennedy asked if the principle applies to nineteen cases or three unrelated cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 8-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 8-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-14"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of congressional power over pending litigation. It determines whether Congress can target specific lawsuits with new laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 16-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 16-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 40-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 40-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 4-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 4-46"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 40-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 40-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 4-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-770_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 4-46"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-11-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-11-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's counsel claimed prosecutors targeted black jurors.","The state's counsel argued the side that brought the case bears the burden of proof.","Justice Kennedy questioned the nature of the legal bar involved.","Justice Alito inquired about the scope of state court review."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-46"}]}],"caption":"Foster v. Chatman","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.780222Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.799735Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether prosecutors used race to exclude jurors.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 24-14"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-11-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-8349.html","primary_docket":"14-8349","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:22:00.879894Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of federal review for state habeas claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 24-14"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 2, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 16-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks a new trial based on racial bias.","The state seeks to uphold the conviction and deny relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 24-14"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the res judicata bar is a state law question.","Justice Alito asked how the court handles short state opinions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-46"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the standard for proving racial bias in jury selection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 24-14"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-46"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-8349-foster-v-chatman","term":"2015","title":"Did prosecutors strike black jurors based on race?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8349_1bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 24-14"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-11-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-11-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case contends the statute reserves severe punishment for specific federal offenses.","The government argues the statute picks up definitions from federal provisions to cover state crimes.","Justice Kennedy noted Congress used similar statutory styles in later laws, favoring the government's view.","Justice Kagan asked if Congress intended to capture every conceivable state statute involving minors."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-10"}]}],"caption":"Lockhart v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.811466Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a specific federal statute requires a ten-year minimum sentence for defendants with prior state convictions involving minors.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 52-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-42"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-11-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-8358.html","primary_docket":"14-8358","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:19:33.595366Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a federal sentencing statute. The core issue is whether the law covers prior state offenses involving minors or only specific federal crimes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 52-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-42"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 3, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the mandatory minimum sentence removed from their case.","The government wants the mandatory minimum sentence to remain in effect."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 52-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-42"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute only covers specific federal offenses, not all state crimes involving minors.","The government argues the statute broadly covers any state offense relating to sexual abuse of a minor."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 52-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-42"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the mandatory minimum applies to a federal conviction for abusing an adult.","Justice Alito questioned the grammatical structure of the statutory list and its redundancy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-10"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal sentencing laws. It determines which prior state convictions trigger severe federal penalties. The outcome affects how judges apply mandatory minimums to similar cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 52-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-42"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-10"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-8358-lockhart-v-united-states","term":"2015","title":"Does a prior state conviction for abusing a minor trigger a federal mandatory minimum sentence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 52-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8358_i3kn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-42"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-10-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-10-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","paragraphs":["General Verrilli argued the Federal Power Act expressly authorizes FERC to regulate wholesale rate processes.","Mr. Phillips argued economic principles support the Commission's approach to demand response.","Mr. Clement represented the Electric Power Supply Association and other power generator organizations."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 34-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 8-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 8-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-34"}]}],"caption":"FERC v. Electric Power Supply Assn.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.015480Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.028189Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal rules for wholesale demand response unlawfully control retail electricity prices.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 34-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 8-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 8-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-46"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-10-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-840.html","primary_docket":"14-840","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:27:01.613806Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission issued rules for wholesale demand response. These rules allow utilities to pay customers to reduce peak usage. The Electric Power Supply Association challenged these rules. They argued the rules intrude on state authority over retail rates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 34-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 8-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 8-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-46"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 14, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 34-36"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Commission wants the Court to uphold its wholesale demand response rules.","The Association wants the Court to strike down the rules as exceeding federal power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 34-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 8-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 8-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Commission argues the Federal Power Act authorizes regulating wholesale rate-setting processes.","The Association argues the rules effectively regulate retail rates, which states control."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 34-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 8-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 8-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-46"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if FERC can strip its own power by yielding to state vetoes.","Justice Scalia questioned whether paying people not to use electricity falls within FERC's power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-34"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between federal wholesale regulation and state retail control. It determines who sets the rules for peak electricity demand. The outcome shapes how utilities manage grid reliability and consumer costs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 34-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 8-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 8-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-46"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-34"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-840-ferc-v-electric-power-supply-assn","term":"2015","title":"Can FERC regulate retail electricity demand as part of wholesale rates?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 34-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 8-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 8-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-840_5ok6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-46"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-11-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-11-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Shelley argued the per-prisoner approach fits the text.","Ms. Saharsky argued the statute views each case separately.","Justice Ginsburg asked about cost awards after a loss.","Justice Scalia questioned the disincentive for filing many cases."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-28"}]}],"caption":"Bruce v. Samuels","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.849302Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Prisoners dispute whether they must pay all district court fees before paying appeal fees.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 50-8"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-11-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-844.html","primary_docket":"14-844","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:00:55.752098Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks how the Prison Litigation Reform Act calculates fees for appeals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 50-8"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 4, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to pay appeal fees before finishing district court fees.","the opposing sides want prisoners to finish district court fees first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 50-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the law supports paying fees per prisoner.","the opposing sides argue the law requires full payment of prior fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 50-8"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if appeal fees wait for district fees.","Justice Scalia asked if filing many cases avoids paying fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-28"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute changes how much money prisoners pay to sue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 50-8"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-28"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-844-bruce-v-samuels","term":"2015","title":"How much do prisoners pay to appeal?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-844_4fci.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 50-8"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-10-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-10-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","paragraphs":["The company's lawyer argued that refusing an offer of full relief should end the case.","The plaintiff's lawyer argued that an unaccepted offer cannot remove the court's power to decide the case.","Justices questioned whether an offer of judgment is legally equivalent to a final court order."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 30-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 10-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 10-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 44-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-28"}]}],"caption":"Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.009120Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:23.031102Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A company argues that offering full payment ends a case. The plaintiff argues the case continues until a judge accepts the offer.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 30-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 10-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 10-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 44-12"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-10-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-857.html","primary_docket":"14-857","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T20:01:55.187250Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a defendant can end a lawsuit by offering full payment. The plaintiff refused the offer. The company wants the case dismissed. The plaintiff wants to keep the case alive."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 30-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 10-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 10-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 44-12"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 14, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 44-48"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The company wants the case dismissed because it offered full payment.","The plaintiff wants the case to continue because the offer was not accepted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 30-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 10-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 10-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 44-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The company argues that an offer of full payment ends the legal dispute.","The plaintiff argues that an unaccepted offer does not end the legal dispute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 30-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 10-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 10-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 44-12"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the plaintiff could still seek an injunction.","Justice Ginsburg noted that federal rules treat unaccepted offers as withdrawn after fourteen days."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-28"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue determines whether companies can force plaintiffs to accept payment or lose their case. It affects how courts handle settlement offers during litigation. It shapes the balance of power between parties in federal courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 30-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 10-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 10-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 44-12"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-28"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-857-campbell-ewald-co-v-gomez","term":"2015","title":"Does an unaccepted offer of full payment end a lawsuit?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 30-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 10-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 10-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-857_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 44-12"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-01-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-01-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that a presumption of harm lacks support in precedent.","The government argues that the Guidelines remain central to federal sentencing.","Justice Alito questioned the allocation of the burden of persuasion in specific scenarios.","Justice Sotomayor challenged the distinction between general and specific evidence."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 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United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.561747Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a defendant must prove that a sentencing guideline error changed their sentence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 42-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 42-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-01-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-8913.html","primary_docket":"14-8913","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:09:24.140449Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if a court error in calculating sentencing guidelines automatically invalidates a sentence. the side that brought the case argues the error is not automatically harmful. The government argues the error is presumptively harmful."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 42-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 42-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 12, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to reject the presumption that guideline errors are always harmful.","The government wants the Court to treat guideline errors as automatically prejudicial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 42-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 42-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that plain error review does not support a presumption of harm.","The government argues that the Guidelines are central to federal sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 42-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 42-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the burden of persuasion shifts to the prosecution when evidence is absent.","Justice Sotomayor asked why the side that brought the case labels certain evidence as general rather than specific."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-24"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the standard for reviewing sentencing calculations. It determines how courts handle errors in federal sentencing guidelines. The outcome shapes the rights of defendants in federal courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 42-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 42-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-8913_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-01-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-01-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Carvin argued the sides that brought the case subsidize opposing ideological views.","Mr. Frederick argued Abood permits reasonable fee collection.","Mr. Dumont argued the state manages the workplace like a private employer."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 6-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 6-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 16-26"}]}],"caption":"Friedrichs v. California Teachers Assn.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.551889Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.558750Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue mandatory fees violate free speech. The union and state claim fees support lawful workplace management.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 12-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 12-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 42-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 42-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 16-26"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-01-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-915.html","primary_docket":"14-915","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:09:42.008623Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether public-sector unions can compel non-members to pay fees. the sides that brought the case say this forces them to subsidize ideological speech. The union and state say fees cover necessary representation costs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 12-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 12-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 42-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 42-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 16-26"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 11, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 12-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down mandatory union fees.","The union and state want the Court to keep the fee requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 12-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 12-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 42-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 42-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 16-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue compelled fees violate First Amendment rights.","The union argues fees cover lawful representation services."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 12-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 12-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 42-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 42-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 16-26"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked why the government must manage employee views.","Justice Scalia questioned the relevance of employee opposition to fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 50-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 26-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 26-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 6-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 6-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-10"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of compelled speech in public employment. It determines whether workers must fund union advocacy. The outcome shapes labor relations across the country."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 12-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 12-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 42-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 42-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 16-26"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 50-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 12-16"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-915-friedrichs-v-california-teachers-assn","term":"2015","title":"Can states force public employees to fund union speech?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 12-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 12-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 42-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 42-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-915_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 16-26"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-02-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-02-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Saunders argued the 2006 Veterans Act requires prioritizing veteran-owned firms. He stated this applies before awarding contracts to other suppliers.","Mr. Tripp argued the mandate applies to wholly new contracts. He stated it does not apply to orders under old contracts.","procedural_posture"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-42"}]}],"caption":"Kingdomware Technologies, Inc. v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.435744Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Kingdomware argues the VA must prioritize veteran-owned firms for new orders. The government says the VA can use existing contracts.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-02-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-916.html","primary_docket":"14-916","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:06:40.006452Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on federal procurement rules. Kingdomware seeks to enforce a statutory preference. The government defends its current contracting method."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 22, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Kingdomware wants the Court to order the VA to prioritize veteran-owned firms for new orders.","The government wants the Court to allow the VA to place orders under existing contracts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Kingdomware argues the 2006 Veterans Act mandates prioritizing veteran-owned firms before other suppliers.","The government argues the mandate applies only to wholly new contracts, not existing orders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked about the specific contract amount.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the client remains a Federal Supply Schedule vendor. She also asked about stipulated costs and database capabilities. She questioned if ruling for Kingdomware would eliminate the Federal Supply Schedule system. Justice Alito asked what relief is consistent with the Tucker Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-42"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines how the VA awards contracts. It affects veteran-owned businesses seeking federal work. It shapes the scope of the Federal Supply Schedule system."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-42"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-916-kingdomware-technologies-inc-v-united-states","term":"2015","title":"Does the Veterans Act require the VA to prioritize veteran-owned firms for new orders?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-916_llh1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-12-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-12-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","paragraphs":["Appellants claim total-population counting dilutes voter power.","Texas claims total-population counting ensures equal representation.","Justice Kagan asked why House rules differ from state rules."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 42-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 42-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-28"}]}],"caption":"Evenwel v. Abbott","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.748482Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Appellants demand voter-based districting. Texas defends total-population counting.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 42-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 42-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 50-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-12-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-940.html","primary_docket":"14-940","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:10:20.292685Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the one-person, one-vote rule. It asks if states must count only eligible voters. Texas counts all residents. Appellants claim this violates equal protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 42-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 42-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 50-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 8, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Appellants want states to count only eligible voters.","Texas wants to keep counting all residents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 42-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 42-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 50-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Appellants argue total-population counting violates equal protection.","Texas argues total-population counting satisfies equal representation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 42-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 42-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 50-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if practicality affects the decision.","Justice Ginsburg asked if excluding women was wrong pre-1920."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-28"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines how states measure political equality. It shapes who holds power in local government. It determines the weight of each citizen's voice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 42-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 42-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 50-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-28"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-940-evenwel-v-abbott","term":"2015","title":"Must states count all residents or only voters when drawing districts?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 42-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 42-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-940_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 50-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-12-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-12-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Rein argued that the university could not estimate the exact impact of race in admissions.","Mr. Garre stated he would focus on three key issues during his argument.","Justice Sotomayor pressed the advocate to explain why the plan is worse than Bakke."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 30-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 30-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 34-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 34-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 16-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 16-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 28-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 28-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 8-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 8-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 8-28"}]}],"caption":"Fisher v. University of Tex. at Austin","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.777534Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.787978Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Abigail Fisher challenges the University of Texas at Austin's use of race in admissions. The university defends its holistic review process.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 30-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 30-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 34-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 34-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 8-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 8-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 8-28"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-12-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-981.html","primary_docket":"14-981","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:09:59.582202Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a public university may consider race as one factor in admissions. the side that brought the case argues this practice violates the Constitution. the opposing side argues it serves a compelling state interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 30-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 30-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 34-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 34-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 8-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 8-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 8-28"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 9, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 34-44"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Fisher wants the Court to strike down the university's race-conscious admissions policy.","The university wants the Court to uphold its holistic review process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 30-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 30-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 34-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 34-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 8-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 8-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 8-28"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Fisher argues that using race in admissions violates the Equal Protection Clause.","The university argues that its plan is narrowly tailored to achieve educational diversity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 30-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 30-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 34-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 34-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 8-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 8-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 8-28"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked what is wrong with the plan if the need for it is assumed.","Justice Sotomayor asked how the plan differs from the Bakke precedent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 16-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 16-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 28-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 28-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-6"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the limits of affirmative action in public education. It determines whether universities can consider race to build diverse student bodies. This affects access to higher education for all applicants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 30-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 30-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 34-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 34-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 8-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 8-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 8-28"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 16-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 16-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 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40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-6"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-981-fisher-v-university-of-tex-at-austin","term":"2015","title":"Does Texas's holistic admissions plan violate the Equal Protection Clause?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 30-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 30-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 34-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 34-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 8-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 8-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-981_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 8-28"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2015-11-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2015-11-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kimberly argued the statute plainly requires a three-judge panel.","Mr. Sullivan argued Congress gave single judges dismissal power in 1976.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 32-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 32-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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McManus","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.840986Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue a single judge lacks authority to dismiss redistricting cases. the opposing sides claim Congress granted that power in 1976.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 32-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 32-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2015-11-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-990.html","primary_docket":"14-990","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:16:52.741071Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether one district judge can dismiss a challenge to congressional district maps. the sides that brought the case seek a three-judge panel. the opposing sides want a single judge to decide the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 32-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 32-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 4, 2015."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a three-judge panel to hear the case.","the opposing sides want a single judge to dismiss the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 32-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 32-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute mandates a three-judge panel for map challenges.","the opposing sides argue Congress authorized single judges to dismiss these cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 32-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 32-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked how to handle precedents that seem outdated.","Justice Kennedy asked if a single judge can dismiss long-standing cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-16"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines who decides redistricting lawsuits. It shapes the speed and cost of challenging district maps. It affects how citizens seek fair representation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 32-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 32-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-16"}]}],"slug":"2015-14-990-shapiro-v-mcmanus","term":"2015","title":"Can a single judge dismiss a redistricting suit?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 32-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 32-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/14-990_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-01-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-01-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","paragraphs":["Christopher Landau argued the people of Puerto Rico are the source of local law.","He stated this point is straightforward and central to the case.","Ms. Saharsky addressed the dual sovereignty test used in Double Jeopardy cases.","She explained why the Court has historically applied this specific test."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 24-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 24-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-48"}]}],"caption":"Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.591361Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.618949Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Puerto Rico argues its people hold distinct power to punish. The defendant argues only the federal government holds that power.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 24-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 24-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 48-12"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-01-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-108.html","primary_docket":"15-108","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:08:46.854268Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether Puerto Rico acts as a separate sovereign. This status allows both local and federal courts to try one person for the same act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 24-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 24-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 48-12"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 13, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Puerto Rico wants to proceed with its criminal trial against the defendant.","The defendant wants the local trial dismissed to prevent double punishment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 24-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 24-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 48-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Puerto Rico argues its people derive authority directly from local sources.","The defendant argues Puerto Rico remains a territory under federal control."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 24-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 24-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 48-12"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Scalia asked if recognizing Puerto Rico as sovereign is essential to the case.","Justice Ginsburg asked how the relevant statute operates in both directions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-48"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the legal status of U.S. territories. It determines whether local governments hold independent power to punish crimes. The outcome shapes the balance of federal and local authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 24-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 24-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 48-12"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-48"}]}],"slug":"2015-15-108-puerto-rico-v-sanchez-valle","term":"2015","title":"Can Puerto Rico and the United States both prosecute the same crime?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 24-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 24-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-108_5436.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 48-12"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-03-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-03-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Martinez argued a Section 2680 dismissal triggers the judgment bar.","He stated the bar applies to any FTCA judgment.","Justice Alito questioned the definition of a technical judgment.","Mr. Ramirez argued the Postal Reorganization Act applies the FTCA."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 4-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 4-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-24"}]}],"caption":"Simmons v. Himmelreich","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.341081Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue a Section 2680 dismissal bars new suits. the opposing sides argue it does not.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 4-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 4-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 20-38"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-03-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-109.html","primary_docket":"15-109","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:03:08.095568Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case concerns the Federal Tort Claims Act. It asks if a specific dismissal ends the right to sue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 4-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 4-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 20-38"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 22, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the dismissal to bar new lawsuits.","the opposing sides want the dismissal to allow new lawsuits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 4-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 4-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 20-38"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue a Section 2680 dismissal is a judgment.","the opposing sides argue a Section 2680 dismissal is not a judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 4-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 4-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 20-38"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked about the meaning of the statutory phrase.","Justice Alito asked what a technical judgment means."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-24"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when a dismissal ends a plaintiff's right to sue. It clarifies the scope of the Federal Tort Claims Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 4-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 4-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 20-38"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-24"}]}],"slug":"2015-15-109-simmons-v-himmelreich","term":"2015","title":"Does a dismissal under Section 2680 trigger the FTCA judgment bar?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 4-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 4-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-109_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 20-38"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-03-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-03-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Goldenberg argued Section 1962 affects government prosecutions.","Mr. Katsas stated the Second Circuit extended RICO to foreign claims.","Mr. Frederick noted the EU sued for actions in the U.S.","Justice Breyer questioned the purpose of including foreign acts in RICO."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 42-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 42-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-50"}]}],"caption":"RJR Nabisco, Inc. v. European Community","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.329611Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The European Community seeks damages for tobacco harm abroad. RJR Nabisco argues the law only covers domestic injuries.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 42-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 42-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-03-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-138.html","primary_docket":"15-138","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:03:44.852424Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether civil RICO applies to foreign injuries. The European Community wants compensation for harm in Europe. RJR Nabisco wants the claim dismissed. The Second Circuit allowed the foreign claim. the sides that brought the case ask the Court to reverse that ruling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 42-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 42-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 21, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The European Community wants damages for foreign injuries.","RJR Nabisco wants the foreign claim dismissed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 42-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 42-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The European Community argues RICO covers foreign injuries.","RJR Nabisco argues RICO covers only domestic injuries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 42-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 42-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked why Congress included foreign acts in RICO.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the statute implies domestic injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-50"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the geographic reach of civil RICO. It determines whether foreign victims can sue in U.S. courts. It affects how companies face liability for global conduct. It shapes the balance between domestic and foreign legal claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 42-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 42-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-50"}]}],"slug":"2015-15-138-rjr-nabisco-inc-v-european-community","term":"2015","title":"Does civil RICO cover foreign injuries?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 42-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 42-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-138_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Dvoretzky argued Congress added actual fraud to the discharge bar in 1978.","He stated his interpretation gives meaning to that amendment.","Ms. Murphy argued Section 523(a)(2) applies to debts fraudulently induced.","Ms. Harrington argued the lower court erred in requiring intentional misrepresentation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 52-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 52-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-44"}]}],"caption":"Husky Int'l Electronics, Inc. v. Ritz","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.523284Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a debtor must prove a specific lie to a creditor to block discharge.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 52-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 52-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-145.html","primary_docket":"15-145","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:04:20.971569Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Husky International Electronics seeks to discharge a debt. The creditor argues the debt arose from actual fraud. The lower court required proof of a specific misrepresentation. the side that brought the case argues this requirement is too narrow."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 52-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 52-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 1, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Husky wants the Court to reject the specific misrepresentation requirement.","Ritz wants the Court to keep the specific misrepresentation requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 52-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 52-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Husky argues the statute covers any debt obtained by actual fraud.","Ritz argues the statute requires proof of a specific fraudulent inducement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 52-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 52-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if the debt belongs to the transferor or the creditor.","Justice Kennedy asked if state law fraud is required for veil piercing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-44"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of bankruptcy discharge bars. It determines which debts survive bankruptcy proceedings. Creditors rely on this standard to protect their interests. Debtors rely on it to achieve a fresh start."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 52-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 52-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-44"}]}],"slug":"2015-15-145-husky-int-l-electronics-inc-v-ritz","term":"2015","title":"Does actual fraud require a specific lie to a creditor?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 52-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 52-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-145_a07i.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-03-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-03-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Landau argued Congress stripped Puerto Rico of restructuring tools.","Mr. McGill stated Congress withdrew Chapter 9 power in 1984.","justice_breyer_questioned_statutory_text","justice_ginsburg_questioned_contract_clause"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 10-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 10-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-20"}]}],"caption":"Puerto Rico v. Franklin Cal. Tax-Free Trust","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.357025Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Puerto Rico seeks to restructure utility debts. Lenders argue federal law blocks this.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-18"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-03-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-233.html","primary_docket":"15-233","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:02:52.988034Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Puerto Rico wants to restructure utility debts. Lenders want to keep full payment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-18"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 22, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Puerto Rico wants to restructure utility debts.","Lenders want to enforce full contract payment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Puerto Rico argues federal law allows restructuring.","Lenders argue the Contract Clause blocks changes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-18"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked where the statute includes Puerto Rico.","Justice Ginsburg asked about the Contract Clause bar."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 10-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 10-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-20"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines Puerto Rico's debt restructuring power. It affects essential utility services for residents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-18"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 10-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 10-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-20"}]}],"slug":"2015-15-233-puerto-rico-v-franklin-cal-tax-free-trust","term":"2015","title":"Can Puerto Rico Restructure Public Utility Debts?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-233_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-18"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-03-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-03-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Toti argued the Texas requirements undermine the Casey balance.","General Verrilli argued the Texas law effects are more extreme than prior cases.","Mr. Keller argued the sides that brought the case try to upset the Casey balance."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 18-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 26-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 26-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 48-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 8-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 48-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 48-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 26-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 26-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-6"}]}],"caption":"Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.526015Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.551811Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Clinics argue Texas rules block access. Texas argues the rules protect health.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 18-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 26-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 26-16"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-03-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-274.html","primary_docket":"15-274","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:04:03.502357Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down two Texas clinic rules. They claim these rules create substantial obstacles to abortion access. the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the rules. They claim the rules serve legitimate state health interests."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 18-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 26-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 26-16"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 2, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 16-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to invalidate the Texas clinic rules.","the opposing sides want the Court to keep the Texas clinic rules in force."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 18-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 26-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 26-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the rules undermine the balance struck in Casey.","the opposing sides argue the rules protect women's health and safety."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 18-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 26-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 26-16"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked what evidence supports the sides that brought the case' claims.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the surgical center claim is distinct from prior litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 26-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 26-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 48-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 8-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 48-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 48-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-6"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of state power to regulate abortion clinics. It determines how much access women have to reproductive care. It shapes the legal standard for evaluating clinic safety rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 18-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 26-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 26-16"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 26-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 26-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 48-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 8-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 48-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 48-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-6"}]}],"slug":"2015-15-274-whole-woman-s-health-v-hellerstedt","term":"2015","title":"Do Texas abortion clinic rules create undue burdens?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 18-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 26-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-274_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 26-16"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-03-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-03-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","paragraphs":["Malcolm Stewart argued the determination is not final agency action. He stated it does not order anyone to do or refrain from doing anything.","Stewart claimed the document does not alter anyone's legal rights and obligations. He emphasized the lack of binding force in the determination.","Justice Roberts questioned the finality of the Corps' determination. He noted the document describes nonspecial cases in specific sections.","Justice Alito asked about the reviewability of the determination under the EPA. He inquired about the distance between the issue and the core case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-6"}]}],"caption":"Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.429631Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Hawkes seeks to stop the Corps from enforcing its wetland ruling. The Corps claims the ruling is not final.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-03-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-290.html","primary_docket":"15-290","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:00:47.526575Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Army Corps of Engineers issued a jurisdictional determination. This ruling identifies specific wetlands. Hawkes Company challenges the scope of this authority. The dispute centers on whether this document is final agency action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 30, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Hawkes wants the Court to declare the Corps determination final. This would allow Hawkes to challenge the ruling in court.","The Corps wants the Court to declare the determination non-final. This would prevent immediate judicial review of the wetland ruling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Hawkes argues the determination is final agency action. The company claims the document alters legal rights and obligations.","The Corps argues the determination is not final. The agency claims it does not order anyone to act or refrain from acting."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the determination is reviewable under the EPA. He questioned how far removed the issue is from the core case.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the determination is final regarding the Corps. He questioned whether the document applies only to special case determinations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-6"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal wetland regulation. It determines when private parties can challenge agency determinations. The outcome shapes the balance between federal authority and private property rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-6"}]}],"slug":"2015-15-290-army-corps-of-engineers-v-hawkes-co","term":"2015","title":"Does a Corps wetland determination bind private parties?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-290_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-03-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-03-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Murphy argued Ohio law authorizes the attorney general to appoint special counsel.","Ms. Harrington argued the statute covers collectors authorized by state agencies.","Mr. Rosencranz argued private collectors are not state officers or part of the office."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-36"}]}],"caption":"Sheriff v. Gillie","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.397668Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.402906Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Ohio argues private collectors hired by its attorney general are state officers. Gillie argues they are private actors subject to federal debt collection limits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 30-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 30-6"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-03-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-338.html","primary_docket":"15-338","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:01:36.174822Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether private debt collectors hired by a state attorney general qualify as state officers. This status determines if federal debt collection rules apply to their work."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 30-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 30-6"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 29, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 10-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Ohio wants the Court to classify its hired collectors as state officers.","Gillie wants the Court to classify the collectors as private actors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 30-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 30-6"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Ohio argues these collectors act as the attorney general's agents.","Gillie argues the statute targets private collectors, not state officers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 30-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 30-6"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if independent contractors can legally become state officers.","Justice Ginsburg asked how the law treats in-house versus outside collectors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-36"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who counts as a state officer. It determines which debt collection rules apply to state-hired private firms. The outcome shapes state debt collection practices nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 30-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 30-6"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-36"}]}],"slug":"2015-15-338-sheriff-v-gillie","term":"2015","title":"Do state-hired private debt collectors count as state officers?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 30-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-338_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 30-6"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-03-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-03-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Bernhardt argued the Fourth Circuit adopted a nontextual exception to the Prison Litigation Reform Act. She claimed this exception eviscerates Congress's intent to require exhaustion of administrative remedies.","Mr. Hughes argued the proper outcome is to dismiss the case as improvidently granted. He alternatively argued the Court should affirm the lower court decision.","Mr. Tripp asked the Court to vacate and remand the case. He requested the lower court address case-specific arguments that emerged during briefing."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-10"}]}],"caption":"Ross v. Blake","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.417896Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Prisoners argue the Fourth Circuit wrongly created an exception to the Prison Litigation Reform Act. The government argues the lower court correctly applied the law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 20-36"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-03-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-339.html","primary_docket":"15-339","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:01:11.563524Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case concerns whether prisoners must finish internal prison appeals before filing federal lawsuits. The Fourth Circuit allowed a prisoner to sue without completing this process. The government says this violates federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 20-36"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 29, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Supreme Court to reverse the Fourth Circuit decision. the side that brought the case argues the lower court created an illegal exception to federal law.","the opposing side wants the Supreme Court to affirm the Fourth Circuit decision. the opposing side argues the lower court correctly applied the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 20-36"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Fourth Circuit adopted a nontextual exception to the Prison Litigation Reform Act. the side that brought the case claims this exception eviscerates Congress's intent to require exhaustion of administrative remedies.","the opposing side argues the proper outcome is to dismiss the case as improvidently granted. Alternatively, the opposing side argues the Court should affirm the lower court decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 20-36"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if any case exists where the ARP adjudicated a complaint during an IIU investigation. Justice Kagan asked if prisoners must file with the ARP even when an IIU investigation is ongoing. Justice Kagan asked why cases suggest the ARP throws out cases when an IIU investigation exists.","Justice Sotomayor asked for an ARP case where the prisoner filed and the ARP made a determination. Justice Sotomayor asked if such a case exists in the record."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-10"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether prisoners must complete internal prison appeals before suing in federal court. The outcome affects the balance between prisoner rights and prison administration. It clarifies the scope of the Prison Litigation Reform Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 20-36"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-10"}]}],"slug":"2015-15-339-ross-v-blake","term":"2015","title":"Must prisoners exhaust administrative remedies before suing?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-339_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 20-36"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-04-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-04-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","paragraphs":["Rosenkranz argued Congress modified the American Rule in the Copyright Act. He stated this was not just to punish unreasonable positions.","Rosenkranz cited statistics showing 44 percent and 85 percent. He noted no case awarded fees where the plaintiff was unreasonable.","Goldenberg discussed the Matthew Bender standard in the Second Circuit. She noted objective reasonableness should get substantial weight.","Smith argued the lower courts did everything right. He supported the fee award for the successful plaintiff."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 28-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 28-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 46-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 24-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-8"}]}],"caption":"Supap Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.235555Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.261921Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Kirtsaeng argues the Copyright Act limits fee awards to unreasonable conduct. Wiley argues the statute allows fees for any successful plaintiff.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 28-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 28-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 46-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 24-12"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-04-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-375.html","primary_docket":"15-375","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:57:24.785620Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how courts decide who pays legal costs in copyright disputes. The lower court denied fees to the winner. Kirtsaeng wants to keep that denial. Wiley wants the court to award fees to the winner."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 28-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 28-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 46-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 24-12"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 25, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Kirtsaeng wants the court to deny Wiley's fee request. He argues the statute limits fees to unreasonable conduct.","Wiley wants the court to award fees to the winner. It argues the statute allows fees for any successful plaintiff."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 28-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 28-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 46-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 24-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Kirtsaeng argues Congress modified the American Rule in the Copyright Act. He claims this change targets only unreasonable positions.","Wiley argues the lower courts acted correctly. It claims the statute supports fee awards for successful plaintiffs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 28-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 28-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 46-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 24-12"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the case could have been woefully infringing. She noted it would have had circuit precedent.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if defendants in copyright cases still show up. He questioned their presence in the Second Circuit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-8"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines when copyright winners recover legal costs. It shapes litigation strategy for publishers and individuals. It affects the financial risk of bringing weak claims. It influences how courts manage copyright enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 28-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 28-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 46-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 24-12"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-8"}]}],"slug":"2015-15-375-supap-kirtsaeng-v-john-wiley-sons-inc","term":"2015","title":"Should courts award attorney fees to copyright plaintiffs who win on weak claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 28-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 28-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 46-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-375_4fc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 24-12"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-04-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-04-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","paragraphs":["Clement asserted service advisors are salespeople engaged in servicing.","Bibas countered that service advisors only write paperwork.","Yang explained Congress separated salesmen from mechanics in 1974."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 50-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 50-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-32"}]}],"caption":"Encino Motorcars, LLC v. Navarro","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.229079Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.248725Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether service advisors fit the statutory definition of exempt salespeople.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 48-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 48-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 4-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 4-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 50-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 50-38"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-04-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-415.html","primary_docket":"15-415","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:59:18.958239Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the FLSA sales exemption for auto dealers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 48-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 48-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 4-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 4-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 50-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 50-38"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 20, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 34-36"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Encino Motorcars wants the Court to classify service advisors as exempt salespeople.","Navarro wants the Court to classify service advisors as non-exempt employees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 48-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 48-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 4-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 4-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 50-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 50-38"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Clement argues service advisors are principally engaged in servicing automobiles.","Bibas argues service advisors do not sell cars or perform manual labor."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 48-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 48-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 4-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 4-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 50-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 50-38"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Sotomayor questioned the impact on salaried employees without overtime protection.","Breyer questioned the historical rationale for exempting partsmen and mechanics."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-32"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines which auto industry workers receive overtime pay protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 48-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 48-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 4-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 4-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 50-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 50-38"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-32"}]}],"slug":"2015-15-415-encino-motorcars-llc-v-navarro","term":"2015","title":"Do auto service advisors qualify for the FLSA sales exemption?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 48-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 48-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 4-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 4-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 50-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-415_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 50-38"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-04-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-04-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","paragraphs":["Elizabeth Prelogar argued that Congress enacted the law to address domestic violence in Indian Country.","Mr. Babcock argued that the right to counsel is fundamental and essential in the country.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if convictions in a tribal court count as predicates without the Indian Civil Rights Act."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 40-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-42"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Bryant","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.184945Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal courts can use tribal court records to enhance a defendant's sentence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 40-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-04-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-420.html","primary_docket":"15-420","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:59:57.202559Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of federal sentencing laws. It asks if tribal court records qualify as prior convictions. The answer shapes how federal judges calculate sentences for defendants with tribal histories."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 40-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 19, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to allow tribal court records to count as prior offenses.","The defendant wants the Court to bar the use of tribal court records for sentencing enhancements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 40-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that Congress intended to include all prior convictions in sentencing calculations.","The defendant argues that tribal court records lack the procedural safeguards required for federal sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 40-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the determination would be case by case.","Justice Kennedy asked if a specific showing could be attempted in this case type."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-42"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue determines how federal courts treat tribal court records. It affects the length of sentences for defendants with tribal histories. It clarifies the relationship between tribal and federal legal systems."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 40-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-42"}]}],"slug":"2015-15-420-united-states-v-bryant","term":"2015","title":"Do tribal court convictions count as prior offenses for federal sentencing?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 40-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-420_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-04-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-04-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Gannon argued the Patent Office reasonably uses its longstanding approach.","Mr. Beeney argued the broadest reasonable interpretation harms patent holders.","Justice Breyer asked whether the interpretation determines patentability directly.","Justice Alito asked if the Board must stick to its initial interpretation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-8"}]}],"caption":"Cuozzo Speed Technologies, LLC v. Lee","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.265687Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.279373Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Cuozzo Speed Technologies argues the Patent Office misapplied claim construction rules. The government defends its current interpretation method.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 10-20"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-04-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-446.html","primary_docket":"15-446","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:58:40.554096Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on how the Patent Trial and Appeal Board interprets patent claims during inter partes review. Cuozzo Speed Technologies seeks a standard aligned with district courts. The government defends the Board's existing approach."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 10-20"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 25, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Cuozzo Speed Technologies wants the Court to mandate ordinary claim construction standards.","The government wants the Court to uphold the broadest reasonable interpretation standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 10-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Cuozoo Speed Technologies argues the broadest reasonable interpretation conflicts with congressional purpose.","The government argues the broadest reasonable interpretation fits the hybrid nature of the proceeding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 10-20"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked about the second of four points.","Justice Sotomayor questioned whether congressional amendment rights support the side that brought the case's view."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-8"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Patent holders face different interpretation standards in administrative and judicial forums. This inconsistency creates uncertainty in patent enforcement. The outcome shapes the balance between administrative efficiency and legal consistency."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 10-20"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-8"}]}],"slug":"2015-15-446-cuozzo-speed-technologies-llc-v-lee","term":"2015","title":"Does the Patent Office use the broadest reasonable interpretation in inter partes review?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-446_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 10-20"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-04-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-04-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues discharge ends the jury's legal duty.","the opposing side argues recall protects the defendant from prejudice.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the need for an absolute bar on recall.","Chief Justice Roberts explored the definition of a discharged jury."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-6"}]}],"caption":"Dietz v. Bouldin","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.291271Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a judge can summon jurors back after officially releasing them.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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judge to recall a jury after discharge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 26, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants a rule that discharge ends jury service.","the opposing side wants judges to keep power to recall jurors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues discharge makes jurors ordinary citizens.","the opposing side argues recall prevents prejudice to the defendant."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why an absolute bar on recall is needed.","Chief Justice Roberts asked about the bright-line rule for discharge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-6"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue defines the finality of jury service. It affects the stability of trial outcomes. It shapes the balance between finality and fairness."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-6"}]}],"slug":"2015-15-458-dietz-v-bouldin","term":"2015","title":"Can a judge recall a jury after discharge?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-458_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-04-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-04-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Dreeben asserted that the crime involved accepting value to promote research studies.","Mr. Francisco argued that the government ignores a prior Supreme Court decision.","Mr. Francisco stated that the quid pro quo requirement solves many of the government's problems."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 26-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 46-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 46-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-50"}]}],"caption":"McDonnell v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.300745Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.312112Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether arranging meetings counts as an official act under federal bribery law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 26-32"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-04-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-474.html","primary_docket":"15-474","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:57:25.317764Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the federal bribery statute. It asks if a public official commits a crime by merely arranging access to government agencies. the side that brought the case argues this conduct is not an official act. The government argues it is."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 26-32"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 27, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 34-44"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants a categorical carve-out for meetings and phone calls.","The government wants the court to treat arranging research studies as an official act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 26-32"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that providing access to the government is not an official act.","The government argues that anything within official duties constitutes an official act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 26-32"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how to handle the perception that the official tried to influence others.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the outcome would change if medical faculties agreed to testing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 26-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 46-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 46-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-50"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary between lawful advocacy and criminal bribery. It determines whether arranging meetings constitutes a specific government action. This standard affects all public officials nationwide. It shapes the legal definition of official conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 26-32"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 26-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 46-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 46-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-50"}]}],"slug":"2015-15-474-mcdonnell-v-united-states","term":"2015","title":"Does an official act require a specific government decision?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-474_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 26-32"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-02-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-02-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case claims due process bars a prosecutor from judging their own prior decisions.","The state contends general supervisory responsibility does not create a constitutional conflict.","Justice Alito questioned whether signing an indictment alone creates a conflict of interest.","Justice Kagan asked if a pro forma signature is insufficient to require recusal."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 26-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 26-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 42-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 42-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-26"}]}],"caption":"Williams v. Pennsylvania","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.511825Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether due process bars a former prosecutor from judging a capital case they previously handled.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 26-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 26-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 32-32"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-02-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-5040.html","primary_docket":"15-5040","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:05:02.049444Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Williams v. Pennsylvania asks if a judge must step aside after serving as the prosecutor in the same death penalty case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 26-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 26-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 32-32"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 29, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to reverse the conviction and order a new trial.","The state wants the court to affirm the conviction and uphold the original judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 26-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 26-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 32-32"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues due process forbids a prosecutor from judging their own prior decisions.","The state argues a judge's general supervisory role does not create a constitutional conflict."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 26-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 26-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 32-32"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if signing an indictment alone creates a conflict of interest.","Justice Kagan asked if a pro forma signature is insufficient to require recusal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 42-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 42-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-26"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of judicial impartiality in capital punishment. It determines whether prior prosecutorial involvement automatically disqualifies a judge. The outcome shapes fair trial standards for all criminal defendants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 26-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 26-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 32-32"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 42-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 42-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-26"}]}],"slug":"2015-15-5040-williams-v-pennsylvania","term":"2015","title":"Does a prosecutor's prior role require recusal from a death penalty appeal?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 26-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 26-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5040_qol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 32-32"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","paragraphs":["Nichols' lawyer argued federal law did not apply to overseas moves before recently.","The government's lawyer argued the duty to update records is continuous.","Justice Roberts asked if the law leaves unregistration to states but not registration.","Justice Sotomayor questioned if the government used the wrong legal basis for extradition."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 10-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 10-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-22"}]}],"caption":"Nichols v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.514880Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Nichols argues federal law lacks power to mandate updates while overseas. The government claims the duty to keep records current persists.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 10-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 10-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-5238.html","primary_docket":"15-5238","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:04:40.776857Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Nichols moved to the Philippines. He did not update his U.S. registration. The government charged him with a federal crime. Nichols claims federal law only applies when he returns. The government says the duty to update follows him."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 10-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 10-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 1, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Nichols wants the Court to rule that federal law does not apply while he is abroad.","The government wants the Court to rule that the duty to update registration persists overseas."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 10-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 10-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Nichols argues federal law only requires registration upon return to the United States.","The government argues the duty to keep registration current applies regardless of location."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 10-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 10-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the government chose the wrong law for extradition.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the case involves both federal and state requirements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-22"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the geographic reach of federal sex offender registration laws. It determines whether the government can prosecute offenders for failing to update records while living abroad. The outcome shapes federal enforcement power over citizens in foreign countries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 10-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 10-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-22"}]}],"slug":"2015-15-5238-nichols-v-united-states","term":"2015","title":"Does federal law require sex offenders to update registration while abroad?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 10-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 10-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-5238_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-04-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-04-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","paragraphs":["Fleming argued the Iowa statute defines one crime without requiring proof of generic burglary.","Saharsky argued adopting a means-elements distinction would disrupt uniform federal law administration.","Fleming cited Taylor and Moncrieffe to support focusing on statutory elements rather than specific facts.","Saharsky contended the Court previously used elements to mean the full statutory definition of the crime."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 26-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 26-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 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36-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 36-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-40"}]}],"caption":"Mathis v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.268384Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.297922Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal courts must verify specific statutory elements when a state law defines one crime with multiple methods.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 26-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 26-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 40-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 40-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 36-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 36-20"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-04-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-6092.html","primary_docket":"15-6092","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:57:58.670658Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how federal courts apply state burglary convictions. The core issue is whether the modified categorical approach applies to statutes that list alternative ways to commit a single crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 26-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 26-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 40-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 40-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 36-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 36-20"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 26, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 24-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Mathis wants the Court to reject the modified categorical approach for single-statute crimes.","The government wants the Court to allow courts to examine specific statutory elements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 26-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 26-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 40-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 40-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 36-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 36-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Mathis argues the categorical approach relies solely on statutory elements, not specific facts.","The government argues courts must verify which specific statutory alternative applies to the conviction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 26-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 26-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 40-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 40-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 36-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 36-20"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if prosecutors must prove the specific structure definition applies.","Justice Ginsburg asked why courts cannot simply look at the specific charge filed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 24-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-40"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines how federal courts interpret state criminal records. It affects sentencing enhancements for thousands of defendants. It shapes the uniform application of federal sentencing laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 26-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 26-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 40-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 40-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 36-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 36-20"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 24-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 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6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-40"}]}],"slug":"2015-15-6092-mathis-v-united-states","term":"2015","title":"Does a single-statute burglary conviction require proof of specific elements?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 26-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 26-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 40-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 40-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 36-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6092_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 36-20"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-03-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-03-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Ali argued Johnson is a substantive rule.","Mr. Dreeben agreed Johnson is substantive and retroactive.","questions_and_answers"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-30"}]}],"caption":"Welch v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.423293Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek retroactive relief. The government opposes this application.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-03-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-6418.html","primary_docket":"15-6418","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:00:32.605039Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a new legal rule applies to old convictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 30, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the new rule to apply to their past convictions.","The government wants the new rule to apply only to future cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the rule defines substantive criminal law.","The government argues the rule eliminates a sentencing basis."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the sentence stayed within statutory limits.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the elements clause was decided below."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 52-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 52-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-30"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines who receives retroactive relief. It affects the finality of criminal convictions. It shapes the scope of federal sentencing laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 52-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 52-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-30"}]}],"slug":"2015-15-6418-welch-v-united-states","term":"2015","title":"Does the Johnson ruling apply to past convictions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-6418_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-04-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-04-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","paragraphs":["General Verrilli argued the policy defers removal for parents of citizens.","Mr. Keller argued the policy is an unprecedented unlawful assertion of power.","Mr. Saenz argued the policy protects mothers of U.S. citizens."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 30-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 30-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 10-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 10-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 46-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 46-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 30-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 30-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 50-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 34-46"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Texas","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.171304Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.196819Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Texas claims a federal deportation-deferral policy harms it. The federal government says the state lacks legal standing to sue.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 30-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 30-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 34-46"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-04-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-674.html","primary_docket":"15-674","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T19:00:16.400664Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Texas argues the federal policy unlawfully expands executive power. The federal government argues the policy is lawful and the state cannot sue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 30-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 30-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 34-46"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 18, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 46-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 46-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Texas wants the Court to block the federal deportation-deferral policy.","The federal government wants the Court to allow the policy to continue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 30-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 30-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 34-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Texas argues the policy is an unlawful assertion of executive power.","The federal government argues the policy is lawful and the state lacks standing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 30-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 30-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 34-46"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if Texas would sue if the policy changed to avoid injury.","Justice Kennedy asked if the federal government could say the issue is not for the state to decide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 10-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 10-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 46-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 46-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 30-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 30-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 50-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-48"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of state power to challenge federal immigration policies. It determines whether states can block federal actions they claim cause harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 30-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 30-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 34-46"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 10-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 10-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 46-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 46-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 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4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-48"}]}],"slug":"2015-15-674-united-states-v-texas","term":"2015","title":"Can states sue to block a federal policy that defers deportation?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 30-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 30-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-674_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 34-46"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-04-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-04-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued the statute requires explicit false statements. It cited the unchanged language from 1863.","The government argued a claim is fraudulent if it omits a known material breach. It cited the duty to disclose violations.","Justice Breyer questioned if common law contract principles apply to this statutory interpretation.","Justice Kagan posed a hypothetical involving an explicit contract term requiring doctor care."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 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18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-36"}]}],"caption":"Universal Health Services, Inc. v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.199673Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.217141Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a claim is fraudulent if it omits a known violation of a material payment condition.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 46-46"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-04-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2015","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-7.html","primary_docket":"15-7","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:57:49.589611Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the False Claims Act. It asks if a claim is false when it fails to disclose a known breach of a material contract term."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 46-46"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 19, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the lower court finding overturned. It argues the statute requires an explicit false statement.","The government wants the lower court finding upheld. It argues a claim is fraudulent if it omits a known material breach."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 46-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute targets explicit false statements. It contends common law contract principles do not apply here.","The government argues a claim is false if it omits a known violation. It contends this omission renders the claim fraudulent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 46-46"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if an implicit assumption of doctor-provided services could be a material breach.","Justice Kagan asked if an explicit term requiring doctor care changes the analysis of a false claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-36"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between a valid claim and a fraudulent one. It determines when silence about a breach constitutes fraud. The outcome shapes how companies report compliance to the government. It affects the financial liability of businesses in federal contracts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 46-46"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 5-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 5-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-36"}]}],"slug":"2015-15-7-universal-health-services-inc-v-united-states","term":"2015","title":"Does a false certification of compliance make a claim fraudulent?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2015/15-7_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 46-46"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-11-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-11-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the phrase implies an independent jurisdictional source.","the opposing sides argue the phrase does not create federal jurisdiction.","questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 24-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 24-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 10-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 10-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-50"}]}],"caption":"Lightfoot v. Cendant Mortgage","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.070483Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Parties dispute whether a statutory right to sue creates federal subject-matter jurisdiction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 10-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 10-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-6"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-11-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-1055.html","primary_docket":"14-1055","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:50:46.224473Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if a right-to-sue clause grants federal jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 10-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 10-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-6"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 8, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the clause to grant federal jurisdiction.","the opposing sides want the clause to deny federal jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 10-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 10-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-6"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the phrase implies an independent jurisdictional source.","the opposing sides argue the phrase does not create federal jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 10-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 10-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-6"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if a right-to-sue differs from a cause of action.","Justice Breyer asked if legislative history supports the sides that brought the case' view."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 24-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 24-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-50"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines federal court access for statutory claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 10-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 10-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-6"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 24-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 24-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-50"}]}],"slug":"2016-14-1055-lightfoot-v-cendant-mortgage","term":"2016","title":"Does a right-to-sue clause grant federal jurisdiction?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 10-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 10-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1055_h3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-6"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-12-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-12-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","paragraphs":["Carter Phillips argued the case involves international trade context.","Phillips compared the facts to the passage of Section 271(f).","Justice Sotomayor asked if the product is available outside the U.S.","Justice Ginsburg asked why a specific component was exported from the U.S."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 28-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 28-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-4"}]}],"caption":"Life Technologies Corp. v. Promega Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.977212Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Life Technologies and Promega dispute whether exporting a single part violates U.S. patent law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 28-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 28-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-12-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-1538.html","primary_docket":"14-1538","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:48:41.684051Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of U.S. patent law abroad. It asks if supplying one component overseas counts as infringement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 28-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 28-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 6, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Life Technologies wants the Court to rule that supplying one component abroad does not infringe a U.S. patent.","Promega wants the Court to rule that supplying one component abroad does infringe a U.S. patent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 28-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 28-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Life Technologies argues that U.S. patent law does not reach the supply of a single component abroad.","Promega argues that U.S. patent law covers the supply of a single component abroad."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 28-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 28-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if all five components must be made in the United States.","Justice Alito asked if a substantial portion means a majority of components."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-4"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the reach of U.S. patent law. It determines whether companies can supply parts abroad without liability. It affects global trade and innovation incentives."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 28-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 28-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-4"}]}],"slug":"2016-14-1538-life-technologies-corp-v-promega-corp","term":"2016","title":"Does supplying one component abroad infringe a U.S. patent?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 28-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 28-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-1538_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-10-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-10-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Eisenhammer argued the case concerns whether a the side that brought the case may bring a Fourth Amendment claim for unlawful detention under legal process.","Ms. Eisenstein argued the Court should locate the constitutional right in the Fourth Amendment because it applies to pretrial detentions.","Mr. Scodro argued it is important to frame what is before the Court this afternoon."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 4-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 4-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-50"}]}],"caption":"Manuel v. Joliet","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.133474Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a person can sue for unlawful detention that continues after a judge approves the arrest.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 4-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 4-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-10-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/14-9496.html","primary_docket":"14-9496","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:54:23.421784Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case asks if the Fourth Amendment protects people from unreasonable seizure after legal process begins. the side that brought the case argues this protection continues until the detention ends. The city argues the protection stops once a judge approves the arrest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 4-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 4-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 5, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants a court to recognize his right to sue for unlawful detention after a judge approves the arrest.","The city wants a court to deny his right to sue for detention that follows a judge's approval."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 4-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 4-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Fourth Amendment applies to pretrial detentions and covers the time after legal process begins.","The city argues the Fourth Amendment claim ends when legal process begins, such as when a judge approves the arrest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 4-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 4-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the Fourth Amendment claim exists regardless of the specific legal theory.","Justice Kennedy asked about a scenario where fabricated evidence leads to a long detention after a hearing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-50"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of constitutional protection against unreasonable government seizure. It determines when a person can seek legal redress for unlawful detention. The outcome shapes the balance between individual liberty and government authority in pretrial proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 4-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 4-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-50"}]}],"slug":"2016-14-9496-manuel-v-joliet","term":"2016","title":"Does the Fourth Amendment cover detention after a judge approves an arrest?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 4-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 4-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/14-9496_feah.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-03-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-03-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Unikowsky argued the Act does not authorize dividing waived military pay.","Mr. Wirken argued state authority to treat pay as property operates at divorce.","Ms. Eisenstein addressed concerns about the effect of prior precedent on the proposed rule."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 40-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 40-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 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40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-4"}]}],"caption":"Howell v. Howell","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.632163Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Divorced military spouses dispute whether state courts can treat retirement pay as marital property.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 40-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 40-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 28-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 28-16"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-03-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-1031.html","primary_docket":"15-1031","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:43:29.790567Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Former Spouses Protection Act. It asks if state courts can divide military retirement pay as property during divorce."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 40-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 40-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 28-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 28-16"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 20, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to limit state court authority over military retirement pay.","the opposing side wants the Court to allow state courts to divide military retirement pay."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 40-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 40-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 28-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 28-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Act does not authorize treating waived pay as divisible property.","the opposing side argues the Act allows states to treat military pay as marital property."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 40-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 40-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 28-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 28-16"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how a state can impinge on a spouse's property rights.","Justice Sotomayor asked if a spouse can return to court for a specific dollar figure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-4"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines how state courts handle military retirement pay in divorce. It affects the financial rights of former military spouses. It clarifies the boundary between state and federal authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 40-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 40-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 28-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 28-16"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-4"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-1031-howell-v-howell","term":"2016","title":"Can state courts divide military retirement pay in divorce?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 40-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 40-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 28-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1031_6647.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 28-16"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-04-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-04-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Maynard argued the lower court issued a federal judgment.","Ms. Maynard stated Congress provided for injunctive relief in the statute.","Mr. Waxman argued Congress used the word shall to mandate data sharing.","Mr. Waxman claimed applicants cannot disregard statutory mandates after using sponsor information."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 4-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 4-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 32-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 32-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 40-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 38-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 38-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-44"}]}],"caption":"Sandoz Inc. v. Amgen Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.575297Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.601193Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Sandoz and Amgen dispute the timing of data exchange required before patent litigation can begin.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 4-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 4-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 32-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 32-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 38-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 38-26"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-04-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-1039.html","primary_docket":"15-1039","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:36:09.338952Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Sandoz seeks to delay sharing proprietary data with Amgen. Amgen demands immediate data access to start patent litigation. The Court must interpret the statutory timeline for this exchange."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 4-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 4-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 32-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 32-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 38-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 38-26"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 26, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 28-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Sandoz wants to delay sharing data with Amgen until the FDA approves the drug.","Amgen wants Sandoz to share data immediately to start patent litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 4-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 4-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 32-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 32-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 38-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 38-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Sandoz argues the statute allows data sharing only after FDA approval.","Amgen argues the statute mandates immediate data sharing to resolve patent disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 4-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 4-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 32-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 32-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 38-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 38-26"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how long FDA approval takes after Phase II trials.","Justice Sotomayor asked when the FDA announces its intent to approve a drug."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 40-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-44"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the timeline for biosimilar patent litigation. It determines when generic makers must share data. It affects the speed of biosimilar market entry. It shapes the balance between patent rights and competition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 4-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 4-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 32-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 32-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 38-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 38-26"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-44"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-1039-sandoz-inc-v-amgen-inc","term":"2016","title":"When must a biosimilar maker share data with the original drug sponsor?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 4-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 4-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 32-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 32-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 38-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1039_bqm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 38-26"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-11-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-11-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","paragraphs":["Katyal argued cities can sue under the Fair Housing Act.","Gannon cited Gladstone to support municipal injury claims.","Roberts questioned the link between segregation and tourist visits."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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Miami","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.074348Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.079980Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Miami claims Bank of America caused segregation. The bank argues the city lacks standing.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 8-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 8-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 8-16"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-11-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-1111.html","primary_docket":"15-1111","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:50:59.531794Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Miami alleges discriminatory lending harmed its tax base. Bank of America disputes the city's legal standing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 8-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 8-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 8, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 38-40"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Bank of America wants the case dismissed.","Miami wants to recover lost tax revenue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 8-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 8-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Bank of America argues the city lacks standing.","Miami argues discrimination directly harmed its finances."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 8-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 8-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked how this differs from Gladstone.","Justice Kennedy asked if the city is limited to damages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-44"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines municipal standing under the Fair Housing Act. It determines whether cities can sue for lost tax revenue. The outcome shapes future housing discrimination litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 8-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 8-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-44"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-1111-bank-of-america-corp-v-miami","term":"2016","title":"Can cities sue banks for housing discrimination?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 8-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 8-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1111_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 8-16"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-02-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-02-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kneedler asked the Court to create a new damages remedy.","Mr. Hilliard described the victim as unarmed and unthreatening.","Mr. Ortega argued the Fourth Amendment does not apply in Mexico."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-6"}]}],"caption":"Hernandez v. Mesa","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.758772Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Fourth Amendment protects a Mexican national shot by a U.S. agent from inside the United States.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 16-30"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-02-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-118.html","primary_docket":"15-118","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:45:16.346001Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Sergio Hernandez, a 15-year-old Mexican national, was shot and killed by a U.S. Border Patrol agent. The agent stood inside the United States while Hernandez stood in Mexico. The lower court dismissed the family's claim. The Supreme Court must decide if the Constitution applies to this cross-border incident."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 16-30"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 21, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The family wants a legal right to sue for damages.","The agent wants the court to deny the family a legal claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 16-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The family argues the Fourth Amendment protects them from excessive force.","The agent argues the Fourth Amendment does not apply to Mexican soil."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 16-30"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the rule applies to different ages.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if state guards would face different rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-6"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the geographic reach of constitutional protections. It determines if U.S. agents can use force against foreign nationals without legal consequence. The outcome shapes accountability for cross-border law enforcement actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 16-30"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-6"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-118-hernandez-v-mesa","term":"2016","title":"Can a Mexican national sue a U.S. agent for a cross-border shooting?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-118_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 16-30"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Pincus argued the exhaustion doctrine terminates all patent rights after an authorized sale. He cited the Bowman case to support this broad interpretation.","Mr. Stewart addressed the domestic exhaustion issue first. He responded to questions about why the doctrine lacks codification.","Mr. Trela agreed with the government on one point. He stated the Federal Circuit properly looked to the statute for the doctrine's limits.","Justice Alito questioned the strategy of disregarding a rule adopted by the Federal Circuit. He noted this approach seemed counterintuitive for patent holders."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 44-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 22-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 22-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 46-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 46-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 14-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 14-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-18"}]}],"caption":"Impressions Products, Inc. v. Lexmark Int'l, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.649661Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.680991Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Lexmark sold toner cartridges abroad with use restrictions. Impressions resold them in the U.S. Lexmark sued for infringement. The lower court sided with Lexmark.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 46-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 46-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 14-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 14-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 10-22"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-1189.html","primary_docket":"15-1189","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:42:36.797936Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the patent exhaustion doctrine. This doctrine limits patent rights after an authorized sale. The core dispute involves sales made outside the United States."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 46-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 46-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 14-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 14-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 10-22"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 21, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 24-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Impressions wants the Court to hold that a foreign authorized sale exhausts U.S. patent rights. This would allow the resale of imported goods without infringement liability.","Lexmark wants the Court to hold that a foreign sale does not exhaust U.S. patent rights. This would allow patent holders to enforce use restrictions on imported goods."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 46-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 46-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 14-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 14-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 10-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Impressions argues the exhaustion doctrine applies regardless of where the sale occurs. They contend the initial authorized sale terminates all patent rights to that specific item.","Lexmark argues the exhaustion doctrine is limited by statute. They contend the patent holder retains the right to restrict use of items sold under foreign laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 46-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 46-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 14-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 14-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 10-22"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked why the exhaustion doctrine has not been codified by Congress.","Justice Breyer asked if a patentee can restrict use of a widget bought in Bavaria under a U.S. patent after a foreign sale."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 44-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 22-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 22-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the geographic scope of patent exhaustion. It determines whether patent holders can control the resale of goods sold abroad. The outcome affects the global trade of patented products. It shapes the balance between patent rights and free commerce."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 46-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 46-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 14-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 14-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 10-22"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 44-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 22-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 22-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-18"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-1189-impressions-products-inc-v-lexmark-int-l-inc","term":"2016","title":"Does a foreign sale exhaust U.S. patent rights?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 46-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 46-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 14-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 14-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1189_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 10-22"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-11-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-11-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","paragraphs":["Edwin Kneedler argued the Constitution does not grant citizenship to those born abroad.","He stated Congress determines which categories receive citizenship by statute.","Justice Kagan questioned if the statute violates equal protection.","She asked if Congress could have written the law differently to avoid gender bias."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 8-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 8-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-52"}]}],"caption":"Lynch v. Morales-Santana","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.101838Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A father argues the law unfairly denies his son citizenship based on gender.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 8-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 8-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-16"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-11-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-1191.html","primary_docket":"15-1191","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:50:30.166127Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests a statute that grants citizenship to children of unwed mothers but not unwed fathers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 8-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 8-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-16"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 9, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the statute as written.","The father wants the Court to strike down the gender-based distinction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 8-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 8-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues Congress has plenary power to define citizenship categories.","The father argues the law creates an unconstitutional gender-based classification."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 8-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 8-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-16"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if Congress could have used gender-neutral language.","Justice Ginsburg asked why parents are not similarly situated regarding U.S. values."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-52"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines how Congress may allocate citizenship to children born abroad."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 8-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 8-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-16"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-52"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-1191-lynch-v-morales-santana","term":"2016","title":"Does a gender-based citizenship law violate equal protection?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 8-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 8-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1191_igdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-16"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-02-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-02-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","paragraphs":["David Goldberg argued the law abridges freedom of speech. He stated it reaches core First Amendment activity. He claimed this activity is unrelated to the government's preventative purpose.","The state argued the law targets virtual places where children congregate. It cited the 2008 decision to prohibit access to commercial social networking sites. It framed this as a logical extension of physical location bans.","Justices probed the line between permissible and impermissible restrictions. They asked about monitoring technology and specific contact scenarios. They tested the law against historical First Amendment principles."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 4-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 4-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-38"}]}],"caption":"Packingham v. North Carolina","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.791333Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"North Carolina bars registered sex offenders from accessing social networking sites. the side that brought the case argues this law violates free speech rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 4-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 4-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-02-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-1194.html","primary_docket":"15-1194","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:44:32.297244Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["North Carolina law prohibits registered sex offenders from accessing commercial social networking websites. the side that brought the case claims this restriction infringes on First Amendment rights. The state argues the ban prevents contact with minors online."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 4-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 4-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 27, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to strike down the state law. He argues the ban restricts core speech unrelated to safety.","The state wants the court to uphold the law. It argues the ban prevents offenders from contacting minors online."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 4-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 4-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the law reaches vast swaths of protected speech. He claims it is not narrowly tailored to the government's purpose.","The state argues the ban targets virtual places where children congregate. It claims this prevents online contact with minors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 4-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 4-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if a state could impose this restriction as a parole condition.","Justice Alito asked if banning a kidnapper from visiting a nursery school violates the First Amendment. He used this to test the scope of the restriction. He also asked if monitoring apps that disclose communication with minors are permissible. Justice Ginsburg asked if contacting a known minor online is a crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-38"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between public safety and free speech online. It determines whether states can ban specific categories of citizens from using the internet. The outcome shapes how governments regulate digital access for convicted individuals. It impacts the right to access information and communicate in public forums."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 4-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 4-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-38"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-1194-packingham-v-north-carolina","term":"2016","title":"Can a state ban sex offenders from social media sites?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 4-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 4-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1194_0861.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-10"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-11-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-11-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","paragraphs":["General Gershengorn argued Congress intended mandatory detention for criminal aliens.","Mr. Arulanantham agreed length alone does not make detention unconstitutional.","Mr. Arulanantham stated the dispute is narrower than it appears."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 38-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 38-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 6-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 6-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-6"}]}],"caption":"Jennings v. Rodriguez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.073057Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.099873Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek periodic bond hearings. The government argues mandatory detention statutes control.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 38-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 38-4"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-11-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-1204.html","primary_docket":"15-1204","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:49:36.736325Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether due process limits indefinite immigration detention."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 38-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 38-4"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 30, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 32-40"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want periodic bond hearings to end indefinite detention.","The government wants to keep mandatory detention without time limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 38-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 38-4"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue due process requires review of prolonged detention.","The government argues statutes mandate detention for specific criminal groups."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 38-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 38-4"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked which statute applies to unadmitted aliens.","Justice Ginsburg asked about aliens who fit neither statutory category."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 6-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 6-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-6"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of executive power over liberty. It determines whether individuals face indefinite confinement without judicial review. The outcome shapes the balance between national security and personal freedom."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 38-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 38-4"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 6-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 6-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-6"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-1204-jennings-v-rodriguez","term":"2016","title":"Does the Constitution require bond hearings for long-term immigration detention?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 38-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1204_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 38-4"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-02-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-02-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Ho argued the statutory structure favors an abuse of discretion review.","Mr. Kinnaird argued the agency holds sole discretion over evidence relevance.","Justice Ginsburg noted subpoena enforcement comes to the court cold."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-36"}]}],"caption":"McLane Co. v. EEOC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.788686Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"McLane seeks a strict legal standard to limit EEOC subpoenas. The agency argues courts must defer to its investigative choices.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-18"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-02-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-1248.html","primary_docket":"15-1248","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:45:35.236831Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the standard of review for EEOC subpoenas. McLane wants courts to strictly check agency demands. The EEOC wants courts to defer to its investigative judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-18"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 21, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["McLane wants a strict legal standard to limit EEOC subpoenas.","The EEOC wants courts to defer to its investigative judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["McLane argues historical and functional considerations support an abuse of discretion standard.","The EEOC argues Congress vested the agency, not the court, with relevance discretion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-18"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the only issue is the failure to order release.","Justice Breyer asked what stops the agency from demanding every document."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-36"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance between agency power and business privacy. It sets the standard for reviewing federal investigative subpoenas. The outcome shapes future civil rights enforcement efforts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-18"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-36"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-1248-mclane-co-v-eeoc","term":"2016","title":"Who decides if the EEOC subpoena is too broad?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1248_2dq3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-18"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-11-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-11-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","paragraphs":["General Gershengorn argued the Vacancies Act limits self-appointment to first assistants.","Mr. Dvoretzky argued the statute's broad terms compel a different interpretation.","Justice Kagan questioned the practical effect of removing specific statutory language.","Justice Ginsburg referenced Senator Byrd's view on the statutory construction."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 6-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 6-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 30-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 30-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-46"}]}],"caption":"NLRB v. SW General, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.046726Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Board argues the Vacancies Act bars self-appointment. The company claims the law allows it.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 30-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 30-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-11-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-1251.html","primary_docket":"15-1251","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:51:13.666793Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the Vacancies Reform Act. The Board says the law blocks a nominee from acting in their own office. The company argues the statute permits this arrangement. The Court must interpret the statutory text and legislative history."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 30-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 30-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 7, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Board wants the Court to declare the acting appointment invalid.","The company wants the Court to uphold the acting appointment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 30-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 30-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Board argues the statute's broad terms prohibit self-appointment.","The company argues the statute limits the ban to first assistants only."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 30-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 30-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked about Senator Byrd's construction of the law.","Justice Kagan asked about the effect of removing specific statutory words."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 6-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 6-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-46"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of executive branch appointments. It clarifies who may serve as acting officials. The outcome shapes future administrative agency leadership structures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 30-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 30-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 6-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 6-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 4-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 4-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-46"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-1251-nlrb-v-sw-general-inc","term":"2016","title":"Can a nominee serve as acting official for their own office?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 30-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 30-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1251_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-12-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-12-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued four judges found politics drove the lines.","Ms. Saharsky argued the district looks terrible and race may have driven it.","Justice Kagan asked if the court should require plaintiffs to draw maps."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 38-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 38-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 4-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 4-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 4-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 4-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 46-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-18"}]}],"caption":"McCrory v. Harris","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.949163Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.974567Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"North Carolina officials and voters dispute whether race or politics shaped two congressional maps.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 38-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 38-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 4-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 4-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 46-12"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-12-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-1262.html","primary_docket":"15-1262","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:53:47.603053Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["North Carolina officials and voters dispute whether race or politics shaped two congressional maps."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 38-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 38-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 4-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 4-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 46-12"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 5, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 4-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 4-36"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["North Carolina officials want the court to find politics drove the lines.","Voters want the court to find race drove the lines."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 38-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 38-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 4-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 4-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 46-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Officials argue four judges found politics was the main motive.","Voters argue the district judge credited race as the main motive."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 38-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 38-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 4-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 4-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 46-12"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the court credited one witness over another.","Justice Kagan asked if the court should require plaintiffs to draw maps."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 4-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 4-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-18"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts weigh race against politics in redistricting. It sets the standard for proving discriminatory intent. It affects how states draw future legislative lines."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 38-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 38-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 4-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 4-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 46-12"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 4-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 4-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-18"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-1262-mccrory-v-harris","term":"2016","title":"Did race or politics drive North Carolina district lines?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 38-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 38-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 4-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 4-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1262_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 46-12"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-01-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-01-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","paragraphs":["Malcolm Stewart argued the statute prohibits registering marks that disparage persons or institutions.","The government argued the provision helps further the purpose of trademark protection by preventing disparagement.","Justice Breyer questioned how the disparagement provision relates to the core purpose of identifying product sources."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-10"}]}],"caption":"Lee v. Tam","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.917799Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the government can deny trademark registration based on its subjective view of a mark's message.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-01-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-1293.html","primary_docket":"15-1293","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:45:54.229248Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court examines the constitutionality of a federal law that bars registration of trademarks deemed disparaging."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 18, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Simon Tam wants the court to strike down the law that blocked his trademark registration.","The government wants the court to uphold the law that allows it to reject offensive trademarks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Tam argues the government cannot deny registration based on its own subjective judgment of a mark's meaning.","The government argues the provision serves a valid purpose by preventing the registration of marks that insult others."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked why the government's refusal to register a mark is not a viewpoint-based distinction.","Justice Kennedy asked whether copyright law constitutes a government program subject to these constraints."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-10"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether the government can censor commercial speech by refusing to register trademarks it finds offensive."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-10"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-1293-lee-v-tam","term":"2016","title":"Does the government violate free speech by refusing to register trademarks it finds offensive?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1293_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-01-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-01-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","paragraphs":["Gershengorn argued Iqbal forecloses the plaintiffs' core theory.","Meeropol warned that the theory allows indefinite solitary confinement.","Lamken focused his argument on qualified immunity defenses."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 48-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 48-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 44-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 44-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 22-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 48-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-8"}]}],"caption":"Ziglar v. Abbasi","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.066812Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Plaintiffs seek damages for prolonged solitary confinement. Officials claim qualified immunity and prior precedent bar the claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 22-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 48-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-50"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-01-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-1358.html","primary_docket":"15-1358","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:46:12.743201Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of Bivens remedies. It also examines qualified immunity defenses. The dispute centers on post-9/11 detention practices."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 22-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 48-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 18, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Officials want dismissal based on qualified immunity.","Plaintiffs want damages for prolonged solitary confinement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 22-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 48-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Officials argue Iqbal forecloses the core liability theory.","Plaintiffs argue officials violated constitutional rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 22-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 48-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Roberts asked if habeas corpus offers a remedy.","Breyer questioned the duration of the detention period."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 48-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 48-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 44-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 44-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-8"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines limits on federal official liability. It shapes future remedies for detention policy disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 22-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 48-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 48-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 48-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 44-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 44-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-8"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-1358-ziglar-v-abbasi","term":"2016","title":"Can federal officials face Bivens suits for post-9/11 detention policies?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 22-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 48-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1358_7648.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-50"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-01-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-01-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Gupta argued the law suppresses the message that cards cost more.","Mr. Wu argued the statute refers only to a pricing practice.","Justice Kagan questioned whether the law restricts specific speech."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 18-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 40-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 40-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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26-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 26-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-4"}]}],"caption":"Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.853371Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.856115Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"New York merchants want to tell customers credit cards cost more. The state says this law bans that pricing practice.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 18-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 40-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 40-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 10-10"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-01-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-1391.html","primary_docket":"15-1391","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:47:14.804570Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["New York law bans sellers from adding a fee to credit card purchases. Merchants say this law stops them from telling customers the truth about card costs. The state says the law only controls pricing, not speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 18-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 40-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 40-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 10-10"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 10, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 12-14"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Merchants want to tell customers credit cards cost more.","The state wants to keep the surcharge ban in place."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 18-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 40-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 40-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 10-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Merchants argue the law bans truthful speech about card costs.","The state argues the law only regulates a pricing practice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 18-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 40-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 40-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 10-10"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked what specific speech the law restricts.","Justice Kagan asked how the law violates the Constitution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 26-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 26-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-4"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the line between price regulation and free speech. It affects how merchants communicate costs to consumers. It shapes state power to control commercial messaging."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 18-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 40-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 40-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 10-10"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 26-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 26-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-4"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-1391-expressions-hair-design-v-schneiderman","term":"2016","title":"Can New York ban merchants from telling customers credit cards cost more?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 18-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 40-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 40-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1391_5315.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 10-10"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-01-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-01-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Bergeron argued for a direct causation standard.","Mr. Egbert argued for a causal link requirement.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-10"}]}],"caption":"Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Haeger","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.850559Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute the standard for proving that misconduct caused specific legal costs.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-4"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-01-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-1406.html","primary_docket":"15-1406","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:47:31.797521Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Goodyear seeks a direct causation standard. Haeger wants a looser test. The Court must choose the rule."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-4"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 10, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Goodyear wants a direct causation standard for fee awards.","Haeger wants a looser standard for fee awards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-4"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Goodyear argues direct causation limits inherent court authority.","Haeger argues the current standard is appropriate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-4"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked why the plaintiff must prove every item.","Justice Kagan asked about the but-for test approach."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-10"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The standard determines how courts award legal fees for misconduct. It affects the cost of litigation for all parties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-4"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-10"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-1406-goodyear-tire-rubber-co-v-haeger","term":"2016","title":"How much proof links bad conduct to legal fees?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1406_d1of.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-4"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-01-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-01-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kneedler argued the lower court erred in finding the statute vague.","Mr. Rosenkranz argued the statute shares critical flaws with the clause struck down in Johnson.","Justice Sotomayor noted the difficulty in defining the ordinary crime for risk assessment."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-4"}]}],"caption":"Lynch v. Dimaya","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.882765Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a federal statute defining violent crimes is unconstitutionally vague.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-01-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-1498.html","primary_docket":"15-1498","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:52:21.444449Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the clarity of a federal law defining violent crimes. The government argues the law is clear. The defendant argues the law is vague."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 17, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to reject the vagueness claim and uphold the conviction.","The defendant wants the Court to find the statute unconstitutionally vague and overturn the conviction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the statute is clear because it lists specific violent acts.","The defendant argues the statute is vague because it requires judges to guess the nature of a crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked why the statute would not cause confusion in applying the law.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the government previously argued the statute was vulnerable after the Johnson decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-4"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether federal courts can consistently apply the crime of violence definition. It affects how prosecutors charge violent offenses under federal law. It impacts the rights of defendants facing these specific charges."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-4"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-1498-lynch-v-dimaya","term":"2016","title":"Is the federal crime of violence definition too vague to convict?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1498_m647.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-14"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-01-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-01-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","paragraphs":["The victim's lawyer argued the suit targets the employee personally.","The tribe's lawyer argued the tribe seeks standard sovereign protections.","Justice Sotomayor noted prior law might grant immunity to tribal officials."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 44-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 44-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 4-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 4-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-14"}]}],"caption":"Lewis v. Clarke","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.825225Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A car crash victim sued a tribal employee personally. The tribe claims this violates its sovereign immunity.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 44-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 44-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 4-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 4-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-6"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-01-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-1500.html","primary_docket":"15-1500","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:47:46.749497Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether personal-capacity suits against tribal employees trigger sovereign immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 44-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 44-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 4-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 4-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-6"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 9, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The victim wants to recover damages from the employee personally.","The tribe wants the court to dismiss the suit as barred by immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 44-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 44-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 4-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 4-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-6"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The victim argues personal suits do not implicate sovereign immunity.","The tribe argues it deserves the same immunity as other sovereigns."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 44-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 44-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 4-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 4-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-6"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if foreign embassy employees enjoy similar immunity.","Justice Kennedy asked if suing in tribal court would yield recovery from the tribe."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-14"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of tribal immunity in personal injury cases. It determines whether individuals can sue tribal employees directly. The outcome shapes legal protections for tribal governments and injured parties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 44-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 44-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 4-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 4-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-6"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-14"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-1500-lewis-v-clarke","term":"2016","title":"Does suing a tribal employee personally violate tribal sovereign immunity?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 44-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 44-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 4-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 4-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1500_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-6"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-03-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-03-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Williams argued the prosecution clearly violated Brady principles.","Mr. Dreeben asserted the evidence of a group attack was strong and corroborated.","Ms. Rice noted the jury repeatedly deadlocked before returning a conviction.","Justice Alito questioned the consistency of the alternative perpetrator theory with trial defenses."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 28-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 28-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-4"}]}],"caption":"Turner v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.720921Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.737018Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek new trials after prosecutors withheld evidence. The government argues the convictions stand despite the omission.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 24-44"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-03-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-1503.html","primary_docket":"15-1503","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:40:08.002161Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves two men convicted of a group attack. Prosecutors withheld evidence that could have supported an alternative perpetrator theory. the sides that brought the case claim this omission violated their right to a fair trial. The government argues the remaining evidence was strong enough to sustain the verdicts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 24-44"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 29, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 8-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want new trials because the withheld evidence could have changed the jury's decision.","The government wants the convictions to stand because the evidence of guilt was strong and corroborated."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 24-44"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the prosecution violated Brady by withholding material, favorable information.","The government argues the evidence of a group attack was strong and corroborated by multiple sources."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 24-44"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked how a complete fabrication without motive fits the defense theory.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the withheld evidence would have led to introducing a later crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 28-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 28-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-4"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the threshold for materiality in Brady violations. It determines when withheld evidence requires a new trial. The outcome affects the reliability of criminal convictions nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 24-44"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 28-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 28-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-4"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-1503-turner-v-united-states","term":"2016","title":"Does a Brady violation require a new trial when the evidence of guilt is strong?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-1503_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 24-44"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-03-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-03-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","paragraphs":["John Groen argued the Murrs cannot sell one lot. He said other owners could sell similar lots. He called this treatment fundamentally unfair.","Paul Tseytlin argued the lots merged under state law. He said they count as one unit for all purposes. He emphasized the legal status of the property.","Paul Lazarus argued the state excluded these lots from exemptions. He said thirty-three states use similar rules. He noted the rule has existed for decades."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 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48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 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24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-28"}]}],"caption":"Murr v. Wisconsin","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.607571Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.634996Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Murrs claim Wisconsin merged their two lots illegally. The state says the lots legally count as one unit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 46-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 46-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 30-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 30-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 48-16"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-03-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-214.html","primary_docket":"15-214","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:43:03.489431Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Murrs own two adjacent lots in Wisconsin. They want to sell one lot separately. Wisconsin law treats the two lots as a single unit. The Murrs argue this rule destroys their property value. The state argues the rule prevents environmental harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 46-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 46-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 30-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 30-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 48-16"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 20, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 6-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Murrs want to sell one lot separately. They want the Court to strike down the merger rule.","Wisconsin wants to keep the merger rule. It wants the Court to uphold the state law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 46-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 46-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 30-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 30-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 48-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Murrs argue the state took their property without compensation. They say the rule makes one lot worthless.","Wisconsin argues the lots legally merged under state law. It says the rule protects the river environment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 46-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 46-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 30-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 30-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 48-16"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked where state regulatory power ends. She asked how ownership changes affect lot status.","Justice Kennedy asked about market value changes. He asked if owners lose money under the Murrs' theory."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 12-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 12-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-28"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how states count property for development limits. It affects landowners who hold adjacent parcels. It shapes how local governments manage riverfront land. It balances private property rights against public environmental goals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 46-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 46-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 30-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 30-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 48-16"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 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20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 46-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 46-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 30-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 30-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-214_l6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 48-16"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-11-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-11-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","paragraphs":["Venezuela's counsel argued the FSIA is sui generis and distinct from general jurisdiction.","Helmerich & Payne's counsel argued the test turns on what is in issue in the suit.","Justice Alito compared sovereign immunity to qualified immunity for government officials.","Justice Kennedy noted courts might find immunity after initial jurisdictional findings."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 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12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-44"}]}],"caption":"Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela v. Helmerich & Payne Int'l Drilling Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.043922Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.063310Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Venezuela argues the FSIA demands a strict jurisdictional test. Helmerich & Payne argues a loose pleading standard applies.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 14-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 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activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case concerns the legal standard for dismissing sovereign immunity claims under the FSIA."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 14-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 50-6"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 2, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 10-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Venezuela wants the Court to apply a strict jurisdictional test.","Helmerich & Payne wants the Court to apply a loose pleading standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 14-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 50-6"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Venezuela argues the FSIA is unique and requires strict jurisdictional review.","Helmerich & Payne argues the standard mirrors general federal pleading rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 14-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 50-6"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the standard differs from a motion to dismiss.","Justice Kagan asked what remains in issue after a property right is found."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-44"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The standard determines how easily sovereigns face litigation in U.S. courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 14-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 50-6"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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36-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-44"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-423-bolivarian-republic-of-venezuela-v-helmerich-payne-int-l-drilling-co","term":"2016","title":"Does the FSIA require a strict jurisdictional test for sovereign immunity?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 14-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-423_pnk0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 50-6"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Fisher argued for the side that brought the case's position on finality.","Mr. Stris argued that plaintiffs can bet their case on reversal.","chief_justice_roberts_noted the parties discussed original claims and standing."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 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40-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-46"}]}],"caption":"Microsoft Corp. v. Baker","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.637693Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.664193Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Microsoft and Baker dispute whether a final judgment exists when a court dismisses a case with prejudice.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 52-10"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-03-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-457.html","primary_docket":"15-457","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:42:18.518930Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if a dismissal with prejudice creates a final judgment. This status allows a party to appeal to a higher court. The lower court dismissed the underlying claims. The parties disagree on the legal effect of that dismissal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 52-10"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 21, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 20-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Microsoft wants the Court to affirm the lower court's dismissal.","Baker wants the Court to reverse the lower court's dismissal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 52-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Microsoft argues the dismissal with prejudice creates a final judgment.","Baker argues the dismissal does not create a final judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 52-10"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how to articulate a non-absolute standard.","Justice Kagan asked if the argument would be final under Rule 1291."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-46"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of appellate jurisdiction. It determines when parties can challenge lower court dismissals. The outcome shapes federal civil procedure standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 52-10"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-46"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-457-microsoft-corp-v-baker","term":"2016","title":"Can a plaintiff appeal a dismissal with prejudice?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-457_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 52-10"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-10-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-10-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Bagenstos argued the statute keys exhaustion on relief sought.","Mr. Katyal argued Congress channeled disputes through education experts.","Mr. Martinez argued exhaustion is required only if relief is available under IDEA."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 10-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 10-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-26"}]}],"caption":"Fry v. Napoleon Community Schools","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.984643Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.009998Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Parents seek damages for their child's emotional distress. Schools argue they must first use IDEA procedures.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 10-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 10-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 20-20"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-10-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-497.html","primary_docket":"15-497","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:52:20.063458Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a child with a disability. The parents sued for damages. The schools say they must use IDEA first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 10-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 10-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 20-20"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 31, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-36"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Parents want to sue for damages without using IDEA first.","Schools want parents to use IDEA before suing for damages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 10-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 10-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 20-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Parents argue damages are not available under IDEA.","Schools argue IDEA exhaustion is required for all claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 10-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 10-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 20-20"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the rule depends on the complaint.","Chief Justice Roberts asked about making two arguments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 4-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 4-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-26"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when parents must use IDEA. It affects access to courts for disability claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 10-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 10-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 20-20"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-26"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-497-fry-v-napoleon-community-schools","term":"2016","title":"Must parents exhaust IDEA remedies before suing for damages?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 10-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 10-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-497_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 20-20"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","paragraphs":["Justice Alito noted two arguments: mandatory dismissal or wrong standard.","Justice Kennedy asked why defendants have a stronger interest in seals.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the government can waive the seal condition.","Justice Kennedy asked if the advocate sought sanctions other than dismissal."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 44-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 44-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-12"}]}],"caption":"State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. v. United States, ex rel. Rigsby","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.015577Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"State Farm seeks dismissal after seal breaches. The government argues the case should proceed.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 44-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 44-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 6-12"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-513.html","primary_docket":"15-513","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:52:04.227171Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether a seal violation mandates dismissal. State Farm argues the breach is fatal. The government claims the case should continue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 44-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 44-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 6-12"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 1, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["State Farm wants the case dismissed due to seal breaches.","The government wants the case to proceed despite seal breaches."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 44-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 44-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 6-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["State Farm argues the seal violation requires mandatory dismissal.","The government argues the lower courts applied the wrong standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 44-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 44-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 6-12"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the seal purpose was to prevent tipping off the defendant.","Justice Ginsburg asked if plaintiffs can re-file after dismissal in similar cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-12"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the remedy for seal violations. It determines if dismissal is the only option. It affects how courts handle procedural breaches in litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 44-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 44-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 6-12"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-12"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-513-state-farm-fire-casualty-co-v-united-states-ex-rel-rigsby","term":"2016","title":"Does a seal violation force case dismissal?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 44-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 44-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-513_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 6-12"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-04-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-04-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","paragraphs":["David Cortman argued the state excluded the church solely because of its status. He noted the state made important concessions. He argued neutral criteria prevent any endorsement of religion.","Michael Layton argued the state must keep hands off religion. He cited a tradition in thirty-nine states. He argued this tradition respects the separation of church and state.","Justice Ginsburg cited a 1947 case. She noted the framers did not want tax money for churches. She asked if that precedent still applies to this case.","Justice Kennedy asked if religious status can ever deny benefits. He assumed no serious risk of an establishment violation. He sought clarity on the limits of state exclusion."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 32-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 32-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-38"}]}],"caption":"Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.536927Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.543569Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Missouri excluded a church preschool from a playground safety grant. The church argues this violates the Constitution. The state argues it must avoid funding religion.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 32-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 32-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-18"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-04-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-577.html","primary_docket":"15-577","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:49:15.726708Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["A Missouri church preschool lost a playground safety grant. The state excluded it because it is a church. The church says this is unfair discrimination. The state says it must keep public money away from religious institutions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 32-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 32-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-18"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 19, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 20-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The church wants the grant. It wants the state to treat it like any other preschool. It wants the state to stop using religious status as a reason to deny benefits.","The state wants to keep the denial. It wants to maintain a rule that bars public funds from religious institutions. It wants to avoid using tax money for religious purposes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 32-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 32-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The church argues the state used religious status to deny a benefit. It argues this violates the free exercise clause. It argues the grant is neutral and secular. It argues the state must treat all preschools equally.","The state argues it must avoid funding religion. It argues a long tradition keeps public money away from churches. It argues using tax money for a church violates the establishment clause. It argues the state must respect this separation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 32-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 32-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-18"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if a state could deny money if a church uses a playground for prayer. She asked if that scenario is significantly different.","Justice Sotomayor asked how a state controls religious instruction outside. She asked how the state avoids controlling belief and viewpoint in that process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-38"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between public funding and religious institutions. It determines whether states can exclude churches from general benefit programs. It affects how governments allocate resources to religious and secular groups. It shapes the relationship between public money and religious freedom."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 32-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 32-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-18"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-38"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-577-trinity-lutheran-church-of-columbia-inc-v-comer","term":"2016","title":"Can a state deny a church a playground grant solely because of its religious status?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 32-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 32-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-577_l64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-18"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-10-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-10-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Bell argued the statute requires intent to defraud a financial institution.","Mr. Yang argued the required intent is to deceive the bank to deprive it of value.","Chief Justice Roberts noted that insurance rates rise when property is stolen repeatedly.","Justice Ginsburg asked if Shaw could be convicted under a different statutory clause."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-38"}]}],"caption":"Shaw v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.104645Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a defendant must intend to deprive a bank of its own assets or if intent to harm a customer's property suffices.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-44"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-10-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-5991.html","primary_docket":"15-5991","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:57:06.154141Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Shaw stole a customer's car from a bank lot. The government charged him with defrauding the bank. Shaw argues the bank suffered no direct loss. The government argues the bank's interest was harmed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-44"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 4, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Shaw wants the conviction overturned because he did not intend to harm the bank's own property.","The government wants the conviction upheld because Shaw intended to harm the bank's possessory interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-44"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Shaw argues the statute requires intent to deprive the bank of its own value.","The government argues the statute covers intent to harm any interest the bank holds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-44"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the intent targets whoever holds a lawful possessory interest.","Justice Breyer asked if theft is impossible when the defendant believes the property is insured."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-38"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal bank fraud laws. It determines whether prosecutors can charge theft of customer property as a crime against the bank. The outcome shapes how courts interpret financial institution protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-44"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-38"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-5991-shaw-v-united-states","term":"2016","title":"Does bank fraud require intent to harm the bank's own property?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-5991_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-44"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-10-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-10-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","paragraphs":["Jeffrey Fisher argued racial bias undermines the Sixth Amendment right.","He noted many states already allow courts to review such evidence.","He acknowledged other identity categories might raise similar questions.","Colorado's advocate argued jury confidentiality prevents harassment and tampering."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 28-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 28-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-18"}]}],"caption":"Pena-Rodriguez v. Colorado","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.139678Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.168484Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case seeks to admit juror statements about racial bias. Colorado argues such statements remain confidential.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 28-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 28-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-4"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-10-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-606.html","primary_docket":"15-606","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:55:16.136199Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether courts may examine juror statements about racial bias. the side that brought the case argues this bias violates the Sixth Amendment. Colorado argues jury deliberations must remain confidential."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 28-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 28-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-4"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 11, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-6"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to admit evidence of racial bias.","Colorado wants the court to keep jury statements confidential."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 28-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 28-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-4"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues racial bias violates the right to an impartial jury.","Colorado argues jury confidentiality protects the integrity of the trial system."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 28-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 28-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-4"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if religious bias would trigger the same rule.","Justice Alito asked how to distinguish race from religion in future cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-18"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of jury confidentiality. It determines whether courts can investigate racial bias in verdicts. The outcome shapes the balance between fair trials and private deliberations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 28-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 28-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-4"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-18"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-606-pena-rodriguez-v-colorado","term":"2016","title":"Can a court review juror statements about racial bias?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 28-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 28-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-606_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-4"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-10-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-10-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Shapiro argued for narrow statutory construction to avoid vagueness.","Justice Kennedy suggested the tippee acts as an accomplice in this scenario.","Justice Breyer questioned the relevance of standard disclosure forms for relatives."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 42-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 42-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-28"}]}],"caption":"Salman v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.108270Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether sharing trading profits with a relative constitutes a personal benefit under securities fraud statutes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 42-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 42-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-10-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-628.html","primary_docket":"15-628","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:55:55.240681Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of federal securities fraud laws regarding insider trading gifts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 42-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 42-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 5, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks a reversal of the conviction.","The government seeks to affirm the conviction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 42-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 42-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute requires a direct personal benefit.","The government argues a gift of profits satisfies the benefit requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 42-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 42-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked about specific language in prior precedent.","Justice Ginsburg asked about the difference between trading and gifting proceeds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-28"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the criminal liability for sharing insider trading profits with relatives."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 42-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 42-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-28"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-628-salman-v-united-states","term":"2016","title":"Does gifting insider trading profits violate federal law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 42-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 42-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-628_p86a.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-12-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-12-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Landau argued the Code does not require rejecting the settlement.","Ms. Spinelli argued Section 363(b) does not permit violating priority rules.","Ms. Spinelli stated assets distribute only through a confirmed Chapter 11 plan."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 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8-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 8-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-34"}]}],"caption":"Czyzewski v. Jevic Holding Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.980764Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.000928Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the bankruptcy court wrongly approved a settlement that paid some creditors more than others. the opposing sides claim the court had discretion to approve the deal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 18-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 18-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 6-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 6-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 8-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 8-32"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-12-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-649.html","primary_docket":"15-649","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:48:22.787923Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of bankruptcy court power. The dispute centers on whether a court can approve a settlement that distributes funds outside the statutory priority order. the sides that brought the case seek to reverse the lower court approval. the opposing sides seek to affirm that approval."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 18-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 18-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 6-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 6-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 8-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 8-32"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 7, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 34-36"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Supreme Court to reverse the lower court approval of the settlement.","the opposing sides want the Supreme Court to affirm the lower court approval of the settlement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 18-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 18-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 6-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 6-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 8-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 8-32"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Section 363(b) does not allow courts to distribute assets in violation of priority.","the opposing sides argue the bankruptcy court had discretion to approve the settlement structure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 18-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 18-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 6-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 6-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 8-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 8-32"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the parties only want the law followed.","Justice Alito asked if the Court should decide the broad question of structured dismissals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-34"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of bankruptcy court authority. It determines how courts handle settlements that conflict with statutory priority rules. Creditors rely on clear rules for asset distribution. The outcome shapes future bankruptcy proceedings nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 18-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 18-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 6-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 6-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 8-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 8-32"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-649_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 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8-32"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-12-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-12-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Elias argued the district court created a new legal standard.","Mr. Gornstein argued a racial target does not trigger strict scrutiny.","Mr. Clement described the 2011 redistricting as a bipartisan success."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 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16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-30"}]}],"caption":"Bethune-Hill v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.946514Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.957720Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Appellants argue a 55 percent floor violates the Constitution. Appellees claim the district court wrongly required a conflict with traditional principles.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 52-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-26"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-12-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-680.html","primary_docket":"15-680","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:49:00.603973Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Virginia redrew its House of Delegates districts in 2011. The state applied a 55 percent racial floor to twelve districts. Appellants claim this practice violates the Equal Protection Clause. Appellees argue the district court correctly applied the law. The Supreme Court must define the legal standard for racial gerrymandering claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 52-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-26"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 5, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 32-36"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Appellants want the Court to strike down the 55 percent racial floor.","Appellees want the Court to affirm the district court's legal standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 52-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Appellants argue the district court invented a new legal standard.","Appellees argue a racial target alone does not trigger strict scrutiny."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 52-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-26"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if avoiding a Voting Rights Act violation equals predominance.","Justice Breyer asked if traditional districting factors were irrelevant in this case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-30"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when racial targets trigger strict scrutiny. It shapes how states draw legislative districts. It balances voting rights with equal protection. It sets the standard for future redistricting litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 52-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-26"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-30"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-680-bethune-hill-v-virginia-state-bd-of-elections","term":"2016","title":"Does a racial target alone trigger strict scrutiny?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 52-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 52-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 36-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-680_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 36-26"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-10-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-10-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Rashkind argued a single notice of appeal perfects the appeal of the judgment.","He stated this applies even if part of the sentence is deferred.","Justice Ginsburg noted the notice must designate the specific order being appealed.","She argued a notice cannot designate an order that has not yet been made."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-50"}]}],"caption":"Manrique v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.165897Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a single notice of appeal covers a sentence with a deferred restitution amount.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-32"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-10-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-7250.html","primary_docket":"15-7250","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:55:00.848497Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Manrique v. United States asks if a defendant can appeal a sentence before the restitution amount is set."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-32"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 11, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The defendant wants the Court to accept his appeal as timely.","The government wants the Court to reject the appeal as premature."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-32"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The defendant argues one notice of appeal covers the entire judgment.","The government argues the appeal must wait for the final restitution order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-32"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if a defendant can wait sixty days to appeal everything.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned whether the order is final enough to appeal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-50"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when a criminal sentence becomes final for appeal purposes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-32"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-50"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-7250-manrique-v-united-states","term":"2016","title":"Can a defendant appeal a criminal sentence before the restitution amount is fixed?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-7250_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-32"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-10-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-10-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Sullivan argued a smartphone contains many technologies.","Mr. Fletcher stated the parties agree on the legal questions.","Ms. Sullivan emphasized the plaintiff bears the burden of proof."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 24-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 48-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 48-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 4-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 4-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 24-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-28"}]}],"caption":"Samsung Electronics Co., v. Apple Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.137149Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.154040Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Samsung and Apple dispute whether design patent damages apply to the entire phone or only specific parts.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 48-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 48-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 4-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 4-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 24-46"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-10-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-777.html","primary_docket":"15-777","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:52:48.710639Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of design patent remedies. The core issue is defining the article of manufacture for damages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 48-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 48-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 4-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 4-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 24-46"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 11, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 48-50"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Samsung wants damages limited to specific phone components.","Apple wants damages based on the entire smartphone."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 48-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 48-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 4-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 4-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 24-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Samsung argues the plaintiff must prove the specific article of manufacture.","Apple argues the whole phone constitutes the article of manufacture."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 48-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 48-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 4-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 4-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 24-46"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked how to instruct a jury on the test.","Justice Alito asked about the difference between causation and apportionment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 24-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-28"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome sets the standard for calculating design patent damages. It determines whether profits from the whole product count. This affects compensation for design infringement claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 48-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 48-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 4-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 4-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 24-46"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 24-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-28"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-777-samsung-electronics-co-v-apple-inc","term":"2016","title":"Does a design patent cover the whole smartphone or just its components?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 48-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 48-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 4-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 4-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-777_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 24-46"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-11-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-11-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Sloan argued that the Eighth Amendment prohibits executing people with intellectual disabilities.","Mr. Sloan noted that the lower court relied on specific Texas legal standards.","Mr. Keller stated that the side that brought the case conceded the use of older diagnostic manuals was acceptable.","Justice Kennedy questioned whether the presented question addresses the core issues of the case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 44-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 44-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 34-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-8"}]}],"caption":"Moore v. Texas","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.920390Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.946418Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Texas law uses outdated medical standards to define intellectual disability. This conflicts with federal constitutional protections against executing such individuals.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 44-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 44-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 34-14"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-11-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-797.html","primary_docket":"15-797","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:49:53.147981Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether Texas courts must apply current medical standards when determining if a defendant is intellectually disabled. the side that brought the case argues Texas law ignores these standards. The state argues its legal framework remains valid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 44-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 44-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 34-14"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 29, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 16-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to require Texas to use current medical standards for intellectual disability determinations.","The state wants the Court to uphold the existing Texas legal framework for these determinations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 44-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 44-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 34-14"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that the Eighth Amendment prohibits executing individuals with intellectual disabilities based on current medical definitions.","The state argues that its specific legal standards for defining intellectual disability remain constitutionally valid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 44-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 44-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 34-14"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked whether the side that brought the case’s broad objections align with the specific main legal question to the Court.","Justice Alito asked the side that brought the case to clarify how they can prevail on the specific main legal question."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-8"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether states must adopt current medical standards when assessing intellectual disability in death penalty cases. It defines the scope of constitutional protections for individuals facing execution. It clarifies the relationship between state law and federal constitutional mandates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 44-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 44-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 34-14"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-8"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-797-moore-v-texas","term":"2016","title":"Does Texas law violate the Eighth Amendment by ignoring current medical standards for intellectual disability?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 44-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 44-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 34-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-797_f2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 34-14"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-10-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-10-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","paragraphs":["Christina Swarns argued for Buck. She stated his lawyers introduced a biased opinion. She claimed the opinion linked his race to violence. She asked the Court to excuse the deadline.","Mr. Keller argued for the state. He defended the death sentence. He cited the specific murders committed by Buck. He argued the deadline must be enforced.","Justice Alito called the trial conduct indefensible. He noted the unusual nature of the case. He questioned the how the case got here of the appeal.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the retroactivity of recent rulings. She asked how the argument applies to this case. She highlighted the circuit split on the issue."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-40"}]}],"caption":"Buck v. Davis","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.121593Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Duane Buck argues his lawyers failed him. The state says he missed the deadline to appeal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-10-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-8049.html","primary_docket":"15-8049","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:56:09.582592Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Duane Buck faces the death penalty. His lawyers introduced a biased expert opinion. He missed the deadline to appeal that error. He asks the Court to excuse the missed deadline. The state says the deadline stands. The Court must decide if this excuse applies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 5, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Buck wants the Court to excuse his missed deadline. He argues his lawyers failed him. He wants a new chance to appeal.","The state wants the Court to uphold the deadline. It argues Buck failed to act on time. It wants the death sentence to stand."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Buck argues his lawyers committed ineffective assistance. He claims this failure justifies excusing the deadline. He cites recent Supreme Court guidance on this issue.","The state argues the deadline is strict. It claims Buck cannot use this excuse. It says the lower courts applied the correct standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the Third Circuit test applies here. She questioned the retroactivity of recent rulings. She noted a split among the circuits.","Chief Justice Roberts asked about the tension in Buck's briefing. He noted the focus on the underlying merits. He questioned the scope of the rule being applied."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-40"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of procedural deadlines. It affects how courts handle missed appeals. It determines if ineffective counsel can excuse delays. The outcome shapes future death penalty appeals. It clarifies the balance between finality and fairness."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-40"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-8049-buck-v-davis","term":"2016","title":"Can a court excuse a missed deadline based on ineffective assistance of counsel?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 44-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 44-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-8049_4f15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-42"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-01-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-01-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","paragraphs":["Fisher argued the law requires substantial educational opportunities.","Katyal argued the Spending Clause requires unambiguous standards.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 36-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 36-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 44-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 44-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-14"}]}],"caption":"Endrew F. v. Douglas County School Dist. RE-1","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.856120Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.885424Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Parents and the school district disagree on the required standard for student progress.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 22-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 22-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 44-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 44-14"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-01-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-827.html","primary_docket":"15-827","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:47:01.973509Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the minimum educational benefit schools must provide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 22-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 22-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 44-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 44-14"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 11, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 8-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Parents want a standard requiring significant educational progress.","The district wants a standard allowing minimal progress."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 22-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 22-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 44-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 44-14"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Parents argue the law requires substantial educational opportunities.","The district argues the Spending Clause requires unambiguous standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 22-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 22-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 44-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 44-14"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Roberts asked if the standard appeared in the original petition.","Breyer asked why the statute does not define progress clearly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 36-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 36-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 32-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 32-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-14"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the minimum support schools must provide disabled students."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 22-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 22-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 44-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 44-14"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-827_gfbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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44-14"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-10-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-10-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","paragraphs":["Star Athletica contends the designs are inseparable from the uniform's function.","Varsity Brands contends the designs are separable two-dimensional artwork.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-40"}]}],"caption":"Star Athletica, L.L.C. v. Varsity Brands, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.012797Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.040125Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether specific graphic designs on uniforms qualify as copyrightable art.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 42-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 42-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:52:33.891655Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the legal boundary between useful articles and artistic expression."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 42-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 42-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 38-48"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 31, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 28-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Star Athletica wants the Court to deny copyright protection to the uniform designs.","Varsity Brands wants the Court to grant copyright protection to the uniform designs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 42-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 42-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 38-48"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Star Athletica argues Congress did not intend to grant a century-long monopoly on uniform design.","Varsity Brands argues Congress directed courts to protect applied art on useful articles."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 42-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 42-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 38-48"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked how the argument differs from a copyrightable tuxedo shirt design.","Justice Sotomayor asked how one could copyright anything under the side that brought the case's definition of utility."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-40"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of copyright protection for designs on functional clothing items."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 42-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 42-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 38-48"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 52-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 52-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 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30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-40"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-866-star-athletica-l-l-c-v-varsity-brands-inc","term":"2016","title":"Can cheerleading uniform designs receive copyright protection?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 42-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 42-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-866_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 38-48"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-02-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-02-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued judges need discretion to impose just sentences.","The government argued the statute mandates a specific consecutive term.","Justice Sotomayor questioned if a one-day sentence satisfies the law.","Justice Kagan questioned if a one-day sentence defeats the mandate."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 46-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 46-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-42"}]}],"caption":"Dean v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.822412Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a judge can lower a mandatory 30-year sentence to one day.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 46-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 46-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-02-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-9260.html","primary_docket":"15-9260","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:44:00.775896Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a defendant who received a mandatory 30-year sentence. He argues the judge should have discretion to reduce it. The government argues the statute requires the full term."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 46-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 46-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 28, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to allow judges to reduce mandatory sentences.","The government wants the Court to enforce the mandatory 30-year sentence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 46-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 46-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues judges must have discretion to ensure just results.","The government argues Congress intended to remove judicial discretion for these crimes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 46-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 46-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if a one-day sentence negates Congress's purpose.","Justice Kagan asked if a one-day sentence defeats the statutory mandate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-42"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines if judges can override mandatory minimum sentences. It affects the balance between legislative intent and judicial discretion. It impacts how courts handle mandatory sentencing statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 46-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 46-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 42-42"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-9260-dean-v-united-states","term":"2016","title":"Can a judge reduce a mandatory 30-year sentence to one day?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 46-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 46-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-9260_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case cite Petrella to support a fixed statutory limit.","the opposing sides cite the 1952 Act to preserve laches.","chief_justice_roberts_questioned_if_the_statute_clearly_bars_laches","justice_ginsburg_asked_why_waiting_to_sue_is_not_unscrupulous"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 46-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 46-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 36-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 36-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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First Quality Baby Products, LLC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:22.031898Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue a six-year statute bars laches. the opposing sides claim laches remains a valid defense.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 36-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 36-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-52"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-927.html","primary_docket":"15-927","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:51:48.958052Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a patent statute overrides the equitable defense of laches."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 36-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 36-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-52"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 1, 2016."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to bar the laches defense.","the opposing sides want the Court to allow the laches defense."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 36-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 36-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-52"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute sets a fixed time limit.","the opposing sides argue the statute preserves existing equitable defenses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 36-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 36-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-52"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the statute clearly bars laches.","Justice Ginsburg asked why waiting to sue is not unscrupulous."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 46-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 46-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-16"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the time limit for patent infringement claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 36-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 36-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-52"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 46-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 46-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-16"}]}],"slug":"2016-15-927-sca-hygiene-products-aktiebolag-v-first-quality-baby-products-llc","term":"2016","title":"Does a patent statute bar the laches defense?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 36-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 36-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/15-927_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-52"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-03-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-03-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Unikowsky argued the side that brought the case received nothing from the sales.","He stated the government seeks to hold him liable for the full amount.","He claimed this position contradicts the text and purpose of the statute.","Justice Alito asked how the rule would work in drug conspiracy cases."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 52-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 52-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 6-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 26-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 26-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-50"}]}],"caption":"Honeycutt v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.758714Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.761535Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law allows the government to seize all proceeds from a conspiracy, even if one member received none.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 6-26"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-03-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-142.html","primary_docket":"16-142","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:40:28.131139Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of federal forfeiture law. the side that brought the case argues the statute limits seizure to proceeds a defendant actually received. The government argues the statute covers all proceeds from the conspiracy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 6-26"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 29, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 6-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to limit seizure to proceeds he actually received.","The government wants the court to allow seizure of all proceeds from the conspiracy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 6-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute text and purpose limit liability to individual proceeds.","The government argues the statute covers all proceeds generated by the conspiracy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 6-26"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked about the government's shifting theory on what counts as new proceeds.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the ruling would undo the RICO statute's joint liability rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 52-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 52-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 26-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 26-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-50"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines how much money the government can seize from criminal conspiracies. It affects the financial liability of every member of a group crime. It defines the scope of federal forfeiture power in multi-defendant cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 6-26"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 52-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 52-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 26-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 26-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-50"}]}],"slug":"2016-16-142-honeycutt-v-united-states","term":"2016","title":"Can the government seize all proceeds from a conspiracy even if one member received none?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 42-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 42-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-142_4gc5.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 6-26"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-03-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-03-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Estrada argued the state rule is wrong.","Mr. Wessler argued for cautious interpretation of preemption.","Mr. Tripp argued OPM regulations answer the question."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 32-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 32-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 16-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 16-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-12"}]}],"caption":"Coventry Health Care of Mo. v. Nevils","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.793969Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Coventry Health Care argues federal law preempts Missouri's ban on subrogation. Nevils argues state law remains valid.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 16-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 16-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-03-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-149.html","primary_docket":"16-149","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:43:46.640726Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal preemption in health insurance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 16-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 16-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 1, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Coventry wants the Court to strike down the state ban.","Nevils wants the Court to keep the state ban in force."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 16-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 16-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Coventry argues federal law preempts state subrogation bans.","Nevils argues state law remains valid under federal statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 16-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 16-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if states can regulate these carriers.","Justice Kagan asked how the Court should view prior precedent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 32-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 32-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 50-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 50-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-12"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between state and federal insurance power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 16-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 16-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-48"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 32-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 32-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-12"}]}],"slug":"2016-16-149-coventry-health-care-of-mo-v-nevils","term":"2016","title":"Does federal law block state bans on insurance subrogation?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-149_bodg.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 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ineffective assistance claims require individualized prejudice proof.","the side that brought the case's counsel stated that a closed empanelment requires the process to restart."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 44-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 44-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 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8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-48"}]}],"caption":"Weaver v. Massachusetts","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.521881Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.549231Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case seeks automatic reversal for a closed jury selection. the opposing side argues the error requires a specific prejudice showing.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 38-6"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-04-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-240.html","primary_docket":"16-240","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:38:13.664771Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a closed jury selection is a structural error. the side that brought the case claims this error voids the trial automatically. the opposing side argues the error requires proof of specific harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 38-6"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 19, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 30-38"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants an automatic new trial without proving specific harm.","the opposing side wants the court to require proof of specific prejudice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 38-6"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues a closed selection is a structural error that voids the trial.","the opposing side argues the error requires proof that it affected the outcome."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 38-6"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the error was the judge's failure to reserve seats.","Justice Alito asked if closing a courtroom can affect the trial outcome."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 44-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 44-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 4-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 4-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-48"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when a closed courtroom voids a criminal conviction. It determines whether defendants must prove specific harm from such closures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 38-6"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 44-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 44-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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retrial?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-240_nkp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 38-6"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-03-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-03-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case asserts Article 10(a) allows postal service if the forum state authorizes it.","the side that brought the case claims the receiving state must not have objected to the provision.","the opposing side contends the treaty text is unambiguous and restricts this service method.","Justice Alito noted treaties are also United States law requiring standard interpretation rules."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-22"}]}],"caption":"Water Splash, Inc. v. Menon","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.669481Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether Article 10(a) permits serving legal papers by mail when the receiving country has not filed an objection.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-03-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-254.html","primary_docket":"16-254","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:41:59.534526Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Hague Service Convention. It asks if domestic law controls mail service when the treaty is silent on objections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 22, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to allow mail service under the treaty.","the opposing side wants the Court to bar mail service in this instance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the treaty text permits mail service if the destination state does not object.","the opposing side argues the treaty text is unambiguous and does not authorize this specific service method."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked where a person may raise a defense regarding lack of notice.","Justice Sotomayor asked why drafters used two different phrases in the treaty text."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-22"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines how courts serve legal documents abroad. It affects the speed and cost of international litigation. It clarifies the balance between treaty text and domestic law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 48-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 48-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 4-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 4-22"}]}],"slug":"2016-16-254-water-splash-inc-v-menon","term":"2016","title":"Does the Hague Service Convention allow mail service if the destination state does not object?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-254_7lio.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-04-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-04-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Landau argued Section 1425(a) authorizes stripping citizenship if procured contrary to law.","Mr. Parker stated naturalization fundamentally changes the relationship between government and individual.","Justice Alito questioned whether being a Serb in Bosnia guarantees asylum rights.","Justice Ginsburg asked how good moral character interacts with immaterial lies in applications."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-50"}]}],"caption":"Maslenjak v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.604008Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.623179Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the government must prove a false statement materially affected the naturalization decision to strip citizenship.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-28"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-04-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-309.html","primary_docket":"16-309","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:36:29.802711Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Elma Maslenjak faces denaturalization for false statements in her application. The government argues any lie justifies revocation. Maslenjak argues only material lies matter."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-28"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 26, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 40-42"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants to revoke Maslenjak's citizenship based on any false statement.","Maslenjak wants to keep her citizenship because the lies were immaterial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-28"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues Section 1425(a) allows revocation for any lie, regardless of impact.","Maslenjak argues the law requires proof that the lie materially influenced the decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-28"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if every Serb in Bosnia is entitled to asylum.","Justice Sotomayor noted that outcomes are unpredictable and only possibilities exist now."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-50"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the standard for revoking citizenship. It determines how strictly courts scrutinize naturalization applications. It affects the stability of citizenship for millions of immigrants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-28"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-50"}]}],"slug":"2016-16-309-maslenjak-v-united-states","term":"2016","title":"Does a false statement in a naturalization application require proof of materiality for denaturalization?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-309_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 20-28"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-02-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-02-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Pincus stated Kentucky applies a more demanding rule for arbitration powers of attorney.","Justice Sotomayor questioned if the Wellner case aligns with neutral contract interpretation.","Justice Alito noted the context involves elderly care rather than simple billing disputes.","Mr. Salyer stated Kentucky is a common law state in power of attorney law."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 24-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 24-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-28"}]}],"caption":"Kindred Nursing Centers Ltd. v. Clark","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.791364Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue Kentucky applies stricter rules to arbitration powers of attorney than to general contracts.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 24-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 24-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-02-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-32.html","primary_docket":"16-32","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:45:00.229989Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether Kentucky law treats arbitration powers of attorney differently from general contract powers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 24-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 24-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 22, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to apply standard contract interpretation rules to the power of attorney.","the opposing sides want the Court to apply Kentucky's stricter rules for arbitration powers of attorney."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 24-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 24-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Kentucky uses a more demanding rule for arbitration than for general contracts.","the opposing sides argue Kentucky is a common law state without a uniform power of attorney act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 24-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 24-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the Wellner case is closer to neutral contract interpretation.","Justice Alito asked if the context differs from recent arbitration cases involving bills."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-28"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines how courts interpret powers of attorney for arbitration in Kentucky."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 24-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 24-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 48-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-28"}]}],"slug":"2016-16-32-kindred-nursing-centers-ltd-v-clark","term":"2016","title":"Does Kentucky law require special rules for arbitration powers of attorney?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 24-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 24-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-32_mlho.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-46"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-03-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-03-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","paragraphs":["Lee's lawyer argued competent counsel would have avoided removal.","The government argued Lee accepted the plea despite the risk.","Justices debated whether the test for prejudice is subjective."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-18"}]}],"caption":"Lee v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.727147Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.756109Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Jae Lee claims his lawyer wrongly told him a plea would not trigger deportation. The government argues he must prove he would have gone to trial.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 4-8"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-03-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-327.html","primary_docket":"16-327","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:40:48.386552Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Jae Lee accepted a plea deal based on his lawyer's advice. He claims this advice was wrong and caused his removal. The government disputes the standard for proving this error."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 4-8"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 28, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 22-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Lee wants a new trial or a different plea deal.","The government wants to keep the conviction and removal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 4-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Lee argues his lawyer's error forced a bad outcome.","The government argues Lee must prove he would have rejected the plea."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 4-8"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Roberts asked if the test is subjective.","Justice Kennedy asked if lawyers must advise on deportation risks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts judge lawyer errors in plea deals. It affects how defendants weigh immigration risks before pleading guilty. It sets the standard for proving prejudice in these claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 4-8"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 4-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 46-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 46-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 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12-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-18"}]}],"slug":"2016-16-327-lee-v-united-states","term":"2016","title":"Does a guilty plea require proof of actual deportation risk?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 18-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 18-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-327_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 4-8"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-03-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-03-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Jay argued definitions matter more than historical context.","Mr. Dabney framed the choice as upholding or destroying venue protections.","Mr. Dabney noted venue rules apply to generic drug makers too."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 38-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 38-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 28-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 28-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-8"}]}],"caption":"TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.699412Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.729778Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Kraft argues venue follows principal place of business. Heartland argues venue follows incorporation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 28-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 28-6"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-03-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-341.html","primary_docket":"16-341","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:41:08.130130Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the definition of corporate residence under 28 U.S.C. 1400(b)."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 28-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 28-6"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 27, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Heartland wants the Court to limit venue to the state of incorporation.","Kraft wants the Court to allow venue in the principal place of business."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 28-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 28-6"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Heartland argues Congress defined residence strictly for all venue purposes.","Kraft argues venue should consider the principal place of business."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 28-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 28-6"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if principal place of business counts for diversity.","Justice Sotomayor asked how the Court handles unincorporated associations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 38-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 38-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-8"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines where patent suits can begin. It shapes corporate litigation strategy nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 28-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 28-6"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 38-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 38-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-8"}]}],"slug":"2016-16-341-tc-heartland-llc-v-kraft-foods-group-brands-llc","term":"2016","title":"Does a corporation reside only where it incorporates for patent venue?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 28-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-341_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 28-6"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-04-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-04-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","paragraphs":["Kevin Russell argued the Act applies to debt collectors. He stated the definition includes those collecting debts owed or due to another.","Santander's counsel argued the sole question is whether debt buyers qualify. He stated they collect for their own account.","Justice Alito questioned why debt buyers are excluded if they acquired debt after default.","Chief Justice Roberts noted the text gives different tenses to owed and due."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 44-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 44-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 14-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 14-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 6-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 44-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 44-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 36-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 36-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-12"}]}],"caption":"Henson v. Santander Consumer USA Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.517347Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.546460Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Henson argues Santander is a debt collector. Santander argues it is not.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 6-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 44-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 44-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 36-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 36-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-04-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-349.html","primary_docket":"16-349","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:38:31.484637Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act defines debt collectors. It includes those who collect debts owed or due to another. Henson claims Santander fits this definition. Santander claims it does not."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 6-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 44-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 44-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 36-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 36-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 18, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 18-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Henson wants the Court to rule Santander is a debt collector.","Santander wants the Court to rule it is not a debt collector."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 6-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 44-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 44-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 36-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 36-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Henson argues the phrase owed or due another covers debt buyers.","Santander argues the phrase excludes entities collecting debts for their own account."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 6-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 44-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 44-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 36-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 36-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the case addresses Santander's status as a debt servicer.","Justice Alito asked why debt buyers are not covered if they acquired debt after default."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 44-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 44-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 14-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 14-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-12"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who must follow federal debt collection rules. It affects how consumers interact with debt buyers. It clarifies the scope of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 6-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 44-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 44-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 36-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 36-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 44-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 44-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 14-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 14-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-12"}]}],"slug":"2016-16-349-henson-v-santander-consumer-usa-inc","term":"2016","title":"Does buying a debt make a company a debt collector?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 6-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 44-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 44-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 36-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-349_e29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 36-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-03-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-03-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Saharsky framed the case around two specific legal questions.","She connected the dispute to the final review standard.","Mr. Rosenkranz argued officers need freedom to defend themselves in danger.","He stated any rule restricting that split-second decision is untenable for safety reasons."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 44-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 44-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 14-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 14-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 36-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 36-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-6"}]}],"caption":"County of Los Angeles v. Mendez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.666892Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.693169Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether police officers can claim qualified immunity after entering a home without a valid warrant.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 44-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 44-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 14-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 14-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 34-30"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-03-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-369.html","primary_docket":"16-369","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:41:39.481757Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of qualified immunity for law enforcement. It asks if an unlawful entry into a home automatically defeats a defense against a civil rights claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 44-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 44-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 14-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 14-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 34-30"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 22, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 32-34"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The county wants the Supreme Court to reverse the lower court's denial of qualified immunity.","The plaintiff wants the Supreme Court to affirm the lower court's denial of qualified immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 44-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 44-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 14-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 14-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 34-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The county argues officers must make split-second self-defense decisions without legal penalty.","The plaintiff argues unauthorized entry is a distinct constitutional violation that defeats immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 44-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 44-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 14-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 14-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 34-30"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked why unauthorized entry differs from a knock-and-announce violation.","Justice Kennedy asked how the warrant requirement is enforced if no damages result."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 36-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 36-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-6"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the legal limits of police entry into private homes. It determines whether officers face personal liability for unlawful entries. The outcome shapes future civil rights litigation against law enforcement agencies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 44-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 44-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 14-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 14-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 34-30"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 36-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 36-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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44-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 44-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 14-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 14-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-369_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 34-30"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-04-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-04-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","paragraphs":["Goldstein argued American Pipe tolling applies to both limits.","Clement argued the three-year limit is a statute of repose.","Roberts questioned whether a relative price drop bars suits.","Kagan asked if the distinction is practical or formal."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 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36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-42"}]}],"caption":"California Public Employees' Retirement System v. ANZ Securities, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.479979Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.493365Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Investors argue the repose limit pauses during class actions. The issuer argues it never pauses.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-28"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-04-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-373.html","primary_docket":"16-373","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:39:31.685439Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether the three-year repose limit in the Securities Act pauses during a class action. the sides that brought the case say it pauses. the opposing sides say it does not."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-28"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 17, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 30-32"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the repose limit to pause during class actions.","the opposing sides want the repose limit to run continuously."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-28"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue American Pipe tolling applies to both time limits.","the opposing sides argue the three-year limit is a strict repose statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-28"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if suits require a price drop.","Justice Kagan asked if the distinction is practical or formal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-42"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Investors lose claims if the repose limit never pauses. Issuers gain finality if the limit runs continuously."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-28"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-42"}]}],"slug":"2016-16-373-california-public-employees-retirement-system-v-anz-securities-inc","term":"2016","title":"Does American Pipe tolling apply to the Securities Act's three-year repose limit?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 52-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-373_4e46.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 52-28"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-04-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-04-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Landau argued that the parties agree mixed cases can go to district court.","Mr. Fletcher argued that the Federal Circuit generally has exclusive jurisdiction over Board decisions.","Mr. Fletcher noted that a specific statute carves out an exception for mixed cases.","Mr. Landau stated that the relevant agency interprets the statute similarly to the side that brought the case's view."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 38-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 38-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-34"}]}],"caption":"Perry v. Merit Systems Protection Bd.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.461618Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.490731Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a federal employee must complete internal discrimination remedies before a district court can hear a mixed civil service case.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 38-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 38-24"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-04-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-399.html","primary_docket":"16-399","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:39:11.741000Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves a federal employee who claims discrimination and an adverse civil service action. The core legal question is whether the employee must exhaust internal discrimination remedies before filing suit in federal district court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 38-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 38-24"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 17, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 26-28"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the district court to hear the case immediately without requiring completed internal discrimination steps.","the opposing side wants the employee to finish all internal discrimination remedies before the district court can act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 38-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 38-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that the statute allows district courts to hear mixed cases even if internal discrimination steps are incomplete.","the opposing side argues that the government requires exhaustion of internal discrimination remedies before district court jurisdiction attaches."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 38-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 38-24"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the employee must exhaust internal remedies before going to district court.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the employee could skip the Board and go straight to district court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-34"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines the procedural path for federal employees alleging discrimination and adverse actions. It defines when district courts gain jurisdiction over mixed civil service cases. The outcome shapes the balance between agency review and judicial access for federal workers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 38-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 38-24"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-34"}]}],"slug":"2016-16-399-perry-v-merit-systems-protection-bd","term":"2016","title":"Can a federal employee sue in district court without finishing internal discrimination steps?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 38-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-399_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 38-24"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-04-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-04-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","paragraphs":["Andrew Tulumello argued the Montana Supreme Court found general jurisdiction based on continuous business activity.","Saharsky argued the Court must determine if Section 56 or Montana law makes the defendant amenable to service.","Ms. Murray argued injured rail workers have sued negligent employers in any state where railroads do business for over a century."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-44"}]}],"caption":"BNSF R. Co. v. Tyrrell","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.575264Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"BNSF Railway seeks to limit where injured workers can sue. Workers argue Montana courts hold general jurisdiction over the company.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-6"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-04-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-405.html","primary_docket":"16-405","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:36:49.995941Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["BNSF Railway faces a lawsuit in Montana. The company argues Montana courts lack general jurisdiction. Workers claim the company's continuous business activity creates jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-6"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 25, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["BNSF wants the Court to reverse the lower court's jurisdiction finding.","Tyrrell wants the Court to affirm the lower court's jurisdiction finding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-6"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["BNSF argues Montana law does not make the company amenable to service of process.","Tyrrell argues the company's continuous business activity in Montana creates general jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-6"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if service-of-process language is an absolute necessity.","Justice Alito asked how the company responds to claims that its position creates industry chaos."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-44"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines where companies face general jurisdiction. It determines if continuous business activity alone grants courts power over unrelated claims. The outcome shapes the geographic reach of state court authority over large corporations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-6"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 4-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 4-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-44"}]}],"slug":"2016-16-405-bnsf-r-co-v-tyrrell","term":"2016","title":"Does a railroad's continuous business activity in a state grant courts there general jurisdiction over unrelated claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-405_9olb.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-6"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-04-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-04-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","paragraphs":["Bristol-Myers Squibb argues California lacks jurisdiction over out-of-state patients.","California argues the company's local ties justify hearing these claims.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the due process implications of pendent jurisdiction.","Justice Ginsburg asked if manufacturing location creates nationwide jurisdiction."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 30-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 30-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 42-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 42-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 14-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-16"}]}],"caption":"Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Superior Court of Cal., San Francisco Cty.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.572599Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.594397Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Bristol-Myers Squibb disputes a state court ruling that allowed non-California patients to sue there.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 30-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 30-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 14-14"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-04-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-466.html","primary_docket":"16-466","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:37:11.683994Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Bristol-Myers Squibb argues California lacks jurisdiction over out-of-state patients. California argues the company's local ties justify the suit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 30-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 30-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 14-14"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 25, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 42-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 42-6"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Bristol-Myers Squibb wants the Supreme Court to dismiss the out-of-state claims.","California wants the Supreme Court to keep the out-of-state claims in state court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 30-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 30-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 14-14"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Bristol-Myers Squibb argues due process bars jurisdiction over unrelated out-of-state injuries.","California argues the company's local activities create sufficient jurisdictional contacts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 30-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 30-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 14-14"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if manufacturing location alone creates jurisdiction nationwide.","Justice Sotomayor asked how pendent jurisdiction avoids due process violations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 42-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 42-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 16-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 16-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-16"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the geographic limits of state court power over national companies. It determines whether one state can adjudicate injuries occurring elsewhere. The outcome shapes the balance between local judicial efficiency and corporate due process rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 18-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 18-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 30-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 30-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 14-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 14-14"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 42-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 42-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-466_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 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14-14"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-04-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-04-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Bright argued that the 1985 precedent clearly established the right to neutral assistance.","General Brasher argued that the precedent did not require a neutral expert.","Justice Roberts asked whether the expert worked for the state or the prosecution.","Justice Sotomayor noted that the expert requested additional help late in the process."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 22-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-24"}]}],"caption":"McWilliams v. Dunn","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.565673Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a defendant receives adequate psychiatric help when the state assigns an expert to the prosecution.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 22-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-34"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-04-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-5294.html","primary_docket":"16-5294","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:37:30.879112Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the right to expert assistance in criminal trials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 22-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-34"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 24, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks a ruling that the state must provide a neutral expert.","the opposing side seeks a ruling that the current expert arrangement satisfies due process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 22-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-34"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that a prosecutor's expert violates the right to a viable defense.","the opposing side argues that the state provided sufficient psychiatric assistance under existing law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 22-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-34"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the law requires the expert to consult only with the defense.","Justice Sotomayor asked what specific aid a defendant needs to mount a viable defense."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 52-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 52-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-24"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the independence of state-funded experts in criminal trials. It determines whether defendants receive neutral psychiatric assistance. The outcome shapes the fairness of future criminal proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 22-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-34"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 48-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-5294_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 48-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-42"}]}],"caption":"Esquivel-Quintana v. Sessions","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.819737Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.825269Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether courts must define this term using state laws or federal standards.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 16-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 16-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 48-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 48-22"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-02-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-54.html","primary_docket":"16-54","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:44:18.198238Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks how courts should interpret a specific immigration statute term."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 16-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 16-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 48-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 48-22"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 27, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 24-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to define the term using state laws.","The government wants the court to defer to the agency interpretation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 16-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 16-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 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40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-42"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This interpretation determines how courts treat similar immigration cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 16-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 16-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 48-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 48-22"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 46-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 46-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-54_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-42"}]}],"slug":"2016-16-54-esquivel-quintana-v-sessions","term":"2016","title":"Does the phrase sexual abuse of a minor require a generic federal definition?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 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20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-10"}]}],"caption":"Town of Chester v. Laroe Estates, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.461647Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.485909Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Town of Chester argues that mandatory intervenors need no standing. Laroe Estates claims Rule 24(a)(2) grants full party status without that requirement.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 30-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 30-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 6-14"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-04-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-605.html","primary_docket":"16-605","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:39:47.660900Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether federal courts must verify Article III standing for mandatory intervenors. The Town of Chester seeks to dismiss Laroe Estates for lack of standing. Laroe Estates wants to join the existing lawsuit as a full party."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 30-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 30-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 6-14"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 17, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 22-36"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Town of Chester wants the Court to require standing for mandatory intervenors.","Laroe Estates wants the Court to allow intervention without a separate standing finding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 30-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 30-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 6-14"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Town of Chester argues Article III requires a case or controversy for all parties.","Laroe Estates argues Rule 24(a)(2) creates full party status independent of standing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 30-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 30-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 6-14"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked about the confusion between permissive and automatic intervention.","Justice Breyer questioned why Article III insists on standing if the request matches existing claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-10"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the procedural entry point for third parties in federal litigation. It determines whether courts must screen every new party for constitutional injury. The outcome shapes the scope of federal judicial power and case management efficiency."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 30-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 30-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 6-14"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 4-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 4-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 4-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 4-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-4","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-4"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 4-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 4-10"}]}],"slug":"2016-16-605-town-of-chester-v-laroe-estates-inc","term":"2016","title":"Must a party seeking mandatory intervention prove Article III standing?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 3, lines 20-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 20-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 30-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 30-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-605_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 6-14"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-03-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-03-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Blatt argued the statute exempts plans maintained by church-affiliated organizations.","Ms. Blatt stated the church does not have to fund these plans.","Justice Sotomayor noted Congress rejected a broader definition in an earlier version.","Justice Kagan suggested a simpler statutory language would have achieved the goal."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 42-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 42-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 38-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 38-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-48"}]}],"caption":"Advocate Health Care Network v. Stapleton","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.695856Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.708971Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Advocate Health Care Network argues its pension plan is a church plan. Stapleton argues the plan is not a church plan.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 38-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 38-26"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-03-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2016","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-74.html","primary_docket":"16-74","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:41:22.319149Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case concerns whether a pension plan maintained by a church-affiliated hospital is a church plan. The parties dispute the statutory definition of a church plan."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 38-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 38-26"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 27, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 42-44"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Advocate Health Care Network wants the Court to hold the plan is a church plan.","Stapleton wants the Court to hold the plan is not a church plan."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 38-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 38-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Advocate Health Care Network argues the statute exempts plans maintained by church-affiliated organizations.","Stapleton argues the statute requires a church to establish the plan."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 38-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 38-26"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if this is the question the Court agreed to review.","Justice Sotomayor asked if Congress intended to cover non-profit corporations like hospitals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 42-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 42-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-48"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines which pension plans receive ERISA exemptions. It affects the funding obligations of church-affiliated hospitals. It defines the scope of federal labor law for religious non-profits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 38-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 38-26"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 42-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 42-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 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28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-48"}]}],"slug":"2016-16-74-advocate-health-care-network-v-stapleton","term":"2016","title":"Does a church-affiliated hospital qualify as a church plan under ERISA?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 38-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 38-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 38-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2016/16-74_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 38-26"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-01-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-01-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","paragraphs":["The United States argues the compact creates a statutory duty to distribute water to Texas.","Texas and New Mexico argue the United States cannot raise compact claims in this matter.","Justice Sotomayor asked what specific federal interests the compact protects.","Justice Ginsburg asked how to distinguish when a party can sue under a compact."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-45"}]}],"caption":"Texas v. New Mexico","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.058737Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.088318Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The United States seeks to enforce water delivery duties. Texas and New Mexico dispute this legal authority.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-01-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/141%20ORIG..html","primary_docket":"141 ORIG.","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:25:08.385278Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The United States argues the Rio Grande Compact creates a statutory duty to deliver water to Texas. Texas and New Mexico argue the federal government lacks standing to raise these claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 8, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The United States wants the Court to allow it to enforce water delivery duties under the compact.","Texas and New Mexico want the Court to bar the United States from raising compact claims in this case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The United States argues the compact creates a statutory duty to distribute water to Texas.","Texas and New Mexico argue the United States cannot raise compact claims in this matter."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked what specific federal interests the compact protects.","Justice Ginsburg asked how to distinguish when a party can sue under a compact."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the federal government's role in interstate water disputes. It clarifies whether the United States can sue to enforce compact duties. The outcome shapes future water rights litigation between states and the federal government."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-45"}]}],"slug":"2017-141-orig-texas-v-new-mexico","term":"2017","title":"Can the United States sue to enforce water rights under the Rio Grande Compact?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/141-orig_b8dg.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-01-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-01-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","paragraphs":["Florida's lawyer argued Georgia's consumption is unreasonable. He said a cap is the only fix.","Georgia's lawyer argued Florida failed to prove its case. He said a cap alone will not increase water flow.","Justices questioned whether Florida proved its harm. They asked about the evidence in the record."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-37"}]}],"caption":"Florida v. Georgia","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.058686Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.088286Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Florida seeks a cap on Georgia water use. Georgia argues the cap will not help.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-01-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/142%20ORIG..html","primary_docket":"142 ORIG.","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:25:27.121535Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Florida claims Georgia uses too much water. This harms Florida during droughts. Georgia says Florida failed to prove this harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 8, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Florida wants a cap on Georgia water use. It believes this will increase water flow to Florida.","Georgia wants the Court to deny the cap. It argues the cap will not change water flow."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Florida argues Georgia consumes unreasonable amounts of water. This consumption causes real harm to Florida.","Georgia argues Florida failed to prove a cap helps. It says Army Corps operations control water flow."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked Florida to review specific evidence. She questioned the Master's findings on water flow.","Justice Ginsburg noted Florida focused only on drought harm. She asked about benefits in normal periods."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines how states share river water. It sets rules for resolving interstate water disputes. It affects how courts handle environmental harm claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-37"}]}],"slug":"2017-142-orig-florida-v-georgia","term":"2017","title":"Does a cap on Georgia water use fix Florida drought harm?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 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39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/142-orig_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-10-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-10-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Stewart argued Congress has broad authority over immigration rules.","Mr. Arulanantham argued detention and removal are distinct legal concepts.","Justice Sotomayor asked how immigration detention differs from criminal detention."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 48-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 48-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 46-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 46-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-40"}]}],"caption":"Jennings v. Rodriguez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.377958Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.404471Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek individualized hearings. The government argues detention is mandatory.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 8-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 8-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 48-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 48-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 46-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 46-40"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-10-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-1204.html","primary_docket":"15-1204","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:35:05.825901Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of immigration detention. the sides that brought the case argue the Fifth Amendment requires bail hearings. The government claims Congress authorized indefinite detention without review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 8-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 8-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 48-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 48-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 46-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 46-40"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 3, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 42-44"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want individualized bail hearings for detained immigrants.","The government wants to detain immigrants without judicial review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 8-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 8-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 48-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 48-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 46-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 46-40"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Fifth Amendment limits indefinite detention.","The government argues Congress authorized mandatory detention statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 8-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 8-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 48-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 48-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 46-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 46-40"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if the statute mandates detention without hearings.","Justice Ginsburg asked about monitoring devices as an alternative to release."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 28-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 28-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 54-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 54-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-40"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of executive power over non-citizens. It determines whether individuals face indefinite detention without judicial oversight. The outcome shapes the balance between national security and personal liberty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 8-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 8-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 48-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 48-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 46-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 46-40"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 28-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 28-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 54-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 54-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-40"}]}],"slug":"2017-15-1204-jennings-v-rodriguez","term":"2017","title":"Does the Constitution require bail hearings for detained immigrants?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 8-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 8-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 48-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 48-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 46-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1204_2c83.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 46-40"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-11-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-11-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Katyal argued Congress reacted to a new problem.","He said plaintiffs shifted litigation to state court.","Mr. Kedem argued SLUSA reestablished federal venue.","He said it did so by permitting removal."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 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37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 55-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-37"}]}],"caption":"Cyan, Inc. v. Beaver County Employees Retirement Fund","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.215373Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.245441Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case want federal courts to handle these suits. the opposing sides want state courts to keep them.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 51-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-11-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-1439.html","primary_docket":"15-1439","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:48:32.710123Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act. It asks if state courts can hear large securities class actions. The law aims to move these cases to federal courts. The dispute centers on the statute's text. It defines covered class actions. It excludes certain federal claims. The parties disagree on this exclusion's meaning."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 51-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 28, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 53-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want federal courts to hear these suits.","the opposing sides want state courts to keep these suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 51-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue SLUSA bars state court jurisdiction.","the opposing sides argue SLUSA only allows removal to federal court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 51-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if Congress used obtuse language.","Justice Sotomayor asked about the definition of covered actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 55-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines where large securities suits belong. It shapes access to state and federal courts. It affects how investors seek redress. It clarifies the balance of judicial power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 51-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 55-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-37"}]}],"slug":"2017-15-1439-cyan-inc-v-beaver-county-employees-retirement-fund","term":"2017","title":"Can state courts hear securities class actions with federal claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1439_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 51-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-10-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-10-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","paragraphs":["Todd Kim argued the lower courts made two fundamental errors in analyzing probable cause.","Todd Kim stated the lower courts took important facts out of context.","Todd Kim claimed the lower courts used an inappropriate divide-and-conquer analysis.","Todd Kim emphasized that probable cause is a practical standard for officers."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 42-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 42-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 54-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 54-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-54"}]}],"caption":"District of Columbia v. Wesby","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.407304Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Police arrested guests at a party in a vacant home. The guests claim the officers lacked probable cause.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 42-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 42-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-10-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-1485.html","primary_docket":"15-1485","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:48:58.141317Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the standard for probable cause. It asks if officers can arrest guests based on a tip about a party in a vacant home."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 42-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 42-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 4, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The District of Columbia wants the arrests upheld as lawful.","The guests want the arrests declared unlawful and their claims preserved."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 42-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 42-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The District argues the lower courts improperly isolated facts to deny probable cause.","The guests argue the officers lacked probable cause because the host confirmed their presence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 42-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 42-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked how many people were in the home.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the guests needed to prove their right to be there."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 54-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 54-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-54"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the practical limits of police authority during arrests. It clarifies how courts evaluate probable cause in ambiguous situations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 42-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 42-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 52-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 52-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 54-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 54-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-54"}]}],"slug":"2017-15-1485-district-of-columbia-v-wesby","term":"2017","title":"Did police have probable cause to arrest party guests?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 42-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 42-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1485_gfbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-10-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-10-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","paragraphs":["The government advocate argued the Ninth Circuit erred. He cited the Johnson decision. He claimed the definition is not vague.","The defendant advocate argued the statute is unclear. He cited Justice Gorsuch's point. He claimed Congress cannot delegate this task.","Justice Sotomayor asked about arbitrary removal. She questioned if officials could act on bias. She sought a clear standard.","Justice Ginsburg asked about moral turpitude. She noted burglary fits that category. She questioned the government's alternative argument."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"}]}],"caption":"Sessions v. Dimaya","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.035003Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government argues the law is clear. The defendant claims it is vague.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-10-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-1498.html","primary_docket":"15-1498","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:35:44.068807Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests a federal immigration statute. It defines aggravated felonies. The term crime of violence is central. Courts must interpret this term. The Ninth Circuit found it vague. The government disagrees with that view."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 2, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the statute upheld. It seeks to remove the defendant. It argues the law is clear.","The defendant wants the statute struck down. He seeks to avoid removal. He argues the law is vague."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the statute is clear. It cites ordinary case analysis. It claims courts can apply it consistently.","The defendant argues the statute is vague. He claims it invites arbitrary enforcement. He cites the Johnson decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Gorsuch asked about civil laws. He noted they are often hidden. He questioned their accessibility.","Justice Kagan asked about ordinary case analysis. She noted both statutes use it. She sought clarification on this point."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of removal. It affects how courts interpret statutes. It impacts the clarity of federal laws. It shapes future immigration enforcement actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"}]}],"slug":"2017-15-1498-sessions-v-dimaya","term":"2017","title":"Does the immigration statute's violence definition lack clarity?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1498_9p6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-10-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-10-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Cross argued the case presents a mixed question of law and fact.","Mr. Geyser argued that appellate review requires recreating the entire evidentiary record.","Ms. Goodspeed argued that the debate centers on understanding the bankruptcy court's finding."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 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9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-11"}]}],"caption":"U. S. Bank Nat. Assn. v. Village at Lakeridge, LLC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.319837Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.346621Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Parties dispute whether appellate courts must reweigh evidence or defer to trial judges on arm's length status.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-10-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/15-1509.html","primary_docket":"15-1509","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:30:29.516952Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the standard of review for mixed questions of law and fact in bankruptcy. The core issue is whether appellate courts should independently assess evidence or defer to the trial judge's findings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 31, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want appellate courts to defer to trial judges on factual findings.","the opposing sides want appellate courts to independently review the evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue that recreating the evidentiary record wastes judicial resources.","the opposing sides argue that the legal standard requires independent appellate assessment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why the standard matters if the outcome is unchanged.","Justice Kennedy asked if parties agree on the elements of arm's length transactions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines how much weight appellate courts give to trial judges. It affects the finality of bankruptcy decisions. It shapes the balance between judicial efficiency and error correction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 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37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-11"}]}],"slug":"2017-15-1509-u-s-bank-nat-assn-v-village-at-lakeridge-llc","term":"2017","title":"How should appellate courts review bankruptcy findings on arm's length transactions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/15-1509_n7jf.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-04-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-04-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued Section 271(f) prohibits specific domestic infringement acts.","Sri Shanmugam argued the presumption against extraterritoriality applies to remedial provisions.","Justice Breyer questioned whether foreign nations could adopt similar statutes.","Justice Gorsuch focused on the distinction between high seas and inland waters."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"}]}],"caption":"WesternGeco LLC v. ION Geophysical Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.718515Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.742442Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"WesternGeco seeks damages for ION's foreign use of its technology. ION argues US law cannot reach those losses.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 19-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-04-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-1011.html","primary_docket":"16-1011","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:17:23.628349Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["WesternGeco wants a US court to award damages for ION's foreign use of its technology. ION wants the court to deny those damages because the use occurred abroad."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 16, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["WesternGeco wants the Court to allow damages for foreign losses.","ION wants the Court to bar damages for foreign losses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["WesternGeco argues Section 271(f) targets domestic acts with foreign consequences.","ION argues the presumption against extraterritoriality bars foreign damages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if other countries could enact similar laws.","Justice Gorsuch asked about the difference between high seas and Lake Michigan."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the geographic reach of US patent damages. It determines whether US courts can compensate for foreign economic harm. The outcome shapes global business risk for technology firms."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-1011-westerngeco-llc-v-ion-geophysical-corp","term":"2017","title":"Can US patent law award damages for foreign losses?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1011_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 19-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-01-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-01-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Fitzgerald argued the automobile exception cannot override home protections.","He stated officers may not search vehicles anywhere based on probable cause alone.","Mr. Cox argued the search occurred outside the home's bright-line boundary.","He noted the officer had probable cause before entering the driveway."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-1"}]}],"caption":"Collins v. Virginia","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.092786Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether police may search a vehicle in a driveway without a warrant.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-01-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-1027.html","primary_docket":"16-1027","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:24:50.730854Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Fourth Amendment. It asks if the home's protection extends to a driveway. The core issue is the validity of the automobile exception in this specific location."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 9, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the search declared unconstitutional.","The state wants the search upheld as lawful."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the automobile exception does not apply to driveways.","The state argues the search occurred outside the home's bright-line boundary."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked about the relevance of a tarp covering the vehicle.","Justice Sotomayor asked what difference the tarp made to the legal analysis."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary of home privacy. It determines where police may search vehicles without a warrant. The outcome shapes future searches in driveways and similar areas."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-1"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-1027-collins-v-virginia","term":"2017","title":"Does the Fourth Amendment protect a vehicle parked in a driveway?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1027_p4k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-12-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-12-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Banner argued the statute specifies the prisoner's share. He stated prisoners must pay part of fees from damages. He emphasized the statutory text controls this calculation.","Mr. Legner argued Congress intended to replicate contingent fee arrangements. He stated the purpose was to ensure full compensation. He contended the cap does not limit prisoner liability.","Justice Roberts suggested the statute balances two obligations. He noted a cap exists alongside the duty to satisfy fees. He implied the balance is statutory, not judicial."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-33"}]}],"caption":"Murphy v. Smith","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.280449Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the statute caps fees at 25 percent of the award. the opposing sides claim the cap does not apply to prisoner plaintiffs.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-12-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-1067.html","primary_docket":"16-1067","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:25:47.860659Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the Prison Litigation Reform Act. It asks if prisoners must pay fees from their own damages. The statute sets a 25 percent cap on fees. the sides that brought the case say this cap limits their liability. the opposing sides argue the cap does not restrict prisoner payments. The Court must interpret this specific statutory provision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 6, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to hold the cap applies. They seek to limit their fee liability to 25 percent of the award. This protects their financial recovery from excessive deductions.","the opposing sides want the Court to hold the cap does not apply. They seek to recover full fees from the prisoner. This ensures attorneys are fully compensated for their work."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute explicitly caps fees at 25 percent. They contend this language creates a clear limit on liability. This interpretation aligns with the text of the law.","the opposing sides argue the cap only limits fees taken from non-prisoners. They contend prisoners must pay full fees from their damages. This view prioritizes full compensation for legal services."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the statute mentions fault. She questioned the purpose of giving judges discretion. She noted the text does not speak to fault.","Justice Alito asked if a tiny crumb satisfies hunger. He suggested a minimal payment does not meet the need. He implied the cap might be insufficient for full compensation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines how much prisoners keep from their awards. It affects the financial viability of civil rights litigation. It shapes the cost of legal representation for incarcerated individuals. It clarifies the scope of the statutory fee cap. It impacts the balance between access to courts and attorney compensation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-33"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-1067-murphy-v-smith","term":"2017","title":"Can prisoners pay attorney fees from their own damages?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1067_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-12-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-12-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","paragraphs":["The owner's counsel argued the state cannot compel speech. They stated the owner is a professional artist with free exercise rights.","The state's counsel argued Colorado extended protections to LGBTQ people. They noted the bakery is open to the public and subject to state law.","Justice Roberts questioned whether requiring a cake with a pre-existing message constitutes compelled association.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the scope of the refusal regarding standard items sold to the public."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-1"}]}],"caption":"Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Comm'n","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.031061Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.063700Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A baker claims religious freedom bars him from making a wedding cake. The state says anti-discrimination law requires him to serve all customers.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 39-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-12-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-111.html","primary_docket":"16-111","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:26:38.923338Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on a bakery owner who refused to create a custom cake for a same-sex wedding. The state civil rights commission found this action violated anti-discrimination laws. The owner argues this requirement forces him to express a message he opposes. The state argues the law protects customers from discrimination based on sexual orientation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 39-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 5, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 35-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The bakery owner wants the court to strike down the commission's order. He seeks a ruling that allows him to refuse service based on religious beliefs.","The state commission wants the court to uphold the anti-discrimination finding. It seeks to enforce the law requiring businesses to serve all customers equally."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 39-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The owner argues the First Amendment prohibits the government from forcing him to create expressive art. He claims making the cake violates his religious convictions about marriage.","The state argues the anti-discrimination law protects customers from bias. It asserts the owner must serve all shoppers regardless of their sexual orientation or the event type."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 39-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the owner refused to sell standard cupcakes to same-sex couples.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the owner was required to write a specific message on the cake."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between religious freedom and anti-discrimination law. It determines whether businesses can refuse service based on the customer's identity. The outcome shapes how states enforce civil rights protections for LGBTQ individuals. It also clarifies the scope of free speech rights for commercial artists."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 39-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-1"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-111-masterpiece-cakeshop-ltd-v-colorado-civil-rights-comm-n","term":"2017","title":"Must a baker create a cake for a same-sex wedding?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-111_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 39-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-03-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-03-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Farris argued California targeted pro-life centers with onerous rules.","Mr. Wall argued the First Amendment permits states to require truthful disclosures.","Mr. Klein argued the disclosure promotes informed choice like in Casey."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 6-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 6-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 18-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 18-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 16-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 16-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-25"}]}],"caption":"National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.844199Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.874592Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Pro-life centers argue California targets them with mandatory referrals. The state claims it requires truthful disclosures.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 18-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 18-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 16-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 16-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 36-6"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-03-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-1140.html","primary_docket":"16-1140","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:19:36.684526Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["California law requires licensed pro-life centers to direct patients to abortion services. It also imposes strict advertising rules on unlicensed centers. The state exempts other medical providers from these rules. the sides that brought the case claim this targets their speech. The state argues it serves public health interests."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 18-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 18-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 16-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 16-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 36-6"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 20, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the mandatory referral requirement.","The state wants the Court to uphold the disclosure law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 18-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 18-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 16-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 16-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 36-6"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the law targets pro-life centers and compels speech.","The state argues the First Amendment allows truthful factual disclosures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 18-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 18-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 16-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 16-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 36-6"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if a law requiring all providers to list options would be valid.","Justice Ginsburg asked if abortion providers must offer assistance for carrying a pregnancy to term."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 6-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 6-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of state power to compel speech. It affects how states regulate medical and non-medical providers. It determines whether targeted disclosures violate constitutional rights. The outcome shapes future regulations on patient information."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 18-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 18-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 16-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 16-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 36-6"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 6-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 6-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-25"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-1140-national-institute-of-family-and-life-advocates-v-becerra","term":"2017","title":"Can California force pro-life centers to direct patients to abortion services?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 18-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 18-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 16-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 16-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1140_o759.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 36-6"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-12-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-12-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Hellman argued Congress did not create an all-purpose tax crime.","He stated the statute borrows meaning from laws prohibiting obstruction of pending proceedings.","Ms. Parker argued the government's reading does not solve the problems of overbreadth.","She contended the statute does not swallow other misdemeanor provisions of the code."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-37"}]}],"caption":"Marinello v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.287475Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the tax obstruction statute covers any interference with tax collection or only active obstruction of a specific, ongoing government proceeding.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-12-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-1144.html","primary_docket":"16-1144","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:48:12.364252Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a federal tax crime. the side that brought the case argues the law targets only active obstruction of a pending proceeding. The government argues the law covers any interference with the tax code's administration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 6, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction overturned because the statute requires a pending proceeding.","The government wants the conviction to stand because the statute covers any interference with tax administration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute borrows language from laws prohibiting obstruction of pending proceedings.","The government argues the statute covers any conduct that interferes with the due administration of the tax code."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked what lawful conduct the government's reading would put at risk.","Justice Breyer asked if a gardener paying over six hundred dollars would be a lawbreaker."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary between lawful tax compliance and criminal obstruction. It determines whether ordinary interactions with tax agencies can become felonies. This affects how citizens and businesses handle tax disputes and agency communications."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-37"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-1144-marinello-v-united-states","term":"2017","title":"Does obstructing tax administration require a pending proceeding?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1144_664d.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 15-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-01-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-01-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","paragraphs":["Andrew Simpson argued that the right of appeal has existed since 1789. He stated that the judgment in this case is final. He asked the Court to support the right of appeal. He claimed the appeal comes from a final judgment.","Neal Katyal argued that the district court consolidated the cases. He stated that the side that brought the case wants to appeal part of the claims. He suggested that the side that brought the case should challenge the consolidation order instead. He implied that partial appeals undermine the consolidation process.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the necessity of a specific statutory section. She noted that another section already allows the same action. She suggested that the sections serve separate purposes. She asked why the word consolidate appears in the statute.","Justice Kagan asked if the side that brought the case's argument applies to all consolidations. She noted that the argument seems broad. She asked if it applies when claims split into different lawsuits. She sought clarification on the scope of the legal theory."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 40-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 40-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-36"}]}],"caption":"Hall v. Hall","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.120004Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Brother and sister dispute whether a final judgment allows appeal of one claim after courts merged their cases.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 40-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 40-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-16"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-01-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-1150.html","primary_docket":"16-1150","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:23:36.909213Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of federal appeal rights. It asks if a party can appeal a single claim from a consolidated case. The lower court merged two related lawsuits. One party wants to appeal part of the judgment now. The other side opposes this partial appeal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 40-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 40-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-16"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 16, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to allow the appeal of one claim from the consolidated judgment.","the opposing side wants the Court to block the appeal of that specific claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 40-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 40-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that a final judgment always allows an appeal under the Judiciary Act of 1789.","the opposing side argues that consolidation merges cases, so a party cannot appeal just one part."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 40-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 40-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-16"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the district court understands how related the two cases are.","Justice Sotomayor asked why the statute needs a second section if the first section already allows the action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-36"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of federal appellate jurisdiction. It determines when a party can split a consolidated judgment. It affects how courts manage related lawsuits. It shapes the finality of district court orders. It impacts the efficiency of the federal court system."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 40-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 40-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-16"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-36"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-1150-hall-v-hall","term":"2017","title":"Can a party appeal one claim from a consolidated case?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 40-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 40-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1150_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-16"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-10-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-10-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Tseytlin argued social science metrics do not solve manageability problems.","Ms. Murphy stated plaintiffs failed to identify a workable standard.","Mr. Smith claimed the state map effectively nullifies democracy."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 54-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 54-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 30-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 30-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 56-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 56-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 8-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 8-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 48-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 48-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 42-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 42-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 56-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 56-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-32"}]}],"caption":"Gill v. Whitford","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.371703Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.395083Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Appellants seek a judicial remedy for extreme district maps. Appellees argue courts lack standards to fix them.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 48-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 48-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 42-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 42-36"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-10-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-1161.html","primary_docket":"16-1161","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:34:50.172277Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether federal courts can resolve partisan gerrymandering disputes. The parties disagree on the availability of legal standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 48-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 48-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 42-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 42-36"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 3, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 38-40"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Appellants want a court to strike down the district map.","Appellees want the court to dismiss the gerrymandering claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 48-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 48-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 42-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 42-36"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Appellants argue the map effectively nullifies democratic representation.","Appellees argue no judicially manageable standard exists for this claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 48-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 48-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 42-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 42-36"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if courts can manage the standards.","Justice Kagan noted the social science metrics appear scientific."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 54-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 54-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 30-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 30-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 56-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 56-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 8-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 8-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 56-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 56-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-32"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of judicial power over electoral maps. It determines whether voters can challenge extreme districting in court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 48-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 48-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 42-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 42-36"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 54-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 54-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 30-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 30-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 56-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 56-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 8-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 8-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 56-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 56-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 38-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 38-32"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-1161-gill-v-whitford","term":"2017","title":"Can courts manage partisan gerrymandering claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 48-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 48-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 42-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 42-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 42-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1161_mjn0.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 42-36"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-04-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-04-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","paragraphs":["The law firm argued the statute uses financial condition as a term of art. It refers to overall financial status, not specific debts.","The debtor argued the statute covers statements about specific debts. It includes liabilities and credit transactions.","Justice Breyer questioned the distinction between the words something and respecting. He suggested the word statement might be the key.","Justice Gorsuch asked how the firm's argument helps its case. He noted Congress might care about incomplete information about debts."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-7"}]}],"caption":"Lamar, Archer & Cofrin, LLP v. Appling","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.726595Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.752316Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A law firm seeks to discharge a debt. The debtor argues the firm's written statement about finances blocks that discharge.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-04-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-1215.html","primary_docket":"16-1215","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:17:00.644591Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of a bankruptcy statute. It asks if a written statement about a debtor's financial condition prevents debt discharge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 17, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The law firm wants the court to allow the debt discharge. It argues the statute only covers statements about overall financial status.","The debtor wants the court to block the debt discharge. It argues the statute covers any written statement about finances."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The law firm argues the phrase financial condition is a term of art. It refers to overall financial status, not specific debts.","The debtor argues the phrase financial condition includes specific debts. It covers statements about liabilities and credit transactions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if the word statement changes the legal analysis. He suggested the word something might be the key distinction.","Justice Gorsuch asked how the firm's argument helps its case. He noted Congress might care about incomplete information about debts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of bankruptcy fraud protections. It determines when written statements about finances block debt discharge. It affects how creditors and debtors handle written financial disclosures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1215_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-04-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-04-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Gottlieb argued that district courts are not bound to accept foreign sovereign statements.","He stated that courts must assess clarity, completeness, and consistency of such statements.","Mr. Jacobson argued that the 2002 regulation only makes sense under the Ministry's interpretation.","He claimed that price fixing was clearly required under that specific regulatory regime."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-37"}]}],"caption":"Animal Science Products, Inc. v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceutical Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.834389Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.871932Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek independent review of Chinese law. the opposing sides demand strict deference to the Chinese government's interpretation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-04-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-1220.html","primary_docket":"16-1220","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:14:35.142988Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of judicial deference to foreign sovereigns. The core dispute involves how U.S. courts should treat official statements from foreign governments about their own legal systems."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 24, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 53-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want courts to independently verify foreign law when statements seem unclear or inconsistent.","the opposing sides want courts to give conclusive weight to the foreign government's official interpretation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue that courts must retain the power to question foreign legal statements for clarity and consistency.","the opposing sides argue that domestic precedent supports giving conclusive weight to foreign administrative determinations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked about the bottom line of the argument.","Justice Breyer questioned the specific language used regarding deference to reasonable interpretations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between judicial independence and international comity. It determines how U.S. courts handle conflicting claims about foreign legal obligations. The outcome shapes the practical application of foreign law in American courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-37"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-1220-animal-science-products-inc-v-hebei-welcome-pharmaceutical-co","term":"2017","title":"Must U.S. courts accept a foreign government's statement of its own law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1220_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-11-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-11-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Geyser argued that limiting the term creates an absurd result.","Mr. Michel argued that the statutory definition does not fit retaliation claims.","Mr. Shanmugam argued that the law protects only those who report to the SEC."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 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Somers","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.212536Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.229855Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether Dodd-Frank shields employees who report violations to their employers rather than the SEC.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 13-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-11-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-1276.html","primary_docket":"16-1276","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:28:04.822853Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Digital Realty Trust argues the law protects only those who report to the SEC. Somers argues the law protects internal reporters too."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 13-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 28, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Digital Realty Trust wants the Court to limit protection to SEC reporters.","Somers wants the Court to extend protection to internal reporters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 13-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Digital Realty Trust argues the statutory definition fits only the SEC awards program.","Somers argues the retaliation clause uses the term broadly to cover internal reports."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 13-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked why internal reports should not count as whistleblowing.","Justice Kagan questioned the oddity of excluding internal reporters from protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who receives anti-retaliation protection under federal securities law. It determines whether employees can report misconduct internally without fear of termination. The outcome shapes corporate compliance and employee safety nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 13-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-1276-digital-realty-trust-inc-v-somers","term":"2017","title":"Does Dodd-Frank protect employees who report internally?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1276_9ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 13-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-02-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-02-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the 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17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-37"}]}],"caption":"Currier v. Virginia","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.935256Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.963788Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a defendant who consents to severing charges loses the right to block a second trial.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-02-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-1348.html","primary_docket":"16-1348","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:22:14.895150Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Double Jeopardy Clause. It asks if voluntary procedural choices override constitutional protections against multiple trials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 20, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 53-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Virginia wants the Court to hold that consent waives double jeopardy rights.","Currier wants the Court to hold that double jeopardy bars the second trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Virginia argues that voluntary litigation choices forfeit constitutional protections against retrial.","Currier argues that issue preclusion applies when severance is required by law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked what remains for a prosecutor if retrial is barred.","Justice Alito noted that consent allows a second trial under prior precedent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of double jeopardy protection. It determines whether defendants can waive constitutional rights through procedural consent. The outcome shapes how prosecutors structure multi-charge cases. It affects the balance between state efficiency and individual liberty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-37"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-1348-currier-v-virginia","term":"2017","title":"Does voluntary consent to separate trials waive double jeopardy protection?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1348_886g.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-01-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-01-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","paragraphs":["Clement asserts service advisors are plainly salespeople engaged in servicing cars.","Feldman contends service advisors do not service automobiles and lack exemption status.","Kagan challenged the reliance on literal statutory meaning over other arguments.","Ginsburg inquired whether unlisted roles can subsume under the three statutory categories."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 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55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-15"}]}],"caption":"Encino Motorcars, LLC v. Navarro","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.150810Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.174931Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether auto service advisors fit the statutory definition of salespeople exempt from overtime pay.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-01-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-1362.html","primary_docket":"16-1362","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:22:49.318837Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Fair Labor Standards Act exemption for auto industry workers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 17, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Encino Motorcars wants the Court to classify service advisors as exempt salespeople.","Navarro wants the Court to classify service advisors as non-exempt workers entitled to overtime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Clement argues service advisors are salespeople primarily engaged in servicing automobiles.","Feldman argues service advisors do not service automobiles and thus fail the exemption test."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan questioned whether the literal meaning argument is the strongest available.","Justice Ginsburg asked if any unlisted category fits under the three statutory roles."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether millions of auto service advisors receive overtime pay."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-15"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-1362-encino-motorcars-llc-v-navarro","term":"2017","title":"Do service advisors qualify as salespeople under the FLSA exemption?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1362_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 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drive."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-25"}]}],"caption":"Byrd v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.117198Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.120004Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a rental agreement's consent clause allows police to search a car driven by an unauthorized person.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-01-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-1371.html","primary_docket":"16-1371","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:24:28.366952Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of Fourth Amendment protections in rental vehicles. The core issue is whether a contractual clause waives privacy rights for drivers not listed on the rental agreement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 9, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the court to uphold the search based on the rental contract's consent clause.","the side that brought the case wants the court to rule that the contract does not waive his Fourth Amendment rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the rental agreement's consent clause authorizes police to search the vehicle.","the side that brought the case argues the contract cannot strip an unauthorized driver of constitutional privacy protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if Budget's consent to search would validate the search if the driver was unauthorized.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the rental agreement itself constitutes consent to a police search."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between private contracts and constitutional rights. It determines whether rental companies can waive driver privacy through standard agreements. The outcome shapes police search powers in shared vehicles. It impacts millions of drivers who use rental cars. It clarifies the scope of Fourth Amendment protections in commercial contexts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-25"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-1371-byrd-v-united-states","term":"2017","title":"Can a rental car contract waive a driver's Fourth Amendment rights?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1371_l6hc.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-03-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-03-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Unikowsky argued the law violates the Contracts Clause.","Mr. Dvoretzky argued the Constitution forbids states from impairing contract obligations.","justice_questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-47"}]}],"caption":"Sveen v. Melin","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.999488Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.003566Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a state law that removes ex-spouses as insurance beneficiaries after divorce can apply to policies bought before the law existed.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-03-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-1432.html","primary_docket":"16-1432","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:19:57.376581Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the power of states to change contract terms. One side argues the law breaks a constitutional promise. The other side argues the law serves a public purpose."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 19, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the law's application to their old policy.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the law's application to their old policy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the law violates the Contracts Clause by impairing existing obligations.","the opposing sides argue the law serves a valid public interest in updating beneficiary designations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if policyholders sometimes want to keep ex-spouses as beneficiaries.","Justice Gorsuch asked if the state could have achieved its goals prospectively instead."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of state power over private contracts. It determines whether states can retroactively alter insurance agreements. The outcome affects how divorce laws interact with financial planning."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-47"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-1432-sveen-v-melin","term":"2017","title":"Does applying a divorce revocation law to old insurance policies violate the Constitution?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1432_c1ne.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-02-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-02-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Breemer argued the law bans conventional political expression.","Mr. Rogan argued the restriction protects the fundamental right to vote.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-23"}]}],"caption":"Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.056131Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.065666Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Minnesota Voters Alliance argues the state law violates free speech. The state claims it protects voting rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-02-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-1435.html","primary_docket":"16-1435","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:20:16.225919Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Minnesota law bans political apparel in polling places. The state says this prevents coercion. Voters argue this bans protected speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 28, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Voters want the law struck down as unconstitutional.","The state wants the law upheld as valid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Voters claim the law bans all political apparel.","The state claims the restriction is viewpoint-neutral."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if a statute could target only electoral speech.","Justice Sotomayor noted Burson said the opposite of the argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of speech in voting areas. It balances free expression against the integrity of the ballot."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 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37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-23"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-1435-minnesota-voters-alliance-v-mansky","term":"2017","title":"Can states ban political apparel in polling places?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1435_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-02-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-02-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Stewart argued the Second Circuit made two fundamental errors.","Mr. Stewart claimed Amex's rules eliminate price competition across the market.","Mr. Chesler argued Amex offers consumers what they want to compete.","Mr. Chesler stated transaction volume has increased dramatically against larger rivals."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-7"}]}],"caption":"Ohio v. American Express Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.994906Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.025646Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Ohio and other states argue Amex's rules block price competition. Amex claims the rules boost consumer rewards and market share.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-02-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-1454.html","primary_docket":"16-1454","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:21:24.180735Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether Amex's anti-steering rules harm competition. Ohio argues the rules eliminate price competition. Amex argues the rules increase consumer benefits and market share."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 26, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Ohio wants the Court to find Amex's rules violate antitrust law.","Amex wants the Court to uphold the Second Circuit's ruling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Ohio argues Amex's rules eliminate price competition across the market.","Amex argues its rules increase consumer rewards and transaction volume."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Gorsuch asked if evidence shows consumers pay a net price increase.","Justice Gorsuch asked if the evidence proves restricted output in this case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines how courts analyze two-sided markets. It determines whether loyalty programs count as consumer benefits. It shapes future antitrust enforcement against platform businesses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 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41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-7"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-1454-ohio-v-american-express-co","term":"2017","title":"Does Amex's ban on steering cardholders violate antitrust law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1454_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-02-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-02-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case claim Abood conflicts with Harris and Knox regarding speech and association.","the opposing sides assert that the government can regulate employment decisions and speech policies.","Justice Breyer questioned how far back the Court should look for precedent.","Justice Sotomayor noted the government can fire employees for off-policy speech."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-51"}]}],"caption":"Janus v. State, County, and Municipal Employees","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.998736Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.028449Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to end mandatory agency fees. the opposing sides defend the practice as essential for labor peace.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-02-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-1466.html","primary_docket":"16-1466","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:21:03.792512Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether compulsory union fees violate free speech rights. the sides that brought the case argue the fees compel support for political speech. the opposing sides claim the fees prevent free-riding and maintain stable government operations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 26, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down mandatory agency fees for public employees.","the opposing sides want the Court to preserve the legal framework allowing compulsory union fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue that Abood failed to apply proper First Amendment scrutiny to compelled speech.","the opposing sides argue that the government has a compelling interest in regulating employment and preventing free-riding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked how agency fees differ from student activity fees and bar association payments.","Justice Kennedy asked if unions have ever committed to viewpoint neutrality in their history."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether public employees must fund union political speech. It defines the boundary between compelled association and protected free expression in the public sector."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-51"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-1466-janus-v-state-county-and-municipal-employees","term":"2017","title":"Can states force public employees to pay union fees?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1466_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-04-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-04-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Geyser argued the statute covers lost income and necessary expenses.","Mr. Huston argued the statute enables recovery for any investigation participation.","Justice Breyer posed a hypothetical about a private investigator hired by a company.","Justice Roberts asked if government-requested private investigations would be covered."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-53"}]}],"caption":"Lagos v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.748275Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.755112Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether victims can recover private investigation expenses under federal restitution law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-04-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-1519.html","primary_docket":"16-1519","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:16:07.728742Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act covers private investigation costs. the side that brought the case Lagos seeks recovery for these expenses. The United States opposes this interpretation. The Court must define the scope of covered expenses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 18, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Lagos wants the Court to allow recovery of private investigation costs.","The United States wants the Court to limit restitution to government investigation costs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Lagos argues the statute covers all necessary expenses during any investigation.","The United States argues the statute only covers government-led investigations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if this view creates perverse incentives for creditors.","Justice Kennedy asked if these costs are non-dischargeable in civil actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-53"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the financial scope of federal victim restitution. It determines which investigation costs victims can recover. The outcome shapes future restitution claims for crime victims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-53"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-1519-lagos-v-united-states","term":"2017","title":"Does the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act cover private investigation costs?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-1519_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-10-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-10-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued the Federal Arbitration Act provides a clear path for enforcement.","He stated that other federal statutes do not automatically invalidate these agreements.","David Ortiz noted that approximately sixty million employees have mandatory arbitration contracts.","He emphasized the widespread impact of these agreements on the private workforce."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 16-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 16-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 22-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 22-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 12-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 12-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 12-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 12-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 27-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 27-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 32-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 32-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-17"}]}],"caption":"Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.367953Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.401737Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Employers argue the Federal Arbitration Act enforces individual arbitration clauses. Workers argue the National Labor Relations Act protects collective action rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 12-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 12-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-10-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-285.html","primary_docket":"16-285","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:35:21.749880Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether the Federal Arbitration Act overrides the National Labor Relations Act. The dispute centers on mandatory individual arbitration clauses in employment contracts. the sides that brought the case seek to enforce these agreements. the opposing sides seek to void them as illegal restraints on concerted activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 12-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 12-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 2, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 32-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 32-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to enforce individual arbitration agreements under the Federal Arbitration Act.","the opposing sides want the Court to invalidate these agreements under the National Labor Relations Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 12-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 12-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Federal Arbitration Act mandates enforcement of valid arbitration contracts.","the opposing sides argue the National Labor Relations Act protects the right to act together."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 12-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 12-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the Federal Arbitration Act originally targeted commercial merchant bargains.","Justice Kennedy asked if seeking arbitration as a class differs from individual arbitration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 16-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 16-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 22-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 22-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 12-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 12-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 27-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 27-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 32-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 32-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether millions of workers can join collective legal actions. It defines the scope of federal labor protections against mandatory arbitration clauses. The outcome shapes the balance between contract enforcement and collective bargaining rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 12-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 12-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 16-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 16-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 22-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 22-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 12-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 12-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 27-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 27-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 32-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 32-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-17"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-285-epic-systems-corp-v-lewis","term":"2017","title":"Do federal labor laws void individual arbitration agreements?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 12-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 12-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 18-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-285_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-10-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-10-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Bishop stated the Clean Water Act defines seven narrow appellate categories.","Mr. Murphy argued Congress examined specific delegations of authority in statutes.","Ms. Kovner explained broad water definitions impose broader limitations on conduct."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 32-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 32-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 13-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 13-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-15"}]}],"caption":"National Assn. of Mfrs. v. Department of Defense","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.432890Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Manufacturers argue district courts must review water definitions. The government insists courts of appeals handle these cases.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 32-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 32-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 13-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 13-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 36-36"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-10-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-299.html","primary_docket":"16-299","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:31:29.938100Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on which federal court reviews challenges to the definition of waters of the United States. Manufacturers claim district courts hold this authority. The government asserts courts of appeals possess exclusive jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 32-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 32-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 13-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 13-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 36-36"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 11, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Manufacturers want district courts to hear water definition challenges.","The government wants courts of appeals to hear these challenges."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 32-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 32-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 13-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 13-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 36-36"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Manufacturers argue the statute omits water definitions from the appellate list.","The government argues the statute implies appellate jurisdiction for these issues."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 32-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 32-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 13-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 13-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 36-36"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if Congress had a specific theory behind the list.","Justice Ginsburg asked where combined questions belong in the court system."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines which federal courts handle water definition disputes. It affects how quickly parties receive judicial review. It shapes the procedural path for environmental compliance challenges."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 32-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 32-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 13-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 13-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 36-36"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-15"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-299-national-assn-of-mfrs-v-department-of-defense","term":"2017","title":"Does the Clean Water Act require district court review of water definitions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 32-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 32-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 13-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 13-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 18-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 18-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-299_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 36-36"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-11-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-11-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Wessler argued the government collected 127 days of location data without a warrant.","Mr. Dreeben argued cell companies function as witnesses producing their own business records.","Justice Alito questioned why location data is more sensitive than bank records showing purchases.","Justice Kennedy countered that physical location is publicly visible, unlike private bank records."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 55-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-47"}]}],"caption":"Carpenter v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.248127Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.248133Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government collected 127 days of cell site data without a warrant. the side that brought the case argues this violates privacy rights. The government claims the data is merely business records.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 43-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-11-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-402.html","primary_docket":"16-402","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:27:44.541341Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether the Fourth Amendment protects cell site location information. The government collected 127 days of data without a warrant. the side that brought the case argues this reveals private movements. The government argues the data is public business records."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 43-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 29, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to require a warrant for this data.","The government wants the Court to allow warrantless collection of this data."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 43-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues long-term location data reveals private movements and associations.","The government argues cell companies are merely witnesses producing business records."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 43-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked why location data is more sensitive than bank records.","Justice Kennedy argued location data is less private than bank records because people can be seen in public."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 55-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of digital privacy protections. It determines whether the government needs judicial approval to track individuals over time. The outcome shapes how law enforcement accesses modern communication records."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 43-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 55-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-47"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-402-carpenter-v-united-states","term":"2017","title":"Does the Fourth Amendment require a warrant for long-term cell site location data?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-402_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 43-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-10-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-10-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Amunson argued that defendants retain the statutory right to appeal a conviction during plea bargaining.","Mr. Feigin contended that Rule 11(a)(2) mandates a conditional plea to preserve statutory challenges.","Justice Ginsburg questioned whether statute of limitations claims fit within the rule's scope.","Justice Alito noted that interlocutory appeals protect certain rights, asking if this applies here."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 54-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 54-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 56-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 56-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-24"}]}],"caption":"Class v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.424343Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.436715Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether entering a guilty plea forfeits a defendant's right to challenge the underlying criminal statute.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 56-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 56-26"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-10-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-424.html","primary_docket":"16-424","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:34:15.002839Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(a)(2). The rule governs how defendants preserve legal challenges while pleading guilty. The core conflict involves the tension between finality and the right to appeal statutory defects."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 56-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 56-26"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 4, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 28-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to allow an appeal of the statute's validity despite a guilty plea.","The government wants the Court to hold that a guilty plea waives the right to challenge the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 56-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 56-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that the right to appeal a conviction survives a guilty plea under the statute.","The government argues that Rule 11(a)(2) requires a conditional plea to preserve a statutory challenge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 56-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 56-26"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how a defendant preserves a challenge to a substantive crime committed in 1991.","Justice Alito asked if rights protected by interlocutory appeals fall within the Official doctrine."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 54-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 54-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-24"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue determines whether defendants can challenge the constitutionality of criminal statutes after pleading guilty. It affects the finality of plea agreements and the scope of appellate review. The outcome shapes the balance between judicial efficiency and individual rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 56-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 56-26"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 54-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 54-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-24"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-424-class-v-united-states","term":"2017","title":"Can a guilty plea waive the right to appeal a statute's validity?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 56-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-424_8l8c.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 56-26"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Unikowsky argued the statute specifies a 30-day tolling period after dismissal.","Ms. Alikhan argued dismissed claims are treated as never filed without a mechanism.","Justice Alito questioned whether the statute includes stop-the-clock state statutes.","Justice Sotomayor noted Congress rejected the ALI report's grace period language."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-9"}]}],"caption":"Artis v. District of Columbia","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.314594Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.343110Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law grants a uniform 30-day window to refile dismissed claims in state court.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-460.html","primary_docket":"16-460","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:30:04.556306Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the scope of a federal statute governing supplemental jurisdiction. The core issue is the definition of tolling under Title 28 Section 1367(d). the side that brought the case argues the statute creates a mandatory 30-day grace period. the opposing side contends the statute only incorporates existing state tolling laws. The Court must interpret the statutory text and its legislative history."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 1, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants a uniform 30-day federal grace period to refile claims.","the opposing side wants state tolling laws to control the refiling deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute mandates a 30-day period after dismissal.","the opposing side argues the statute only incorporates state-specific tolling rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if tolling and tolling mean the same thing.","Justice Kennedy questioned if the state law provision is unnecessary under the side that brought the case's view."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Litigants face uncertainty about deadlines to refile dismissed claims in state court. A uniform federal deadline provides consistent protection for federal litigants. State-specific rules create varying deadlines across jurisdictions. The interpretation determines the practical time available to pursue legal remedies. This affects access to state courts for dismissed federal claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-9"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-460-artis-v-district-of-columbia","term":"2017","title":"Does the 30-day grace period apply to all dismissed supplemental claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 33-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 33-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-460_3703.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-12-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-12-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Olson argued the Constitution limits federal power over states.","Mr. Clement stated PASPA bans states from operating sports gambling.","Mr. Wall argued New Jersey is forced to keep its law on the books."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-43"}]}],"caption":"Christie v. National Collegiate Athletic Assn.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.255733Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.284780Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"New Jersey wants to legalize sports betting. The NCAA argues federal law prevents states from removing their bans.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-12-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-476.html","primary_docket":"16-476","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:27:27.339762Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a federal law banning sports betting also forbids states from repealing their own bans."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 4, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["New Jersey wants to repeal its sports betting ban.","The NCAA wants to keep the federal ban in force."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["New Jersey argues the federal law only bans state operation of gambling.","The NCAA argues the federal law preempts state repeal efforts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if the Airline Deregulation Act is a good example.","Justice Kennedy asked if regulating implies preemption of state laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines if states can control their own sports betting laws. It affects state sovereignty and federal power. It shapes the balance between state and federal regulation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-476_6h78.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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He cited separation-of-powers jurisprudence. He stated Congress directed courts to dismiss a pending case.","Ms. O'Connell noted the United States took title in 2009. She stated tribal operations faced uncertainty since then.","Mr. Shah addressed Justice Alito’s question. He sought an administrable line in separation-of-powers cases. He suggested Congress could not single out one suit in the text."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-11"}]}],"caption":"Patchak v. Zinke","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.350223Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.375235Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case claim a federal law unconstitutionally targeted their case. the opposing sides argue the law validly stripped federal court jurisdiction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-11-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-498.html","primary_docket":"16-498","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:29:17.312273Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of congressional power over federal courts. The dispute centers on whether a statute can dismiss a specific, pending lawsuit. the sides that brought the case argue this violates separation of powers. the opposing sides argue Congress controls federal court jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 7, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 29-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down Section 2(b). They argue it unconstitutionally targets their specific lawsuit.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold Section 2(b). They argue Congress validly stripped federal court jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Section 2(b) violates separation of powers. They claim Congress cannot direct courts to dismiss a pending case.","the opposing sides argue Congress controls federal court jurisdiction. They claim the statute validly changed the law governing that jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if the result would change without Section 2(b).","Justice Kagan asked if removing five specific words would change the outcome. She also questioned the distinction between jurisdiction and substantive law. She asked if the statute merely stripped jurisdiction. Justice Alito asked for a clear separation-of-powers rule for such statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between legislative and judicial power. It determines whether Congress can target specific lawsuits for dismissal. The outcome shapes the independence of federal courts. It affects the stability of property rights and tribal operations. It clarifies the scope of congressional jurisdiction-stripping authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-11"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-498-patchak-v-zinke","term":"2017","title":"Can Congress dismiss a specific pending lawsuit by statute?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-498_pfa1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-10-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-10-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Fisher argued that ordinary statutory construction rules apply to the Alien Tort Statute.","Mr. Fisher stated that the traditional presumption of corporate liability controls this case.","Mr. Fletcher argued that the claims lack a sufficient connection to the United States.","Mr. Clement emphasized that the defendant is chartered and regulated by Jordan."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 32-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 32-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 50-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 54-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 54-1"}]}],"caption":"Jesner v. Arab Bank, PLC.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.451656Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.458144Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Israeli nationals sue a Jordanian bank for wartime injuries. The bank argues U.S. courts lack jurisdiction over foreign entities.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 20-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 20-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 42-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 42-34"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-10-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-499.html","primary_docket":"16-499","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:31:47.477793Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether the Alien Tort Statute allows suits against foreign corporations. the sides that brought the case seek to hold the bank liable for torts. The bank seeks dismissal based on its foreign status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 20-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 20-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 42-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 42-34"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 11, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 10-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to affirm corporate liability under the statute.","The bank wants the Court to bar suits against foreign corporations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 20-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 20-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 42-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 42-34"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue ordinary statutory construction supports holding corporations liable for torts.","The bank argues the claims lack sufficient U.S. connections to proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 20-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 20-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 42-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 42-34"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked about the availability of relief for foreign corporate defendants.","Justice Sotomayor asked if suing at headquarters would resolve most cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 32-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 32-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 50-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 56-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 56-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 48-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 48-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 54-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 54-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of U.S. civil jurisdiction over foreign entities. It determines whether victims can seek redress in American courts. The outcome shapes international litigation standards for corporate conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 20-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 20-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 42-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 42-34"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 32-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 32-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 50-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 54-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 54-1"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-499-jesner-v-arab-bank-plc","term":"2017","title":"Can foreign corporations face civil liability under the Alien Tort Statute?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 20-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 20-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 24-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 24-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 42-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-499_n24m.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 42-34"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-12-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-12-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Perlin argued Congress overhauled the terrorism exception in 2008.","Mr. Tripp argued Persian artifacts remain immune under section 1609.","Mr. Strauss cited legislative history regarding the precursor statute."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]}],"caption":"Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.277755Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Victims seek to seize Iranian embassy assets. Iran claims those assets remain immune from seizure.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 13-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-12-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-534.html","primary_docket":"16-534","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:27:08.746945Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a 2008 law. The law lets victims sue foreign states for terrorism. It also allows seizing certain property to pay judgments. The dispute centers on whether embassy assets count as seizable property."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 13-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 4, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Victims want to seize Iranian embassy assets to satisfy their judgments.","Iran wants to keep its embassy assets immune from seizure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 13-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Victims argue the 2008 law comprehensively overhauled immunity rules to close gaps.","Iran argues ancient Persian artifacts remain immune under existing sovereign immunity laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 13-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if clients could execute on the embassy.","Justice Ginsburg noted Congress intended to remove specific immunity factors here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of sovereign immunity for foreign states. It determines which assets victims can seize to recover damages. The outcome shapes future enforcement of terrorism judgments against foreign governments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 13-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-534-rubin-v-islamic-republic-of-iran","term":"2017","title":"Does the terrorism exception allow seizing Iranian embassy property?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-534_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 13-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-10-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-10-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","paragraphs":["Hamer's lawyer argued that only Congress can set court jurisdiction.","Neighborhood Housing Services' lawyer argued that the late notice is a strict bar.","justice_question_1"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 14-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 14-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 54-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 54-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-50"}]}],"caption":"Hamer v. Neighborhood Housing Serv. of Chicago","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.430123Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether a late appeal notice is a strict legal bar or a flexible deadline.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 14-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 14-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-20"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-10-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-658.html","primary_docket":"16-658","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:32:05.215938Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests if a late appeal notice is a strict legal bar or a flexible deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 14-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 14-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-20"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 10, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Hamer wants the court to treat the late notice as a fixable error.","Neighborhood Housing Services wants the court to treat the late notice as a strict bar."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 14-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 14-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Hamer argues that only Congress can set court jurisdiction, so this rule is flexible.","Neighborhood Housing Services argues that the rule is a strict legal requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 14-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 14-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-20"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if parties could delay judgment for years.","Justice Kagan asked if a rule can be jurisdictional without a statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 54-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 54-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-50"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines how strictly courts enforce appeal deadlines for all litigants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 14-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 14-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-20"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 28-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 54-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 54-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-50"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-658-hamer-v-neighborhood-housing-serv-of-chicago","term":"2017","title":"Can a late appeal notice be fixed by court rules?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 14-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 14-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-658_mli2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-20"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-10-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-10-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","paragraphs":["Ayestas's lawyer argued the law entitles indigent inmates to reasonably necessary services.","The lawyer defined necessary services as those a reasonable attorney would use.","The lawyer noted the original mitigation presentation lasted only two minutes.","The state's lawyer argued the claim lacks jurisdiction under federal law."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-9"}]}],"caption":"Manuel Ayestas v. Davis","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.309050Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.340459Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A death row inmate seeks federal funds to hire experts. The state argues the law caps these costs.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-10-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-6795.html","primary_docket":"16-6795","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:31:08.767014Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Manuel Ayestas faces execution in Texas. He wants federal money to hire experts. The state denies this request. The case tests the scope of federal funding laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 30, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Ayestas wants the Court to order the state to pay for his requested experts.","The state wants the Court to uphold the lower court's denial of funds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Ayestas argues the law requires funding for services a reasonable attorney would need.","The state argues the law limits funding to reasonable and necessary expenses only."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if a court can deny funds for an investigation.","Chief Justice Roberts asked why a reasonable attorney would spend money on barred evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the financial resources available to death row inmates. It determines whether federal courts must fund extensive expert investigations. The outcome shapes the practical ability of defendants to challenge their sentences."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-9"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-6795-manuel-ayestas-v-davis","term":"2017","title":"Does federal law require courts to fund unlimited expert costs for death penalty appeals?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6795_1o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-10-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-10-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Olive argued federal courts should look through summary orders.","Ms. Warren argued the standard applies to the last merits decision.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-9"}]}],"caption":"Wilson v. Sellers","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.311901Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case want federal courts to review the last reasoned state decision. the opposing sides want courts to apply the standard to the final summary order.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-10-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-6855.html","primary_docket":"16-6855","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:30:49.180101Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case concerns federal habeas corpus review. The dispute centers on which state court decision federal courts must evaluate. the sides that brought the case argue for looking through summary orders. the opposing sides argue for applying the standard to the final order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 30, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want federal courts to review the last reasoned state court decision.","the opposing sides want federal courts to apply the standard to the final summary order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue federal courts should look through summary orders to the last reasoned decision.","the opposing sides argue the standard applies to the last state court merits decision, even if summary."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked for clarification on the correct legal standard.","Justice Alito questioned whether summary affirmance adopts lower court reasoning generally."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines how federal courts evaluate state habeas claims. It affects the scope of federal review for state prisoners. It clarifies the relationship between summary and reasoned state decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-9"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-6855-wilson-v-sellers","term":"2017","title":"Should federal courts review the last reasoned state court decision in habeas cases?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-6855_6i79.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-11-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-11-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","paragraphs":["Allyson Ho argued that courts have adjudicated patent disputes for four hundred years.","Ho claimed Congress improperly transferred this judicial power to an executive tribunal.","Ho stated that the Patent Trial and Appeal Board has five unusual features.","Justice Ginsburg questioned whether the Patent Office can correct its own errors under Article III."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-23"}]}],"caption":"Oil States Energy Services, LLC v. Greene's Energy Group, LLC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.182017Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.187458Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Oil States argues the Patent Trial and Appeal Board violates the Constitution by cancelling patents. Greene's Energy defends the board's authority to review patent validity.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-11-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-712.html","primary_docket":"16-712","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:28:56.674681Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether Congress can assign patent cancellation to executive branch judges. Oil States claims this power belongs to Article III courts. Greene's Energy argues the board acts as a valid public rights tribunal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 27, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Oil States wants the Supreme Court to strike down the inter partes review process.","Greene's Energy wants the Supreme Court to uphold the board's authority to cancel patents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Oil States argues that cancelling a patent takes away private property rights.","Greene's Energy argues that patent validity is a public right that executive judges can review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the Patent Office has an error correction mechanism within Article III.","Justice Kagan asked about the role of inter partes reexamination in correcting errors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines who holds the power to cancel patents. It affects the stability of private property rights in technology. It defines the boundary between executive and judicial power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-23"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-712-oil-states-energy-services-llc-v-greene-s-energy-group-llc","term":"2017","title":"Can executive branch judges cancel private patents?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-712_7kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-11-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-11-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Walsh argued that Congress included intermediaries in the safe harbor from the start.","Mr. Walsh stated that the relevant transfers involve financial institutions like Credit Suisse.","Mr. Clement addressed the definition of a financial institution first.","Mr. Clement then addressed the specific main legal question by the Court."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-43"}]}],"caption":"Merit Management Group, LP v. FTI Consulting, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.022003Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.050596Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a bankruptcy trustee can recover funds sent to a financial institution under a safe harbor provision.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-11-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-784.html","primary_docket":"16-784","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:29:44.657931Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a federal bankruptcy safe harbor. The provision shields certain financial transactions from being unwound by a bankruptcy trustee. The core legal question is whether this protection applies when the funds ultimately reach parties who do not qualify for the shield."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 6, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The trustee wants to recover the funds for creditors.","The financial institution wants to keep the funds protected by the safe harbor."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The trustee argues the safe harbor does not protect funds reaching non-protected parties.","The financial institution argues the safe harbor protects transfers to financial institutions regardless of the final recipient."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the obligation issue is prospective.","Justice Ginsburg asked how either bank is at risk in this scenario."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary of financial transaction protections in bankruptcy. It determines whether creditors can recover funds that passed through protected institutions. The outcome affects the stability of financial markets and the rights of bankruptcy estates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-43"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-784-merit-management-group-lp-v-fti-consulting-inc","term":"2017","title":"Does the bankruptcy safe harbor protect transfers to financial institutions even if the funds reach non-protected parties?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-784_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-01-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-01-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","paragraphs":["Seth Waxman argued the Constitution prohibits lawyers from admitting guilt over a client's objection.","Chief Justice Roberts explored scenarios where a lawyer advises a client on the best defense strategy.","Justice Breyer highlighted the danger of defendants representing themselves in capital cases.","Justice Alito summarized the defense position as prohibiting lawyers from conceding any offense element."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-23"}]}],"caption":"McCoy v. Louisiana","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.184846Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A defendant claims the Constitution bars his lawyer from admitting guilt when he insists on his innocence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-01-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-8255.html","primary_docket":"16-8255","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:23:05.074925Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a lawyer may concede guilt over a client's objection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 17, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to ban lawyers from admitting guilt against a client's will.","The state wants the Court to allow lawyers to admit guilt to secure a lesser sentence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Constitution protects a defendant's right to maintain innocence.","The state argues lawyers must control trial strategy to avoid harsher penalties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the rule applies when a lawyer admits guilt.","Justice Breyer questioned the risk of self-representation in death penalty cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between lawyer strategy and client autonomy in criminal trials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-23"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-8255-mccoy-v-louisiana","term":"2017","title":"Can a lawyer admit guilt against a client's will?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-8255_m2hl.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-01-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-01-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Vladeck argued for a distinction between appointed and assigned officers.","Mr. Fletcher argued the Court has valid appellate jurisdiction under Section 1259.","Mr. Bamzai argued the Court lacks Article III jurisdiction over executive branch entities."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-51"}]}],"caption":"Dalmazzi v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.150797Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.153458Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek Supreme Court review of military court rulings. The government argues the Court lacks jurisdiction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 35-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-01-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-961.html","primary_docket":"16-961","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:23:21.829231Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves the scope of Supreme Court jurisdiction over military tribunals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 35-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 16, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 9-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Supreme Court to review the military court decisions.","The government wants the Supreme Court to dismiss the case for lack of jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 35-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Court has appellate jurisdiction under Section 1259.","The government argues the Court lacks Article III jurisdiction over executive branch entities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 35-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked about the status of civilians on the CMCR.","Justice Sotomayor asked about the phrase except as otherwise authorized by law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines the scope of federal judicial review over military tribunals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 35-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-51"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-961-dalmazzi-v-united-states","term":"2017","title":"Does the Supreme Court have jurisdiction to review military court decisions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-961_768b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 35-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2017-11-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2017-11-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Castanias argued the statute requires full decisions.","Mr. Bond argued the Board has discretion to decide partially.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-11"}]}],"caption":"SAS Institute Inc. v. Matal","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.203507Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.219038Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"SAS Institute argues the Board must decide every challenged claim. The government says it may decide only some.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2017-11-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-969.html","primary_docket":"16-969","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:28:40.350532Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["SAS Institute seeks a full decision on all claims. The government defends partial decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 27, 2017."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["SAS Institute wants the Board to decide every challenged claim.","The government wants the Board to keep deciding only some claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["SAS Institute argues the statute requires decisions on all claims.","The government argues the Board may issue partial decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked what SAS Institute specifically challenges.","Justice Ginsburg asked about the statutory text on institution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of patent reviews. It affects how patent owners defend their rights. It shapes the power of the Patent Board."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-969_ihdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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A. Philip Randolph Institute","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.117296Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.147331Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Ohio purges inactive voters. The A. Philip Randolph Institute argues this violates federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 41-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-01-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-980.html","primary_docket":"16-980","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:24:09.357929Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Ohio removes voters who do not cast ballots for two years. The A. Philip Randolph Institute claims this violates the National Voter Registration Act. The state argues the law allows this purge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 41-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 10, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Ohio wants to keep its two-year inactivity purge rule.","The A. Philip Randolph Institute wants to stop the purge of non-voters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 41-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Ohio argues the 2002 amendment clarified that inactivity purges are legal.","The A. Philip Randolph Institute argues the statute bans purging based on non-voting."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 41-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the state needs the two-year failure to vote to use the notice.","Justice Kennedy asked if the state could rely only on specific statutory clauses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how states manage voter rolls. It determines if inactivity alone justifies removing registered voters from the list."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 41-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 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37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-17"}]}],"slug":"2017-16-980-husted-v-a-philip-randolph-institute","term":"2017","title":"Can states purge voters who fail to vote for two years?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/16-980_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 41-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case claim SEC hearing officers hold sovereign power.","The Commission argues these officers do not bind the government.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the definition of adversarial proceedings.","Justice Kennedy asked about the impact on other agencies."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 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11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 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39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"}]}],"caption":"Lucia v. SEC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.771280Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.786052Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue SEC hearing officers are appointed officials. The Commission says they are not.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-130.html","primary_docket":"17-130","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:15:16.160873Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether SEC hearing officers are appointed officials. the sides that brought the case say they hold sovereign power. The Commission says they do not."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to classify SEC hearing officers as appointed officials.","The Commission wants the Court to classify SEC hearing officers as non-officials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue these officers bind the government in formal adjudications.","The Commission argues these officers lack the power to bind the government."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if this theory affects Social Security hearing officers.","Justice Sotomayor asked for a definition of adversarial proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who holds sovereign power in federal agencies. It shapes the structure of administrative adjudication nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"}]}],"slug":"2017-17-130-lucia-v-sec","term":"2017","title":"Do SEC hearing officers count as appointed officials?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-130_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-02-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-02-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Karlan argued the First Amendment bars retaliatory arrests.","She stated this applies even with probable cause.","Mr. Dvoretzky proposed four backstops for police officers.","He addressed hypotheticals about officers dealing with riots."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-53"}]}],"caption":"Lozman v. Riviera Beach","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.037847Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.088303Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the side that brought the case argues probable cause does not bar First Amendment retaliation claims. The city argues probable cause defeats such claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-02-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-21.html","primary_docket":"17-21","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:20:30.692250Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether probable cause blocks First Amendment retaliation claims. the side that brought the case seeks a constitutional remedy for a retaliatory arrest. The city seeks dismissal based on probable cause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 27, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants a First Amendment remedy for a retaliatory arrest.","The city wants dismissal of the claim based on probable cause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues probable cause does not bar First Amendment retaliation claims.","The city argues probable cause defeats First Amendment retaliation claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked which legal route the Court should take.","Justice Kennedy expressed concern about police officers in difficult situations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-53"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of First Amendment protections. It determines whether probable cause shields retaliatory arrests. The outcome affects citizens and law enforcement agencies nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-53"}]}],"slug":"2017-17-21-lozman-v-riviera-beach","term":"2017","title":"Does probable cause shield retaliatory arrests from First Amendment claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-21_ljgm.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-04-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-04-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","paragraphs":["Noah Purcell argued Washington voluntarily spent billions to protect salmon.","Purcell claimed the Ninth Circuit announced an unworkable treaty right.","Purcell urged the Court to review specific joint appendix paragraphs.","Jay Kedem argued the treaty promised federal protection for fishing rights."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-7"}]}],"caption":"Washington v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.780329Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.804275Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Washington argues the Ninth Circuit order forces immediate, costly repairs. The United States says the treaty demands effective salmon access now.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-04-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-269.html","primary_docket":"17-269","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:16:26.174893Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the scope of a federal treaty right to fish. Washington claims the lower court order is unworkable. The United States asserts the treaty guarantees meaningful access to salmon."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 18, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 39-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Washington wants the court to reject the immediate repair mandate.","The United States wants the court to uphold the requirement for effective fish access."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Washington argues the treaty right is unworkable and demands voluntary spending.","The United States argues the treaty promises more than hollow access to fisheries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the standard meant at least a certain level.","Justice Sotomayor questioned whether the decline was large or material."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the financial burden on states to protect treaty rights. It determines how quickly infrastructure must change to support fish populations. The outcome shapes federal-state relations over natural resources."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-7"}]}],"slug":"2017-17-269-washington-v-united-states","term":"2017","title":"Does a federal treaty require Washington to fix all fish-blocking culverts immediately?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-269_n6p1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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11-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-03-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-03-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","paragraphs":["The government's advocate stated that the Ninth Circuit lacked statutory and constitutional authority to review the order.","The government's advocate argued that the relevant statute applies only to final district court decisions.","The defendant's advocate stated that appellate courts have authority to review these actions under the collateral-order doctrine.","The defendant's advocate argued that extraordinary writs also provide a path for immediate review."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 49-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-45"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Sanchez-Gomez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.892699Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.907375Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal appellate courts have the legal power to review a trial judge's decision to restrain a defendant during pretrial proceedings.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 49-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-03-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-312.html","primary_docket":"17-312","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:41:58.790500Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of appellate jurisdiction. The core issue is whether a defendant can challenge a trial court's use of physical restraints before the case concludes. The government argues that such orders are not final and thus cannot be appealed immediately. The defendant argues that these orders cause immediate, irreparable harm and must be reviewable now."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 49-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 26, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Supreme Court to confirm that appellate courts lack the power to review pretrial shackling orders until the case ends.","The defendant wants the Supreme Court to confirm that appellate courts have the power to review pretrial shackling orders immediately."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 49-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that the statute granting appellate jurisdiction only covers final district court decisions, and no other law authorizes review of these specific orders.","The defendant argues that the collateral-order doctrine or extraordinary writs provide the necessary legal authority for appellate courts to review these immediate restraints."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 49-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked how a defendant raises the issue if there is no prejudice to the final outcome.","Justice Kennedy asked what difference shackling makes to the outcome if the defendant is already convicted on other points."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundaries of federal appellate power. It determines whether defendants can seek immediate relief from physical restraints. The outcome shapes the balance between judicial efficiency and individual liberty during pretrial proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 49-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-45"}]}],"slug":"2017-17-312-united-states-v-sanchez-gomez","term":"2017","title":"Can a defendant appeal a trial court's order to wear shackles before the final verdict?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 49-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-312_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-03-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-03-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Sullivan argued the First Amendment claim fails. He cited a lack of a manageable standard.","Mr. Kimberly argued the Court has Article III authority. He cited the First Amendment as the basis.","Mr. Sullivan argued redistricting is inherently political. He questioned how to eliminate all partisanship."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-49"}]}],"caption":"Benisek v. Lamone","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.932564Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.963853Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Appellants seek a court order to redraw Maryland districts. Appellees oppose this remedy.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-03-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-333.html","primary_docket":"17-333","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:17:56.900025Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether federal courts can resolve partisan gerrymandering claims. The parties dispute the proper legal standard and remedy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 28, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Appellants want a court order to redraw the district.","Appellees want the lower court to deny the injunction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Appellants argue the First Amendment provides a manageable standard.","Appellees argue the First Amendment claim lacks a manageable standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked what practical terms the remedy requires.","Chief Justice Roberts asked about irreparable harm and election delays."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the role of courts in redistricting. It shapes how voters challenge political maps. It impacts the balance of power in state legislatures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-49"}]}],"slug":"2017-17-333-benisek-v-lamone","term":"2017","title":"Can courts fix partisan gerrymanders?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-333_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-03-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-03-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","paragraphs":["The tribe's counsel argued sovereign immunity bars suits against tribal governments.","The opposing counsel argued sovereignty includes adjudicating property ownership disputes.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-9"}]}],"caption":"Upper Skagit Tribe v. Lundgren","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.874674Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether tribal sovereign immunity prevents states from suing tribes to resolve property ownership conflicts.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-03-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-387.html","primary_docket":"17-387","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:19:20.224692Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a property ownership dispute. The tribe claims sovereign immunity bars the lawsuit. The opposing side argues the tribe must face the suit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 21, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The tribe wants the Court to dismiss the lawsuit based on sovereign immunity.","The opposing side wants the Court to allow the lawsuit to proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The tribe argues sovereign immunity bars suits against tribal governments.","The opposing side argues sovereignty includes adjudicating property ownership disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked if sovereign immunity applies to off-reservation property condemnation.","Justice Breyer asked how immunity affects property disputes between tribes and others."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of tribal sovereign immunity in property disputes. It determines whether tribes can be sued for off-reservation land claims. The outcome shapes the legal landscape for tribal land ownership."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-9"}]}],"slug":"2017-17-387-upper-skagit-tribe-v-lundgren","term":"2017","title":"Does sovereign immunity bar state suits against tribes for off-reservation land?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-387_097c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-02-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-02-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","paragraphs":["Shanmugam argued the wiretap statute protects individual privacy.","Shanmugam stated the statute requires detailed requirements for wiretaps.","Roberts questioned the need for a territorial limitation statement.","Ginsburg asked if the order cited the statutory section."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 22-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 22-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 6-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 6-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-32"}]}],"caption":"Dahda v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.992259Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:21.013707Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the order lacked a required state name. The government says the order was valid.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 22-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 22-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-16"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-02-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-43.html","primary_docket":"17-43","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:21:42.040068Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if a wiretap order must name a specific state to be valid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 22-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 22-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-16"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 21, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 6-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 6-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the court to void the wiretap order.","The government wants the court to keep the wiretap order valid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 22-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 22-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the order failed a statutory requirement.","The government argues the order met all legal standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 22-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 22-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-16"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the order needed a territorial statement.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the order cited the statutory section."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 6-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 6-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-32"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the strictness of federal wiretap authorization rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 22-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 22-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-16"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 6-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 6-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-32"}]}],"slug":"2017-17-43-dahda-v-united-states","term":"2017","title":"Does a federal wiretap order need a specific state name?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 22-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 22-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-43_q46p.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-16"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-03-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-03-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the rule creates an unfair exception to deadlines.","the opposing sides argue the rule prevents the loss of valid claims.","questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 36-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 36-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 54-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 54-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 54-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 54-14"}]}],"caption":"China Agritech, Inc. v. Resh","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.900985Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to end the tolling rule. the opposing sides want to keep it to protect their claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 36-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 36-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-12"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-03-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-432.html","primary_docket":"17-432","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:18:44.262508Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a failed class action pauses the deadline for individual lawsuits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 36-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 36-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-12"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 26, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to end the tolling rule to limit liability.","the opposing sides want to keep the rule to preserve their legal claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 36-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 36-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the rule creates an unfair exception to deadlines.","the opposing sides argue the rule prevents the loss of valid claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 36-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 36-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-12"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked why the diligence rule fails after a denial.","Justice Sotomayor asked how the rule selects lead counsel and plaintiffs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 54-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 54-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 54-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 54-14"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the deadline for filing individual lawsuits after a class denial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 36-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 36-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-12"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 14-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 14-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 54-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 54-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 54-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 54-14"}]}],"slug":"2017-17-432-china-agritech-inc-v-resh","term":"2017","title":"Does a denied class action toll the statute of limitations for individual suits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 36-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 36-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-432_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-12"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's advocate stated the stop-time rule specifies exactly what the government must do.","The government's advocate stated the stop-time rule may be triggered by a notice lacking a hearing date.","Justice Kagan questioned why ten requirements define a notice to appear if one is missing."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-19"}]}],"caption":"Fonseca Pereira v. Sessions","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.782900Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.814580Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a notice to appear without a specific hearing date ends an immigrant's period of continuous presence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-459.html","primary_docket":"17-459","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:15:48.486935Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the legal definition of a valid notice to appear. The core issue is whether the absence of a hearing date invalidates the document for stop-time rule purposes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to hold that a notice without a hearing date does not trigger the stop-time rule.","The government wants the Court to hold that a notice without a hearing date still triggers the stop-time rule."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the stop-time rule requires a specific hearing date to end continuous presence.","The government argues the stop-time rule triggers upon service of a notice, regardless of a missing hearing date."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked how the logistical problem of unknown court dates affects the notice's validity.","Justice Alito asked where the definitional language for the notice appears in the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines the precise requirements for ending an immigrant's continuous presence. The outcome affects eligibility for relief based on long-term residence in the United States."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-19"}]}],"slug":"2017-17-459-fonseca-pereira-v-sessions","term":"2017","title":"Does a missing hearing date stop the clock on an immigrant's continuous presence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-459_00m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-04-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-04-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","paragraphs":["South Dakota argues the physical presence rule causes revenue loss.","Wayfair argues Congress has not addressed this issue recently.","questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 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23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"}]}],"caption":"South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.718436Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"South Dakota seeks to collect sales tax from online retailers. Wayfair argues the current rule bars this collection.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 55-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 55-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-04-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-494.html","primary_docket":"17-494","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:16:45.528592Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["South Dakota wants to collect sales tax from remote sellers. Wayfair argues the physical presence rule blocks this collection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 55-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 55-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 17, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["South Dakota wants to collect sales tax from remote sellers.","Wayfair wants to keep the physical presence rule intact."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 55-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 55-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["South Dakota argues the physical presence rule causes revenue loss.","Wayfair argues Congress has not addressed this issue recently."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 55-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 55-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked about costs imposed on small businesses.","Justice Kagan asked why Congress has not acted for twenty-five years."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines how states collect sales tax from remote sellers. It affects state budgets for education and infrastructure. It impacts the cost of compliance for small businesses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 55-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 55-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"}]}],"slug":"2017-17-494-south-dakota-v-wayfair-inc","term":"2017","title":"Should states tax remote sellers without a physical presence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 55-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 55-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-494_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-04-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-04-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case claim stock is not money.","the opposing sides claim stock is readily convertible to cash.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 51-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 51-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-1"}]}],"caption":"Wisconsin Central Ltd. v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.685586Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether stock payments qualify as money remuneration under the Railroad Retirement Tax Act.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 51-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 51-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-04-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-530.html","primary_docket":"17-530","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:17:41.985169Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if stock counts as money for payroll taxes. the sides that brought the case argue stock is not money. the opposing sides argue stock is readily convertible to cash."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 51-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 51-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 16, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to hold that stock is not money remuneration.","the opposing sides want the Court to hold that stock is money remuneration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 51-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 51-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue stock is not a generally accepted medium of exchange.","the opposing sides argue the statute covers payments readily convertible to cash."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 51-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 51-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kennedy asked where the slippery slope ends regarding stock.","Justice Kagan noted many employees take compensation in cash instead of stock."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines how employers calculate payroll taxes for stock compensation. It affects the tax burden on railroad companies and employees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 51-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 51-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-1"}]}],"slug":"2017-17-530-wisconsin-central-ltd-v-united-states","term":"2017","title":"Does stock count as money for railroad payroll taxes?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 51-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 51-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-530_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued that judicial integrity supports the sentence reduction.","The government argued that discretion must be guided by legal principles.","The government stated that appellate review requires a reason in the record."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]}],"caption":"Chavez-Meza v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.812025Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a lower court must provide a specific reason when it modifies a criminal sentence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-5639.html","primary_docket":"17-5639","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:15:31.432003Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the standard for reviewing a district court's decision to reduce a sentence. The core issue is whether the lower court must articulate a reason for its action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Supreme Court to affirm the lower court's sentence reduction.","The government wants the Supreme Court to reverse the lower court's sentence reduction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that judicial discretion allows a sentence change without a detailed explanation.","The government argues that meaningful appellate review requires a clear reason in the record."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if a within-guidelines sentence can violate the law.","Justice Kennedy asked if a judge must explain a sentence change when guidelines shift."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of judicial discretion in sentencing. It determines how appellate courts review lower court decisions. It affects the consistency of criminal sentencing nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-5639_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 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Perez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.814614Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.844209Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Texas officials seek to appeal a federal order requiring them to consult with mapmakers. Opponents argue this order is not final and cannot be appealed yet.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 17-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-04-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-586.html","primary_docket":"17-586","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:14:56.141757Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Texas officials want to appeal a federal court order. They argue the order is final. Opponents say the order is not final. The Court must decide if the appeal is allowed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 24, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 51-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Texas officials want the Supreme Court to allow their appeal of the consultation order.","Opponents want the Supreme Court to reject the appeal as premature."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Texas officials argue the consultation order is a final, appealable action.","Opponents argue the order is not final because the redistricting process is incomplete."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if this situation is common in districting cases.","Justice Sotomayor asked why the order is not final under prior precedent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 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9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 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37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when states can challenge federal redistricting orders. It affects the timing of legal challenges to state maps. It shapes the balance of power between courts and legislatures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-25"}]}],"slug":"2017-17-586-abbott-v-perez","term":"2017","title":"Can a state appeal a court order to consult on redistricting before the final map is drawn?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-586_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 17-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-04-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-04-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","paragraphs":["Hawaii's lawyer argued the order violates the Constitution.","The government's lawyer cited a multi-agency security review.","Justices questioned the scope of presidential authority.","Hawaii's lawyer claimed the order discriminates by nationality."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 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19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 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49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 13-15"}]}],"caption":"Trump v. Hawaii","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.841380Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.864788Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Hawaii argues the entry ban conflicts with congressional law and the Constitution. The government claims it serves national security needs.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-04-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2017","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-965.html","primary_docket":"17-965","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:14:16.989272Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests presidential power over immigration. Hawaii seeks to block the entry restrictions. The government defends the proclamation as lawful."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 25, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Hawaii wants the Court to strike down the entry restrictions.","The government wants the Court to uphold the entry restrictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Hawaii argues the order conflicts with Congress's immigration laws.","The government argues the order follows a multi-agency security review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked where the President gets authority beyond Congress's decisions.","Justice Ginsburg noted Congress is responsible for making immigration laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 23-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of presidential power over immigration. It determines whether the executive can override congressional statutes. The outcome shapes future national security policies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 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15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 13-15"}]}],"slug":"2017-17-965-trump-v-hawaii","term":"2017","title":"Does the President have authority to restrict entry beyond Congress's statutory framework?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2017/17-965_l5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-11-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-11-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","paragraphs":["Sudan's lawyer argued the treaty bans mail service.","Victims' lawyer argued the treaty allows mail service.","justice_question"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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32-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 54-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 54-8"}]}],"caption":"Republic of Sudan v. Harrison","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.583075Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.604151Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Sudan argues the treaty bans mail service. Victims claim the treaty allows it.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 28-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 28-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 22-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 18-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 18-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 40-48"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-11-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-1094.html","primary_docket":"16-1094","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:08:14.127087Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if the Vienna Convention permits serving a foreign state by mail. Sudan says the treaty bans this method. Victims say the treaty allows it. The Court must interpret the treaty text."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 28-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 28-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 22-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 18-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 18-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 40-48"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 7, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 12-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Sudan wants to reverse the $300 million judgment.","Victims want to keep the $300 million judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 28-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 28-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 22-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 18-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 18-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 40-48"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Sudan argues the Vienna Convention bans service by mail.","Victims argue the Vienna Convention allows service by mail."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 28-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 28-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 22-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 18-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 18-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 40-48"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if the statute requires delivery to an office.","Justice Sotomayor asked about ministers not sitting in capitals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 54-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 54-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 54-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 56-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 56-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 54-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 54-8"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how nations receive legal papers. It affects international litigation costs. It shapes diplomatic relations between states."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 28-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 28-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 22-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 18-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 18-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 40-48"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 54-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 54-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 54-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 56-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 56-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 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serving foreign states by mail?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 28-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 28-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 22-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1094_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 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preemption.","General Francisco argued Virginia can ban mining for safety reasons.","Justice Gorsuch questioned if mining is distinct from plant construction regulation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 26-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 26-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 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34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-5"}]}],"caption":"Virginia Uranium, Inc. v. Warren","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.539464Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.552316Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Virginia argues state safety laws ban uranium mining. Virginia Uranium claims federal law preempts that ban.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 26-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 26-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 24-34"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-11-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-1275.html","primary_docket":"16-1275","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:09:37.947065Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Virginia Uranium seeks to mine uranium in Virginia. The state banned the activity citing safety concerns. The dispute centers on federal preemption of state mining regulations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 26-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 26-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 24-34"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 5, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Virginia Uranium wants the mining ban struck down as preempted.","Virginia wants the mining ban upheld as a valid safety measure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 26-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 26-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 24-34"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Virginia Uranium argues federal law preempts state mining regulations.","Virginia argues state safety laws remain valid despite federal statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 26-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 26-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 24-34"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Gorsuch asked if mining differs from plant construction.","Justice Kavanaugh asked how to handle dual-purpose regulations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-5"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["State safety laws compete with federal energy regulations. This conflict affects mining operations nationwide. Clear rules determine who controls nuclear fuel extraction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 26-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 26-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 24-34"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-5"}]}],"slug":"2018-16-1275-virginia-uranium-inc-v-warren","term":"2018","title":"Can Virginia ban uranium mining under state safety laws?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 26-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 26-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1275_7mip.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 24-34"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-10-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-10-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Tripp argued that a criminal alien does not escape mandatory detention just because the government delayed their arrest.","Ms. Wang argued that the government's reading contradicts the statute's text, structure, and purpose in at least three ways.","Ms. Wang stated that the government's view negates Congress's directive to use finite detention resources on those released from criminal custody.","Mr. Tripp noted that aliens are often released before the Department of Homeland Security is even aware of the release."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 26-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 26-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 22-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 22-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 22-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 20-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 20-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-16"}]}],"caption":"Nielsen v. Preap","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.663639Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.698067Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a criminal alien must remain in mandatory detention if the government fails to arrest them immediately after their release from state custody.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 22-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 22-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 22-14"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-10-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/16-1363.html","primary_docket":"16-1363","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:39:27.871007Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the interaction between two federal statutes. One mandates detention for certain criminal aliens. The other allows the government to set its own arrest timelines. The core conflict is whether a delay in arrest voids the mandatory detention requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 22-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 22-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 22-14"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 10, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to confirm that mandatory detention applies regardless of how long the arrest delay lasts.","The alien wants the Court to rule that a significant delay in arrest ends the mandatory detention requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 22-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 22-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 22-14"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that the statutory text mandates detention for criminal aliens, and a delay in arrest does not change this legal obligation.","The alien argues that the statute directs detention resources to those released from criminal custody, so a long delay negates the mandate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 22-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 22-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 22-14"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why transition rules were needed if the government claims discretion to arrest an alien at any time.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the alien's position makes the timing of custody changes irrelevant to the bond hearing requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 26-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 26-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 20-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 20-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-16"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether criminal aliens face indefinite detention without bond hearings. It defines the government's power to delay arrests. It impacts the balance between public safety and individual liberty. It clarifies the scope of mandatory detention laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 22-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 22-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 22-14"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 26-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 26-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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15-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 20-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 20-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-16"}]}],"slug":"2018-16-1363-nielsen-v-preap","term":"2018","title":"Does a delay in arrest end mandatory detention for criminal aliens?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 22-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 22-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1363_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 22-14"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-10-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-10-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","paragraphs":["Washington's lawyer stated the tax applies to fuel, not travel.","Cougar Den's lawyer claimed the treaty secures the right to travel.","Justice Sotomayor questioned whether states can tax out-of-state fuel purchases.","Justice Kagan asked advocates to assume the treaty preempts general taxes."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 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29-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 6-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 6-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 28-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 28-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 10-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 10-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-9"}]}],"caption":"Washington State Dept. of Licensing v. Cougar Den, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.463682Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.466490Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Cougar Den argues the treaty bars state fuel taxes. Washington claims the tax applies to all buyers.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 28-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 28-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 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activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests if a 1855 treaty blocks state fuel taxes on tribal members."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 28-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 28-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 20-32"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 30, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 28-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 28-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Washington wants to collect fuel taxes from tribal members.","Cougar Den wants to avoid state fuel taxes under the treaty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 28-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 28-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 20-32"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Washington argues the tax targets fuel, not travel.","Cougar Den argues the treaty protects the right to travel."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 28-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 28-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 20-32"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if states can tax fuel bought out of state.","Justice Kagan asked if the treaty preempts general taxes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 30-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 30-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 6-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 6-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 28-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 28-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 10-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 10-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 5-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 5-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between state tax power and tribal sovereignty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 28-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 28-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 20-32"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/16-1498_7mio.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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International Finance Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.490128Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.509445Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to sue the International Finance Corporation. the opposing sides claim statutory immunity blocks the claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 32-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 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31-28"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-10-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1011.html","primary_docket":"17-1011","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:09:55.601737Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of immunity for international organizations under the International Organizations Immunities Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 32-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 32-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-28"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 31, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to allow their lawsuit to proceed.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the lower court dismissal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 32-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 32-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-28"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute grants only the same immunity as foreign governments.","the opposing sides argue the statute prescribes a fixed standard of virtual absolute immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 32-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 32-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-28"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the President can decrease immunity.","Justice Breyer asked about the statutory purpose regarding organization location."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 32-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 32-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 14-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 32-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 32-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 30-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 30-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-30"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether private parties can sue international organizations in U.S. courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 32-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 32-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 13-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 13-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-28"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 32-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 32-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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10-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1011_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-30"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1011-jam-v-international-finance-corp","term":"2018","title":"Does the 1945 statute grant international organizations absolute immunity from suit?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 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assistance."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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Idaho","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.477629Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.495810Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a defendant can challenge a guilty plea waiver for ineffective assistance of counsel.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 26-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 26-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-24"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-10-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1026.html","primary_docket":"17-1026","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:10:46.165865Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Garza v. Idaho"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 26-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 26-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-24"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 30, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks reinstatement of the right to appeal.","the opposing side seeks to enforce the appeal waiver in the plea agreement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 26-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 26-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that disregarding an instruction to appeal renders assistance ineffective.","the opposing side argues that the waiver bars the claim of ineffective assistance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 26-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 26-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-24"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the issue falls within the appeal waiver scope.","Justice Alito asked if violating the waiver breaks the plea bargain by the defendant."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 24-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 24-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 28-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 28-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 32-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 32-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of appeal waivers in guilty pleas. It determines whether defendants can challenge counsel's performance after pleading guilty. The outcome affects the finality of criminal judgments. It impacts the balance between plea deal stability and constitutional rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 26-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 26-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-24"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 24-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 24-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 28-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 28-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 32-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 32-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-19"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1026-garza-v-idaho","term":"2018","title":"Does a guilty plea waiver bar a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 26-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 26-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1026_0o13.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-24"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-11-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-11-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Blatt argued the statute must be read as written. She rejected the opposing side's preferred interpretation.","Ms. Kovner argued the Eighth Circuit misconstrued the law. She noted the lower court excluded sick leave and vacation pay.","Justice Gorsuch described compensation as a voluntary employer package. He included sick time and vacation in this definition."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 25-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 25-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-6"}]}],"caption":"BNSF R. Co. v. Loos","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.563365Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"BNSF Railway seeks to deduct federal taxes from a jury award. The award includes sick leave and vacation pay. The lower court excluded these items from the deduction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 25-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 25-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-11-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1042.html","primary_docket":"17-1042","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:08:54.622117Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the definition of compensation under the Railroad Retirement Tax Act. BNSF argues the term covers all employee benefits. Loos argues it covers only active work hours."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 25-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 25-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 6, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["BNSF wants the Court to define compensation broadly. This allows BNSF to deduct federal taxes from the full award.","Loos wants the Court to define compensation narrowly. This prevents BNSF from deducting taxes from non-work benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 25-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 25-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["BNSF argues the statute covers all voluntary employer payments. This includes sick time, vacation, and severance pay.","Loos argues the statute covers only payments for active service. This excludes benefits tied to absence or termination."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 25-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 25-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if BNSF actually paid federal taxes beforehand. She questioned the practical credit mechanism.","Justice Kagan asked why pain and suffering damages would not count as compensation. She linked the injury to the job context."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-6"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling defines the scope of federal tax deductions. It affects how railroads calculate employee benefits. It determines the final amount workers receive after taxes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 25-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 25-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 30-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 30-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-6"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1042-bnsf-r-co-v-loos","term":"2018","title":"Does Railroad Compensation Include Sick Leave and Vacation Pay?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 25-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 25-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1042_00m4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-12-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-12-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued that only the maker of a misstatement can be liable.","The SEC argued that directing false statements constitutes quintessential securities fraud.","justice_questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 20-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 20-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-18"}]}],"caption":"Lorenzo v. SEC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.397572Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a supervisor who directs false statements to investors commits securities fraud.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 20-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 20-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-12-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1077.html","primary_docket":"17-1077","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:06:15.108910Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of liability under federal securities laws for supervisors who do not personally author fraudulent documents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 20-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 20-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 3, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks dismissal of the fraud charges.","The SEC seeks to hold the side that brought the case liable for the fraud."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 20-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 20-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues only the person who creates a misstatement can be liable.","The SEC argues a supervisor who directs false statements commits fraud."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 20-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 20-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if the same logic applies to other statutory sections.","Justice Ginsburg noted the email began with a summary of key points."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-18"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who bears legal responsibility for corporate fraud. It clarifies the duties of supervisors in financial markets. Investors rely on accurate information from company leaders. Clear rules protect market integrity and public trust."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 20-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 20-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-18"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1077-lorenzo-v-sec","term":"2018","title":"Can a supervisor be liable for subordinates' fraud?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 20-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 20-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1077_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-11-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-11-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","paragraphs":["Timbs' counsel argued the freedom from excessive fines applies to states.","Indiana's counsel argued in rem forfeitures have long existed without proportionality limits.","Justice Ginsburg questioned if this logic excludes non-citizens from protections.","Justice Alito asked if a six-year prison sentence would violate the Eighth Amendment."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-45"}]}],"caption":"Timbs v. Indiana","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.379070Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Timbs argues the Constitution limits state property seizures. Indiana claims states may seize property without federal limits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-11-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1091.html","primary_docket":"17-1091","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:35:24.777664Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Timbs seeks a federal limit on state property seizures. Indiana defends its right to seize property without federal constraints."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 28, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Timbs wants the federal Constitution to limit state property seizures.","Indiana wants to keep its power to seize property without federal limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Timbs argues the Eighth Amendment applies to states through the Fourteenth Amendment.","Indiana argues the Eighth Amendment does not restrict state property seizures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the liberty interest comes from the Fourth Amendment.","Justice Alito asked which constitutional provision Timbs relies on for his claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal limits on state power. It determines whether states can seize property without federal checks. The outcome shapes the balance between state authority and individual rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-45"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1091-timbs-v-indiana","term":"2018","title":"Does the Eighth Amendment bar states from seizing property as punishment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1091_6c36.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-11-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-11-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","paragraphs":["Hueston argued the deadline is strict and unalterable.","Herstoff argued the deadline pauses during a pending motion.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 21-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-7"}]}],"caption":"Nutraceutical Corp. v. Lambert","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.363016Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Nutraceutical argues the Ninth Circuit wrongly excused a late appeal. Lambert argues the deadline should pause during a pending motion.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 21-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-11-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1094.html","primary_docket":"17-1094","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:06:48.930072Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether a missed deadline for a class-action appeal can be forgiven. Nutraceutical claims the deadline is strict. Lambert claims the deadline pauses during a pending motion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 21-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 27, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Nutraceutical wants the Court to reverse the Ninth Circuit decision.","Lambert wants the Court to affirm the Ninth Circuit decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 21-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Nutraceutical argues the deadline is mandatory and unalterable.","Lambert argues the deadline is subject to equitable tolling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 21-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if a natural disaster stops all deadlines.","Justice Kagan asked if the exception nullifies the deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts handle missed deadlines. It affects every party who files a late appeal. It clarifies the power of equitable tolling rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 21-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-7"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1094-nutraceutical-corp-v-lambert","term":"2018","title":"Does a late class-action appeal lose its deadline if a reconsideration motion is pending?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 21-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1094_onjq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-10-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-10-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue manufacturers are not liable for injuries caused by third-party goods.","the opposing sides argue this is a failure to warn case under tort law principles.","argument"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 10-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 10-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-21"}]}],"caption":"Air & Liquid Systems Corp. v. DeVries","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.682765Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.715644Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether equipment makers must warn users about asbestos added by third parties.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 10-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 10-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-10-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1104.html","primary_docket":"17-1104","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:12:00.872511Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of manufacturer liability for third-party modifications."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 10-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 10-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 10, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to limit liability for third-party additions.","the opposing sides want the Court to hold manufacturers liable for foreseeable asbestos use."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 10-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 10-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue manufacturers lack a duty to warn about later asbestos additions.","the opposing sides argue manufacturers must warn because their products require asbestos for use."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 10-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 10-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the injury was foreseeable to the manufacturer.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the product required asbestos to function properly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary of manufacturer responsibility for third-party modifications."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 10-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 10-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-21"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1104-air-liquid-systems-corp-v-devries","term":"2018","title":"Do manufacturers owe a duty to warn about asbestos added later?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 10-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 10-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1104_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-11-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-11-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case claims Congress destroyed reservation features during the path to statehood.","the opposing side claims the lower court correctly applied the text of the laws.","the side that brought the case argues the lower court decision should be overturned.","the opposing side argues the lower court decision should stand."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 45-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 45-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-45"}]}],"caption":"Carpenter v. Murphy","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.365891Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.384665Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether Congress ended tribal sovereignty when it created Oklahoma.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 45-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 45-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-11-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1107.html","primary_docket":"17-1107","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:35:49.208056Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case asks if eastern Oklahoma remains an Indian reservation. The answer changes who controls criminal law there."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 45-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 45-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 27, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to find the land is not a reservation.","the opposing side wants the court to find the land is a reservation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 45-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 45-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues Congress ended all tribal sovereignty before statehood.","the opposing side argues the text of the laws preserves tribal sovereignty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 45-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 45-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if presidential approval of tribal laws ends sovereignty.","Justice Sotomayor asked for the exact date sovereignty ended, if it did."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines which government controls criminal law in eastern Oklahoma. It defines the scope of tribal power in the region."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 45-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 45-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 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45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-45"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1107-carpenter-v-murphy","term":"2018","title":"Did Oklahoma statehood end tribal sovereignty over eastern lands?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 25-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 25-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 45-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1107_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 45-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-11-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-11-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case cite common law rules protecting officers.","the opposing sides cite Lozman to reject absolute rules.","Justices probe the complexity of mixed-motive cases."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 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7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"}]}],"caption":"Nieves v. Bartlett","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.335329Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.353982Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Police argue probable cause defeats First Amendment retaliation suits. Bartlett argues subjective intent controls.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 55-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 55-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 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activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether probable cause shields officers from retaliatory arrest claims. the sides that brought the case seek a bright-line rule. the opposing sides demand subjective intent review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 55-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 55-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-53"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 26, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want probable cause to defeat retaliation claims.","the opposing sides want courts to examine officer intent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 55-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 55-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue probable cause protects officers from liability.","the opposing sides argue objective rules fail to capture subjective animus."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 55-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 55-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 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31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines police accountability for retaliatory arrests. It balances free speech protections against law enforcement discretion. The outcome shapes future civil rights litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 55-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 55-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-53"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 55-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 55-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1174-nieves-v-bartlett","term":"2018","title":"Does probable cause bar retaliatory arrest claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 55-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 55-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1174_53k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-53"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-12-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-12-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Bhabha argued expert testimony must rely on statistical data.","Mr. Yang explained how vocational experts assess national job markets.","Mr. Bhabha countered that the government mischaracterized expert handbook requirements."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 16-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 16-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 26-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 26-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 32-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 32-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-24"}]}],"caption":"Biestek v. Berryhill","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.428793Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.435198Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue experts must cite verified sources. The government claims experts may use general knowledge.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-12-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1184.html","primary_docket":"17-1184","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:05:32.756095Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether vocational experts must cite specific data sources. the sides that brought the case seek a strict rule on expert testimony. The government seeks flexibility in how experts present evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 4, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-5"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a rule requiring experts to cite verified data sources.","The government wants courts to accept expert testimony based on general knowledge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue expert testimony must rest on statistical data-driven sources.","The government argues experts may rely on general professional knowledge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the expert extrapolated questionable methodology.","Justice Alito asked how this connects to the substantial evidence standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 16-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 16-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 26-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 26-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 32-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 32-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-24"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the evidentiary standard for vocational expert testimony. It determines how courts evaluate expert claims about job availability. The outcome shapes future disability benefit determinations nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 16-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 16-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 26-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 26-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 32-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 32-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-24"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1184-biestek-v-berryhill","term":"2018","title":"Can a vocational expert rely on unverified data?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1184_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-01-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-01-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","paragraphs":["Franklin Taylor Rouse argued Congress created the TVA as a corporation that can sue and be sued.","He cited the TVA Act, which states the corporation may sue and be sued in its corporate name.","Ms. O'Connell Adams argued the Court recognized in Burr that such clauses need not waive immunity for everything.","She noted Burr described categories of claims that might not be allowed despite a broad waiver."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-27"}]}],"caption":"Thacker v. TVA","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.269056Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the clause waives immunity for all TVA actions. The agency argues it covers only specific activities.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-01-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1201.html","primary_docket":"17-1201","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:00:49.838489Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of a sovereign immunity waiver. The Tennessee Valley Authority Act allows the agency to sue and be sued. the sides that brought the case claim this waives immunity for all agency conduct. The agency claims the waiver covers only specific activities. The Court must define the boundary of this waiver."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 14, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to hold the waiver covers all agency actions.","The agency wants the Court to limit the waiver to specific activities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statutory language creates a broad waiver of immunity.","The agency argues the waiver excludes core government activities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked whether the Court applies the waiver case-by-case or categorically.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the agency denies immunity for core government activities like building dams."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of sovereign immunity waivers. It determines when citizens can sue federal agencies. It clarifies the legal boundary between public and private agency functions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-27"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1201-thacker-v-tva","term":"2018","title":"Does a sue-and-be-sued clause waive sovereign immunity for all agency actions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 25-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 25-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1201_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-12-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-12-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Shanmugam argued Congress changed the prior art definition.","Mr. Jay argued the established meaning of on sale remains.","Mr. Stewart argued the transaction should not trigger the bar."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 26-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 26-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 22-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-12"}]}],"caption":"Helsinn Healthcare S.A. v. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.412572Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Helsinn argues a secret sale does not trigger the on-sale bar. Teva argues any commercial sale triggers it.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 26-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 26-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 22-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-6"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-12-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1229.html","primary_docket":"17-1229","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:05:18.065034Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the patent on-sale bar. It asks if a secret sale counts as prior art."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 26-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 26-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 22-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-6"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 4, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Helsinn wants the sale to not count as prior art.","Teva wants the sale to count as prior art."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 26-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 26-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 22-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-6"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Helsinn argues the on-sale bar requires public disclosure.","Teva argues any commercial sale triggers the bar."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 26-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 26-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 22-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-6"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kavanaugh asked why a sold item is not on sale.","Justice Breyer asked if secret practice counts as on sale."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-12"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of patent protection. It affects how companies manage pre-patent sales."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 26-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 26-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 22-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-6"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 7-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 7-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-12"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1229-helsinn-healthcare-s-a-v-teva-pharmaceuticals-usa-inc","term":"2018","title":"Does a secret sale invalidate a patent?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 26-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 26-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 22-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1229_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-6"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-10-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-10-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","paragraphs":["Schein's lawyer argued the FAA mandates enforcing delegation clauses.","Archer's lawyer argued the FAA's plain language contradicts Schein's view.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the lack of statutory remedies for groundless claims.","Justice Ginsburg questioned how Schein claims benefits from an agreement it did not make."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 20-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 20-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 20-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 20-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 24-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 24-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 20-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 20-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 28-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 28-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 10-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 10-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 24-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 24-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-32"}]}],"caption":"Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.432348Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.460947Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Schein argues courts must enforce delegation clauses. Archer argues courts must first verify the contract exists.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 24-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 24-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-10-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1272.html","primary_docket":"17-1272","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:11:04.178952Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on who decides if a contract is valid enough to force arbitration. Schein wants arbitrators to decide this. Archer wants courts to decide it first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 24-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 24-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 29, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 24-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 24-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Schein wants arbitrators to decide if the contract exists.","Archer wants courts to decide if the contract exists."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 24-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 24-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Schein argues the FAA requires enforcing delegation clauses.","Archer argues courts must verify the contract first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 24-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 24-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the statute lacks a remedy for groundless claims.","Justice Ginsburg asked how Schein benefits from an agreement it did not make."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 20-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 20-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 20-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 20-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 20-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 20-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 28-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 28-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 10-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 10-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 24-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 24-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-32"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the power of arbitrators versus courts. It determines who decides if a contract is valid. It affects every business with an arbitration clause. It shapes the balance of power in commercial disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 24-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 24-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 20-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 20-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 20-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 20-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 20-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 20-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 28-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 28-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 10-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 10-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 24-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 24-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-32"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1272-henry-schein-inc-v-archer-white-sales-inc","term":"2018","title":"Who decides if a contract dispute goes to arbitration?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 24-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1272_nd89.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 24-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-01-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-01-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","paragraphs":["California argues Nevada v. Hall allows federal court suits.","Hyatt argues the Constitution bars suits in other states' courts.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the reliance on legislative history."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 34-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 34-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-32"}]}],"caption":"Franchise Tax Bd. of Cal. v. Hyatt","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.265482Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"California seeks to sue Hyatt in federal court. Hyatt argues state courts must handle such disputes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 34-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 34-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-34"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-01-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1299.html","primary_docket":"17-1299","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:01:23.610082Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["California wants to sue Hyatt in federal court. Hyatt wants the case to stay in state court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 34-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 34-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-34"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 9, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["California wants to sue Hyatt in federal court.","Hyatt wants the case to stay in state court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 34-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 34-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-34"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["California argues states can sue other states in federal court.","Hyatt argues states cannot be sued in other states' courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 34-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 34-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-34"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked what is new in the argument.","Justice Sotomayor asked about the constitutional design of state power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-32"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines where states can sue other states. It affects how states protect their citizens from other states."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 34-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 34-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-34"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-32"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1299-franchise-tax-bd-of-cal-v-hyatt","term":"2018","title":"Can states sue other states in federal court?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 34-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 34-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1299_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-34"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-01-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-01-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Shanmugam argued that enforcing security interests is not debt collection.","Mr. Geyser argued that non-judicial foreclosures are direct debt collection attempts.","Mr. Bond argued that Congress limited debt collector status to one subsection.","Mr. Geyser argued that the statute targets actions to enforce real property interests."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-47"}]}],"caption":"Obduskey v. McCarthy & Holthus LLP.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.207135Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.239455Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether enforcing a security interest constitutes debt collection under federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-01-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1307.html","primary_docket":"17-1307","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:02:44.660733Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. It asks if enforcing a security interest counts as debt collection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 7, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to hold that enforcing a security interest is not debt collection.","the opposing side wants the Court to hold that enforcing a security interest is debt collection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that enforcing a security interest is distinct from collecting a debt.","the opposing side argues that pre-foreclosure notices function as traditional debt collection attempts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Gorsuch asked how the statute handles the word threatening.","Justice Breyer asked who falls under part two but not part one."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the legal status of law firms enforcing security interests. It determines whether these firms face federal debt collection restrictions. The outcome shapes the regulatory landscape for non-judicial foreclosures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-47"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1307-obduskey-v-mccarthy-holthus-llp","term":"2018","title":"Does a law firm enforcing a security interest act as a debt collector?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 39-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 39-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1307_31g5.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-01-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-01-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Barnette argued Home Depot is a defendant. He stated Home Depot did not sue anyone. He denied Home Depot is a counterclaim defendant.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the claim-by-claim analysis. She noted the statute speaks of removing an action. She asked if the theory fails without that analysis.","Justice Sotomayor asked why Home Depot does not need Jackson's approval. She noted Jackson opposes the removal. She questioned the right of an involuntary plaintiff to remove."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-45"}]}],"caption":"Home Depot U. S. A., Inc. v. Jackson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.301156Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Home Depot seeks to move a state counterclaim to federal court. Jackson opposes this transfer.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-01-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1471.html","primary_docket":"17-1471","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:00:31.241848Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a defendant can remove a counterclaim. Home Depot argues it is a defendant. Jackson argues the statute requires all defendants to agree."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 15, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Home Depot wants to move the counterclaim to federal court.","Jackson wants the case to stay in state court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Home Depot argues it is a defendant under the removal statute.","Jackson argues the statute requires all defendants to consent to removal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if all defendants must agree to removal.","Justice Gorsuch asked why the original defendant is not a defendant for removal purposes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines who controls federal court access. It affects how parties choose their forum. It shapes the balance between state and federal litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-45"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1471-home-depot-u-s-a-inc-v-jackson","term":"2018","title":"Can a defendant remove a counterclaim to federal court?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1471_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-01-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-01-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kneedler argued Section 1395hh did not require notice-and-comment rulemaking.","He stated the agency only shared a calculation component with contractors.","Mr. Shah argued the agency reduced hospital payment rights by billions of dollars.","He claimed the agency made a legal determination without proper procedure."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-21"}]}],"caption":"Azar v. Allina Health Services","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.303957Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Hospitals argue the agency bypassed required procedures to cut their payments.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 51-53"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-01-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1484.html","primary_docket":"17-1484","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:00:12.374220Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on how Medicare calculates hospital reimbursement. Hospitals claim the agency changed payment rules without proper notice. The government argues this was an internal calculation, not a rule."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 51-53"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 15, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Hospitals want the Court to strike down the agency's calculation method.","The government wants the Court to uphold the agency's internal calculation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 51-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Hospitals argue the agency changed a legal standard without notice-and-comment.","The government argues the agency merely shared an internal calculation with contractors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 51-53"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why Congress changed the statutory language from the APA standard.","Justice Breyer asked why the advocate did not directly address the policy statement concern."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between agency rules and internal calculations. It determines when hospitals must receive formal notice before payment changes. The outcome shapes administrative agency power over healthcare funding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 51-53"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-21"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1484-azar-v-allina-health-services","term":"2018","title":"Does Medicare's internal calculation method require formal rulemaking?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1484_8o6a.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 51-53"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-03-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-03-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","paragraphs":["Smith argues the dismissal was a final agency decision.","Berryhill argues the statute limits review to the late filing.","questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 10-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 10-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 32-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 32-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 10-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 10-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"}]}],"caption":"Smith v. Berryhill","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.027430Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether a late appeal dismissal ends the disability claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 10-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 10-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-30"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-03-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1606.html","primary_docket":"17-1606","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:55:37.762719Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if a late appeal dismissal ends the disability claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 10-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 10-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-30"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 18, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Smith wants the court to review the disability merits.","Berryhill wants the court to limit review to the late filing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 10-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 10-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Smith argues the dismissal was a final agency decision.","Berryhill argues the statute limits review to the late filing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 10-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 10-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-30"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked who decides the merits if the appeal was timely.","Justice Ginsburg asked about the role of the Appeals Council in the process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 10-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 10-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 32-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 32-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of judicial review for late disability appeals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 10-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 10-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-30"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 10-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 10-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 32-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 32-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1606-smith-v-berryhill","term":"2018","title":"Does a late appeal dismissal end the disability claim?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 10-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 10-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1606_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-30"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-01-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-01-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Clement argued the statute authorizes full costs.","Mr. Perry argued costs are a defined legal term.","Mr. Kedem argued the statutory list guides courts."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-31"}]}],"caption":"Rimini Street, Inc. v. Oracle USA, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.285836Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.298426Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Rimini Street seeks full litigation costs. Oracle argues for a limited statutory list.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-01-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1625.html","primary_docket":"17-1625","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:01:09.867831Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the meaning of full costs in copyright law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 14, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Rimini Street wants recovery of all litigation expenses.","Oracle wants costs limited to a specific statutory list."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Rimini Street argues the statute authorizes full costs.","Oracle argues costs are a defined legal term."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked about the historical meaning of costs.","Justice Breyer asked about state statute influences on awards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the financial risk for copyright litigants nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 51-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 51-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-31"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1625-rimini-street-inc-v-oracle-usa-inc","term":"2018","title":"Does the Copyright Act allow full litigation costs or only a statutory list?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1625_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-02-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-02-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Spinelli explained that Section 365 lets the trustee decide on contract assumption.","Mr. Tripp argued that trademarks differ from other intellectual property rights.","Justice Sotomayor noted that Section 365(n) is not the default rule for IP."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 16-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 33-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 33-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-21"}]}],"caption":"Mission Product Holdings, Inc. v. Tempnology, LLC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.153048Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a debtor can abandon a trademark license during bankruptcy proceedings.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 33-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 33-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-22"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-02-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1657.html","primary_docket":"17-1657","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:59:07.263626Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a bankruptcy trustee's power to reject executory contracts. The core conflict involves the interaction between bankruptcy law and intellectual property rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 33-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 33-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-22"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 20, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Mission Product Holdings wants the trustee to reject the trademark license.","Tempnology wants the license to survive the bankruptcy process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 33-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 33-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Mission Product Holdings argues Section 365 allows the trustee to reject any executory contract.","Tempnology argues trademark law grants specific rights that bankruptcy law cannot override."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 33-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 33-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-22"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked which law identifies the principle in question.","Justice Sotomayor questioned why the current rule applies to trademarks specifically."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 16-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue determines the stability of trademark licenses during corporate financial distress. It affects how businesses manage intellectual property assets in bankruptcy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 33-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 33-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-22"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 16-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 16-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-21"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1657-mission-product-holdings-inc-v-tempnology-llc","term":"2018","title":"Can a bankruptcy trustee reject a trademark license?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 33-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 33-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1657_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-22"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-02-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-02-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Lunn argued that the statute stretches the original jury-authorized sentence.","Mr. Feigin stated that the lower standard was sufficient for revocation.","justice_sotomayor_questioned_if_other_laws_allow_imprisonment_by_preponderance","justice_ginsburg_questioned_the_jump_from_zero_to_five_years"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme 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page 6, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-36"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Haymond","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.167209Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a judge can extend a prison sentence using a preponderance of the evidence standard.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 13-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 13-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-26"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-02-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1672.html","primary_docket":"17-1672","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:30:04.954968Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the legal standard for adding prison time after a supervised release violation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 13-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 13-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-26"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 26, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants to keep the lower proof standard for adding prison time.","The defendant wants the higher proof standard applied to any added prison time."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 13-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 13-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the lower standard is sufficient for revoking supervised release.","The defendant argues the lower standard stretches the original jury-authorized sentence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 13-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 13-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-26"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if other laws allow imprisonment by a preponderance of the evidence.","Justice Ginsburg asked about the jump from zero to five years based on a finding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-36"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the proof needed to extend a prison sentence. It affects how judges calculate additional time. It impacts the rights of people on supervised release. It clarifies the role of the jury in sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 13-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 13-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-26"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-36"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1672-united-states-v-haymond","term":"2018","title":"Can a judge add prison time based on a lower proof standard?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 13-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 13-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1672_4fbi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-26"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-02-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-02-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","paragraphs":["The operator argued that expanding the public function test would radically change existing law.","The residents argued that the operator was engaged by the city to administer a state-determined scheme.","Justice Sotomayor noted that government often has its own speech and creates speech.","Justice Ginsburg described the operator as administering a first-come, first-served access scheme."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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Halleck","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.155790Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.179165Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a private company administering a state-mandated public access channel constitutes a government actor.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 15-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 8-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 8-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 25-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-02-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1702.html","primary_docket":"17-1702","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:56:54.388375Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the boundary between private conduct and state action in First Amendment law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 15-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 8-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 8-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 25-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 25, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 12-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 12-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The operator wants the Court to rule that private conduct does not create a public forum.","The residents want the Court to rule that the state-mandated channel is a public forum."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 15-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 8-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 8-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 25-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The operator argues that strict adherence to state action precedents preserves the line between government and private conduct.","The residents argue that New York opened property for speech through a general first-come, first-served access policy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 15-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 8-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 8-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 25-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked how the other thirteen board members are chosen.","Justice Breyer asked what discretion the operator has given non-commercial and non-discriminatory regulations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 12-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 12-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-12"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when private entities become state actors. It determines the scope of free speech protections on private property. It clarifies the limits of government regulation over private speech channels."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 15-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 8-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 8-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 25-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 12-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 12-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-12"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1702-manhattan-community-access-corp-v-halleck","term":"2018","title":"Does a private cable operator acting under state law create a public forum?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 15-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 8-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 8-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1702_6536.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 25-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-03-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-03-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Phillips argued the Fourth Circuit failed to harmonize the rule with the statute.","Ms. Kovner argued statutory interpretation requires compliance with Hobbs Act procedures.","Mr. Hara argued rejecting an FCC order determines its validity."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 34-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 34-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 26-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 26-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 8-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 8-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 16-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 16-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 28-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 28-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-22"}]}],"caption":"PDR Network, LLC v. Carlton & Harris Chiropractic, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.063295Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.090677Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether district courts may invalidate FCC rules or must defer to agency interpretations.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 34-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 34-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 26-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 26-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 28-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 28-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-03-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1705.html","primary_docket":"17-1705","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:54:27.191781Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of district court authority over FCC regulations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 34-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 34-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 26-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 26-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 28-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 28-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 25, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 16-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 16-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["PDR Network wants the district court to reject the FCC rule.","Carlton & Harris wants the FCC rule to remain valid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 34-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 34-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 26-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 26-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 28-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 28-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["PDR Network argues the rule conflicts with the underlying statute.","Carlton & Harris argues the Hobbs Act grants exclusive appellate jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 34-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 34-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 26-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 26-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 28-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 28-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the court of appeals is the only body to determine validity.","Justice Alito asked about parties aware of proceedings but not formally involved."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 8-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 8-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-22"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between judicial review and agency authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 34-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 34-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 26-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 26-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 28-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 28-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-22"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1705-pdr-network-llc-v-carlton-harris-chiropractic-inc","term":"2018","title":"Can a district court reject an FCC rule as inconsistent with the statute?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 34-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 34-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1705_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","paragraphs":["Neal Katyal argued the cross should not be destroyed. He cited four facts about the memorial. He emphasized the historical context of the monument.","David Carvin argued the cross fits a sensible Establishment Clause analysis. He suggested using the Town of Greece coercion test. He claimed this approach protects religious liberty.","General Wall argued the cross is permissible under Town of Greece. He cited the nation's tradition of accommodating religious speech. He argued this resolves the case easily.","Ms. Miller argued the Establishment Clause prohibits preferring one religion. She focused on the core constitutional principle. She distinguished between endorsement and accommodation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 18-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 18-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 8-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 8-21"}]}],"caption":"American Legion v. American Humanist Ass.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.190207Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.200889Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a government-owned Peace Cross memorial violates the constitutional ban on state-sponsored religion.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 12-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 12-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 8-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 8-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-02-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1717.html","primary_docket":"17-1717","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:29:38.874078Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The American Legion and the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission defend the Peace Cross. They argue the symbol honors fallen soldiers and fits within a long civic tradition. The American Humanist Association opposes the memorial. They argue the government cannot display a religious symbol in a public park."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 12-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 12-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 8-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 8-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 27, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 6-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The American Legion and the park commission want the Court to keep the Peace Cross standing in the public park.","The American Humanist Association wants the Court to remove the Peace Cross from the public park."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 12-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 12-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 8-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 8-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The American Legion argues the cross honors soldiers and fits a long civic tradition of religious symbols.","The American Humanist Association argues the government cannot display a religious symbol in a public space."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 12-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 12-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 8-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 8-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the cross honors only Christian soldiers.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the logic applies to memorials for mass shootings at schools."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 18-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 18-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 32-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 32-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 34-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 34-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 18-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 18-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 31-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 31-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-20"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines how the government treats religious symbols in public spaces. It sets the standard for future challenges to monuments. It balances religious expression against the ban on state endorsement of faith."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 12-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 12-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 8-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 8-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 18-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 18-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-20"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-1717-american-legion-v-american-humanist-ass","term":"2018","title":"Does a Peace Cross violate the Establishment Clause?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 12-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 12-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 8-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-1717_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 8-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-11-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-11-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","paragraphs":["Apple’s lawyer argued Illinois Brick bars pass-through theories.","Consumers’ lawyer argued Apple targeted iPhone owners directly.","Justices questioned how consumers prove their specific injury."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-33"}]}],"caption":"Apple Inc. v. Pepper","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.348671Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Consumers claim Apple’s store monopoly raised app prices. Apple argues only developers can sue.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-11-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-204.html","primary_docket":"17-204","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:07:21.109861Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests who can sue for antitrust harm. Consumers say Apple’s store rules hurt them. Apple says only developers suffered direct injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 26, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Apple wants the Court to dismiss the consumer lawsuit.","Consumers want the Court to allow their lawsuit to continue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Apple argues only direct buyers can sue for antitrust harm.","Consumers argue they paid higher prices due to Apple’s monopoly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if any first buyer exists in this case.","Justice Sotomayor asked how consumers prove their specific injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who can sue for antitrust harm. It affects how consumers challenge platform monopolies. It shapes future antitrust litigation against digital markets."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-33"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-204-apple-inc-v-pepper","term":"2018","title":"Can iPhone owners sue Apple for app price inflation?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-204_4h28.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-01-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-01-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Stewart argued the Court must distinguish between two types of confusion.","Mr. Dvoretzky argued the FDA ignored the risk because it disliked Merck's phrasing.","Mr. Frederick argued brand-name drug makers must keep labels up to date at all times.","Justice Gorsuch asked about the period after the March 2010 letter when the FDA launched an investigation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 53-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 53-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-7"}]}],"caption":"Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. v. Albrecht","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.218480Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.236643Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Merck argues federal law blocks state failure-to-warn claims when the FDA rejects a proposed label change. Albrecht argues state law still allows such claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-01-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-290.html","primary_docket":"17-290","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:02:23.676026Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether federal law preempts state failure-to-warn claims. Merck argues the FDA rejected its proposed warning. Albrecht argues state law still allows the claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 7, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Merck wants the Court to bar the state failure-to-warn claim.","Albrecht wants the Court to allow the state failure-to-warn claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Merck argues federal law preempts the state claim because the FDA rejected the warning.","Albrecht argues state law permits the claim because the FDA did not approve the warning."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked about the data provided regarding ovarian cysts.","Chief Justice Roberts asked where the record mentions atypical fractures during the back-and-forth exchanges with the FDA."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 53-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 53-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between federal drug regulation and state tort law. It determines whether patients can sue drug makers for inadequate warnings when the FDA rejects proposed label changes. The outcome shapes the balance between federal oversight and state consumer protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 53-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 53-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-7"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-290-merck-sharp-dohme-corp-v-albrecht","term":"2018","title":"Can a jury punish a drug maker for failing to warn when the FDA rejected the proposed label change?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-290_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-10-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-10-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued that the statute's plain meaning excludes independent contractors from the employment exemption.","the opposing side argued that the statute's purpose covers all workers performing services, including independent contractors.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 23-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 23-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-28"}]}],"caption":"New Prime Inc. v. Oliveira","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.618597Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Federal Arbitration Act exempts independent contractor agreements from mandatory arbitration clauses.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 23-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 23-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-12"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-10-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-340.html","primary_docket":"17-340","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:12:43.327258Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of a statutory exemption. the side that brought the case argues the exemption covers only common-law employees. the opposing side argues it covers all workers performing services."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 23-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 23-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-12"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 3, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to limit the statutory exemption to common-law employees only.","the opposing side wants the Court to include independent contractors within the statutory exemption."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 23-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 23-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute uses ordinary language that excludes independent contractors from the employment definition.","the opposing side argues the statute covers all workers performing services, regardless of their employment status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 23-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 23-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-12"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked how the Court should treat seamen who are independent contractors.","Justice Sotomayor asked whether other legal treatises treated independent contractors differently from employees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-28"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who must arbitrate disputes under federal law. It determines whether independent contractors can sue in court or must use private arbitration. The outcome shapes labor rights and dispute resolution for millions of workers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 23-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 23-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-12"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-28"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-340-new-prime-inc-v-oliveira","term":"2018","title":"Do independent contractor agreements count as employment contracts under federal arbitration law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 23-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 23-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-340_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-12"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-12-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-12-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Rosenberg argued the tax violates Section 111. He stated it discriminates based on compensation source. He said only state plans receive the exemption.","Ms. See argued the taxpayer must show different treatment. She cited the Jefferson County decision. She emphasized the need for similar state employee comparison.","Mr. Huston agreed the tax is facially discriminatory. He stated this is the critical feature. He addressed questions about state employee categories."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 31-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 55-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 55-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-49"}]}],"caption":"Dawson v. Steager","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.397619Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.408008Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Federal marshals argue West Virginia taxes their pensions while exempting state workers. The state claims the tax is legal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 31-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 55-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 55-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-12-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-419.html","primary_docket":"17-419","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:05:51.057261Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["West Virginia taxes pensions from federal retirement plans. It exempts pensions from state plans. Federal marshals say this violates federal law. The state says the tax is fair."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 31-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 55-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 55-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 3, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-55"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the tax. They argue it discriminates against federal workers.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the tax. They argue the state can tax federal pensions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 31-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 55-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 55-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the tax facially discriminates based on compensation source. They cite precedent requiring equal treatment for similar employees.","the opposing sides argue the tax is not discriminatory. They claim federal and state workers are not similarly situated."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 31-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 55-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 55-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how to identify overlapping job duties. She noted marshals overlap with lower-tax and higher-tax state agents.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the marshal's job is administrative. He asked if retirement money comes from marshal time. He asked if the Attorney General qualifies as law enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines if states can tax federal retiree pensions differently. It affects the financial treatment of federal employees. It clarifies the scope of intergovernmental tax immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 31-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 55-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 55-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-49"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-419-dawson-v-steager","term":"2018","title":"Does West Virginia tax federal retiree pensions differently than state ones?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 31-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 55-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 55-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-419_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-01-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-01-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Hicks says the tribe reserved hunting rights in 1868.","Mr. Liu says the lower court decision should be overturned.","Mr. Knepper says this case matches a 25-year-old dispute."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-31"}]}],"caption":"Herrera v. Wyoming","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.221202Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.246815Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Wyoming claims a treaty right to hunt expired. The hunter argues the tribe kept that right forever.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-01-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-532.html","primary_docket":"17-532","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:33:44.889442Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests if a state can stop a person from hunting on land a tribe reserved for that purpose."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 8, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The hunter wants to keep hunting on the ceded land.","Wyoming wants to ban hunting on that land."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The hunter argues the tribe reserved hunting rights forever.","Wyoming argues the tribe lost that right long ago."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asks if the state can argue on remand.","Justice Sotomayor asks when the tribe forfeited its rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines who controls hunting rights on vast public lands. It shapes the balance between state power and tribal sovereignty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-31"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-532-herrera-v-wyoming","term":"2018","title":"Can a state ban hunting on land a tribe reserved for that purpose?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-532_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-10-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-10-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued Florida robbery requires only slight force.","Government argued common law distinguishes violent takings from non-violent ones.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 20-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 20-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-11"}]}],"caption":"Stokeling v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.648595Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether Florida robbery requires violent force for federal sentencing enhancements.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 20-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 20-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-26"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-10-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-5554.html","primary_docket":"17-5554","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:12:14.230239Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the definition of violent force under federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 20-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 20-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-26"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 9, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks exclusion of Florida robbery from violent felony status.","Government seeks inclusion of Florida robbery as a violent felony."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 20-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 20-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues Florida robbery lacks the required violent force element.","Government argues common law defines robbery as overcoming victim resistance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 20-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 20-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-26"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if pinching constitutes sufficient physical force.","Justice Sotomayor asked if ordinary pinching qualifies as violent force."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This definition determines federal sentencing enhancements for repeat offenders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 20-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 20-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-26"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 36-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 36-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 6-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 6-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-11"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-5554-stokeling-v-united-states","term":"2018","title":"Does slight force qualify as a violent felony?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 20-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 20-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-5554_anm6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-26"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-01-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-01-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Panner argued the phrase in Section 411(a) refers to the copyright owner's action.","Mr. Stris argued the Register must make a registration determination before an applicant can sue.","Chief Justice Roberts noted the second sentence of Section 411(a) discusses refused registration.","Justice Breyer compared the situation to hiring an unapproved plumber for home repairs."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 53-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-33"}]}],"caption":"Fourth Estate Pub. Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com, LLC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.252708Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.277730Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Copyright holders dispute whether filing an application or receiving a government decision starts the clock for suing infringers.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-01-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-571.html","primary_docket":"17-571","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:01:37.628225Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the meaning of a specific phrase in the Copyright Act. One side argues the phrase refers to the owner's filing action. The other side argues it requires a government decision first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 8, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 53-55"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to rule that filing an application satisfies the legal requirement to sue.","the opposing side wants the Court to rule that a government decision is required before a lawsuit can begin."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statutory text links the phrase to the copyright owner's compliance with filing rules.","the opposing side argues the statutory text requires the Register of Copyrights to make a determination before suit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if driving with an expired license is like suing after filing an application.","Justice Sotomayor asked if a suit requires accepted registration before proceeding in court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 53-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines when copyright owners can enforce their rights in federal court. It sets the procedural trigger for all future infringement litigation. The outcome shapes the balance between administrative processing and private legal remedies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 53-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-33"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-571-fourth-estate-pub-benefit-corp-v-wall-street-com-llc","term":"2018","title":"Does filing a copyright application allow a lawsuit before the government acts?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-571_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","paragraphs":["The fire district argues the statute text excludes small entities.","The employee argues the statute text includes all political subdivisions.","questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 30-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 30-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 36-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 36-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-27"}]}],"caption":"Mount Lemmon Fire Dist. v. John Guido","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.601452Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Age Act covers small fire districts.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 36-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 36-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-587.html","primary_docket":"17-587","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:14:05.044489Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if the Age Act covers small fire districts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 36-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 36-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 1, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The fire district wants the Court to rule the Act does not cover it.","The employee wants the Court to rule the Act covers the district."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 36-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 36-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The fire district argues the statute text excludes small entities.","The employee argues the statute text includes all political subdivisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 36-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 36-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the statute is ambiguous.","Justice Gorsuch asked if the fire district loses if the Court disagrees with its reading."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 30-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 30-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines if small fire districts face age discrimination lawsuits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 36-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 36-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 30-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 30-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-27"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-587-mount-lemmon-fire-dist-v-john-guido","term":"2018","title":"Does the Age Act cover small fire districts?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 36-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-587_3f1n.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 36-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-10-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-10-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Baumgartel argued the delegation provision grants unguided power to the top prosecutor.","She claimed this combines criminal law-making and executive power in a prohibited way.","Mr. Wall argued the text of the Act supports the government's interpretation.","He stated the law is best interpreted in the way the government has described."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 16-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 16-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 10-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 10-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-6"}]}],"caption":"Gundy v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.615766Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the law gives prosecutors unchecked power to expand registration rules. The government claims the statute sets clear limits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 10-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 10-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-10"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-10-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-6086.html","primary_docket":"17-6086","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:13:04.624342Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether Congress can delegate rulemaking power to the Attorney General without setting specific standards. the sides that brought the case claim this delegation is unconstitutional. The government argues the statute provides sufficient guidance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 10-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 10-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-10"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 2, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the registration requirement as unconstitutional.","The government wants the Court to uphold the registration requirement as valid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 10-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 10-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the law grants unguided power to expand criminal laws.","The government argues the statute text supports a broad but limited reading."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 10-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 10-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-10"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if past offenders would avoid registration under the side that brought the case's view.","Justice Kagan noted statutory language supports the government's reading of the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 16-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 16-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-6"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether prosecutors can expand criminal registration rules without new legislation. It affects the balance of power between Congress and the executive branch. It impacts the rights of individuals subject to registration requirements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 10-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 10-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-10"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 16-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 16-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-6"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-6086-gundy-v-united-states","term":"2018","title":"Does the Sex Offender Registration Act violate the nondelegation doctrine?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 10-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 10-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-6086_n6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-10"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-12-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-12-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Chaiten argued the clause text bars dual trials.","Mr. Feigin argued distinct powers create separate offenses.","Justices questioned the scope of foreign judgments."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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5-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 5-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 12-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 12-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 12-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 12-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-12"}]}],"caption":"Gamble v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.970087Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:34.003570Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the Double Jeopardy Clause bars dual sovereign prosecutions. The government claims separate powers allow both trials.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 8-28"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-12-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-646.html","primary_docket":"17-646","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:05:02.326853Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the separate sovereigns doctrine. the sides that brought the case seek to strike down the rule. The government defends the current practice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 8-28"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 6, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to ban dual prosecutions.","The government wants to keep dual prosecutions legal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 8-28"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the clause text forbids dual trials.","The government argues distinct powers create separate offenses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 8-28"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if foreign judgments count.","Justice Alito asked for a direct answer on accuracy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 22-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 22-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 29-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 29-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 5-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 5-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 12-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 12-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 12-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 12-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-12"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of state power. It shapes how prosecutors handle overlapping crimes. It affects every citizen facing dual trials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 8-28"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 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17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 12-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 12-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 5-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 5-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-12"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-646-gamble-v-united-states","term":"2018","title":"Can states and federal governments prosecute the same act?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-646_2bo2.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 8-28"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","paragraphs":["Weyerhaeuser's advocate stated the dusky gopher frog is critically endangered. He emphasized the species faces serious risk of extinction.","The government's advocate argued Congress amended the Endangered Species Act in 1978. He stated the amendment narrowed the concept of critical habitat.","The government's advocate referenced the Court's decision in Hill. He noted the amendment responded to that decision and early regulations."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-9"}]}],"caption":"Weyerhaeuser Co. v. United States Fish and Wildlife Serv.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.586670Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Weyerhaeuser argues the Endangered Species Act forbids designating land that cannot currently support the dusky gopher frog.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-71.html","primary_docket":"17-71","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:13:40.647226Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether the Endangered Species Act allows agencies to designate critical habitat in areas where the species no longer exists. Weyerhaeuser contends the statute requires the land to currently support the species. The government argues the statute permits designating areas that need improvements to support the species."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 1, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Weyerhaeuser wants the Court to reverse the lower court's action. It seeks a ruling that the agency cannot designate critical habitat where the species does not currently survive.","The government wants the Court to affirm the lower court's action. It seeks a ruling that the agency can designate critical habitat in areas that need improvements to support the species."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Weyerhaeuser argues the statute requires critical habitat to currently support the species. It contends the agency cannot designate land where the species is absent.","The government argues the statute allows designating areas that need reasonable improvements. It contends the agency can designate land even if the species does not currently survive there."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked where in the statute the government finds its position. She questioned the statutory basis for the government's argument.","Justice Kagan asked why the statute would prefer extinction over designating an area. She noted the result seemed counterintuitive to her."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of critical habitat designations. It determines whether agencies can protect species by designating land that currently lacks the species. The outcome shapes how agencies manage endangered species recovery efforts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-9"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-71-weyerhaeuser-co-v-united-states-fish-and-wildlife-serv","term":"2018","title":"Can agencies designate critical habitat where a species no longer survives?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-71_b97c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-10-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-10-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","paragraphs":["Bryan Stevenson argued Madison suffers from acute vascular dementia.","He stated Madison cannot fully orient to time and place.","Alabama's advocate argued no objective evidence supports a national consensus.","The advocate claimed this consensus would support a rule barring execution."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 26-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 26-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-22"}]}],"caption":"Madison v. Alabama","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.631048Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Vernon Madison claims his dementia prevents him from understanding his execution. Alabama argues his memory loss does not bar the sentence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 26-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 26-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-30"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-10-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-7505.html","primary_docket":"17-7505","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:13:24.073167Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Madison v. Alabama"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 26-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 26-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-30"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 2, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Madison wants the Court to bar his execution due to his dementia.","Alabama wants the Court to allow the execution despite his memory loss."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 26-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 26-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Madison argues his dementia renders him incompetent for execution.","Alabama argues no national consensus supports barring execution for memory loss."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 26-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 26-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-30"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if memory loss alone renders a person incompetent.","Justice Ginsburg asked what additional factors define incompetence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-22"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the mental state required for a lawful execution. It determines whether dementia prevents a state from carrying out a death sentence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 26-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 26-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-30"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-22"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-7505-madison-v-alabama","term":"2018","title":"Can a state execute a prisoner who cannot remember the crime?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 26-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 26-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-7505_kimp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-30"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-10-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-10-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Ross argued that most states protected mobile homes in 1986.","Mr. Fisher argued that the government's definition would include Tennessee law.","Justice Gorsuch noted that empty cars differ from homes in risk.","Justice Sotomayor distinguished mobile homes from vehicles based on propulsion."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 16-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 16-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 6-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 6-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-34"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Stitt","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.659437Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.688369Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a mobile home qualifies as a dwelling under the Armed Career Criminal Act.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-14"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-10-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-765.html","primary_docket":"17-765","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:12:28.744357Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if a mobile home is a dwelling for federal sentencing purposes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-14"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 9, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 22-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the mobile home to count as a dwelling.","The defendant wants the mobile home to not count as a dwelling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-14"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that burglary laws have always protected all home types.","The defendant argues that a mobile home lacks the security of a fixed home."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-14"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Gorsuch asked how many states had similar laws in 1986.","Justice Sotomayor asked what it means to adapt a structure for living."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 16-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 16-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 6-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 6-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 30-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 30-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 6-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-34"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal sentencing enhancements for career criminals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-14"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 16-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 16-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 6-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 6-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-34"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-765-united-states-v-stitt","term":"2018","title":"Does a mobile home count as a dwelling for federal sentencing?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-765_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-14"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-11-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-11-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Ortiz argued the case turns on the phrase such representation.","Mr. Yang asserted Section 406(b)(1)(A) is the only operative provision.","Ms. Weil stated Section 406 is a piecemeal statute with unclear language.","Justice Sotomayor expressed concern about attorneys hounding clients for payment."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-15"}]}],"caption":"Culbertson v. Berryhill","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.970096Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Attorneys argue they may retain both statutory fees and a share of client benefits. Clients argue this double-dipping violates the law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-11-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-773.html","primary_docket":"17-773","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:07:53.579170Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how courts handle attorney fees in Social Security cases. The dispute centers on whether lawyers can keep both an EAJA award and a percentage of the client's back benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 7, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to limit attorney fees to one statutory source.","the opposing side wants the court to allow attorneys to keep both fee types."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues Section 406(b) restricts fees to a single operative provision.","the opposing side argues the statute is unclear and allows multiple fee sources."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if attorneys can keep fifty percent of the recovery.","Justice Sotomayor asked if attorneys can garnish client assets for fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute affects how many Social Security recipients receive their full benefits. It determines whether attorneys can collect fees directly from clients. It impacts the financial burden on disabled individuals seeking legal help."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-15"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-773-culbertson-v-berryhill","term":"2018","title":"Can attorneys keep EAJA fees when they also collect a percentage of benefits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-773_e2pg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-04-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-04-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Marwell argued that common law burglary requires trespass for a crime.","Mr. Tripp argued that the conviction qualifies under the ACCA text.","Justice Ginsburg noted that Taylor suggests few statutes are broader than the generic definition.","Justice Alito questioned why the Court would examine statutes without a remaining-in element."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 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29-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-29"}]}],"caption":"Quarles v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.998495Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law counts state burglary convictions that lack a specific remaining-in element.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-04-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-778.html","primary_docket":"17-778","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:49:12.752083Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Armed Career Criminal Act. It asks if a state conviction qualifies as a predicate offense. The definition of generic burglary drives the outcome."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 24, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to exclude his conviction from the ACCA count.","The government wants the Court to include his conviction in the ACCA count."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that generic burglary requires proof of remaining inside a structure.","The government argues that the statutory text alone defines the qualifying offense."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the Court should count statutes lacking a remaining-in element.","Justice Sotomayor asked how many jurisdictions read the law the government's way in 1986."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 22-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 22-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of federal sentencing enhancements. It determines which state convictions trigger mandatory minimums. It shapes the national standard for generic burglary."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 22-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 22-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 19-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 19-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-29"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-778-quarles-v-united-states","term":"2018","title":"Does a burglary conviction require proof of remaining inside a building?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-778_olq2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-11-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-11-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's lawyer argued the alternative method requirement applies. He focused on the specific risks posed by the tracheostomy tube.","The state's lawyer defended the single-drug protocol. He stated Missouri has never taken a position on the specific medical question.","Justice Roberts asked about the timing of brain activity cessation. He noted major surgery does not wait for zero electrical activity."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 34-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 34-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 26-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 26-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-26"}]}],"caption":"Bucklew v. Precythe","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.555901Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.570296Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A condemned man argues his tracheostomy tube makes the state's drug lethal. The state says the method remains constitutional.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 34-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 34-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 20-24"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-11-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-8151.html","primary_docket":"17-8151","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:08:30.215989Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a prisoner's changed medical status blocks a state's execution protocol. the side that brought the case claims his condition creates a new risk of pain. The state asserts its method stays lawful and effective."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 34-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 34-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 20-24"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 6, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to block the execution. He argues his tracheostomy tube creates a substantial risk of severe pain.","The state wants the Court to allow the execution. It argues its single-drug method remains the most humane option available."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 34-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 34-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 20-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case contends his medical condition changes the legal analysis. He says the tracheostomy tube creates a new, substantial risk of suffering.","The state contends its protocol remains constitutional. It argues the method has worked safely twenty times without significant incidents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 34-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 34-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 20-24"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked about the prisoner's current medical condition. She inquired if the tracheostomy tube remains in his throat.","Justice Sotomayor questioned whether the Court might issue an advisory opinion. She noted the case changes if the tube stays or goes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 26-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 26-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-26"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts handle new medical facts in death penalty cases. It sets the standard for when a state must change its execution method. The outcome shapes future challenges to lethal injection protocols."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 34-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 34-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 20-24"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 26-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 26-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-26"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-8151-bucklew-v-precythe","term":"2018","title":"Does a new medical condition invalidate a state's execution method?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 34-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 34-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 34-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 34-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8151_2e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 20-24"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-02-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-02-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Malone argued the statute uses plain, ordinary words.","She stated the tolling provision is unambiguous.","Ms. Ellickson argued the side that brought the case was not serving his federal term.","She noted he was in state jail for new crimes."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-20"}]}],"caption":"Mont v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.186528Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether time spent in state jail before sentencing counts as serving a federal term.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-02-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-8995.html","primary_docket":"17-8995","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:56:08.438107Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if pretrial detention counts as serving a federal sentence. the side that brought the case argues it does not. The government argues it does."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 26, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the detention excluded from the sentence term.","The government wants the detention included in the sentence term."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute uses plain, ordinary words.","The government argues the detention connects to the conviction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the detention was treated as part of the sentence.","Chief Justice Roberts asked what the detention period connected to in the conviction context."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-20"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts calculate federal sentence terms. It determines whether pretrial time reduces the remaining sentence. It affects how judges credit time served for new crimes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-20"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-8995-mont-v-united-states","term":"2018","title":"Does pretrial detention count as serving a federal sentence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-8995_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-11-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-11-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Findley argued that the United States does not hold title to these waters. He stated that private waters are not public lands. He contended the Park Service cannot regulate them under the Organic Act.","Ms. Botstein argued that understanding the law requires understanding remote Alaska. She noted that rivers serve as the only roads in vast wilderness areas. She emphasized the practical necessity of these waterways for local communities.","Mr. Kneedler identified two statutes that he believes are crucial to understanding the law at issue. He argued these statutes provide important context for the provisions under review."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 26-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 26-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 5-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 5-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 14-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 14-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 34-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 34-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 32-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 32-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 30-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 30-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-30"}]}],"caption":"Sturgeon v. Frost","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.524011Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.527845Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law allows the Park Service to regulate private waterways within national monuments.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 14-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 14-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 34-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 34-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 32-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 32-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-11-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-949.html","primary_docket":"17-949","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:09:16.366258Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal authority over private lands in Alaska. the side that brought the case argues the Park Service lacks jurisdiction over private waters. the opposing side argues the agency must regulate these areas to fulfill statutory duties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 14-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 14-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 34-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 34-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 32-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 32-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 5, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 30-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 30-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to limit the Park Service authority over private waters.","the opposing side wants the Court to uphold the Park Service authority over private waters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 14-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 14-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 34-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 34-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 32-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 32-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the United States lacks title to these waters. Therefore, they are not public lands. The Park Service cannot regulate them.","the opposing side argues the statute places duties on the government. The Park Service must regulate these areas to meet those obligations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 14-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 14-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 34-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 34-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 32-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 32-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how the Park Service fulfills statutory duties if it cannot regulate these lands.","Justice Kagan asked how the federalism argument applies to agency authority in this context."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 26-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 26-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 5-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 5-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 30-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 30-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-30"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between federal agency power and private property rights in remote Alaska. It determines whether the government can regulate private waterways within national monuments. The outcome shapes the balance of federal and state authority over natural resources."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 14-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 14-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 34-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 34-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 32-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 32-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 28-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 28-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 26-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 26-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 5-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 5-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 30-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 30-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-30"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-949-sturgeon-v-frost","term":"2018","title":"Does the Park Service regulate private waters in Alaska?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 14-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 14-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 34-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 34-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-5","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-5"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 32-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-949_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 32-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","paragraphs":["The government advocate stated that the law does not require proof of subjective awareness of legal status.","The defendant advocate argued that knowing one's status is crucial to committing the crime.","Justice Alito questioned the inference that Congress omitted a mental element for jurisdictional elements.","Justice Ginsburg noted that other statutes explicitly require knowledge of a defendant's status."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-10"}]}],"caption":"Rehaif v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.995708Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law requires proof that a defendant knew their own legal status before convicting them for possessing a firearm.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-9560.html","primary_docket":"17-9560","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:49:55.365245Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the mental state required for federal firearm offenses. The government argues that ignorance of one's status is no defense. The defendant argues that knowledge of status is a necessary element of the crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-14"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants to convict defendants without proving they knew their legal status.","The defendant wants the Court to require proof of knowledge of legal status for conviction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that the statute does not require subjective awareness of legal status.","The defendant argues that knowledge of status transforms lawful possession into a felony."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked why courts infer that Congress did not want a mental element for jurisdictional elements.","Justice Ginsburg asked how the Court handles statutes that explicitly require knowledge of status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-10"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the mental state required for federal firearm crimes. It determines whether ignorance of legal status excuses criminal conduct. The outcome shapes how prosecutors prove intent in similar cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 14-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 14-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-10"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-9560-rehaif-v-united-states","term":"2018","title":"Must a defendant know their legal status to commit a firearm crime?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 27-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 27-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9560_e18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-03-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-03-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Johnson argued the evidence shows the prosecutor aimed to seat few Black jurors.","She cited the striking numbers from the first four trials.","Mr. Davis argued the history is confined to this specific case.","He noted the town has only five thousand residents."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 27-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 27-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-26"}]}],"caption":"Flowers v. Mississippi","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.060379Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Mississippi prosecutors removed most Black jurors in five prior trials. The state argues the sixth trial's removals were race-neutral. The defendant claims the pattern proves racial intent.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 27-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 27-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-18"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-03-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-9572.html","primary_docket":"17-9572","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:54:42.013579Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves a sixth criminal trial in a small Mississippi town. The defendant argues the prosecutor removed Black jurors based on race. The state argues the removals relied on neutral reasons. The Court must decide if the history proves unconstitutional intent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 27-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 27-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-18"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 20, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The defendant wants a new trial without the removed jurors.","The state wants to proceed with the current jury panel."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 27-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 27-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The defendant argues the cumulative history proves racial intent.","The state argues the current removals relied on neutral factors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 27-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 27-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-18"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the jury array questioned debts to a store.","Justice Alito asked if a juror sued by a party creates bias."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-26"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines how courts evaluate prosecutor conduct in jury selection. It determines whether past patterns can prove current racial intent. The outcome shapes fair trial standards for all criminal defendants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 27-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 27-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-18"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-26"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-9572-flowers-v-mississippi","term":"2018","title":"Does a prosecutor's repeated removal of Black jurors violate the Constitution?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 27-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 27-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-9572_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-18"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-10-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-10-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Frank argued courts must align counsel interests with class members.","Mr. Pincus argued no rule bans settlements paying only third parties.","Mr. Lamken argued policy questions belong to Congress or the Judicial Conference."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 10-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 10-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 23-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 23-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]}],"caption":"Frank v. Gaos","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.490019Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.521350Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to invalidate settlements where class members receive no direct cash. the opposing sides argue such deals remain valid if they benefit the class indirectly.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 10-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 10-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-10-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-961.html","primary_docket":"17-961","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:10:12.159090Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of federal class action settlements. the sides that brought the case argue courts must reject deals that pay only third parties. the opposing sides argue courts may approve such deals if they serve the class's interests."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 10-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 10-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 31, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 23-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 23-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to reject settlements that pay only third parties.","the opposing sides want the Court to allow settlements that benefit the class indirectly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 10-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 10-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Rule 23 requires direct benefits for absent class members.","the opposing sides argue no rule prohibits paying third parties if the class benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 10-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 10-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked how parties divide unclaimed settlement funds.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the sides that brought the case dispute the cost-benefit finding of fact."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 23-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 23-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the minimum benefit required for class settlements. It shapes how courts evaluate deals that pay third parties. It affects the financial outcomes for millions of class members."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 10-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 10-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 23-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 23-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-961-frank-v-gaos","term":"2018","title":"Can courts reject class settlements that pay only third parties?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 13-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 13-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 10-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-961_986h.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 10-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2018-10-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2018-10-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","paragraphs":["Pincus argued the shift to class arbitration is fundamental.","Vercoski argued state contract principles should apply here.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-28"}]}],"caption":"Lamps Plus, Inc. v. Varela","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.449109Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a broad contract clause permits class arbitration.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2018-10-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-988.html","primary_docket":"17-988","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T18:11:22.480289Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Lamps Plus argues the clause allows class claims. Varela argues it does not."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 29, 2018."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-14"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Lamps Plus wants the Court to allow class arbitration.","Varela wants the Court to block class arbitration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Lamps Plus argues the broad clause covers class claims.","Varela argues the clause only covers individual claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if losing parties can appeal directly.","Justice Kagan asked if general clauses imply specific subcategories."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 5-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 5-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-28"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts interpret broad arbitration clauses. It determines whether consumers can join class claims. It shapes the balance between individual and collective disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-28"}]}],"slug":"2018-17-988-lamps-plus-inc-v-varela","term":"2018","title":"Does a general arbitration clause authorize class claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 15-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 15-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/17-988_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-03-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-03-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued that the government agreed deference does not apply in this specific case.","the opposing side argued that the doctrine has practical benefits and can be refined with reasonable limits.","Justice Sotomayor questioned whether the best reading of the statute was already clear in this instance."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 28-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 28-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 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21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 36-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 36-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 18-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 18-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 15-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 15-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-27"}]}],"caption":"Kisor v. Wilkie","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.118761Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.141128Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether judges must accept agency explanations of unclear regulations or retain full authority to interpret the law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 32-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 32-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-03-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-15.html","primary_docket":"18-15","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:53:15.602665Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of judicial deference to agency interpretations of their own rules. the side that brought the case seeks to eliminate this deference entirely. the opposing side argues for retaining the doctrine with stricter limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 32-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 32-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 27, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 36-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 36-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to overturn the Auer doctrine completely.","the opposing side wants the Court to keep the doctrine but enforce stricter limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 32-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 32-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that deference to agency interpretations violates the separation of powers.","the opposing side argues that deference ensures consistent and efficient administration of complex regulations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 32-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 32-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the interpretation truly has the force of law.","Justice Breyer asked if studies show the problem is rare and manageable by judges."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 28-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 28-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 36-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 36-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 18-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 18-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 15-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 15-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue determines how much power agencies hold over their own rules. It affects the balance between administrative expertise and judicial oversight. The outcome shapes the legal landscape for all federal regulatory interpretations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 32-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 32-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 28-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 28-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 33-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 33-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-27"}]}],"slug":"2018-18-15-kisor-v-wilkie","term":"2018","title":"Should courts defer to agency interpretations of their own ambiguous rules?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 32-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 32-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-15_8nj9.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-03-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-03-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Waxman argued Congress took responsibility for seamen remedies.","Mr. Frederick argued punitive damages are available under maritime law.","argument_summary"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 30-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 30-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-10"}]}],"caption":"Dutra Group v. Batterton","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.076805Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether maritime law allows punitive damages for unseaworthiness claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 30-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 30-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-03-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-266.html","primary_docket":"18-266","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:54:12.670187Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of remedies for injured seamen."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 30-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 30-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 25, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Dutra Group seeks to bar punitive damages for unseaworthiness claims.","Batterton seeks to allow punitive damages for unseaworthiness claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 30-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 30-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Dutra Group argues Congress replaced common law remedies with the Jones Act.","Batterton argues punitive damages remain available under general maritime law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 30-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 30-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if unseaworthiness differs from ordinary negligence.","Justice Kagan asked how unseaworthiness actions evolved since the Jones Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-10"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the financial risk for vessel owners. It sets the compensation ceiling for injured seamen. It clarifies the boundary between statutory and common law remedies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 30-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 30-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 21-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 21-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-10"}]}],"slug":"2018-18-266-dutra-group-v-batterton","term":"2018","title":"Can seamen recover punitive damages for unseaworthiness?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 30-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 30-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-266_5536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-03-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-03-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued the House is the only sovereign harmed by the ruling.","He stated the Court is being asked to referee a state government dispute.","Clement noted the 2011 plan had overwhelming bipartisan support.","He claimed the plan received swift federal preclearance before the lawsuit began."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 30-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 30-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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file page 18, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 26-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 26-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 34-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 34-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 36-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 36-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 18-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 18-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-27"}]}],"caption":"Virginia House of Delegates v. Bethune-Hill","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.024682Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.047565Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Virginia legislators claim the state attorney general wrongly refused to appeal a federal court order. They argue the House has standing to defend its own redistricting plan.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 26-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 26-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 34-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 34-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-34"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-03-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-281.html","primary_docket":"18-281","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:55:17.457888Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["A federal court struck down Virginia's redistricting plan. The state attorney general declined to appeal. The House of Delegates sued to defend the plan itself."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 26-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 26-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 34-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 34-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-34"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 18, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The House wants the Court to allow it to appeal the lower court decision.","The challengers want the Court to deny the House standing to sue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 26-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 26-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 34-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 34-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-34"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The House argues it is a sovereign entity harmed by the ruling.","The challengers argue only the state attorney general can represent Virginia in court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 26-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 26-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 34-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 34-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-34"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if Virginia law allows the House to represent the state.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the Court is removing the people's right to choose their representative."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 30-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 30-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 10-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 10-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 28-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 28-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 36-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 36-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 18-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 18-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who can defend state legislative actions in federal court. It clarifies the power of state legislatures to act independently against their own executive branch."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 26-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 26-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 34-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 34-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-34"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 30-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 30-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 10-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 10-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 28-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 28-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 36-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 36-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 18-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 18-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-27"}]}],"slug":"2018-18-281-virginia-house-of-delegates-v-bethune-hill","term":"2018","title":"Can a state legislature sue to defend its redistricting plan?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 26-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 26-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 34-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 34-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-281_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-34"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-04-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-04-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","paragraphs":["Malcolm Stewart argued the ban is not a speech restriction.","He stated the provision is viewpoint-neutral on its face.","He claimed it is a valid condition on a federal program.","Mr. Sommer argued the government does not defend the statute's plain language."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 18-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 18-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 26-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-8"}]}],"caption":"Iancu v. Brunetti","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.898395Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Lanham Act allows the government to reject trademarks it deems scandalous.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-30"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-04-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-302.html","primary_docket":"18-302","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:52:58.518191Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court examines a federal trademark law. The law bars registration of marks deemed scandalous. The government argues this rule is viewpoint-neutral. The challenger argues the rule targets specific viewpoints."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-30"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 15, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the denial of registration.","The challenger wants the Court to strike down the scandalous mark provision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the law is a valid condition on a federal program.","The challenger argues the government defends a hypothetical statute not enacted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-30"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how the government defines a scandalous mark.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the office could deny obscene marks if the government loses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 18-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 18-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 26-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-8"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines if the government can reject trademarks based on offensive content. The outcome shapes the scope of federal trademark registration. It affects how the agency treats marks with controversial language."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-30"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 18-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 18-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 8-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 8-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 26-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-8"}]}],"slug":"2018-18-302-iancu-v-brunetti","term":"2018","title":"Can the government deny trademark registration based on offensive words?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-302_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-30"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-03-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-03-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","paragraphs":["Cochise Consultancy argues the deadline is event-based and fixed.","The government argues the deadlines must always match.","Justices questioned the status of the state as a party."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 10-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 10-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 6-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 6-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 10-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 10-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 18-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 18-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-25"}]}],"caption":"Cochise Consultancy, Inc. v. United States, ex rel. Hunt","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.030339Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Cochise Consultancy argues the deadline stays fixed. The government argues intervention resets it.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 18-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 18-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 13-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-03-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-315.html","primary_docket":"18-315","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:55:01.820324Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a False Claims Act relator keeps the original filing deadline after the government joins the suit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 18-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 18-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 13-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 19, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Cochise Consultancy wants the original deadline to remain fixed.","The government wants the deadline to reset upon intervention."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 18-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 18-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 13-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Cochise Consultancy argues the statute applies equally to all parties.","The government argues the relator and state share identical deadlines."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 18-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 18-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 13-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the state remains a party without intervention.","Justice Gorsuch asked if retaliation claims fall outside the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 10-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 10-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 6-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 6-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 10-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 10-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines when a whistleblower must file suit. It shapes the timeline for recovering public funds. It balances private initiative against state control."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 18-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 18-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 13-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 10-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 10-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 6-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 6-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 10-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 10-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-25"}]}],"slug":"2018-18-315-cochise-consultancy-inc-v-united-states-ex-rel-hunt","term":"2018","title":"Does the government's intervention reset the relator's filing deadline?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 18-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 18-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-315_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 13-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-04-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-04-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","paragraphs":["Parker Drilling asserts federal sovereignty over the continental shelf.","Newton contends the plain language of federal statutes supports state law 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27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 20-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 20-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 26-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 26-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 27-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 27-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 25-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 25-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-6"}]}],"caption":"Parker Drilling Management Service, Ltd. v. Newton","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.905002Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.930512Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Parker Drilling argues federal law preempts state wage rules. Newton claims California law applies to offshore workers.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 27-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 27-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 25-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 25-30"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-04-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-389.html","primary_docket":"18-389","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:52:10.552988Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether state wage laws bind employers on the Outer Continental Shelf. The dispute centers on the interaction between federal statutes and state labor codes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 27-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 27-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 25-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 25-30"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 16, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-32"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Parker Drilling wants the Court to reject state wage law application.","Newton wants the Court to uphold the state law application."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 27-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 27-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 25-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 25-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Parker Drilling argues federal sovereignty preempts state wage rules.","Newton argues state law applies and does not conflict with federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 27-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 27-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 25-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 25-30"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if federal enclaves exist inside California.","Justice Kagan asked if preexisting state law applies in this context."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 20-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 20-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 26-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 26-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-6"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines which wage rules govern offshore workers. It clarifies the boundary between federal and state labor authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 27-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 27-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 25-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 25-30"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 20-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 20-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 26-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 26-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-6"}]}],"slug":"2018-18-389-parker-drilling-management-service-ltd-v-newton","term":"2018","title":"Does California Wage Law Apply on the Outer Continental Shelf?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 27-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 27-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 25-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-389_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 25-30"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-03-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-03-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","paragraphs":["Appellants claim the Court failed to find a justiciable standard.","Appellees assert the maps represent extreme partisan rigging.","justice_sotomayor_questioned_if_tests_address_proportionate_representation","justice_ginsburg_questioned_if_party_affiliation_reduces_vote_weight"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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16-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 32-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 32-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 28-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 28-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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11-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 11-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-31"}]}],"caption":"Rucho v. Common Cause","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.082535Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.096410Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Appellants seek dismissal of partisan gerrymandering claims. Appellees seek judicial review of North Carolina maps.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 23-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 23-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 32-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 32-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 30-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 30-18"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-03-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-422.html","primary_docket":"18-422","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:53:35.337020Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether federal courts can resolve partisan gerrymandering disputes. The parties disagree on the existence of a manageable legal standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 23-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 23-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 32-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 32-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 30-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 30-18"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 26, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 11-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 11-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Appellants want the Supreme Court to dismiss the case as non-justiciable.","Appellees want the Supreme Court to uphold the lower court's review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 23-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 23-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 32-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 32-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 30-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 30-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Appellants argue no manageable standard exists for partisan gerrymandering claims.","Appellees argue courts can review maps using established legal principles."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 23-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 23-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 32-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 32-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 30-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 30-18"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if proposed tests address proportionate representation.","Justice Ginsburg asked if party affiliation reduces a vote's equal weight."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 22-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 22-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 28-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 28-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 23-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 23-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 11-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 11-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the role of courts in redistricting. It determines whether partisan map challenges remain in the political sphere."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 23-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 23-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 32-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 32-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 30-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 30-18"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 22-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 22-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 28-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 28-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 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11-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 11-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-31"}]}],"slug":"2018-18-422-rucho-v-common-cause","term":"2018","title":"Can courts fix partisan gerrymanders?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 23-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 23-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 32-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 32-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 30-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-422_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 30-18"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-04-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-04-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's advocate argued the residual clause should be invalidated.","The advocate cited the need for Congress to speak more clearly on prohibitions.","justice_questioning"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme 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page 5, lines 10-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-18"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Davis","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.933440Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a vague statutory clause allows courts to convict defendants based on subjective risk assessments.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 36-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 36-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-8"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-04-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-431.html","primary_docket":"18-431","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:51:38.261499Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the constitutionality of a specific sentencing provision. The government argues the clause is valid. The defendant argues it is unconstitutionally vague."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 36-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 36-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-8"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 17, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the residual clause as a valid sentencing tool.","The defendant wants the Court to strike down the residual clause as unconstitutionally vague."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 36-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 36-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the clause provides sufficient notice to defendants about prohibited conduct.","The defendant argues the clause requires judges to make subjective predictions about future behavior."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 36-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 36-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-8"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the case avoided a circumstance-specific approach.","Justice Sotomayor questioned whether the language best supports a categorical approach."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 20-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 20-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-18"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue determines whether courts can enhance sentences based on vague statutory language. It affects the rights of defendants facing enhanced penalties. It clarifies the limits of judicial discretion in sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 36-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 36-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-8"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 20-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 20-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 12-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 12-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-18"}]}],"slug":"2018-18-431-united-states-v-davis","term":"2018","title":"Does the Armed Career Criminal Act's residual clause violate the Constitution?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 36-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 36-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-431_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-8"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-04-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-04-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","paragraphs":["North Carolina argues beneficiaries own trust income under trust law.","The trust argues the state cannot tax income it does not own.","questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"}]}],"caption":"North Carolina Dept. of Revenue v. Kimberley Rice Kaestner 1992 Family Trust","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.921318Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"North Carolina taxes trust income using a beneficiary's state residency. The trust argues this violates the Commerce Clause.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-04-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-457.html","primary_docket":"18-457","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:52:26.445252Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["North Carolina taxes trust income based on where beneficiaries live. The trust argues this violates the Commerce Clause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 16, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["North Carolina wants to tax trust income based on beneficiary residency.","The trust wants to avoid state tax on its income."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["North Carolina argues beneficiaries are true owners of trust income.","The trust argues the state cannot tax income it does not own."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the trust's home state could tax the same income.","Justice Sotomayor asked how the state knows the beneficiary will receive the income."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state power to tax trust income. It affects how states collect revenue from trusts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 15-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 15-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"}]}],"slug":"2018-18-457-north-carolina-dept-of-revenue-v-kimberley-rice-kaestner-1992-family-trust","term":"2018","title":"Can a state tax trust income based on a beneficiary's residency?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-457_4d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-04-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-04-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","paragraphs":["Emulex argued the Ninth Circuit created an unprecedented private right.","Varjabedian argued statutory construction supports the implied right.","Justice Ginsburg questioned why the issue was raised late in the process."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 23-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 23-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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22-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 22-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 34-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 34-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 21-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 21-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 32-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 32-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 32-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 32-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-34"}]}],"caption":"Emulex Corp. v. Varjabedian","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.966137Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.990433Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Emulex seeks to bar private negligence claims under securities law. Varjabedian argues the statute permits such suits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 23-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 23-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 16-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 16-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 28-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 28-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 32-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 32-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-04-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-459.html","primary_docket":"18-459","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:52:40.877554Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether federal courts can imply private rights of action. Emulex argues against implied rights. Varjabedian supports implied rights for negligent misrepresentations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 23-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 23-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 16-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 16-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 28-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 28-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 32-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 32-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 15, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 22-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Emulex wants the Court to reverse the Ninth Circuit decision.","Varjabedian wants the Court to affirm the implied private right."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 23-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 23-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 16-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 16-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 28-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 28-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 32-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 32-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Emulex argues federal courts should not create implied private rights.","Varjabedian argues statutory text supports implied private enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 23-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 23-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 16-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 16-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 28-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 28-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 32-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 32-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why the Court should reward the side that brought the case.","Justice Kagan asked if the argument focused on the negligence standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 32-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 32-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 22-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 22-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 34-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 34-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 21-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 21-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 32-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 32-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-34"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of private securities litigation. It determines whether investors can sue for negligent misrepresentations. The outcome shapes future federal court authority over implied rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 23-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 23-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 16-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 16-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 28-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 28-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 32-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 32-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 32-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 32-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 32-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 32-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 20-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 22-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 22-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 34-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 34-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 21-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 21-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 32-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 32-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 28-34"}]}],"slug":"2018-18-459-emulex-corp-v-varjabedian","term":"2018","title":"Does Section 14(e) allow private suits for negligence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 23-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 23-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 16-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 16-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 28-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 28-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 32-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-459_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 32-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-04-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-04-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Katyal stated the claim targets fabricated evidence.","Mr. Katyal noted malicious prosecution is the closest analogy.","Mr. Wall argued favorable termination is an element.","Mr. O'Connor distinguished pure from impure malicious prosecution."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 10-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 10-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 12-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 12-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-18"}]}],"caption":"McDonough v. Smith","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.936175Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a plaintiff must prove the criminal case ended in their favor to sue a prosecutor for fabricating evidence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 10-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 10-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 12-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 12-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-04-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-485.html","primary_docket":"18-485","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:51:56.208059Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal civil rights liability for prosecutors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 10-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 10-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 12-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 12-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 17, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks to sue without proving the case ended favorably.","the opposing side seeks to require proof of a favorable termination."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 10-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 10-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 12-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 12-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the claim targets the initiation of proceedings.","the opposing side argues the claim requires a favorable termination."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 10-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 10-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 12-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 12-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked how this claim differs from a dismissed malicious prosecution claim.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the claim requires a finding of probable cause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-18"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This defines the boundary of prosecutorial immunity in federal courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 10-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 10-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 12-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 12-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 6-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 6-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-18"}]}],"slug":"2018-18-485-mcdonough-v-smith","term":"2018","title":"Does a Section 1983 claim for fabricated evidence require a favorable termination?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 10-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 10-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 12-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 12-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 16-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-485_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 16-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-04-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-04-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","paragraphs":["The creditor's lawyer argued good faith belief blocks contempt liability.","The debtor's lawyer argued good faith does not excuse ignoring orders.","Justice Alito questioned if a good faith belief prevents a violation.","Justice Sotomayor asked if debtors must use safe harbors to avoid liability."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 30-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 30-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 20-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 20-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 36-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 36-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-8"}]}],"caption":"Taggart v. Lorenzen","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.015482Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.056766Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Creditors argue good faith excuses bankruptcy violations. Debtors argue this rule ignores court orders.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 30-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 30-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 20-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 20-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 36-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 36-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-04-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-489.html","primary_docket":"18-489","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:28:09.763089Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a creditor's honest belief excuses a bankruptcy violation. The lower court found a violation despite that belief. The Supreme Court must decide if good faith blocks liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 30-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 30-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 20-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 20-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 36-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 36-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 24, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 20-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The creditor wants a good faith belief to excuse bankruptcy violations.","The debtor wants courts to punish violations regardless of intent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 30-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 30-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 20-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 20-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 36-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 36-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The creditor argues good faith belief prevents contempt liability.","The debtor argues good faith does not excuse ignoring court orders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 30-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 30-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 20-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 20-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 36-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 36-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if a good faith belief prevents a violation.","Justice Sotomayor asked if debtors must use safe harbors to avoid liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-8"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of creditor power. It determines whether honest mistakes excuse legal violations. It shapes how courts enforce bankruptcy orders. It affects the balance between debtor rights and creditor interests."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 30-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 30-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 20-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 20-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 36-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 36-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 8-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 8-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-8"}]}],"slug":"2018-18-489-taggart-v-lorenzen","term":"2018","title":"Does a creditor's good faith belief excuse a bankruptcy violation?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 30-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 30-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 20-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 20-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 36-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-489_m6io.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 36-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-04-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-04-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","paragraphs":["Sinzdak argued the deadline shifts power to the judiciary.","Bond argued the deadline is not jurisdictional under clear rules.","Melkonian argued statutory limits are not jurisdictional without clear text."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 12-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 12-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 10-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 10-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-30"}]}],"caption":"Fort Bend County v. Davis","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.962047Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Fort Bend County argues a missed deadline bars the case. Davis argues the deadline is a procedural rule.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 10-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 10-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-04-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-525.html","primary_docket":"18-525","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:50:58.371835Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a missed filing deadline ends a discrimination lawsuit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 10-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 10-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 22, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Fort Bend County wants the court to dismiss the case.","Davis wants the court to hear her discrimination claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 10-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 10-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Fort Bend County argues the deadline is a strict jurisdictional bar.","Davis argues the deadline is a procedural rule, not a bar."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 10-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 10-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the court reviews agency actions.","Justice Ginsburg asked how this differs from copyright registration rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 12-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 12-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-30"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines when courts lose power to hear discrimination claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 10-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 10-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 22-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 22-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 12-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 12-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 36-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 36-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-30"}]}],"slug":"2018-18-525-fort-bend-county-v-davis","term":"2018","title":"Does a missed filing deadline strip courts of power to hear discrimination claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 10-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-525_4gci.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 10-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","paragraphs":["Andrew Hinkel argued the state cannot bypass the Fourth Amendment. He claimed statutes cannot create implied consent for searches.","Katherine Jurss argued the search was reasonable. She stated drivers agree to testing when they operate vehicles.","Justice Breyer asked what police should do with an unconscious driver. He questioned the practical steps for officers in emergencies.","Justice Ginsburg asked if an unconscious driver can revoke a license. She focused on the driver's inability to hear notices."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 34-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-11"}]}],"caption":"Mitchell v. Wisconsin","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.985683Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Wisconsin claims implied consent laws allow phone searches. The driver argues this violates the Fourth Amendment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 34-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-6210.html","primary_docket":"18-6210","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:50:14.709293Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether implied consent laws override the Fourth Amendment. Police searched a phone after an unconscious driver crashed. The driver claims this search was unlawful. Wisconsin claims the law authorized the search."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 34-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The driver wants the Court to strike down the search. He argues the Fourth Amendment requires a warrant.","Wisconsin wants the Court to uphold the search. It argues implied consent laws authorize the action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 34-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The driver argues the state cannot waive constitutional rights via statute. He claims implied consent does not cover phone data.","Wisconsin argues the search was reasonable. It claims drivers agree to testing when they drive."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 34-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if checking call logs is less intrusive. He questioned whether this specific search is obviously unconstitutional.","Justice Alito questioned the practicality of getting warrants at night. He asked if judges are always available for emergency searches."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines police power over digital data. It determines if implied consent laws cover phones. The outcome shapes privacy rights for all drivers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 34-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 36-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 36-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-11"}]}],"slug":"2018-18-6210-mitchell-v-wisconsin","term":"2018","title":"Can police search an unconscious driver's phone without a warrant?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 34-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-6210_08l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-03-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-03-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","paragraphs":["Appellants argue the map prioritizes partisan advantage over community integrity.","Appellees argue the map respects traditional redistricting principles and local boundaries.","Justice Kavanaugh challenged the grouping of counties across the bay.","Justice Kagan questioned the extent of political motivation in the map."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 12-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 12-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-16"}]}],"caption":"Lamone v. Benisek","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.108657Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.121465Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Appellants seek to invalidate Maryland’s congressional map. Appellees defend the map’s legality.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 12-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 12-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-03-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-726.html","primary_docket":"18-726","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:53:53.686718Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether federal courts can review state redistricting plans for partisan bias. The parties dispute the map’s intent and legal validity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 12-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 12-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 26, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Appellants want the Court to reverse the lower court and invalidate the map.","Appellees want the Court to affirm the lower court and keep the map."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 12-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 12-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Appellants argue the map violates constitutional limits on partisan bias.","Appellees argue the map reflects legitimate community interests and legal standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 12-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 12-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kavanaugh questioned the persuasiveness of the crossing-the-bay argument.","Justice Kagan asked if political consideration was excessive in the map design."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-16"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of judicial review over partisan redistricting. It shapes how states draw congressional boundaries. It impacts the balance of political power in state legislatures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 12-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 12-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 8-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 8-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 13-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 13-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 32-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 32-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-16"}]}],"slug":"2018-18-726-lamone-v-benisek","term":"2018","title":"Can federal courts strike down state redistricting maps for partisan gerrymandering?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 12-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 12-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 16-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 16-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-726_febh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-01-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-01-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Dvoretzky argued the Twenty-First Amendment restored state powers over alcohol.","Mr. Franklin argued states have complete control over liquor distribution systems.","Mr. Phillips argued the history of alcohol regulation supports state residency rules."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-51"}]}],"caption":"Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Blair","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:20.324148Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Tennessee requires out-of-state residents to live in the state for one year before buying a liquor license. Out-of-state retailers argue this rule discriminates against interstate commerce.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-01-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2018","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-96.html","primary_docket":"18-96","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:59:55.285360Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Tennessee law requires a person to live in the state for one year before purchasing a liquor license. Out-of-state retailers claim this rule violates the Commerce Clause. Tennessee argues the Twenty-First Amendment grants states broad control over alcohol distribution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 16, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Out-of-state retailers want the Court to strike down the residency requirement.","Tennessee wants the Court to uphold the residency requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Out-of-state retailers argue the rule discriminates against interstate commerce.","Tennessee argues the Twenty-First Amendment allows states to control alcohol distribution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked the side that brought the case to clarify their position.","Justice Alito asked if a ten-year residency requirement would be constitutional."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether states can restrict who may buy liquor licenses. It affects interstate commerce in the alcohol industry. It defines the scope of state power under the Twenty-First Amendment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-51"}]}],"slug":"2018-18-96-tennessee-wine-and-spirits-retailers-assn-v-blair","term":"2018","title":"Does Tennessee's residency rule for liquor licenses violate the Commerce Clause?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2018/18-96_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-02-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-02-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","paragraphs":["McGill stated Sudan provided Al Qaeda safe haven and material support.","Ross argued Landgraf does not require specific magic words for retroactivity.","Curran noted the D.C. Circuit found evidence of intent lacking."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 48-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 48-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 54-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 14-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 14-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 14-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 36-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 36-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 24-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 24-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-16"}]}],"caption":"Opati v. Republic of Sudan","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.288009Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Victims seek retroactive punitive damages against Sudan for 1998 embassy bombings.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 24-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 24-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-48"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-02-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1268.html","primary_docket":"17-1268","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:34:09.773241Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether Congress can apply new damages statutes to past foreign state acts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 24-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 24-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-48"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 24, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want retroactive punitive damages for the 1998 embassy bombings.","Sudan wants the new damages law to apply only to future acts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 24-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 24-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-48"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the new statute creates a distinct federal cause of action.","Sudan argues the new law cannot retroactively impose punitive damages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 24-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 24-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-48"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked where the term solatium comes from in damages.","Justice Kagan asked how the federal claim differs from state law claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 48-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 48-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 54-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 14-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 14-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 14-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 36-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 36-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-16"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether victims can recover punitive damages for past foreign state acts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 24-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 24-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-48"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 48-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 48-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 54-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 14-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 14-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 14-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 36-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 36-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-16"}]}],"slug":"2019-17-1268-opati-v-republic-of-sudan","term":"2019","title":"Can Congress apply new damages laws to past foreign state acts?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 24-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 24-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1268_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-48"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-12-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-12-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Blatt argued state lawsuits should not implement piecemeal cleanups.","Mr. Palmore argued the Court lacks jurisdiction over the appeal.","Ms. Blatt cited the contiguous landowner provision in federal law."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-43"}]}],"caption":"Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Christian","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.531277Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.558227Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Landowners seek state court orders for specific cleanups. ARCO argues federal law blocks these suits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-12-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1498.html","primary_docket":"17-1498","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:40:00.666820Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests if state courts can order cleanups at federal Superfund sites. ARCO argues federal law preempts these state actions. Landowners claim state law allows separate remediation plans. The dispute centers on the scope of federal preemption."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 3, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["ARCO wants the Court to affirm the lower court's denial of its motion.","Landowners want the Court to allow their state law damages claim to proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["ARCO argues federal law preempts state court orders for separate cleanups.","Landowners argue state law permits separate remediation plans alongside federal efforts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if EPA approval changes the legal analysis.","Justice Sotomayor asked if state law requires a specific damages remedy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between state and federal environmental enforcement. It determines whether landowners can pursue separate state court remedies. The outcome shapes the legal landscape for hazardous waste cleanup disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-43"}]}],"slug":"2019-17-1498-atlantic-richfield-co-v-christian","term":"2019","title":"Can state courts order separate cleanups at federal Superfund sites?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1498_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-10-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-10-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Karlan argued that firing a man for dating men violates Title VII.","General Francisco argued that sex means male or female, not sexual orientation.","Chief Justice Roberts asked how to handle policies applying equally to men and women.","Justice Ginsburg noted differences in prison guard demographics."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-13"}]}],"caption":"Bostock v. Clayton County","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.814522Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.844282Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Employers argue sex discrimination covers only male or female status. Workers argue it covers sexual orientation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-10-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1618.html","primary_docket":"17-1618","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:45:48.003453Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether federal law bars firing workers for dating same-sex partners."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 8, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to rule that Title VII bans sexual orientation discrimination.","the opposing sides want the Court to rule that Title VII only bans male or female status discrimination."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Ms. Karlan argues firing a man for dating men violates Title VII.","General Francisco argues sex means male or female, not gay or straight."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked how to handle policies applying equally to men and women.","Justice Ginsburg noted differences in prison guard demographics."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal workplace protections for LGBTQ+ employees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-13"}]}],"slug":"2019-17-1618-bostock-v-clayton-county","term":"2019","title":"Does Title VII ban firing workers for dating same-sex partners?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1618_2a34.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-11-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-11-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","paragraphs":["Stephen Vladeck argued the family should have a Bivens remedy for the shooting.","He noted the government previously conceded a remedy would exist on U.S. soil.","Michael Wall argued the family seeks to create a new cause of action.","He stated Congress has declined to provide a remedy in this context."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 25-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 25-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 5-64","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 5-64"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 65-65","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 65-65"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"}]}],"caption":"Hernández v. Mesa","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.713511Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.748649Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The case tests whether federal courts allow damages claims against officers for deaths on foreign soil.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 25-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 25-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 5-64","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 5-64"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 65-65","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 65-65"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-11-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1678.html","primary_docket":"17-1678","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:41:54.331853Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Sergio Hernandez died on Mexican soil after a U.S. Border Patrol officer shot him. His family seeks damages. The officer argues no legal remedy exists for cross-border incidents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 25-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 25-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 5-64","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 5-64"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 65-65","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 65-65"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 12, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-3"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The family wants a federal damages remedy for the officer's actions.","The officer wants the court to deny any federal damages claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 25-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 25-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 5-64","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 5-64"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 65-65","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 65-65"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The family argues the Fourth Amendment implies a damages remedy for this violation.","The officer argues Congress has not authorized such a remedy in this context."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 25-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 25-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 5-64","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 5-64"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 65-65","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 65-65"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if a state officer would face a federal claim in the same scenario.","Justice Gorsuch asked what principle limits claims for foreign nationals injured abroad."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal damages remedies for cross-border law enforcement actions. It determines whether families can seek compensation for deaths on foreign soil. The outcome shapes the balance between individual rights and national security operations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 25-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 25-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 5-64","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 5-64"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 65-65","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 65-65"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-3","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-3"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"}]}],"slug":"2019-17-1678-hern-ndez-v-mesa","term":"2019","title":"Can a family sue a federal officer for a cross-border shooting?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 25-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 25-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 5-64","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 5-64"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 65-65","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1678_21p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 65-65"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-01-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-01-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Stris argued clients have equitable interests in trust assets.","Mr. Palmore stated no ERISA exception exists to Article III.","Mr. Joshi cited centuries of trust law supporting beneficiary suits.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned whether abstract losses constitute injury."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 16-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 16-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 30-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 30-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 22-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 46-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 46-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-32"}]}],"caption":"Thole v. U. S. Bank, N. A.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.397755Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.404896Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case claim trustees caused $750 million in losses. the opposing sides argue no direct injury occurred.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 16-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 16-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 30-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 30-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 46-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 46-36"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-01-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-1712.html","primary_docket":"17-1712","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:36:36.933702Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests Article III standing requirements for ERISA claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 16-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 16-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 30-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 30-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 46-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 46-36"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 13, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 38-40"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to sue trustees for fiduciary breaches.","the opposing sides want dismissal for lack of standing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 16-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 16-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 30-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 30-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 46-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 46-36"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue beneficiaries hold equitable interests in trust assets.","the opposing sides argue plaintiffs must demonstrate tangible financial injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 16-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 16-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 30-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 30-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 46-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 46-36"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Gorsuch asked if defined benefit plans change the analysis.","Chief Justice Roberts asked how abstract trust losses create injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 22-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 22-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-32"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of federal court jurisdiction for pension beneficiaries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 16-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 16-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 30-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 30-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 46-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 46-36"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-32"}]}],"slug":"2019-17-1712-thole-v-u-s-bank-n-a","term":"2019","title":"Can pension beneficiaries sue trustees for fiduciary breaches without proving direct financial loss?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 16-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 16-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 30-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 30-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 46-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-1712_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 46-36"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-10-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-10-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","paragraphs":["General Schmidt stated that identity theft victims face financial harm.","General Schmidt argued that states traditionally prosecute fraud and forgery.","General Schmidt claimed Congress did not withdraw state authority in 1986.","Mr. Michel argued that the opposing sides stole identity information for tax forms."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 53-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-11"}]}],"caption":"Kansas v. Garcia","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.866761Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.872509Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Kansas argues federal law does not block state fraud charges. Garcia argues federal law preempts those state charges.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 53-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-10-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-834.html","primary_docket":"17-834","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:44:50.613311Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Kansas wants to prosecute individuals for using false information on tax forms. Garcia wants a federal rule to block those state prosecutions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 53-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 16, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Kansas wants to prosecute fraud using false tax information.","Garcia wants a federal rule to block state fraud prosecutions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 53-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Kansas argues Congress did not withdraw state fraud authority in 1986.","Garcia argues federal immigration law preempts state fraud prosecutions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 53-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if one concession implies another.","Justice Ginsburg asked why prosecutors initially charged I-9 violations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between state fraud laws and federal immigration rules. It determines whether states can punish false tax forms. It affects how employers verify worker identity. It shapes the scope of federal preemption in employment fraud."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 53-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-11"}]}],"slug":"2019-17-834-kansas-v-garcia","term":"2019","title":"Can states prosecute false tax forms used to hide immigration status?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 53-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/17-834_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-12-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-12-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued the government engaged in a bait-and-switch scheme.","He claimed the government must keep its word after inducing reliance.","He stated the government treats similar payment language as mandatory in other contexts.","Mr. Kneedler argued the Appropriations Clause is a central constitutional command."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 44-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 44-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 10-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 10-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 34-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 34-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-14"}]}],"caption":"Maine Community Health Options v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.592086Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.626945Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek damages for broken government promises. The government argues the Constitution bars such claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 10-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 10-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 34-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 34-54"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-12-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-1023.html","primary_docket":"18-1023","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:38:13.749916Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Appropriations Clause. It asks if this clause blocks private lawsuits for government debts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 10-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 10-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 34-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 34-54"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 10, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 6-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to allow their damages claims against the government.","The government wants the Court to dismiss these claims under the Appropriations Clause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 10-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 10-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 34-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 34-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the government must honor its money-mandating promises to protect reliance.","The government argues the Appropriations Clause strictly forbids paying money without specific appropriations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 10-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 10-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 34-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 34-54"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if insurance companies should have known the law barred their claims.","Justice Kagan asked if the phrase shall pay is sufficient in all cases to create a claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 44-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 44-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-14"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of government financial liability. It determines whether private parties can sue for broken promises. The outcome shapes future interactions between citizens and the state."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 10-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 10-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 34-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 34-54"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 44-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 44-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-14"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-1023-maine-community-health-options-v-united-states","term":"2019","title":"Does the Appropriations Clause bar private damages claims against the government?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 10-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 10-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 34-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1023_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 34-54"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-01-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-01-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","paragraphs":["Shay Dvoretzky argued for GE Energy. He stated the New York Convention does not prohibit enforcing the agreement against non-signatories.","Michael Ellis argued for Outokumpu. He stated the Convention requires a written agreement between the specific parties involved.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the premise of forcing a non-signatory into arbitration. He noted arbitration is based on agreement.","Justice Ginsburg asked about the status of subcontractors when the contract was made. She noted GE Energy was not yet a subcontractor."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"}]}],"caption":"GE Energy Power Conversion France SAS, Corp. v. Outokumpu Stainless USA, LLC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.462401Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.470998Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"GE Energy seeks to compel Outokumpu to arbitrate a tort claim. Outokumpu argues no written agreement exists.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-01-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-1048.html","primary_docket":"18-1048","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:35:26.263928Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["GE Energy Power Conversion France SAS, Corp. and Outokumpu Stainless USA, LLC dispute whether a non-signatory must arbitrate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 21, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["GE Energy wants the Court to allow enforcement of the arbitration agreement against Outokumpu.","Outokumpu wants the Court to reject the arbitration demand and allow the case to proceed in court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["GE Energy argues the New York Convention does not prohibit enforcing the agreement against non-signatories.","Outokumpu argues the New York Convention requires a written arbitration agreement between the specific parties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Gorsuch asked if the doctrine exists without prejudging its existence.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if a party can force a non-signatory into arbitration despite a right to court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether non-signatories can be compelled into international arbitration. It affects the scope of the New York Convention. It impacts how parties structure international contracts. It defines the boundary between arbitration and court litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-1048-ge-energy-power-conversion-france-sas-corp-v-outokumpu-stainless-usa-llc","term":"2019","title":"Can a non-signatory be forced into international arbitration?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1048_3eb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-01-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-01-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued that the government misuses fraud statutes.","the side that brought the case claimed that wasting funds is not obtaining property.","The government argued that political gain constitutes private use.","The government contended that the official acted for personal benefit."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-9"}]}],"caption":"Kelly v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.407744Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.436308Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a public official commits fraud by diverting funds for political gain rather than personal profit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-01-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-1059.html","primary_docket":"18-1059","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:36:20.628056Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal fraud statutes. The core issue is whether wasting public money qualifies as obtaining property."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 14, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the fraud conviction overturned.","The government wants the fraud conviction upheld."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that wasting funds is not obtaining property.","The government argues that diverting funds for political gain is fraud."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked how wasting property fits the statute.","Justice Ginsburg asked why political benefit is not private use."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary of federal fraud power. It determines when public officials face federal charges for political decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-9"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-1059-kelly-v-united-states","term":"2019","title":"Does wasting public funds count as obtaining property under federal fraud laws?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1059_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-10-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-10-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Bursch argued sex and transgender status are independent concepts. He stated equal treatment does not mean treating men as women.","General Francisco argued the case is not close textually. He addressed Justice Gorsuch's comment about the textual nature of the case.","Mr. Cole stated Aimee Stephens was a valued employee for six years. He noted she was fired after telling her boss she identifies as a woman."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-25"}]}],"caption":"R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes, Inc. v. EEOC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.827524Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A funeral home fired a transgender woman. The EEOC says this violates federal law. The employer says sex and gender identity are different.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 47-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-10-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-107.html","primary_docket":"18-107","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:46:03.909645Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["A funeral home fired a transgender woman. The EEOC says this violates federal law. The employer says sex and gender identity are different."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 47-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 8, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The funeral home wants to keep its bathroom rules. It argues sex and gender identity are separate.","The EEOC wants to protect transgender workers. It argues discrimination based on gender identity is sex discrimination."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 47-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The funeral home argues sex and transgender status are independent concepts. It claims equal treatment does not mean treating men as women.","The EEOC argues the case is not close textually. It claims a reasonable person would be harmed by such rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 47-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked what law guides judges in balancing these interests. She noted the question becomes inevitable if the employer wins.","Justice Gorsuch asked if a reasonable person would be harmed by bathroom rules. He suggested this might be the core issue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of workplace protections. It determines if federal law covers gender identity. Employers and employees need clear rules for daily conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 47-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-25"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-107-r-g-g-r-harris-funeral-homes-inc-v-eeoc","term":"2019","title":"Does Title VII protect transgender employees from discrimination?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-107_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 47-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-01-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-01-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Cendali argued the Second Circuit erred in its preclusion holding.","Mr. Kimberly described a dispute resolved with a final judgment on the merits.","Justice Alito questioned the scope of barring defenses in subsequent actions.","Justice Ginsburg questioned the jury instructions regarding the word Lucky."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-47"}]}],"caption":"Lucky Brand Dungarees, Inc. v. Marcel Fashions Group, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.371386Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether a prior judgment bars a defense in a new lawsuit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-01-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-1086.html","primary_docket":"18-1086","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:36:51.684908Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Lucky Brand Dungarees and Marcel Fashions Group fought over trademark rights. The Second Circuit ruled against Lucky Brand. Lucky Brand asks the Supreme Court to reverse that lower-court decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 13, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Lucky Brand wants the Supreme Court to reverse the Second Circuit decision.","Marcel Fashions Group wants the Supreme Court to affirm the Second Circuit decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Lucky Brand argues the Second Circuit erred by barring a defense in a case with new claims.","Marcel Fashions Group argues the prior judgment bars the defense in the subsequent action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the rule extends to collateral attacks on a judgment.","Justice Ginsburg asked how the release treated different uses of the word Lucky."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of preclusion in trademark disputes. It determines whether prior judgments limit defenses in future lawsuits. The outcome shapes how parties structure settlements and subsequent litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-47"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-1086-lucky-brand-dungarees-inc-v-marcel-fashions-group-inc","term":"2019","title":"Can a court bar a new defense in a case with new claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1086_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-12-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-12-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","paragraphs":["Katyal argued McKinney never had a compliant sentencing.","Skinner argued one path resolves the case regardless of outcome.","Kavanaugh questioned why adding an invalid factor differs from excluding a valid one."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-38"}]}],"caption":"McKinney v. Arizona","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.907464Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.940690Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"James McKinney argues his death sentence violates current law. Arizona claims the error does not require a new trial.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 40-44"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-12-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-1109.html","primary_docket":"18-1109","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:37:11.514352Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["James McKinney faces execution in Arizona. He claims his sentencing violated current law. The state argues the error does not require a new trial. The Court must decide if a new proceeding is mandatory."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 40-44"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 11, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 46-48"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["McKinney wants a new sentencing proceeding under current law.","Arizona wants to keep the existing death sentence intact."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 40-44"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["McKinney argues the state must apply new sentencing rules.","Arizona argues the error does not invalidate the sentence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 40-44"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the case needs a remand.","Justice Kavanaugh questioned the difference between adding and removing factors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-38"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts handle sentencing errors. It determines if inmates get new trials under new laws. It affects the fairness of death penalty proceedings nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 40-44"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 50-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 50-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 44-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 44-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1109_0pm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-38"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-1109-mckinney-v-arizona","term":"2019","title":"Does a new sentencing law require a fresh trial for a death row inmate?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 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36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 54-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 54-56"}]}],"caption":"Intel Corp. Investment Policy Comm. v. Sulyma","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.545710Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.563798Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a plaintiff must read a notice to start the three-year clock for filing a breach of fiduciary duty claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 12-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 12-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 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48-30"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-12-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-1116.html","primary_docket":"18-1116","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:39:25.656320Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the meaning of actual knowledge in ERISA. the sides that brought the case argue the clock starts when a notice is sent. the opposing side argues the clock starts only when the plaintiff reads it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 12-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 12-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 50-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 50-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 48-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 48-30"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 4, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 50-52"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the three-year clock to start when the notice is sent.","the opposing side wants the three-year clock to start only when he reads the notice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 12-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 12-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 50-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 50-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 48-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 48-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute requires actual knowledge, which they define as receiving the notice.","the opposing side argues actual knowledge means real awareness, which requires reading the document."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 12-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 12-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 50-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 50-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 48-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 48-30"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked how actual knowledge works if many people do not read mailings.","Justice Kavanaugh asked how a person can have actual knowledge without reading the notice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 36-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 36-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 10-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 10-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 24-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 24-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 54-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 54-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 54-56"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when the statute of limitations begins. It determines whether unread notices trigger the filing deadline. It affects how long employees have to sue for retirement plan breaches."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 12-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 12-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 50-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 50-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 48-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 48-30"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 36-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 36-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 10-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 10-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 24-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 24-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 54-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 30-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 54-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 54-56"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-1116-intel-corp-investment-policy-comm-v-sulyma","term":"2019","title":"Does actual knowledge require reading the notice?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 12-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 12-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 50-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 50-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 48-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1116_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 48-30"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-12-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-12-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","paragraphs":["Joshua Johnson argued the Eleventh Circuit misapplied the Copyright Act text.","He stated Sections 101 and 103 expressly provide copyright for annotations.","He distinguished editors' notes from other code portions to support his claim.","David Citron argued the government edicts doctrine extends to non-binding documents."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]}],"caption":"Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.500483Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.513389Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Georgia claims copyright over code annotations. Public.Resource.Org argues these notes belong to the public.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-12-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-1150.html","primary_docket":"18-1150","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:40:36.457654Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Georgia wants to own the copyright to its code annotations. Public.Resource.Org wants these notes to remain public domain."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 2, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Georgia wants the Court to allow copyright protection for its code annotations.","Public.Resource.Org wants the Court to keep these annotations in the public domain."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Georgia argues the Copyright Act explicitly allows copyright for derivative works like annotations.","Public.Resource.Org argues the government edicts doctrine bars copyright for official legal documents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked about the significance of official references in annotations.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the state holds copyright as the hiring party."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines who controls access to official legal explanations. It affects how citizens and lawyers use state law materials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-1150-georgia-v-public-resource-org-inc","term":"2019","title":"Can Georgia copyright its official code annotations?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1150_b0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-11-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-11-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued that Dudenhoeffer recognized a specific pleading standard. He stated that disclosure of negative information can harm the fund. He emphasized the conflict between disclosure and fund value.","Jander's counsel argued that ESOP fiduciaries owe the same duty of prudence. They stated that this duty requires action based on inside information. They argued that delay harms both current holders and potential buyers.","Justice Gorsuch questioned why insider trustees should receive special rules. He asked what employees gain from encouraging such trustees. He noted the possibility of information leaks.","Justice Sotomayor emphasized that both holders and buyers are harmed by delay. She stated that the securities laws do not govern fiduciary duties. She challenged the argument for special treatment of ESOPs."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-51"}]}],"caption":"Retirement Plans Comm. of IBM v. Jander","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.707350Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.736374Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"IBM argues that disclosing negative inside information would immediately harm the fund. Jander argues that delay harms both current holders and potential buyers.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 13-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-11-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-1165.html","primary_docket":"18-1165","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:42:13.978621Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the pleading standard for ERISA fiduciary duty claims. The core dispute involves whether fiduciaries must disclose negative inside information. IBM claims disclosure would reduce fund value. Jander claims delay harms participants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 13-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 6, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["IBM wants the Court to affirm the lower court's application of the Dudenhoeffer standard. IBM argues that disclosing negative information would immediately reduce fund value. IBM seeks to maintain the current pleading requirements for fiduciary claims.","Jander wants the Court to reject the argument that delay is permissible. Jander argues that both current holders and potential buyers suffer from delayed disclosure. Jander seeks a standard that prioritizes participant harm over fund value."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 13-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["IBM contends that Dudenhoeffer established a specific pleading standard. This standard acknowledges that insider disclosure can harm the plan. IBM argues that fiduciaries face a conflict between disclosure and fund value.","Jander contends that ESOP fiduciaries owe the same duty of prudence as other ERISA fiduciaries. Jander argues that this duty requires action based on inside information. Jander asserts that delay harms all participants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 13-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kavanaugh asked if different beneficiary classes create a duty conflict. He questioned whether prudence can be violated when some are harmed and others helped.","Justice Sotomayor asked why the fiduciary duty should not apply. She noted that both holders and buyers are harmed by delay. She distinguished fiduciary duties from securities laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of fiduciary duties for employee stock ownership plans. It determines when insiders must disclose negative information. The outcome shapes the balance between fund stability and participant transparency. It sets the standard for future ERISA litigation involving inside information."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 13-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-51"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-1165-retirement-plans-comm-of-ibm-v-jander","term":"2019","title":"Can ESOP fiduciaries delay disclosing bad news to protect fund value?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1165_22q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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questioned whether the opposing sides must prove but-for causation.","Chief Justice Roberts suggested the legal distinction might be academic."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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— file page 22, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 54-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 54-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 54-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 54-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-36"}]}],"caption":"Comcast Corp. v. National Ass. of African American-Owned Media","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.765760Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.795976Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether race must be the primary cause of a contract denial.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 54-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 54-52"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-11-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-1171.html","primary_docket":"18-1171","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:40:55.332492Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Comcast seeks to overturn a Ninth Circuit ruling. The media association wants to keep that ruling intact."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 54-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 54-52"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 13, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 54-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 54-6"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Comcast wants the Court to require but-for causation.","The media association wants to keep the any-role standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 54-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 54-52"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if the Ninth Circuit was wrong on causation.","Chief Justice Roberts wondered if the distinction is academic."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 54-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 54-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-36"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the proof standard for racial discrimination claims. It determines how plaintiffs must prove bias in contracting disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 50-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 50-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 54-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 54-52"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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48-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-36"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-1171-comcast-corp-v-national-ass-of-african-american-owned-media","term":"2019","title":"Does Section 1981 require but-for causation?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 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54-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1171_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 54-52"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-01-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-01-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","paragraphs":["Komer argued the state cannot exclude religious schools.","Unikowsky argued the state constitution mandates this exclusion.","Wall argued the state court correctly applied state law."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-37"}]}],"caption":"Espinoza v. Montana Dept. of Revenue","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.467171Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.496680Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Parents seek to use tax-credit scholarships at religious schools. Montana officials argue state law bars this funding.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-01-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-1195.html","primary_docket":"18-1195","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:34:47.892875Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a state can deny public funds to religious schools. The dispute centers on Montana's no-aid clause. Parents claim this clause violates the Free Exercise Clause. Officials claim the clause protects state autonomy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 22, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Parents want to use scholarships at religious schools.","Officials want to keep state funds out of religious schools."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Parents argue the state discriminates against religion.","Officials argue the state constitution requires this exclusion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if secular parents face the same harm.","Justice Ginsburg questioned the parents' standing to sue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state power over religious education funding. It determines if states can ban religious schools from public aid. The outcome shapes the scope of religious freedom rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 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21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-37"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-1195-espinoza-v-montana-dept-of-revenue","term":"2019","title":"Can states exclude religious schools from public scholarship programs?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1195_ap6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Blatt argued the Lanham Act allows profit awards under equity principles.","Mr. Katyal argued Fossil ignores Congress's words and historical context.","Justice Sotomayor asked if equity covers reckless or callous disregard.","Justice Breyer questioned the applicability of willfulness standards."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-55"}]}],"caption":"Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.427217Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Trademark owners seek profit awards without proving willfulness. Infringers argue willfulness is a strict legal requirement.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-01-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-1233.html","primary_docket":"18-1233","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:36:02.362899Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether the Lanham Act requires proof of willfulness before courts award profits. Romag Fasteners argues equity principles allow profit awards for innocent infringement. Fossil contends willfulness is a mandatory precondition for such remedies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 14, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Romag Fasteners wants courts to award profits without proving willfulness.","Fossil wants courts to deny profit awards unless willfulness is proven."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Romag Fasteners argues equity principles permit profit awards for good-faith infringement.","Fossil argues the statute requires willfulness as an absolute precondition for profits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if equity sustains awards for innocent infringement.","Justice Breyer questioned why willfulness might not apply in this context."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-55"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of trademark remedies. It determines whether innocent infringers face profit liability. The outcome shapes enforcement standards for brand protection nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-55"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-1233-romag-fasteners-inc-v-fossil-inc","term":"2019","title":"Must trademark owners prove willfulness to recover profits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 41-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1233_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-12-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-12-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's counsel argued state law should apply to determine ownership.","the opposing side's counsel argued the question turns on the parties' contractual intent.","the side that brought the case's counsel asserted the federal common law rule is invalid."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-15"}]}],"caption":"Rodriguez v. FDIC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.525717Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.533953Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on which legal framework governs the ownership of consolidated tax refunds.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-12-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-1269.html","primary_docket":"18-1269","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:39:46.057773Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case asks which body of law applies to determine ownership of consolidated tax refunds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 3, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 43-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants courts to apply state law to determine tax refund ownership.","the opposing side wants courts to apply federal common law to determine tax refund ownership."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues state law is the correct framework for this ownership question.","the opposing side argues the parties' contractual intent defines the equitable ownership of the refund."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the contract unambiguously establishes interim ownership.","Justice Breyer asked how one reads a contract under Colorado case law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines which legal rules govern tax refund ownership in similar disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-15"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-1269-rodriguez-v-fdic","term":"2019","title":"Should state law or federal common law decide tax refund ownership?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1269_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-03-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-03-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Rikelman argued the case respects prior Court precedent.","Ms. Rikelman stated medical consensus shows no safety benefit from the rules.","Ms. Murrill argued the Fifth Circuit correctly applied the burden of proof.","Mr. Wall argued the sides that brought the case' logic contradicts established Court cases."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-30"}]}],"caption":"June Medical Services L.L.C. v. Russo","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.371392Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.379021Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Clinics argue they can challenge state abortion rules. State officials argue only women can bring such claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 22-10"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-03-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-1323.html","primary_docket":"18-1323","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:32:12.158359Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether abortion clinics hold legal standing to challenge state regulations. The core dispute centers on who may sue to invalidate these laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 22-10"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 4, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 12-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Clinics want the Court to allow them to sue on behalf of women.","State officials want the Court to deny clinic standing to sue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 22-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Clinics argue they can sue because women face practical barriers to litigation.","State officials argue clinics lack standing because women can sue directly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 22-10"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the right belongs to women, not clinics.","Justice Alito questioned standing when women face no hindrance to suing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-30"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines who can challenge abortion regulations in federal court. It shapes access to legal remedies for reproductive health providers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 22-10"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 50-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 50-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-30"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-1323-june-medical-services-l-l-c-v-russo","term":"2019","title":"Can clinics sue to block abortion rules when women face no legal barrier to suing themselves?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1323_d18e.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 22-10"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-10-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-10-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","paragraphs":["Verrilli argued the board members are territorial officers. He said the Appointments Clause does not apply.","Olson argued the board acts as a federal entity. He cited Madison's Federalist Paper 48.","Wall argued Congress used its territorial power. He said the board only budgets for Puerto Rico."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 27-19"}]}],"caption":"Financial Oversight and Management Bd. for Puerto Rico v. Aurelius Investment, LLC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.833329Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.857673Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Creditors challenge the board's appointment method. The board defends its territorial status.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 27-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-10-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-1334.html","primary_docket":"18-1334","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:45:29.038223Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the Appointments Clause. It asks if the board members are federal or territorial officers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 27-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 15, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Creditors want the board members removed. They argue the Appointments Clause applies.","The board wants to keep its members. It argues it is a territorial entity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 27-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Creditors claim the board exercises federal power. They cite Madison's warnings on separation of powers.","The board claims Congress used territorial authority. It argues the board only affects Puerto Rico."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 27-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if Congress could pass similar laws for states.","Justice Sotomayor questioned who controls the board if it is independent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines federal control over territories. It shapes how Congress creates oversight bodies. It impacts debt restructuring processes nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 27-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 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45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-33"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-1334-financial-oversight-and-management-bd-for-puerto-rico-v-aurelius-investment-llc","term":"2019","title":"Who selects the Puerto Rico debt oversight board?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1334_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 27-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-03-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-03-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Guarnieri argued the term includes administrative decisions.","Mr. Hughes argued the term excludes protection denials.","Justice Alito questioned the statutory language meaning."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 34-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-6"}]}],"caption":"Nasrallah v. Barr","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.318102Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.343752Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal courts can review denials of protection from removal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 34-50"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-03-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-1432.html","primary_docket":"18-1432","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:33:19.188701Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of judicial review over immigration decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 34-50"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 2, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 52-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants a court to review the denial of protection.","The government wants to block court review of that denial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 34-50"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the denial is not a final order of removal.","The government argues the denial is a final order of removal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 34-50"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked about the zipper clause language.","Justice Alito asked if the petition is for a final order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-6"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This defines the boundary of federal court power over immigration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 34-50"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-6"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-1432-nasrallah-v-barr","term":"2019","title":"Does a final order of removal include a denial of protection?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1432_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 34-50"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-03-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-03-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case claim disgorgement is a penalty under Kokesh.","The SEC claims disgorgement is equitable relief for victims.","Justice Alito questioned if Congress meant to incorporate old equity rules."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 28-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 28-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-26"}]}],"caption":"Liu v. SEC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.340057Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue disgorgement is a penalty. The SEC argues it is equitable relief.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 28-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 28-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-28"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-03-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-1501.html","primary_docket":"18-1501","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:32:31.528492Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether disgorgement is a penalty or equitable relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 28-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 28-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-28"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 3, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike the disgorgement order.","The SEC wants the Court to keep the disgorgement order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 28-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 28-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-28"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue disgorgement is a penalty requiring statutory authorization.","The SEC argues disgorgement is equitable relief for investors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 28-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 28-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-28"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if Kokesh limited the penalty label to statutes of limitations.","Justice Sotomayor asked about statutes granting equitable relief for investors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-26"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of SEC enforcement powers. It determines whether disgorgement requires specific statutory approval. It affects how agencies recover funds from violators."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 28-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 28-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-28"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-26"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-1501-liu-v-sec","term":"2019","title":"Does SEC disgorgement count as a penalty?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 28-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 28-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1501_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-28"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-02-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-02-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","paragraphs":["The Forest Service advocate stated the Act charges the Secretary of the Interior with overall trail administration.","The conservation advocate argued the Park Service lists the trail as a unit of the Park System.","justice_question_contexts"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 36-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 36-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 10-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 10-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 54-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 54-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-26"}]}],"caption":"United States Forest Service v. Cowpasture River Preservation Ass'n","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.284009Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Forest Service and conservation groups dispute whether the Trails Act transfers all land under the Appalachian Trail to the Park Service.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 36-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 36-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 10-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 10-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 54-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 54-18"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-02-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-1584.html","primary_docket":"18-1584","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:34:25.484970Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Forest Service argues the Trails Act only assigns overall trail administration to the Park Service. It claims the Act does not transfer ownership of the land beneath the path. Conservation groups argue the Act converts all traversed land into Park Service units. They contend the Park Service manages the trail as a distinct national park unit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 36-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 36-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 10-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 10-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 54-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 54-18"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 24, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Forest Service wants the Court to affirm that the Trails Act does not transfer land ownership to the Park Service.","The conservation groups want the Court to rule that the Trails Act converts all trail land into Park Service units."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 36-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 36-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 10-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 10-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 54-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 54-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Forest Service argues the statute assigns only administrative duties to the Park Service without changing land ownership.","The conservation groups argue the statute treats the trail as a distinct unit of the National Park System."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 36-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 36-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 10-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 10-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 54-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 54-18"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if walking on the trail means walking on land.","Justice Kagan asked if the Forest Service would be notified if a tree fell on the path."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-26"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether the Park Service controls the land beneath the Appalachian Trail. It defines the scope of federal land management authority. It clarifies the legal status of trails within the national park system."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 36-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 36-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 10-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 10-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 54-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 54-18"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 18-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 18-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 20-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 20-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-26"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-1584-united-states-forest-service-v-cowpasture-river-preservation-ass-n","term":"2019","title":"Does the Trails Act transfer all land under the Appalachian Trail to the Park Service?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 36-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 36-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 10-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 10-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 54-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-1584_onkq.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 54-18"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-10-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-10-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","paragraphs":["Malvo's counsel argued Miller controls the case.","Virginia's counsel argued the sentence was discretionary.","Justices questioned the nature of the sentencing discretion."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-19"}]}],"caption":"Mathena v. Malvo","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.889136Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.901305Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Lee Malvo argues his life sentence violates Miller. Virginia says his sentence was discretionary.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-10-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-217.html","primary_docket":"18-217","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:44:35.714564Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Lee Malvo received a life sentence for the D.C. sniper attacks. He argues Miller makes that sentence invalid. Virginia says the sentence allowed for discretion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 16, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Malvo wants the Court to apply Miller to his sentence.","Virginia wants the Court to reject that application."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Malvo claims Miller and Montgomery control this case.","Virginia claims the sentence was not mandatory."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked about retroactivity under Teague.","Justice Ginsburg asked why the sentences were not mandatory."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of Miller. It affects how courts treat life sentences for juveniles. It clarifies the meaning of mandatory sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 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sentences?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-217_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-11-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-11-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","paragraphs":["Maui's counsel argued the case is about how to regulate, not whether to regulate. He stated the discharges are already covered by other programs.","The Fund's counsel argued the Clean Water Act prohibits unpermitted additions. He stated the prohibition is not limited to direct flows.","Justice Ginsburg noted the well is the source of pollution. She suggested it should be the object of regulation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 40-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 54-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 54-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-50"}]}],"caption":"County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.690022Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.720081Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"County of Maui argues groundwater breaks the link to pipes. Hawaii Wildlife Fund says the pipes still cause the pollution.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 12-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 12-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 54-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 54-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 40-18"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-11-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-260.html","primary_docket":"18-260","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:42:46.240204Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether the Clean Water Act covers pollutants that travel through groundwater before reaching the ocean. Maui says the law only covers direct discharges. The Fund says the law covers any point source that causes pollution to reach navigable waters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 12-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 12-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 54-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 54-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 40-18"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 6, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 30-32"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Maui wants the Court to hold that groundwater breaks the direct link between the pipe and the ocean. It seeks to avoid a federal point source permit for these discharges.","The Fund wants the Court to hold that the pipes cause the pollution. It seeks to require a federal point source permit for the discharges."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 12-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 12-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 54-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 54-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 40-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Maui argues the Clean Water Act requires a direct discharge. It claims groundwater acts as a separate conveyance. This breaks the legal link between the pipe and the ocean.","The Fund argues the Clean Water Act prohibits unpermitted additions from point sources. It claims the word directly is not in the statute. The pipes are the source of the pollution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 12-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 12-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 54-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 54-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 40-18"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if ending a pipe near the ocean avoids regulation. He noted the water would still drip into the ground and reach the ocean.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if groundwater intervention removes point source jurisdiction. He sought to clarify the test for means of conveyance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 12-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 12-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 52-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 52-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 54-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 54-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 28-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 28-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 40-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 40-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 54-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 54-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-50"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal water pollution controls. It determines whether states must regulate discharges that travel through groundwater. The outcome shapes environmental protection standards for coastal communities nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 12-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 12-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 54-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 54-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 40-18"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 36-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 36-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 12-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 12-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 52-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 52-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 54-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 54-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 28-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 28-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 40-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 40-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 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30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-50"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-260-county-of-maui-v-hawaii-wildlife-fund","term":"2019","title":"Does groundwater count as a direct discharge under the Clean Water Act?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 12-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 12-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 54-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 54-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-260_d1oe.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 40-18"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-12-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-12-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Clement argued the city transport ban is unconstitutional.","Mr. Dearing argued the sides that brought the case framed the case narrowly.","Mr. Wall argued text, history, and tradition condemn the ban."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 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40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 28-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 28-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-48"}]}],"caption":"New York State Rifle & Pistol Assn., Inc. v. City of New York","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.483777Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.503161Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to strike down a city transport ban. The city argues the case is moot.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 50-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 50-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 28-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 28-8"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-12-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-280.html","primary_docket":"18-280","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:40:20.195199Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a city can restrict carrying guns outside a home. the sides that brought the case want the ban struck down. The city wants the case dismissed as moot."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 50-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 50-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 28-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 28-8"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 2, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 50-52"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the court to declare the city transport ban unconstitutional.","The city wants the court to dismiss the case as moot."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 50-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 50-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 28-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 28-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue text, history, and tradition condemn the city transport ban.","The city argues the sides that brought the case already received all requested relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 50-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 50-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 28-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 28-8"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the sides that brought the case must amend their complaint to seek damages.","Justice Ginsburg asked what remains of the case if the state blocks city enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 50-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 50-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 16-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 16-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 24-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 24-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 44-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 44-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 16-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-48"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether cities can restrict carrying guns outside a home. It defines the scope of Second Amendment rights in public spaces."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 50-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 50-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 28-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 28-8"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 40-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 40-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-48"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-280-new-york-state-rifle-pistol-assn-inc-v-city-of-new-york","term":"2019","title":"Can a city ban carrying guns outside a home?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 50-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 50-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 10-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 10-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 28-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-280_8nka.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 28-8"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-10-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-10-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Gant argued the case involves the Court and Congress. He emphasized the FDCPA context.","Mr. Bond stated the Third Circuit decided the discovery rule question. He focused on the specific legal issue.","Mr. Dvoretzky argued Congress set the start date. He claimed the clock begins at the violation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-53"}]}],"caption":"Rotkiske v. Klemm","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.869728Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the FDCPA statute of limitations begins when a violation occurs or when it is discovered.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-10-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-328.html","primary_docket":"18-328","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:45:09.609071Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the FDCPA limitations period start date. the sides that brought the case seek a discovery rule. the opposing sides argue the clock starts at the violation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 16, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a discovery rule for the FDCPA. They argue the clock starts when the violation is discovered.","the opposing sides want the clock to start at the violation. They argue Congress set this specific start date."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the FDCPA implies a discovery rule. They claim this aligns with equitable principles.","the opposing sides argue the FDCPA text sets the start date. They claim the clock begins when the violation occurs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kavanaugh asked if the discovery rule is equitable. He questioned if common law discovery equals equitable discovery.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the sides that brought the case create a fourth equitable doctrine. She referenced equitable tolling and estoppel."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-53"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the FDCPA limitations period start date. It clarifies the relationship between the Court and Congress. It sets a standard for consumer debt collection cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-53"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-328-rotkiske-v-klemm","term":"2019","title":"Does the FDCPA limitations period start when a violation occurs or when it is discovered?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-328_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-11-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-11-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Crouse argued reasonable suspicion allows brief investigations.","He stated common sense judgments guide reasonable suspicion standards.","Ms. Harrington argued Kansas seeks a bright-line nationwide rule.","She claimed the rule presumes unlicensed owners drive their cars."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 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20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 54-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 54-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 24-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 24-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-1"}]}],"caption":"Kansas v. Glover","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.647712Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.682364Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Kansas and the driver dispute whether a suspended license justifies a traffic stop.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 22-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 22-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 24-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 24-42"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-11-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-556.html","primary_docket":"18-556","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:43:59.158594Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Kansas argues a suspended license creates reasonable suspicion. The driver argues this assumption lacks factual support."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 22-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 22-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 24-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 24-42"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 4, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 28-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Kansas wants a rule that suspended owners are presumed drivers.","The driver wants the Court to reject that automatic presumption."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 22-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 22-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 24-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 24-42"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Kansas claims common sense supports the inference of reasonable suspicion.","The driver claims the record lacks facts to support the inference."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 22-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 22-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 24-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 24-42"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if suspension causes relate to driving safety.","Justice Gorsuch asked if judges can infer facts not in the record."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 28-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 28-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 54-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 54-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of police authority during traffic stops. It balances public safety against individual privacy rights. The outcome shapes future interactions between citizens and law enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 22-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 22-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 24-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 24-42"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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18-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 18-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-1"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-556-kansas-v-glover","term":"2019","title":"Can police assume a suspended owner drives their car?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 22-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 22-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 24-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-556_5ifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 24-42"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-11-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-11-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Phillips argued that contract evidence shows who made selections.","Ms. Ross stated the parties chose a form contract from industry standards.","Mr. Goldstein suggested the text is in equipoise and context matters."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 6-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 34-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 34-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 32-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 32-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-22"}]}],"caption":"CITGO Asphalt Refining Co. v. Frescati Shipping Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.647654Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.679464Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether a safe berth clause obligates the shipowner to ensure the destination is safe or merely requires reasonable care.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 34-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 34-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 32-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 32-30"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-11-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-565.html","primary_docket":"18-565","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:43:37.085446Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["CITGO Asphalt Refining Company and Frescati Shipping Company disagree on the meaning of a safe berth clause in their 2004 contract. The clause governs the transport of oil to CITGO's berth on the Delaware River. The parties chose this form contract from industry standards. They now argue over what the safe berth term legally requires."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 34-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 34-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 32-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 32-30"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 5, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 32-34"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["CITGO wants the court to interpret the clause as requiring only reasonable care.","Frescati wants the court to interpret the clause as guaranteeing the berth is safe."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 34-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 34-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 32-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 32-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["CITGO argues the clause text is ambiguous and context determines its meaning.","Frescati argues the clause creates a strict warranty that the destination is safe."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 34-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 34-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 32-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 32-30"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if parties can adjust to the rule and insure accordingly.","Justice Kagan asked if the Southern District follows the Second Circuit rule."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 6-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-22"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of safe berth clauses in shipping contracts. It determines who bears the risk of unsafe destinations. It affects how parties draft and price these agreements. It clarifies the legal standard for shipowners and receivers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 34-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 34-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 32-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 32-30"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 42-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 42-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 6-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-22"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-565-citgo-asphalt-refining-co-v-frescati-shipping-co","term":"2019","title":"Does a safe berth clause require the shipowner to guarantee the destination is safe?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 34-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 34-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 32-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-565_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 32-30"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-11-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-11-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","paragraphs":["General Francisco argued the Fifth Circuit found related policies unlawful.","Mr. Olson argued the termination caused substantial disruptions to lives.","Mr. Mongan argued the government chose to end the policy based on illegality.","Justice Breyer questioned the basis for claiming the decision is unreviewable."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 37-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"}]}],"caption":"Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of Univ. of Cal.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.716292Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.745757Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government claims DACA was unlawful. Opponents argue this reason makes the decision reviewable.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 23-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-11-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-587.html","primary_docket":"18-587","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:41:35.673085Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The government ended the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program. It cited the program's illegality as the reason. Opponents argue this specific justification allows courts to review the decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 23-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 12, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 41-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the court to uphold the program termination.","Opponents want the court to reverse the termination order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 23-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the termination decision is unreviewable.","Opponents argue the illegality claim makes the decision reviewable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 23-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the memo stated DACA was illegal.","Justice Kagan asked if the original policy is reviewable but the rescission is not."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 37-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines if agencies can end policies by claiming they are illegal. It affects the legal rights of hundreds of thousands of people. It defines the scope of judicial review over executive actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 23-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-587_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 23-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","paragraphs":["Jeffrey Fisher argued the Sixth Amendment requires unanimous juries in state trials.","He cited the Timbs decision to support equal application of rights.","He addressed concerns about reliance on existing non-unanimous verdicts.","Sarah Murrill argued the case presents two distinct legal issues."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme 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file page 64, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 37-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-41"}]}],"caption":"Ramos v. Louisiana","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.810853Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.841368Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Louisiana allows non-unanimous verdicts. the side that brought the case argues this violates the Sixth Amendment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 37-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-5924.html","primary_docket":"18-5924","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:48:53.569322Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether state criminal trials must use unanimous juries. the side that brought the case seeks a constitutional mandate. The state defends its current practice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 37-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to mandate unanimous juries in all state criminal trials.","Louisiana wants the Court to allow states to use non-unanimous juries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 37-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Sixth Amendment requires unanimity for all criminal convictions.","Louisiana argues the Sixth Amendment does not require unanimous verdicts in state courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 37-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kavanaugh asked how to distinguish this case from jury size precedents.","Justice Kagan asked if this would create a unique exception for the Sixth Amendment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether state criminal defendants receive unanimous jury verdicts. It defines the scope of Sixth Amendment protections. It impacts how states conduct criminal trials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 37-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 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21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-41"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-5924-ramos-v-louisiana","term":"2019","title":"Does the Sixth Amendment require unanimous juries in state criminal trials?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-5924_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 37-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","paragraphs":["Sarah Schrup argued moral capacity defines criminal culpability.","She stated this understanding persists in most jurisdictions.","Elizabeth Prelogar argued the side that brought the case failed to prove a constitutional violation.","She stated the state legislature made a valid policy choice."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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38-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 38-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 24-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 24-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 54-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 52-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 52-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-8"}]}],"caption":"Kahler v. Kansas","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.781038Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.808092Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Kansas rejects the moral capacity insanity defense. the side that brought the case argues this violates due process.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 24-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 24-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 54-10"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-6135.html","primary_docket":"18-6135","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:48:15.564071Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Kansas law requires defendants to know an act is illegal to claim insanity. It does not require proof that the defendant understood the act was morally wrong. the side that brought the case argues this standard violates the Constitution. The state argues it has the right to define criminal culpability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 24-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 24-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 54-10"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 12-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to strike down the Kansas insanity standard.","Kansas wants the Court to uphold its current insanity law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 24-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 24-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 54-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues moral capacity is a fundamental right protected by due process.","Kansas argues states may define insanity without a moral capacity requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 24-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 24-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 54-10"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if knowing an act is illegal suffices for sanity.","Justice Alito asked if a mental disorder diagnosis alone proves insanity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 38-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 38-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 38-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 52-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 52-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-8"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the constitutional limits on state insanity defenses. It determines whether moral judgment is a required element of criminal responsibility. The outcome shapes how states evaluate defendant culpability in criminal trials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 24-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 24-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 54-10"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 38-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 38-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 38-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 34-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 34-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 52-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 52-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-8"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-6135-kahler-v-kansas","term":"2019","title":"Does the Constitution require states to allow a moral capacity insanity defense?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 24-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 24-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6135_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 54-10"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-01-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-01-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Summa argued that prior convictions lacked the necessary mental state element.","Mr. Bond argued that the statutory text does not require a generic crime comparison.","Justice Alito questioned the existence of a mens rea element in the Florida defense.","Justice Ginsburg questioned the prosecution's burden regarding the defendant's knowledge of the substance."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-55"}]}],"caption":"Shular v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.439190Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.456324Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a prior state conviction for a drug offense lacking a specific intent element qualifies as a serious crime under federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-01-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-6662.html","primary_docket":"18-6662","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:35:06.505184Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if a state drug offense that does not require proof of guilty knowledge counts as a serious crime for federal sentencing enhancements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 21, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to exclude prior state drug convictions that lack a knowledge element from federal sentencing enhancements.","The government wants the court to include prior state drug convictions as serious offenses regardless of the knowledge element."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that state drug laws without a guilty knowledge requirement do not match the generic definition of a serious crime.","The government argues that the statutory text does not require a generic analogue inquiry for this specific sentencing provision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the defendant could have raised an affirmative defense regarding the substance identity.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the prosecution must prove the defendant knew the substance was cocaine if the defendant claimed ignorance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-55"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines how federal courts classify prior state drug convictions. It affects the severity of sentences for repeat offenders. It clarifies the definition of serious crimes in federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-55"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-6662-shular-v-united-states","term":"2019","title":"Does a state drug crime without a knowledge requirement count as a serious offense for federal sentencing?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-6662_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-11-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-11-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","paragraphs":["Barton's counsel argued the question is what an offense means for the stop-time rule.","Barr's counsel argued the statutory text alone is enough to resolve the case.","Justice Alito questioned whether inadmissibility is a status in ordinary speech.","Justice Sotomayor noted some are found inadmissible not on the basis of a crime."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-53"}]}],"caption":"Barton v. Barr","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.629829Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.659768Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a criminal offense renders a lawful permanent resident inadmissible under the stop-time rule.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-11-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-725.html","primary_docket":"18-725","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:44:16.249136Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the definition of inadmissibility for the stop-time rule. the side that brought the case Barton argues the term has a specific meaning. the opposing side Barr argues the statutory text controls the outcome."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 4, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Barton wants the Court to define inadmissibility narrowly for the stop-time rule.","Barr wants the Court to apply the statutory text broadly to the stop-time rule."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Barton argues the word inadmissible has a consistent meaning across the statute.","Barr argues the statutory text alone resolves the case regarding Section 1182(a)(2)."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked when an official fits the status of leaving the country for more than 180 days.","Justice Alito asked why inadmissibility cannot be assessed in a removal proceeding for a resident who has not left the country."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-53"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines how courts calculate time for lawful permanent residents. It clarifies the legal status of criminal offenses in removal proceedings. It sets a standard for applying the stop-time rule to residents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-53"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-725-barton-v-barr","term":"2019","title":"Does a crime make a resident inadmissible for the stop-time rule?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-725_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-12-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-12-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Turner argued that Rule 51 requires parties to state desired actions when a ruling is made.","She contended that telling the court the desired action preserves the claim without needing a second objection.","Ms. Ratner clarified what is preserved when a defendant argues for a lower sentence than received.","She outlined three key points regarding the preservation of sentencing arguments under current rules."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 38-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 38-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 40-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 40-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 20-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 20-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-26"}]}],"caption":"Holguin-Hernandez v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.609857Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a defendant must explicitly object to a specific sentence to preserve a substantive reasonableness argument for appellate review.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 20-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 20-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-32"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-12-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-7739.html","primary_docket":"18-7739","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:37:49.218768Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the procedural requirements for preserving sentencing errors. The core issue is whether a defendant's argument for a lower sentence automatically preserves a claim that the final sentence is substantively unreasonable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 20-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 20-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-32"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 10, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to rule that arguing for a lower sentence preserves a reasonableness claim for appeal.","The government wants the Court to rule that a party must explicitly object to the final sentence to preserve a reasonableness claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 20-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 20-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-32"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that Rule 51 requires parties to state desired actions, and arguing for a lower sentence satisfies this requirement without needing a second objection.","The government argues that a party must specifically object to the final sentence to preserve a substantive reasonableness argument for appellate review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 20-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 20-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-32"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the parsimony principle identifies one precise correct sentence in every case.","Justice Ginsburg asked if counsel argued for a preferred sentence without claiming other sentences were excessive."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 38-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 38-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 40-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 40-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-26"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the procedural steps defendants must take to challenge sentencing errors. It clarifies the scope of Rule 51 in criminal proceedings. The outcome affects how courts handle sentencing appeals. It determines whether silence waives substantive reasonableness claims. This impacts the finality of criminal sentences. It shapes the burden on defendants during sentencing hearings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 20-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 20-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-32"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 38-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 38-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 40-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 40-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-26"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-7739-holguin-hernandez-v-united-states","term":"2019","title":"Does arguing for a lower sentence preserve a reasonableness claim for appeal?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 20-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 20-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-7739_if5n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-32"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-12-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-12-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Hughes argued that review must be substantive.","Mr. Liu argued that the text excludes mixed questions.","Justice Alito questioned the practical application of the legal standard.","Justice Sotomayor sought clarity on the classification of diligence issues."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]}],"caption":"Guerrero-Lasprilla v. Barr","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.560970Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.577549Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek review of mixed questions. The government limits review to pure legal errors.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 31-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-12-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-776.html","primary_docket":"18-776","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:38:51.288299Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of judicial review in immigration law. the sides that brought the case argue courts must examine mixed questions of law and fact. The government contends courts may only review pure legal standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 31-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 9, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want courts to review mixed questions of law and fact.","The government wants courts to review only pure questions of law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 31-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statutory text includes mixed questions in review.","The government argues the statute excludes mixed questions from review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 31-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the government theory creates a sham exception.","Justice Kagan questioned if mixed questions belong in the legal bucket."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the power of federal courts to correct immigration errors. It determines how much discretion immigration boards retain. It shapes the rights of noncitizens seeking relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 31-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-776-guerrero-lasprilla-v-barr","term":"2019","title":"Can courts review mixed law and fact immigration decisions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-776_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 31-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Stewart argued the statute allows fee recovery.","Mr. Chu argued the American Rule bars fee awards.","justice_gorsuch_questioned_the_petitioner_about_current_practices.","justice_ginsburg_questioned_the_petitioner_about_other_statutes."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 54-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 54-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-50"}]}],"caption":"Peter v. NantKwest, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.778211Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Unsuccessful patent applicants seek attorney fees. The government says the statute does not allow this.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-16"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-801.html","primary_docket":"18-801","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:48:37.016349Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if a specific statute covers legal costs. the side that brought the case wants a fee award. The government opposes this request."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-16"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to award attorney fees.","The government wants the Court to deny the fee request."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-16"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute explicitly covers attorney fees.","The government argues the statute excludes attorney fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-16"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Gorsuch asked if the side that brought the case already performs this action.","Justice Ginsburg asked if other statutes use the word expenses for fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 54-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 54-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-50"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of patent fee awards. It affects the cost of patent litigation for applicants. It clarifies the meaning of statutory expense terms."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-16"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 46-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 46-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 54-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 54-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-50"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-801-peter-v-nantkwest-inc","term":"2019","title":"Does the word expenses cover attorney fees in patent cases?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-801_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-16"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-02-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-02-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that the statute uses a familiar legal phrase.","the opposing side argues that the text is straightforward and clear.","the side that brought the case claims that dismissals without prejudice lack finality.","the opposing side claims that the law aims to reduce court burdens."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 55-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-11"}]}],"caption":"Lomax v. Ortiz-Marquez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.309508Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Prisoners argue that dismissals without prejudice should not count as strikes. The government argues that the statute counts all dismissals.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 55-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 23-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-02-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-8369.html","primary_docket":"18-8369","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:33:31.935439Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case concerns the Prison Litigation Reform Act. It limits prisoner lawsuits. The law requires a filing fee after three strikes. The parties dispute what counts as a strike. They argue over the meaning of the word dismissed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 55-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 23-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 26, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to exclude dismissals without prejudice from the strike count.","the opposing side wants the Court to include all dismissals in the strike count."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 55-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 23-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that the phrase was dismissed has a specific legal meaning.","the opposing side argues that the statute uses the ordinary meaning of the word dismissed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 55-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 23-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked about the different levels of blameworthiness between dismissal types.","Justice Sotomayor asked about the distinction between jurisdictional bars and other dismissals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines when prisoners must pay filing fees. It affects the cost of filing lawsuits in federal courts. It shapes the balance between access to courts and judicial resources."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 55-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 23-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-11"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-8369-lomax-v-ortiz-marquez","term":"2019","title":"Does a dismissal without prejudice count as a strike under the Prison Litigation Reform Act?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 55-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-8369_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 23-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-11-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-11-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Shaffer argued Congress can make states pay for infringing federal rights. He stated this follows from the Constitution's text.","Mr. Park argued state sovereign immunity is a fundamental constitutional feature. He stated immunity from private money damages remains inherent in sovereignty.","Justice Ginsburg questioned the applicability of the patent decision to this case. She noted the same secure and exclusivity language appears in both.","Justice Kagan asked if the Court must revisit the Florida Prepaid rule. She questioned if the sides that brought the case' view requires overturning that precedent."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-9"}]}],"caption":"Allen v. Cooper","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.655078Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.685234Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek damages from North Carolina. The state claims sovereign immunity blocks the claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-11-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-877.html","primary_docket":"18-877","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:43:14.246004Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the Copyright Remedy Clarification Act. It asks if Congress can waive state immunity for copyright claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 5, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 51-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to uphold the CRCA. They seek a monetary judgment against North Carolina.","North Carolina wants the Court to dismiss the suit. It seeks to maintain its sovereign immunity from private damages claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Congress can make states pay for infringing federal rights. They cite the Constitution's text and the CRCA's validity.","North Carolina argues state sovereign immunity is a fundamental constitutional feature. It claims immunity from private money damages remains inherent in sovereignty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the patent decision applies to this copyright clause. She noted the same secure and exclusivity language appears in both.","Justice Kagan asked if the Court must revisit the Florida Prepaid rule. She questioned if the sides that brought the case' view requires overturning that precedent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines state liability for federal copyright violations. It determines whether states can avoid paying for online infringement. This shapes the balance between federal rights and state autonomy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-9"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-877-allen-v-cooper","term":"2019","title":"Can Congress force states to pay for copyright infringement?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-877_6jfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-01-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-01-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Martinez argued the statute tracks Title VII text.","General Francisco argued the law adopts but-for causation.","Justice Kavanaugh questioned the consistency of the causation standard."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-55"}]}],"caption":"Babb v. Wilkie","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.410533Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.443174Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek a remedy for age bias without proving it was the sole cause. the opposing sides argue the law requires that specific proof.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 23-53"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-01-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-882.html","primary_docket":"18-882","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:35:45.863853Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the standard for proving age discrimination in federal employment. the sides that brought the case argue the statute bans any action influenced by age. the opposing sides argue the statute requires age to be the decisive factor."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 23-53"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 15, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a remedy if age influenced the action.","the opposing sides want dismissal unless age was the sole cause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 23-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the text bans any action based on age.","the opposing sides argue the text requires but-for causation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 23-53"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Gorsuch asked about alternative remedies.","Justice Ginsburg asked who would receive training."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-55"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the burden of proof for federal employees. It determines whether age bias alone triggers liability. This standard affects all federal personnel actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 23-53"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-55"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-882-babb-v-wilkie","term":"2019","title":"Does age discrimination require proof that age was the sole cause of a personnel action?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-882_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 23-53"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-12-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-12-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","paragraphs":["Thryv's counsel argued the statute's text and history bar review.","Click-To-Call's counsel called the opposing argument extraordinary.","Justice Gorsuch questioned the practical implications of barring review."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 53-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-49"}]}],"caption":"Thryv, Inc. v. Click-To-Call Technologies, LP","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.584062Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.595804Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Thryv argues the law bars judicial review of the director's late denial. Click-To-Call argues courts must review that decision.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 53-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-12-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-916.html","primary_docket":"18-916","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:38:32.423541Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether federal courts can review a specific patent office decision. Thryv seeks to block that review. Click-To-Call seeks to allow it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 53-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 9, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Thryv wants courts to refuse review of the director's late denial.","Click-To-Call wants courts to review the director's late denial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 53-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Thryv argues the statute explicitly bars judicial review of this specific decision.","Click-To-Call argues the presumption of judicial review requires court oversight."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 53-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Gorsuch asked how the system works if the decision is not reviewable.","Justice Gorsuch asked what role the presumption of judicial review plays here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of judicial oversight over patent office decisions. It determines whether patent holders can challenge late administrative denials in court. The outcome shapes the balance between agency finality and judicial accountability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 53-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 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47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-49"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-916-thryv-inc-v-click-to-call-technologies-lp","term":"2019","title":"Can courts review a patent director's late denial of a challenge?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 53-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-916_3d46.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2019-12-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2019-12-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Tayrani argued the Convention protects children from wrongful removal.","Mr. Joshi stated habitual residence asks where the child usually lives.","Mr. Pincus noted European courts consider the family and social environment."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 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27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-49"}]}],"caption":"Monasky v. Taglieri","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.615390Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a child's habitual residence requires proof of a shared parental intent to reside in a specific country.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 19-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-12-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-935.html","primary_docket":"18-935","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:37:30.623332Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a two-year-old child removed from the United States. The lower court applied the Hague Convention to separate the child from her mother. the side that brought the case argues this application harms the child. the opposing side argues the Convention protects the child's home country."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 11, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to reject the requirement of parental agreement for habitual residence.","the opposing side wants the Court to uphold the lower court's finding of habitual residence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues habitual residence is a flexible, fact-intensive concept that does not require parental agreement.","the opposing side argues habitual residence depends on the shared intent of the parents to reside in a country."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the agreement between parents is a pure question of fact.","Justice Ginsburg questioned the likelihood of parental agreement in acrimonious relationships."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts determine a child's home country. It affects the rights of parents and children in international custody disputes. It clarifies the scope of the Hague Convention's protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-49"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-935-monasky-v-taglieri","term":"2019","title":"Does a child's habitual residence depend on parental agreement?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-935_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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regarding district court jurisdiction over final decisions.","Mr. Suri discussed the implications of elevating status quo language into an element of the finality test."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official 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Jackson Masonry, LLC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.751527Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.783944Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Ritzen Group and Jackson Masonry dispute whether a bankruptcy judge's order assigning a contract claim to state court is a final decision subject to immediate appeal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2019-11-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-938.html","primary_docket":"18-938","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:41:10.950616Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case centers on the definition of a final order in bankruptcy proceedings. The parties argue over whether an order that merely determines the forum for a specific claim qualifies as a final decision under federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 13, 2019."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Ritzen Group wants the Court to confirm that the order is a final decision allowing immediate appeal.","Jackson Masonry wants the Court to hold that the order is not final because the bankruptcy case remains open."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Ritzen Group argues that the order resolved a specific claim and thus constitutes a final decision under the judicial code.","Jackson Masonry argues that the order only assigned the claim to a different forum and did not end the bankruptcy proceeding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked how the conclusion of the bankruptcy case affects the finality of the order.","Justice Alito asked whether the advocate conceded that the order was part of a proceeding but not a final order within it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when bankruptcy orders become appealable. It determines whether parties can challenge forum-selection orders immediately or must wait until the bankruptcy case concludes. The outcome shapes the efficiency of bankruptcy litigation and the rights of creditors and debtors to seek review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-39"}]}],"slug":"2019-18-938-ritzen-group-inc-v-jackson-masonry-llc","term":"2019","title":"Does a bankruptcy order deciding where a contract claim will be litigated count as a final appealable order?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-938_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-05-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-05-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","paragraphs":["Oklahoma's counsel argued the eastern half was never reservation land.","the side that brought the case's counsel argued sovereign rights require clear congressional text.","Justice Thomas noted prior cases only involved surplus land disposition.","Justice Ginsburg questioned the claim of immunity from major crime prosecution."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 33-39"}]}],"caption":"McGirt v. Oklahoma","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.191396Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.208003Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law reserved the eastern half of Oklahoma for Native American tribes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 33-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-05-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-9526.html","primary_docket":"18-9526","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:30:29.421451Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests state criminal jurisdiction over a specific region of Oklahoma."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on May 11, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Oklahoma seeks to assert criminal jurisdiction over the eastern half of the state.","the side that brought the case seeks to limit state jurisdiction to federal authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Oklahoma argues the land was never reservation land and remains state territory.","the side that brought the case argues Congress must clearly speak to alter sovereign rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if Congress intended state courts to try major crimes.","Justice Ginsburg asked if federal penalties match state penalties and due process protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 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39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines which government prosecutes crimes in a large portion of Oklahoma."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/18-9526_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 33-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-03-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-03-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","paragraphs":["Kneedler argued these aliens lack entry documents and rights.","Gelernt argued the statute eliminates meaningful judicial review.","Sotomayor noted asylum seekers have a statutory right to stay.","Kagan asked if the hearing adequately determines asylum eligibility."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 38-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 38-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 28-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 28-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-26"}]}],"caption":"Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.337343Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal courts can review expedited removal orders for asylum seekers.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 28-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 28-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-03-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-161.html","primary_docket":"19-161","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:33:03.876272Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of judicial review for expedited removal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 28-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 28-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 2, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["DHS wants courts to reject asylum claims under expedited removal.","Thuraissigiam wants a full hearing to prove his asylum claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 28-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 28-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["DHS argues these aliens have no legal right to remain.","Thuraissigiam argues the statute grants a right to asylum."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 28-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 28-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked about the statutory right to stay.","Justice Kagan questioned the adequacy of the hearing process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 38-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 38-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-26"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of judicial oversight over border enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 28-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 28-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 38-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 38-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-26"}]}],"slug":"2019-19-161-department-of-homeland-security-v-thuraissigiam","term":"2019","title":"Can asylum seekers challenge expedited removal in federal court?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 28-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 28-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-161_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-22"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-05-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-05-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","paragraphs":["The government contends the Leadership Act targets the HIV/AIDS pandemic. It asserts the policy applies to entities sharing a name and logo with the domestic recipient.","The nonprofit argues the record shows its foreign affiliates suffer First Amendment harms. It claims the policy forces them to adopt a specific viewpoint.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 54-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 54-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 10-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 10-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 34-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-8"}]}],"caption":"Agency for Int’l Development v. Alliance for Open Society Int’l, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.142940Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.156755Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a U.S. law requires foreign affiliates to adopt an anti-prostitution policy when they lack formal corporate ties to the domestic recipient.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 34-30"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-05-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-177.html","primary_docket":"19-177","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:31:35.220748Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a conflict over the scope of a federal anti-prostitution policy. The government argues the policy applies broadly to affiliates. The nonprofit argues the policy violates free speech rights of its foreign partners."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 34-30"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on May 5, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 32-34"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the policy's application to foreign affiliates.","The nonprofit wants the Court to strike down the policy as applied to its foreign partners."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 34-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the policy applies to entities sharing a brand and mission with the domestic recipient.","The nonprofit argues the policy causes First Amendment harms to its foreign affiliates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 34-30"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if it is reasonable to insist on formal corporate ties in this context.","Justice Ginsburg asked why the statute exempts certain international organizations from the policy requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 54-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 54-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 10-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 10-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-8"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether foreign nonprofits must adopt specific political policies to receive U.S. aid. It defines the boundary between domestic funding conditions and international free speech rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 34-30"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 18-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 18-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 54-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 54-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 10-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 10-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-8"}]}],"slug":"2019-19-177-agency-for-int-l-development-v-alliance-for-open-society-int-l-inc","term":"2019","title":"Does the anti-prostitution policy apply to foreign affiliates without formal corporate ties?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 34-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-177_p8k0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 34-30"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-05-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-05-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","paragraphs":["The school argues separation of church and state protects its hiring choices.","The teacher argues the proposed religious function test creates legal problems.","Justice Ginsburg asked who among school employees are not ministers.","Justice Roberts asked if the argument applies to non-Catholic teachers."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme 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file page 52, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 55-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 25-23"}]}],"caption":"Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.204365Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.215405Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a secular court can review a religious school's decision to fire a teacher.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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25-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-05-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-267.html","primary_docket":"19-267","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:30:13.897878Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if a secular court can review a religious school's dismissal of a teacher."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 55-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 25-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on May 11, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The school wants the court to dismiss the teacher's claim.","The teacher wants the court to allow her claim to proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 55-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 25-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The school argues the government cannot interfere with religious hiring decisions.","The teacher argues the school's religious function test creates legal problems."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 55-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 25-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked how a secular court determines if duties are religious.","Justice Breyer asked what protections religious organizations need beyond existing statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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employment law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 55-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 25-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-267_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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Pennsylvania","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.159626Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.178829Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Religious groups seek exemptions from federal contraceptive coverage mandates.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, 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14-10"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-05-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-431.html","primary_docket":"19-431","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:21:09.905759Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of religious exemptions in health insurance rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 46-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 46-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 24-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 24-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 14-10"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on May 6, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 34-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want exemptions from contraceptive coverage requirements.","the opposing sides want seamless, no-cost coverage for all women."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 46-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 46-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 24-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 24-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 14-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the mandate violates their religious beliefs.","the opposing sides argue the exemptions exceed agency authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 46-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 46-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 24-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 24-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 14-10"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Why does the RFRA exemption reach beyond self-certification concerns?","What standards govern when agencies can make exceptions?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 10-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 10-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 42-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 42-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 54-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 54-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 54-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 54-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 46-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 46-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 12-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 12-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-12"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the balance between religious liberty and access to healthcare. It determines how broadly agencies can grant exemptions from federal mandates. The outcome shapes future interactions between faith-based organizations and government regulations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 46-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 46-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 24-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 24-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 14-10"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 46-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 46-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 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36-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 36-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 46-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 46-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 24-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-431_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 24-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 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47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-9"}]}],"caption":"Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B.V.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.129737Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.148515Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Patent and Trademark Office argues that Booking.com is a generic term. Booking.com claims the full phrase identifies its specific brand.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-05-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-46.html","primary_docket":"19-46","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:31:55.523815Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether a generic word remains generic when attached to a domain extension. The PTO seeks to cancel the registration. Booking.com wants to keep its trademark rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on May 4, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The PTO wants the Court to cancel the trademark registration.","Booking.com wants the Court to uphold its trademark registration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The PTO argues that generic terms cannot become trademarks.","Booking.com argues that the full phrase is descriptive and distinctive."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if Booking could acquire a vanity phone number.","Justice Ginsburg asked if the PTO would cancel similar marks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between generic and descriptive terms. It affects how companies protect their brand names. It clarifies the scope of trademark law for digital businesses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-9"}]}],"slug":"2019-19-46-patent-and-trademark-office-v-booking-com-b-v","term":"2019","title":"Can a generic word become a trademark when paired with a domain extension?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-46_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","paragraphs":["L. Lawrence Lessig argued states cannot control elector votes.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if a pledge alone violates the Constitution.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if a one-dollar fine changes the analysis.","Justice Thomas asked if the federal function argument relies on elector discretion."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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Washington","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.253157Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.276838Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to strike down state laws that bind electors. the opposing sides defend those binding laws.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 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standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:29:20.344003Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests state power over elector voting."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 22-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down state binding laws.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold state binding laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 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24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 14-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 14-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 38-38"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if a pledge without a fine violates the Constitution.","Justice Thomas asked if the federal function argument depends on elector discretion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 12-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 12-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 42-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 42-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-34"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of state control over presidential elections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 14-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 14-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 38-38"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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42-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 42-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-34"}]}],"slug":"2019-19-465-chiafalo-v-washington","term":"2019","title":"Can states bind electors to vote for their party candidate?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 22-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 22-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 14-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 14-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-465_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 38-38"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-05-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-05-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","paragraphs":["General Weiser argued states can remove bribed or rebellious electors.","Mr. Harrow argued state rules are too rigid and costly.","chief_justice_roberts_asked_about_relatives_of_legislators_as_electors."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 16-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 16-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 54-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 54-28"}]}],"caption":"Colorado Dept. of State v. Baca","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.273067Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Colorado argues it can remove electors who vote against their pledge. Baca argues this power is unconstitutional.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 16-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 16-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-14"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-05-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-518.html","primary_docket":"19-518","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:29:00.636483Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests state power over presidential electors. Colorado claims it can remove electors who break their pledge. Baca claims this violates the Constitution. The Court must decide if states hold this removal authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 16-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 16-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-14"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on May 13, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Colorado wants the power to remove electors who break their pledge.","Baca wants the Court to strike down the state removal rule."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 16-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 16-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-14"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Colorado argues states have plenary authority to remove electors who betray the people.","Baca argues state rules are too rigid and lack necessary exceptions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 16-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 16-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-14"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if Baca disagrees with Washington's arguments.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if electors must be relatives of legislators."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 54-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 54-28"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines state control over presidential elections. It determines if states can enforce elector pledges. The outcome shapes the balance between state authority and federal constitutional limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 16-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 16-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-14"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 54-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 54-28"}]}],"slug":"2019-19-518-colorado-dept-of-state-v-baca","term":"2019","title":"Can states remove electors who break their pledge?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 16-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 16-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-518_fcgk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-14"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-05-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-05-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Martinez argued his clients want to engage in political speech. He stated the law bars effective communication tools. He claimed the restriction targets core First Amendment activity.","Mr. Stewart argued the law restricts intrusive calling technologies. He stated lower courts upheld this as content-neutral. He argued the debt exception is not illegal.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the severance argument. He noted the debt exception is not illegal. He asked why severing it would help the opposing side.","Justice Breyer asked a philosophical question about content discrimination. He stated all human life involves speech. He asked counsel to define the concept."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 54-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 54-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 34-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 34-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-38"}]}],"caption":"Barr v. American Assn. of Political Consultants, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.173284Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.185899Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Political groups challenge a law that bans automated calls but allows debt collection texts.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 12-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 12-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 34-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 34-24"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-05-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-631.html","primary_docket":"19-631","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:31:09.493270Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a federal law violates the First Amendment. The law bans automated calls to cell phones. It includes an exception for government debt collection. Political groups argue this exception favors certain speech. The government argues the law targets intrusive technology."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 12-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 12-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 34-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 34-24"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on May 6, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 48-12"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the court to uphold the statute. It seeks to keep the debt collection exception intact.","The political groups want the court to strike down the exception. They seek to remove the special treatment for debt collection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 12-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 12-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 34-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 34-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the law restricts intrusive technology. It claims the debt exception is not illegal. It asserts the restriction is content-neutral.","The political groups argue the law discriminates based on content. They claim the exception favors government debt speech. They assert this violates core First Amendment protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 12-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 12-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 34-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 34-24"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the debt exception is illegal. He questioned the logic of severing a non-illegal provision.","Justice Breyer asked for a definition of content discrimination. He noted that all government regulation involves speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 54-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 54-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 38-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 22-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 22-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 48-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 48-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 32-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 32-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 36-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 36-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-38"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of First Amendment protections. It determines how courts treat laws with content-based exceptions. It affects the ability of groups to use automated communication tools. It clarifies the standard for reviewing speech restrictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 12-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 12-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 34-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 34-24"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 54-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 54-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 38-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 20-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 20-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 22-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 22-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 44-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 48-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 48-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 32-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 32-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 36-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 36-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 48-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 48-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-38"}]}],"slug":"2019-19-631-barr-v-american-assn-of-political-consultants-inc","term":"2019","title":"Does the government debt exception violate the First Amendment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 12-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 12-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 34-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-631_omjp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 34-24"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-05-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-05-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","paragraphs":["Jay Sekulow argued no county district attorney has issued criminal process against a sitting President in history.","Sekulow claimed the Constitution does not allow such process and that the New York prosecutor acknowledged Article II burdens.","General Francisco argued a local prosecutor must show a specific need for the President's personal records.","Francisco cited the potential threat state proceedings pose to the presidency as a reason for this requirement."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 12-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 12-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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44-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 44-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 18-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 18-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 30-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 30-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-28"}]}],"caption":"Trump v. Vance","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.242716Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.257389Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a state prosecutor may compel a sitting President to hand over personal financial records for a criminal investigation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 12-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 12-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 38-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 38-36"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-05-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-635.html","primary_docket":"19-635","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:29:34.779030Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of presidential immunity against state criminal process. the side that brought the case argues the Constitution bars such subpoenas to protect executive duties. the opposing side argues prosecutors must prove necessity before seeking these records."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 12-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 12-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 38-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 38-36"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on May 12, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 44-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 44-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to quash the subpoena and bar state criminal process against a sitting President.","the opposing side wants the Court to allow the subpoena if the prosecutor demonstrates a specific need for the records."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 12-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 12-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 38-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 38-36"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Constitution prohibits state criminal process against a sitting President to prevent interference with executive duties.","the opposing side argues a local prosecutor must show a specific need for the President's personal records before issuing a subpoena."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 12-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 12-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 38-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 38-36"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the side that brought the case argues the grand jury cannot investigate the President.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the side that brought the case accepts that grand juries can investigate but not use subpoenas effectively."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 44-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 44-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 18-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 18-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 30-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 30-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 52-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 52-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-28"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance between presidential immunity and state criminal investigations. It determines whether sitting Presidents face unique legal barriers in state courts. The outcome shapes the scope of executive power and state prosecutorial authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 12-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 12-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 38-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 38-36"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 42-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 42-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 44-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 44-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 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14-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 14-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 10-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 10-28"}]}],"slug":"2019-19-635-trump-v-vance","term":"2019","title":"Can a state grand jury subpoena a sitting President's personal records?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 12-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 12-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 44-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 38-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-635_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 38-36"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-02-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-02-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","paragraphs":["Eric Feigin argued that encourage and induce mean solicitation in criminal law.","He cited legal treatises to support this narrow interpretation.","The government argued that Congress uses specific words for solicitation.","They claimed the current statutory language is much broader."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 48-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 54-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 54-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-48"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Sineneng-Smith","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.306719Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.314442Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a federal statute banning the encouragement of unlawful immigration covers basic humanitarian aid.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 48-18"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-02-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-67.html","primary_docket":"19-67","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:33:52.141978Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of a federal immigration law. The government argues the law bans any act that encourages illegal entry. The defense argues the law only bans solicitation or facilitation of the act itself."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 48-18"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 25, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 16-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the broad interpretation of the statute.","The defendant wants the Court to limit the statute to direct solicitation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 48-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government claims the statute covers any act that encourages unlawful presence.","The defendant claims the statute only covers acts that facilitate or solicit the violation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 48-18"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the law could be unconstitutional in specific applications.","Justice Kavanaugh asked if providing food to undocumented people falls under the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 54-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 54-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-48"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the legal boundary for humanitarian aid. It determines whether basic assistance violates federal immigration law. The outcome shapes the rights of aid providers and undocumented individuals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 48-18"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 26-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 26-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 26-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 26-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 38-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 38-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 50-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 50-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 54-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 54-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 40-48"}]}],"slug":"2019-19-67-united-states-v-sineneng-smith","term":"2019","title":"Does providing food to undocumented people violate federal law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 52-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 52-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-67_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 48-18"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-03-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-03-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","paragraphs":["Shanmugam argued the CFPB structure is unprecedented and unconstitutional.","Clement argued text and precedent support the removal provision's validity.","General Francisco argued single-headed agencies should not get multi-member exceptions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 24-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 24-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 24-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 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46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 14-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 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26-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 40-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 40-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 50-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 50-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 54-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 54-38"}]}],"caption":"Seila Law LLC v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.347467Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.367611Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Seila Law argues the CFPB director's fixed term violates the Constitution. The Bureau defends the removal restriction as lawful.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 14-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 44-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 26-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 26-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 36-48"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-03-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-7.html","primary_docket":"19-7","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:32:46.120695Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Seila Law seeks to void the CFPB director's removal protection. The Bureau seeks to keep the restriction intact."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 14-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 44-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 26-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 26-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 36-48"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 3, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 40-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 40-28"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Seila Law wants the Court to strike down the removal restriction.","The Bureau wants the Court to uphold the removal restriction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 14-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 44-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 26-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 26-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 36-48"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Seila Law argues the structure concentrates too much power in one person.","The Bureau argues the restriction fits within existing constitutional exceptions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 14-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 44-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 26-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 26-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 36-48"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Ginsburg asked if the case is academic because the acting head was removable.","Justice Sotomayor asked if finding the provision severable makes the case moot."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 24-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 24-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 24-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 48-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 48-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 26-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 26-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 40-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 40-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 20-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 20-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 50-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 50-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 26-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 26-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 32-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 32-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 54-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 54-38"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines presidential control over independent agencies. It shapes how regulators enforce consumer protection laws. It impacts the balance of executive power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 14-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 44-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 44-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 26-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 26-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 36-48"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 26-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 26-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 24-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 24-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 24-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 24-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 48-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 48-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 20-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 20-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-7_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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44-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 44-14"}]}],"caption":"Trump v. Mazars USA, LLP","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.218249Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.242668Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether congressional committees may compel a sitting President to hand over personal financial documents.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 12-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 12-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 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44-14"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-05-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2019","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-715.html","primary_docket":"19-715","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:29:57.403412Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of congressional subpoena power over a President's private records."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 12-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 12-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 54-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 54-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 42-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 42-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 44-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 44-14"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on May 12, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 28-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 28-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The President seeks to block the subpoenas for his personal records.","The committees seek to enforce the subpoenas for the President's records."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 12-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 12-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 54-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 54-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 42-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 42-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 44-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 44-14"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The President argues the subpoenas target personal records and threaten the presidency.","The committees argue the President must provide the requested personal records."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 12-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 12-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 54-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 54-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 42-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 42-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 44-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 44-14"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked about the scope of the House's subpoena power.","Justice Thomas asked the President's counsel to define the limited power claimed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 24-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 24-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 28-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 28-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 36-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 36-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 10-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 30-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 30-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 26-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 26-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 54-10"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance of power between the executive and legislative branches. It determines whether a President can withhold personal records from Congress. The outcome shapes future congressional oversight of the executive branch."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 12-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 12-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 54-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 54-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 42-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 42-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 44-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 44-14"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 20-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 20-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 24-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 24-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 28-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 28-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 36-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 36-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 10-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 10-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 30-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 30-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 32-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 32-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 6-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 6-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 26-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 26-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 54-10"}]}],"slug":"2019-19-715-trump-v-mazars-usa-llp","term":"2019","title":"Can Congress subpoena a President's personal records?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 12-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 12-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 54-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 54-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 42-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 42-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 44-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2019/19-715_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 44-14"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-02-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-02-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","paragraphs":["Florida's counsel argues Georgia controls water timing.","Georgia's counsel argues Florida failed to prove causation.","Justices questioned the reliability of conflicting expert data.","Justices asked for the best evidence of oyster death causes."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-31"}]}],"caption":"Florida v. Georgia","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.543843Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.571083Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Florida claims Georgia's water withdrawals killed its oysters. Georgia says overfishing caused the decline.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-02-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/142%20ORIG..html","primary_docket":"142 ORIG.","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:14:33.296559Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Florida seeks a court order to stop Georgia from taking water. Georgia wants the case dismissed. The dispute centers on the cause of oyster die-offs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 22, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Florida wants a legal remedy for its oyster losses.","Georgia wants the petition denied and the case closed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Florida argues Georgia's water use caused the oyster decline.","Georgia argues Florida failed to prove its case with clear evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["How should the Court resolve conflicting expert reports?","What evidence best explains the dead oysters?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how states prove cross-border water harm. It sets the standard for scientific evidence in interstate disputes. The outcome shapes future water rights conflicts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/142-orig_2_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-31"}]}],"slug":"2020-142-orig-florida-v-georgia","term":"2020","title":"Did Georgia's water use harm Florida's oyster beds?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 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25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 13-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 13-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-15"}]}],"caption":"Jones v. Mississippi","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.901727Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.912703Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:55.356619Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Jones argues a formal finding is required. Mississippi argues no specific finding is needed.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 55-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 55-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 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standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:24:35.496339Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether juvenile life sentences need a formal finding of permanent incorrigibility."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 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11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 45-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Jones wants a formal finding of permanent incorrigibility.","Mississippi wants no specific finding requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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incorrigibility.","Mississippi argues Miller does not require an affirmative finding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 55-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 55-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 13-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 13-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if Miller is substantive without Montgomery.","Justice Alito asked if any human is incapable of redemption."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 53-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 53-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 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15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This defines the procedural floor for juvenile life sentences."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 55-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 55-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 13-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 13-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 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27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 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27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-15"}]}],"slug":"2020-18-1259-jones-v-mississippi","term":"2020","title":"Does a life sentence for a juvenile require a formal finding of permanent incorrigibility?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 55-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 55-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 13-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-1259_e2p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 13-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-10-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-10-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","paragraphs":["The pharmacy argues the law targets drug middlemen, not plan administrators.","The industry group argues the law compels ERISA plans to follow state procedures.","The pharmacy claims low reimbursements drive pharmacists out of business.","The industry group claims the law creates a thicket of varying state laws."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 42-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 42-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 32-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 10-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 10-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 14-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 14-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 40-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 40-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-52"}]}],"caption":"Rutledge v. Pharmaceutical Care Management Assn.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.006868Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.031331Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"A pharmacy argues state price rules force ERISA plans to follow local laws. The industry group claims this breaks federal uniformity.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 10-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 10-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 14-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 14-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 10-20"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-10-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-540.html","primary_docket":"18-540","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:27:58.809273Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether a state law regulating drug reimbursement prices conflicts with federal ERISA rules. The pharmacy seeks to keep the state law valid. The industry group seeks to strike the law down."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 10-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 10-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 14-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 14-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 10-20"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 6, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 22-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The pharmacy wants the state law to remain in effect.","The industry group wants the state law struck down."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 10-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 10-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 14-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 14-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 10-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The pharmacy argues the law does not directly regulate plan administration.","The industry group argues the law forces plans to follow state-specific rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 10-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 10-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 14-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 14-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 10-20"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if a state law setting a maximum price for aspirin is preempted.","Justice Thomas asked if the pharmacy must rebill if it wins its appeal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 42-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 42-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 32-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 40-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 40-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-52"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether states can set drug reimbursement prices for ERISA plans. It affects whether pharmacists can survive in communities with low reimbursement rates. It shapes the balance between state consumer protection and federal plan uniformity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 10-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 10-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 14-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 14-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 10-20"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 42-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 42-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 32-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 8-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 8-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 40-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 40-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 20-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 20-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-52"}]}],"slug":"2020-18-540-rutledge-v-pharmaceutical-care-management-assn","term":"2020","title":"Does Arkansas Act 900 violate federal ERISA preemption?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 10-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 10-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 14-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 14-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-540_8njq.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 10-20"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","paragraphs":["Thomas Goldstein argued for Google. He stated the merger doctrine resolved the copyrightability question. He claimed Oracle holds a copyright to Java code but not a patent. He argued the public owns the right to Java's function. He said Oracle cannot use copyright to create patent-like rights.","David Stewart argued for Oracle. He cited a 1978 national commission report. He noted the report recommended copyright protection for computer code. He argued Congress defined literary works to include software. He stated copyright protection applies as long as code is original.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the merger doctrine. He compared copying a brief's structure to copying its text. He asked if copying headings and organization is acceptable. He suggested that copying the only way to express an idea is copyright infringement.","Justice Thomas questioned the timing of the merger doctrine. He asked when the court should determine if merger applies. He suggested looking at Section 101 of the copyright statute. He compared the situation to a football team copying a playbook."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 48-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 48-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 16-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 16-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 50-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 50-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 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46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 12-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 12-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 28-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 28-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 30-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 40-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 40-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-46"}]}],"caption":"Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.037248Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.058908Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:56.275408Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Google copied Java code to build Android. Oracle claims this violates copyright law. Google argues the code is functional and fair use applies.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 50-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 50-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 30-32"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/593us1r26_f29g.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-956.html","primary_docket":"18-956","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:27:18.539250Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether copyright law protects the structure of a computer program. It also tests whether copying that structure counts as fair use."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 50-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 50-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 30-32"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 8-28"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Google wants the court to rule that copying Java's structure is fair use.","Oracle wants the court to rule that Google infringed its copyright."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 50-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 50-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 30-32"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Google argues the merger doctrine bars copyright protection for functional code.","Oracle argues Congress granted copyright protection to original software code."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 50-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 50-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 30-32"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if copying a playbook is acceptable if it is the only way to play.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if copying a brief's structure is acceptable if the text differs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 48-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 48-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 16-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 16-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 44-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 44-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 12-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 12-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 28-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 28-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 30-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 30-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 40-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 40-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-46"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of copyright protection for software. It determines whether developers can copy code structures to build new systems. The outcome shapes the future of software interoperability and innovation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 50-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 50-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 30-32"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 48-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 48-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 16-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 16-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 44-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 44-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 48-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 48-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 12-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 12-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 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16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-46"}]}],"slug":"2020-18-956-google-llc-v-oracle-america-inc","term":"2020","title":"Can a company copyright the structure of a programming language?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 50-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 50-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/18-956_2dp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 30-32"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued eminent domain is essential to sovereignty.","Clement stated private parties can exercise this power for infrastructure.","Clement claimed federal law overrides state immunity in this context.","Michael Kneedler argued the lower courts lacked jurisdiction over the suit."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 19-11"}]}],"caption":"Penneast Pipeline Co. v. New Jersey","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.417514Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.449945Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:26.550256Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"PennEast Pipeline seeks to condemn New Jersey land. New Jersey claims state immunity blocks the suit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 19-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/594us2r62_19m1.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-1039.html","primary_docket":"19-1039","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:07:43.591431Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["PennEast Pipeline wants to build a gas line. It needs land in New Jersey. The company sued in federal court. New Jersey refused to comply. The state claims the Eleventh Amendment bars the suit. PennEast argues federal law overrides state immunity. The Court must decide if private parties can sue states for land."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 19-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 28, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["PennEast wants the Court to allow the federal lawsuit to proceed.","New Jersey wants the Court to dismiss the case based on state immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 19-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["PennEast argues federal law deputizes private companies to exercise eminent domain.","New Jersey argues the Eleventh Amendment bars private suits against states."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 19-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if state immunity was part of the union bargain.","Justice Thomas asked how deputizing differs from delegating power to private parties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of state sovereignty. It determines if private companies can bypass state courts. The outcome shapes federal power over state land. It affects future infrastructure projects nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 19-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 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29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-1039-penneast-pipeline-co-v-new-jersey","term":"2020","title":"Can a private pipeline company sue a state in federal court to seize land?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1039_o7jq.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 19-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-10-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-10-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","paragraphs":["General Wall argued that Congress referred to punishments provided in the same code when drafting the statute.","Mr. Vladeck asserted that courts have consistently interpreted the military code to align with civilian Eighth Amendment protections since 1953.","justice_questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 26-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 26-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 50-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 50-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 8-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 8-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 50-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 50-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-28"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Briggs","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.065512Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.091592Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a military statute allowing unlimited prosecution time for capital offenses applies to rape cases where the death penalty is no longer sought.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 50-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 50-54"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-10-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-108.html","primary_docket":"19-108","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:26:29.402754Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of a military law that removes time limits for prosecuting crimes punishable by death. One side argues this rule applies only to offenses where the death penalty remains a legal option. The other side claims the rule covers all crimes that were historically eligible for capital punishment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 50-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 50-54"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 13, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 6-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the lower court's ruling that the prosecution window remains open.","the opposing side wants the Court to reverse the lower court and dismiss the case due to the expired time limit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 50-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 50-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that Congress intended the unlimited prosecution window to cover all offenses historically eligible for the death penalty.","the opposing side argues that the statute only applies to offenses where the death penalty is currently a legal punishment option."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 50-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 50-54"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how the government reconciles its position with the decades-long absence of death penalty sentences in military rape cases.","Justice Thomas asked whether the statute of limitations argument stands independently from the Eighth Amendment question regarding the death penalty's applicability to the military."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 26-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 26-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 50-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 50-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 8-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 8-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-28"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether military prosecutors can bring charges for historical rape offenses indefinitely. It defines the scope of time limits for prosecuting serious crimes within the armed forces. The outcome shapes the legal rights of service members facing prosecution for past conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 50-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 50-54"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 26-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 26-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 50-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 50-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 8-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 8-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 6-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 6-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-28"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-108-united-states-v-briggs","term":"2020","title":"Does the military death penalty statute extend the prosecution window for rape cases?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 50-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-108_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 50-54"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-02-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-02-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Sinzdak argued the statute places the burden of proof on the asylum seeker.","She stated testimony must be persuasive and outweigh other evidence to meet that burden.","Mr. Katyal noted the government initially claimed courts should not enforce the presumption.","He argued the government now accepts the presumption applies in federal court reviews."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 47-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 47-33"}]}],"caption":"Wilkinson v. Ming Dai","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.573829Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.595716Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:00.216980Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to enforce a credibility presumption in federal court reviews. the opposing sides argue courts should ignore this presumption when checking agency decisions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 47-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 47-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-02-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/593us2r41_9o6b.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-1155.html","primary_docket":"19-1155","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:14:13.045781Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how federal courts review asylum denials. The core dispute involves the legal weight of a credibility presumption. the sides that brought the case argue this presumption limits judicial review. the opposing sides argue courts must ignore it during substantial evidence checks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 47-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 47-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 23, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want federal courts to enforce the credibility presumption when reviewing agency decisions.","the opposing sides want federal courts to ignore the credibility presumption during substantial evidence review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 47-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 47-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the presumption limits judicial review to what the agency actually said.","the opposing sides argue the presumption does not apply when courts conduct substantial evidence review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 47-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 47-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked how much explanation proves an implicit credibility finding.","Justice Thomas asked if physical evidence affects both credibility and persuasiveness equally."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 51-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of judicial review for asylum seekers. It determines whether courts must defer to agency credibility findings. The outcome shapes the legal path for future immigration appeals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 47-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 47-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 51-19"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-1155-wilkinson-v-ming-dai","term":"2020","title":"Does the credibility presumption bind federal courts reviewing asylum denials?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 47-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1155_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 47-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","paragraphs":["BP counsel argued the statute mandates review. He cited the federal officer exception. He claimed the text is clear. He rejected the need for a valid claim. He emphasized the plain language of the law. He argued against judicial discretion in this context. He sought a bright-line rule for appeals. He warned against expanding state court power.","Baltimore counsel argued the statute requires validity. He cited the purpose of the removal law. He claimed a frivolous claim cannot trigger review. He emphasized the need for a proper basis. He warned against strategic abuse of the process. He argued for a reasonable interpretation. He sought to preserve state court authority. He focused on the practical consequences.","Justices questioned the practical implications of the interpretations. They probed the definition of a valid claim. They examined the consequences of allowing frivolous appeals. They considered the impact on state courts. They asked about the role of judicial discretion. They explored the balance between federal and state power. They sought clarity on the statutory text."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-53"}]}],"caption":"BP p.l.c. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.712355Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.714939Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:58.053349Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"BP argues a single federal officer claim forces appellate review. Baltimore argues the statute requires a valid basis for removal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/593us1r35_i425.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-1189.html","primary_docket":"19-1189","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:14:50.695198Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["BP seeks to remove a state case to federal court. It cites the federal officer statute. The district court rejects the claim and remands the case. BP wants to appeal that remand order. Baltimore argues the appeal is barred. The dispute centers on Section 1447(d). This statute limits appeals of remand orders. It creates an exception for federal officer claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 19, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["BP wants an appeal of the remand order.","Baltimore wants the remand order to stand."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["BP argues the statute mandates review if a federal officer claim appears.","Baltimore argues the statute requires a valid basis for removal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked why a weak claim warrants review.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the theory ignores the merits of the claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-53"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal appellate jurisdiction. It balances federal and state court authority. It affects how defendants use removal statutes. It impacts the finality of state court proceedings. It clarifies the meaning of statutory exceptions. It shapes future litigation strategy for both sides. It preserves the integrity of the removal process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1189_k53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-11-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-11-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","paragraphs":["The agency claims the city failed to tolerate its religious practice.","The city claims it only asks agencies to evaluate couples neutrally.","The city argues the agency holds delegated government power.","The agency argues lower courts misapplied existing free exercise law."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme 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55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-7"}]}],"caption":"Fulton v. Philadelphia","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.933494Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.942080Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:30.079028Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Catholic Social Services seeks a contract to place children. Philadelphia denies it because the agency rejects same-sex couples.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 33-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 33-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 53-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-11-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/593us2r47_8m59.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-123.html","primary_docket":"19-123","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:23:58.597366Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Catholic Social Services wants a city contract to place foster children. The city denies the contract because the agency rejects same-sex couples."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 33-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 33-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 53-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 4, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Catholic Social Services wants a contract to place foster children.","Philadelphia wants to deny the contract to the agency."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 33-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 33-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 53-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The agency argues the city violated its free exercise rights.","The city argues the agency must evaluate all couples equally."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 33-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 33-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 53-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["How many same-sex couples did the agency deny?","Does the city require the agency to endorse marriage?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of religious freedom in government contracts. It affects how cities manage foster care programs. It balances religious beliefs against equal treatment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 33-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 33-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 53-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-7"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-123-fulton-v-philadelphia","term":"2020","title":"Does a city violate free exercise rights by denying a religious agency a foster care contract?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 33-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 33-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-123_o758.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 53-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Deutsch argued this is an Administrative Procedure Act case. She said the agency must show reasoned decision-making.","Mr. Stewart argued Section 202(h) reflects Congress's conclusion. He said competitive developments make old restrictions unwarranted.","Ms. Walker argued the FCC decided broadcasters should not follow old rules. She cited statutory reasons for lawful reform."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-33"}]}],"caption":"FCC v. Prometheus Radio Project","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.680999Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.696162Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:58.323148Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Prometheus Radio Project claims the FCC ignored minority and female ownership impacts. The FCC argues Congress authorized the rule change.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 37-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/592us2r24_19m2.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-1231.html","primary_docket":"19-1231","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:15:32.676979Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The FCC changed broadcast ownership rules. Prometheus Radio Project sued. The lower court sided with Prometheus. The FCC now asks the Supreme Court to review that decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 37-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 19, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Prometheus Radio Project wants the court to keep the lower court's order. They want the FCC to explain its reasoning on ownership impacts.","The FCC wants the court to reverse the lower court. They want the new ownership rules to stand."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 37-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Prometheus Radio Project argues the FCC failed to engage in reasoned decision-making. They claim the agency ignored the impact on minority and female ownership.","The FCC argues Section 202(h) of the Telecommunications Act authorizes the change. They claim competition developments make old restrictions unnecessary."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 37-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked how new Internet platforms affect viewpoint diversity.","Chief Justice Roberts asked what scrutiny applies when the FCC shifts priorities between rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how much explanation an agency needs when changing rules. It affects how broadcasters operate under ownership limits. It shapes the balance between competition and diverse ownership."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 37-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-33"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-1231-fcc-v-prometheus-radio-project","term":"2020","title":"Did the FCC fail to explain why it dropped ownership rules?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1231_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 37-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","paragraphs":["Michael Carvin argued Arizona protects the right to vote.","He stated the state did not deny any voting opportunity.","He compared the rules to non-discriminatory administrative measures.","Sara Amunson argued discarded ballots deny the right to vote."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 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47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 13-11"}]}],"caption":"Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.603291Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.632994Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:59.696722Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Arizona defends its ballot rules. Challengers claim the rules burden minority voters.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 51-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 13-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/594us2r66_5468.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-1257.html","primary_docket":"19-1257","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:13:21.942945Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests Arizona's election rules. The state says the rules protect integrity. Challengers say the rules hurt minority voters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 51-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 13-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 2, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Arizona wants the Court to uphold its election rules.","Challengers want the Court to strike down the rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 51-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 13-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Arizona argues the rules do not deny voting opportunities.","Challengers argue the rules discard valid ballots from minority voters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 51-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 13-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the rules maximize or equalize participation.","Justice Breyer asked how to distinguish these rules from literacy tests."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines state power over election administration. It sets the standard for proving voting discrimination. It affects how states manage ballot processing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 51-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 13-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 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11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-25"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-1257-brnovich-v-democratic-national-committee","term":"2020","title":"Does Arizona's strict ballot rule violate federal voting rights law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 51-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1257_1b7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 13-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-03-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-03-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","paragraphs":["Feigin asserts tribes possess core inherent authority to investigate and detain suspects.","Henkel contends tribes lack sovereign authority over non-Indians and Congress holds plenary power.","Roberts questions the basis for treating executive power differently from legislative power.","Alito asks for a test to distinguish retained versus unretained aspects of tribal sovereignty."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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Cooley","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.481822Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.509930Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:00.900396Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether tribal officers hold inherent power to detain non-members for violating state law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:12:19.658297Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of inherent tribal sovereignty over non-members."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 23, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The tribe seeks recognition of inherent power to detain non-members.","The government seeks a ruling that tribes lack authority over non-members."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The tribe argues inherent sovereignty includes detaining suspects for other sovereigns' laws.","The government argues tribes lack sovereign authority over non-Indians."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asks how executive power differs from legislative power under Montana.","Justice Alito requests a general test for distinguishing retained tribal sovereignty aspects."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 53-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-55"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of tribal police power over non-members."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 53-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-55"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-1414-united-states-v-cooley","term":"2020","title":"Can tribal police detain non-members for state crimes?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1414_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Stewart argued the director’s review power satisfies constitutional requirements.","Mr. Lamken argued the judges act as the executive’s final word.","Mr. Perry argued the government relies on a misread precedent.","Justice Roberts questioned whether the director truly controls final outcomes."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 54-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 54-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 24-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 24-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 28-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 28-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 44-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 44-56"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 54-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 54-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 20-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 20-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 40-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 40-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 48-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 48-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 54-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 54-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 48-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 48-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 46-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 46-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 46-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 46-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 24-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 24-22"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Arthrex, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.600594Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.623417Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:28.074241Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Arthrex argues these judges lack proper presidential oversight. The government claims current supervision satisfies the Constitution.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 20-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 20-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 40-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 40-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 24-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 24-22"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/594us1r50_m6io.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-1434.html","primary_docket":"19-1434","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:13:39.090897Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether administrative patent judges are inferior officers. This status affects who controls their removal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 20-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 20-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 40-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 40-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 24-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 24-22"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 1, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 54-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Arthrex wants the Court to declare the judges removable by the President.","The government wants the Court to uphold the current director review process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 20-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 20-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 40-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 40-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 24-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 24-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Arthrex argues the director lacks sufficient control over final decisions.","The government argues the director’s review power satisfies constitutional requirements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 20-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 20-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 40-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 40-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 24-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 24-22"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked how to define substantial supervision.","Justice Gorsuch asked how current rules fit prior precedent on control."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 54-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 54-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 24-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 24-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 28-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 28-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 44-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 44-56"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 54-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 54-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 48-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 48-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 54-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 54-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 48-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 48-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 46-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 46-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 8-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 46-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 46-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-24"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines presidential power over administrative agencies. It shapes how the executive branch manages patent disputes. It impacts the structure of federal adjudication."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 20-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 20-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 40-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 40-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 24-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 24-22"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 54-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 54-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 24-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 24-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 28-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 28-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 44-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 44-56"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 54-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 54-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 48-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 48-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 54-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 54-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 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46-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 46-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 20-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 20-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-24"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-1434-united-states-v-arthrex-inc","term":"2020","title":"Can the President remove administrative patent judges?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 20-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 20-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 40-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 40-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 24-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1434_e1p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 24-22"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Harris argued claimants do not need to challenge ALJ appointments before the agency.","Mr. Raynor argued claimants forfeit issues not raised during agency proceedings.","Justice Alito asked how the government accounts for wasted time and money.","Justice Alito suggested ALJs should reconsider cases under their new appointment status."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-55"}]}],"caption":"Carr v. Saul","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.636802Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.653130Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:59.453545Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek judicial review of ALJ appointment flaws. The government demands prior agency exhaustion.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/593us1r29_b97c.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-1442.html","primary_docket":"19-1442","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:13:02.861458Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether Social Security claimants must challenge ALJ appointment flaws before the agency. the sides that brought the case argue they can raise this issue in district court. The government argues claimants must raise it during agency proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 3, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to raise ALJ appointment flaws in district court.","The government wants claimants to raise these flaws before the agency."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue claimants need not exhaust this issue before the agency.","The government argues claimants forfeit issues not raised during agency proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the ALJ hearing is the first step for all issues.","Chief Justice Roberts asked what prevents claimants from raising new injuries in district court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-55"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether claimants can challenge ALJ appointments in court. It affects the efficiency of the Social Security system. It impacts taxpayer resources and claimant wait times."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-55"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-1442-carr-v-saul","term":"2020","title":"Must claimants raise ALJ appointment flaws before the agency?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-1442_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-11-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-11-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Harris argued that Section 355(f) requires judicial review of all final Board decisions.","Mr. Raynor argued that statutory text limits review to specific rights and liabilities, excluding reopening denials.","chief_justice_roberts_noted that statutory violations are not automatically constitutional violations.","Justice Alito asked if the Court could decide the case by looking only at Section 231g language."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 16-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 16-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 16-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 16-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 16-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 16-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 10-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 10-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-54"}]}],"caption":"Salinas v. Railroad Retirement Bd.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.880826Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek judicial review of a Board denial to reopen benefits. The government argues such denials lack statutory reviewability.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 10-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 10-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-8"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-11-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-199.html","primary_docket":"19-199","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:24:49.292072Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether federal courts can review a Railroad Retirement Board decision refusing to reopen a prior benefits determination. the sides that brought the case argue the statute mandates review of all final Board decisions. The government contends the statute limits review to specific rights and liabilities, excluding procedural reopening denials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 10-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 10-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-8"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 2, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to allow judicial review of the Board's denial to reopen benefits.","The government wants the Court to bar judicial review of the Board's denial to reopen benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 10-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 10-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-8"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Section 355(f) subjects all final Board decisions to judicial review, including reopening denials.","The government argues the statute limits review to specific rights and liabilities, excluding procedural reopening denials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 10-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 10-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-8"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked how the statutory language of rights and liabilities applies to this case.","Justice Thomas asked how the argument applies if the case involved state law issues instead of federal law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 16-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 16-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 16-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 16-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 16-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 16-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-54"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether federal courts can correct errors in Railroad Retirement Board procedures. It defines the scope of judicial oversight over federal benefits agencies. It affects the ability of beneficiaries to challenge agency decisions in court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 10-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 10-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-8"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 16-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 16-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 36-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 36-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 16-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 16-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 16-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 16-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 48-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 18-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 18-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 44-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 44-54"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-199-salinas-v-railroad-retirement-bd","term":"2020","title":"Can courts review Railroad Retirement Board denials to reopen benefits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 10-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 10-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-199_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-8"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Shaffer argued the law chills nationwide charitable activity.","General Prelogar argued the Foundation conceded a key legal standard.","Justice Alito questioned the weight of past state confidentiality breaches."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 107, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 107, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 53-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-7"}]}],"caption":"Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.357462Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.383081Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:02.556530Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Americans for Prosperity Foundation challenges California's requirement for charities to publicly list top donors.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 107, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 107, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 53-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/594us2r65_2co3.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-251.html","primary_docket":"19-251","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:09:09.712139Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a state can force charities to reveal donor identities. The Foundation argues this chills political speech. California argues it protects the public from fraud."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 107, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 107, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 53-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 26, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Foundation wants the Court to strike down the disclosure law.","California wants the Court to uphold the disclosure law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 107, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 107, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 53-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Foundation argues the law chills protected political association.","California argues the law serves a compelling state interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 107, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 107, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 53-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if the analysis changes for non-controversial charities.","Justice Sotomayor asked how the Foundation's standard applies to prior precedent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of state power over private charitable giving. It balances transparency against the right to associate freely. The outcome shapes how donors interact with political charities nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 107, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 107, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 53-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-7"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-251-americans-for-prosperity-foundation-v-bonta","term":"2020","title":"Does California's donor disclosure law violate First Amendment rights?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 107, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-251_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 107, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 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53-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-10-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-10-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Corkran argued that officers fired thirteen shots at Torres while she fled.","Mr. Standridge argued that a seizure requires physical control over a suspect.","Justice Thomas asked if hitting someone with a rock counts as a seizure."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 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38-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 6-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 6-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 50-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 50-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-54"}]}],"caption":"Torres v. Madrid","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.112928Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.125921Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:31.037325Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Roxanne Torres claims officers violated her rights by shooting at her car. The officers argue no seizure occurred because they never stopped her.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 26-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 10-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 10-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 50-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 50-44"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-10-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/592us2r20_o759.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-292.html","primary_docket":"19-292","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:25:47.750265Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the definition of a Fourth Amendment seizure. Torres argues a physical impact constitutes a seizure. The officers argue only physical control counts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 26-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 10-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 10-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 50-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 50-44"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 14, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 50-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 50-26"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Torres wants the Court to rule that a physical impact from a police bullet constitutes a seizure.","The officers want the Court to rule that a seizure requires physical control over the person."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 26-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 10-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 10-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 50-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 50-44"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Torres argues that any physical contact from a police action creates a seizure under the Fourth Amendment.","The officers argue that a seizure requires the police to acquire physical possession or control over the suspect."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 26-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 10-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 10-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 50-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 50-44"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if ordinary speech describes a sniper shooting a person as a seizure.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if shooting out tires that allow driving counts as a seizure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 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20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 50-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 50-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 38-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 6-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 6-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-54"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when police force triggers constitutional protections. It determines if a missed shot creates legal liability. It shapes the scope of Fourth Amendment rights during high-speed chases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 26-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 10-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 10-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 50-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 50-44"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 8-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 8-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 6-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 6-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 54-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 54-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 46-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 46-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 50-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 50-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 38-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 6-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 6-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-54"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-292-torres-v-madrid","term":"2020","title":"Does a police bullet that misses a fleeing driver count as a seizure?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 26-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 10-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 10-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 50-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-292_5hdk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 50-44"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-10-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-10-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","paragraphs":["Michael McConnell argued for Delaware. He cited federalism principles. He said states set official qualifications.","Chief Justice Roberts asked about standing. He noted Adams is ready to apply. He questioned if Adams is truly interested.","Justice Thomas asked about elected judges. He wondered if the argument changes for elected positions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-10"}]}],"caption":"Carney v. Adams","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.000141Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"James Adams seeks a Delaware judgeship. The state bars non-residents from holding that office.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-18"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-10-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-309.html","primary_docket":"19-309","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:28:42.972304Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Delaware law requires judges to live in the state. Adams wants to run for office. The state says residency is a valid qualification."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-18"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 5, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Adams wants to run for judge despite living out of state.","Delaware wants to keep its residency requirement for judges."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Adams argues the residency rule violates equal protection principles.","Delaware argues states control qualifications for high-ranking officials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-18"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Does Adams have standing to sue if he is ready to apply?","Does the residency rule change if judges are elected instead of appointed?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-10"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["State residency rules shape who can hold public office. This case tests the limits of state power over judicial qualifications."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-18"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 40-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 40-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 6-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 6-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 6-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 6-10"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-309-carney-v-adams","term":"2020","title":"Can Delaware exclude non-residents from judicial office?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-309_4425.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-18"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-12-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-12-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","paragraphs":["Germany's counsel argued the statute targets Communist states and denies compensation.","The plaintiffs' counsel argued the statute covers property rights taken in violation of international law.","The Solicitor General argued the U.S. encourages other countries to provide justice mechanisms."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-49"}]}],"caption":"Federal Republic of Germany v. Philipp","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.811730Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.839418Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether U.S. courts can hear claims for property seized during the Holocaust.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 55-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 55-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 49-53"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-12-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-351.html","primary_docket":"19-351","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:20:39.848481Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act. It asks if the statute covers property rights taken in violation of international law during the Nazi era."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 55-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 55-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 49-53"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 7, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Germany wants the Court to dismiss the case and uphold its immunity.","The plaintiffs want the Court to allow their property claims to proceed in U.S. courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 55-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 55-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 49-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Germany argues the statute targets Communist states and does not cover Holocaust-era takings.","The plaintiffs argue the statute covers property rights taken in violation of international law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 55-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 55-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 49-53"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if stripping citizenship before the taking changes the legal analysis.","Justice Breyer asked how a similar plaintiff recovered in a prior case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the reach of U.S. jurisdiction over foreign sovereigns. It determines whether victims can seek redress for historical property losses in American courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 55-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 55-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 49-53"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-351_d0fi.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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49-53"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-10-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-10-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","paragraphs":["Craig Goldblatt argued the stay does not require immediate return.","He stated creditors in lawful possession need not return property.","He argued they need not pay damages for holding it.","Ms. Sinzdak argued Section 362(a)(3) precludes acts to gain control. She said creditors may not repossess vehicles themselves. She said they may not direct tow companies to take vehicles. Mr. Wedoff asked if a creditor may stop a debtor from recovering property. He noted the debtor lacks a court order directing return. He argued the differences between statutes are insignificant."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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44-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 44-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-36"}]}],"caption":"Chicago v. Fulton","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.081418Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.094346Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Creditors argue they may keep seized property until a court orders its return. Debtors argue the stay demands immediate return.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 14-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 50-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 50-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 44-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 44-36"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-10-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-357.html","primary_docket":"19-357","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:26:07.738025Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the Bankruptcy Code's automatic stay. Creditors claim lawful possession allows them to hold property. Debtors claim the stay prohibits any act to gain control over estate property."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 14-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 50-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 50-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 44-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 44-36"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 13, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 20-34"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Creditors want to keep seized property until a court orders its return.","Debtors want the immediate return of property seized before filing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 14-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 50-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 50-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 44-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 44-36"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Creditors argue lawful possession is not an act to gain control.","Debtors argue directing a tow company is an act to gain control."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 14-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 50-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 50-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 44-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 44-36"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if exercising control is not an action.","Justice Thomas asked if Whiting Pools affects this case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 16-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 16-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 48-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 48-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-36"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of the automatic stay. It determines whether creditors must return seized property immediately. It affects the balance of power between debtors and creditors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 14-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 50-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 50-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 44-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 44-36"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 30-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 30-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 48-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 48-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 36-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 36-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 48-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 48-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 30-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 30-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 28-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 28-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 36-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 36-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 38-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 38-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 6-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 6-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 16-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 16-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 48-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 48-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 18-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 18-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-36"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-357-chicago-v-fulton","term":"2020","title":"Does the automatic stay force a creditor to return seized property without a court order?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 44-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 44-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 14-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 14-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 50-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 50-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 44-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-357_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 44-36"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","paragraphs":["Ford's counsel argued that specific jurisdiction requires suit-related conduct in the forum state. He stated that the defendant must engage in conduct relevant to the claims.","Justice Breyer noted that the doctrine aims to prevent unfairness to defendants. He observed that the car was sent to the state.","Justice Thomas questioned the connection between the Due Process Clause and proximate cause. He asked counsel to trace the legal lineage of this requirement.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if advertising in all states satisfies jurisdictional requirements. He posed a hypothetical about a safety claim arising from an ad."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 24-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 24-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 26-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 26-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 14-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-28"}]}],"caption":"Ford Motor Co. v. Montana Eighth Judicial Dist. Court","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.049485Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.061785Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:30.754241Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Ford argues that selling a car in Montana does not create jurisdiction for a crash there. Montana argues that the sale creates the necessary legal connection.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 14-28"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/592us2r21_p86a.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-368.html","primary_docket":"19-368","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:26:53.411256Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Ford Motor Company seeks to dismiss a lawsuit. The company claims Montana courts lack power over it. The state argues the courts have proper authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 14-28"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 30-32"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Ford wants the Supreme Court to dismiss the lawsuit. The company argues it lacks sufficient ties to Montana.","Montana wants the Supreme Court to keep the lawsuit. The state argues the car sale creates a valid legal link."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 14-28"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Ford argues that specific jurisdiction requires suit-related conduct in the forum state. The company claims its advertising does not satisfy this requirement.","Montana argues that the Due Process Clause allows jurisdiction based on relatedness. The state claims the car sale connects to the injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 14-28"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if Ford advertises in all fifty states. He questioned how advertising relates to the specific claim.","Justice Thomas asked how the Due Process Clause leads to a proximate cause argument. He requested a lineage tracing back to International Shoe."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 24-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 24-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 26-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 26-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-28"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when a company faces lawsuits in distant states. It determines the scope of personal jurisdiction for national businesses. The outcome shapes the balance between state power and corporate mobility."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 14-28"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 6-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 6-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 24-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 24-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 26-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 26-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 8-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-28"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-368-ford-motor-co-v-montana-eighth-judicial-dist-court","term":"2020","title":"Does selling a car in a state create jurisdiction for a crash there?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 34-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 34-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 14-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-368_m648.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 14-28"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Katyal argued the statute has never supported such claims. He emphasized the lack of historical precedent.","Mr. Hoffman argued the first Congress intended broad coverage. He cited the statute's original purpose.","Mr. Gannon argued the government supports eliminating child labor. He highlighted federal policy alignment."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-27"}]}],"caption":"Nestlé USA, Inc. v. Doe","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.749842Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.773968Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:57.178898Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Former child slaves seek damages from U.S. corporations for foreign labor abuses.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 15-53"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/593us2r48_p8k0.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-416.html","primary_docket":"19-416","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:21:54.102910Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the reach of the Alien Tort Statute. It asks if U.S. courts can hear claims against American companies for foreign conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 15-53"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 1, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 35-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Nestlé and Cargill want the case dismissed. They argue the statute does not apply to foreign conduct.","The plaintiffs want to proceed with their lawsuit. They seek compensation for forced labor abroad."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 15-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute lacks extraterritorial reach. They claim it cannot cover foreign corporate conduct.","the opposing sides argue the statute provides a federal forum. They claim it covers law of nations violations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 15-53"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked about the Marbois affair of 1784. He questioned the historical basis for corporate liability.","Justice Alito asked about hypothetical results. He challenged the practical implications of the opposing sides' arguments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of federal jurisdiction. It determines whether U.S. companies face liability for foreign labor practices. This affects global corporate accountability standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 15-53"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-416_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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15-53"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-12-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-12-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Thompson argued the sweep leaves Fannie and Freddie with no reasonable prospect of adequate capital.","Mr. Mooppan stated FHFA replaced multibillion-dollar dividend obligations with a variable dividend tied to net worth.","Mr. Nielson argued an acting director lacks tenure unless Congress explicitly grants it in a statute."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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Mnuchin","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.851312Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.873717Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:54.742615Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Shareholders claim the government's capital sweep unfairly targets them. The government argues the move protects the housing finance system.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-12-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/594us1r55_5468.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-422.html","primary_docket":"19-422","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:19:47.078477Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Fannie Mae and Freddie Mae shareholders sue the government. They claim the Net Worth Sweep violates their rights. The government defends the action as necessary for stability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 9, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 41-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Shareholders want the court to strike down the Net Worth Sweep.","The government wants the court to uphold the Net Worth Sweep."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Shareholders argue the sweep leaves the companies with no reasonable prospect of adequate capital.","The government argues the sweep protects the housing finance system from collapse."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked why the shareholders' claim is distinct from the corporation's claim.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the targeted class has a unique claim separate from the corporation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 47-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 47-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether the government can restructure financial obligations of conservatorship entities. It defines the limits of shareholder rights during federal conservatorship. It impacts the stability of the housing finance system."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 47-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 47-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-31"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-422-collins-v-mnuchin","term":"2020","title":"Does the Net Worth Sweep violate shareholder rights?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-422_4gdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-10-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-10-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued that statutory ambiguity must resolve in his favor.","The government argued that the statutory text places the burden of proof on the alien.","the side that brought the case agreed this is an issue of statutory interpretation.","The government stated that the text answers the main legal question."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-24"}]}],"caption":"Pereida v. Barr","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.097157Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.123066Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:57.502100Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether judges or juries determine if a foreign conviction fits a U.S. legal definition.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-36"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-10-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/592us2r17_l537.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-438.html","primary_docket":"19-438","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:25:27.362299Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests who decides if a foreign conviction matches a U.S. crime definition. the side that brought the case argues judges must resolve ambiguity in his favor. The government argues juries decide factual questions about the conviction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-36"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 14, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 38-40"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to rule that judges resolve ambiguity in his favor.","The government wants the Court to rule that juries decide factual questions about the conviction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-36"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues statutory ambiguity must flow to his favor under existing case law.","The government argues determining if a person committed a specific crime is a factual question."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-36"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if ambiguity in the conviction definition automatically favors the side that brought the case.","Justice Alito asked if determining whether a person was convicted of a crime is a factual question."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 14-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 14-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 32-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-24"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines who decides if a foreign conviction matches a U.S. crime definition. It affects how courts handle ambiguous foreign criminal records. It shapes the balance between judicial interpretation and jury fact-finding in immigration cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-36"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 14-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 14-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 32-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 32-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 16-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 16-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 16-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 16-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 38-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 38-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-24"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-438-pereida-v-barr","term":"2020","title":"Who decides if a foreign conviction matches a U.S. crime definition?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 12-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 12-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-438_q713.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-36"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-01-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-01-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","paragraphs":["AMG's counsel argued the law only allows injunctions. He said this prevents keeping stolen money.","The FTC's counsel argued the law allows monetary recovery. He said this serves the statute's purpose.","Justice Alito asked about the relationship to criminal forfeiture. He inquired if the amounts matched.","Justice Alito asked if money was already distributed. He sought to understand the practical impact."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-37"}]}],"caption":"AMG Capital Management, LLC v. FTC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.681057Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:58.854947Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The FTC seeks to recover money from a fraudster. The fraudster argues the law only allows stopping future fraud.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-01-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/593us1r28_758b.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-508.html","primary_docket":"19-508","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:17:11.060580Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Federal Trade Commission sued AMG Capital Management. The agency wants to recover money from a fraud scheme. AMG argues the law only allows stopping future fraud. The lower court sided with the FTC. AMG now asks the Supreme Court to review that result."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 13, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The FTC wants to recover money from AMG. It argues the law allows this remedy.","AMG wants to keep the money. It argues the law only allows stopping future fraud."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The FTC argues the law allows monetary recovery. It claims this fits the statute's purpose.","AMG argues the law only allows injunctions. It claims this matches the statute's text."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked about statutory interpretation changes. He noted the law passed fifty years ago.","Justice Breyer noted both sides presented strong arguments. He acknowledged the difficulty of the legal question."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the FTC's power to recover money. It affects how agencies enforce consumer protection laws. It determines whether fraudsters keep stolen funds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-37"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-508-amg-capital-management-llc-v-ftc","term":"2020","title":"Can the FTC recover stolen money in court?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-508_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-12-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-12-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","paragraphs":["Clement argued the statute requires a random or sequential number generator.","Ellis argued the grammar links the generator to both storing and producing numbers.","Garner argued the congressional purpose favors a broad interpretation of the law."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 41-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-49"}]}],"caption":"Facebook, Inc. v. Duguid","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.818835Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.842173Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:29.300508Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Facebook argues the law targets only random number generators. Duguid argues the law covers any stored number system.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 41-55"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-12-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/592us2r23_1bn2.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-511.html","primary_docket":"19-511","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:20:06.395989Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act. Facebook seeks a narrow reading of the dialer definition. Duguid seeks a broad reading that covers stored numbers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 41-55"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 8, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Facebook wants the Court to limit the dialer definition to random generators.","Duguid wants the Court to include stored numbers in the dialer definition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 41-55"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Facebook argues the statute requires a random or sequential number generator.","Duguid argues the grammar links the generator to both storing and producing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 41-55"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if a knife counts as a firearm in a hypothetical.","Justice Thomas asked why a text message counts as a call under the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines which phone systems face liability for unwanted calls. It shapes privacy protections for consumers nationwide. It determines the scope of federal regulation on technology."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 41-55"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 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23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-49"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-511-facebook-inc-v-duguid","term":"2020","title":"Does a phone system storing numbers count as an automatic dialer?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-511_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 41-55"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-11-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-11-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued the statute requires intentional force.","The government argued the statute covers reckless force.","Justices questioned the distinction between recklessness and intent.","Advocates cited prior Supreme Court decisions for support."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 34-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 34-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 52-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 52-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 14-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 18-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 18-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 28-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 28-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 42-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 42-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 12-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 12-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 40-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-18"}]}],"caption":"Borden v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.907165Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.930624Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:55.112025Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the statute includes crimes committed with reckless disregard for safety.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 42-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 42-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 40-50"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-11-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/593us2r44_3eah.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-5410.html","primary_docket":"19-5410","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:24:15.046376Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Armed Career Criminal Act. It asks if the law covers reckless acts. the side that brought the case argues the law requires intent. The government argues the law covers reckless conduct. The Court must define the term use of force."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 42-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 42-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 40-50"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 3, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 52-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to limit the statute to intentional acts.","The government wants the Court to include reckless acts in the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 42-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 42-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 40-50"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the word use implies active, intentional employment of force.","The government argues prior precedent supports including reckless conduct in the definition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 42-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 42-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 40-50"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if ordinary recklessness differs from depraved heart murder.","Justice Breyer asked how to define reckless disregard of substantial risk."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 34-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 34-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 52-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 52-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 14-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 18-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 18-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 28-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 28-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 12-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 12-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-18"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines which prior convictions trigger enhanced sentences. It clarifies the mental state required for violent felonies. It affects sentencing consistency across federal courts. It shapes the boundary between intentional and reckless criminal conduct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 42-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 42-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 40-50"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 34-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 34-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 18-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 18-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 52-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 52-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 14-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 14-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 10-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 10-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 18-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 18-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 28-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 28-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 12-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 12-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 34-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 34-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-18"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-5410-borden-v-united-states","term":"2020","title":"Does the Armed Career Criminal Act cover reckless force?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 42-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 42-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 40-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5410_8n59.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 40-50"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Huston argued the judgment bar resolves the case completely.","Mr. Jaicomo argued the bar does not apply to single actions.","chief_justice_roberts_noted the statute speaks of actions, not claims."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 51-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 51-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 15-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 15-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-13"}]}],"caption":"Brownback v. King","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.967556Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.973354Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:30.382336Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue a federal judgment ends all related claims. the opposing sides argue it only ends claims against the government.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 15-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 15-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-55"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/592us2r16_1971.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-546.html","primary_docket":"19-546","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:23:38.771105Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Federal Tort Claims Act judgment bar. the sides that brought the case seek a final end to litigation. the opposing sides seek to pursue individual employees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 15-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 15-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-55"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 9, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the judgment bar to end all related claims against employees.","the opposing sides want to sue individual employees after the government judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 15-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 15-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-55"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute bars any action against involved employees.","the opposing sides argue the statute only bars claims against the government."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 15-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 15-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-55"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked about the line between non-cognizable and failed claims.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the statute bars claims or actions against employees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 51-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 51-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the finality of federal tort judgments. It determines whether individuals face endless litigation after government judgments. It shapes the balance between employee liability and judicial efficiency."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 15-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 15-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-55"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 51-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 51-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-13"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-546-brownback-v-king","term":"2020","title":"Does a federal court judgment bar later suits against individual employees?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 15-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 15-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-546_2d9g.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-55"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-11-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-11-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","paragraphs":["Guarnieri argued the drafts are privileged.","Narayan argued the drafts explain final decisions.","Roberts questioned the definition of finality.","Alito asked where to draw the line."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 46-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 46-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 10-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 10-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 54-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 54-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 54-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 54-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-24"}]}],"caption":"United States Fish and Wildlife Serv. v. Sierra Club, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.873709Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.898735Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:29.594610Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Sierra Club wants to see draft opinions. The Fish and Wildlife Service claims they are privileged.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 10-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 10-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 54-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 54-52"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-11-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/592us2r18_7l48.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-547.html","primary_docket":"19-547","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:25:11.657046Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether draft biological opinions are final decisions. The Service argues they are predecisional. Sierra Club argues they carry legal weight."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 10-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 10-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 54-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 54-52"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 2, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 54-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 54-6"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Service wants to keep the drafts secret.","Sierra Club wants to read the drafts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 10-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 10-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 54-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 54-52"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Service argues drafts are not final decisions.","Sierra Club argues drafts have legal consequences."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 10-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 10-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 54-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 54-52"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why drafts lack coercive effect.","Justice Thomas asked if anything short of sending is non-final."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 46-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 46-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 54-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 54-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-24"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when agency advice becomes final. It shapes public access to environmental decisions. It clarifies the scope of the deliberative process privilege."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 10-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 10-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 54-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 54-52"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 18-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 18-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 46-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 46-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 30-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 30-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 14-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 14-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 54-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 54-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-24"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-547-united-states-fish-and-wildlife-serv-v-sierra-club-inc","term":"2020","title":"Does a draft biological opinion count as a final agency decision?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 10-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 10-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 52-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 52-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 54-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-547_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 54-52"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-12-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-12-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Belanger argued the jury right is fundamental and requires retroactive application.","Ms. Murrill argued Louisiana relied on prior precedent when adopting its jury rule.","Mr. Michel argued the rule is procedural and does not apply to final convictions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, 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21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-51"}]}],"caption":"Edwards v. Vannoy","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.780288Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.808917Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:57.001238Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek retroactive application of the unanimous jury rule. the opposing sides argue the rule applies only to pending cases.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 29-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-12-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/593us1r36_j4ek.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-5807.html","primary_docket":"19-5807","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:21:15.241920Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Court must decide if the unanimous jury requirement reaches final state convictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 29-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 2, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the unanimous jury rule to apply to their final convictions.","the opposing sides want the rule to apply only to pending cases and direct appeals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 29-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the jury right is fundamental and requires retroactive application.","the opposing sides argue the rule is procedural and does not apply to final convictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 29-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if any procedural rule besides Gideon applies retroactively.","Chief Justice Roberts asked for empirical evidence that unanimity prevents inaccurate convictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether thousands of final convictions face new review. It defines the scope of the Sixth Amendment jury right. It impacts state court finality and federal habeas review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 29-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-5807_i4dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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29-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-10-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-10-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kneedler argued RFRA does not create personal damages liability.","Mr. Kassem argued RFRA requires damages for specific religious harms.","questions_detail"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — 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Tanvir","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.031324Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to block personal liability claims. the opposing sides demand monetary compensation for religious harm.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-10"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-10-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-71.html","primary_docket":"19-71","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:27:43.247238Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether RFRA allows private damages suits against federal workers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-10"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 6, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-20"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to bar personal damages claims against federal employees.","the opposing sides want the Court to allow personal damages claims against federal employees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue RFRA only authorizes relief against the government itself.","the opposing sides argue RFRA requires a remedy for consummated religious injuries."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-10"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if Congress originally intended RFRA to apply to states.","Justice Sotomayor asked if injunctive relief against contractors binds the government."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 32-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 32-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 20-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 34-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 34-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 22-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 22-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 12-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 12-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-44"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether federal workers face personal financial liability for religious violations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-10"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 32-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 32-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 20-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 48-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 48-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 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32-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 32-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 34-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 34-44"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-71-tanzin-v-tanvir","term":"2020","title":"Can individuals sue federal employees for personal damages under RFRA?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 20-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-71_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 20-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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37-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 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43-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-9"}]}],"caption":"Van Buren v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.731058Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.746386Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:57.827332Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether an employee who uses valid credentials to access data they are barred from viewing commits a federal crime.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/593us2r42_n7ip.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-783.html","primary_docket":"19-783","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:22:43.196402Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. the side that brought the case argues the law targets only unauthorized entry. The government argues it also covers misuse of valid access."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 30, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction overturned because the law targets only unauthorized entry.","The government wants the conviction upheld because the law covers misuse of valid access."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute prohibits only accessing computers without permission.","The government argues the statute prohibits using valid access for unauthorized purposes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked how the current language differs from earlier statutes.","Justice Thomas asked if accessing higher-level data exceeds authorization limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the criminal reach of federal computer fraud laws. It determines whether routine workplace data misuse becomes a federal crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 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restricted data violate the CFAA?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-783_2d8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 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He cited the tax provision as evidence of this choice.","Paul Hawkins argued the mandate is a command. He cited statutory language emphasizing the mandate's essential role.","Elizabeth Verrilli argued the statute requires nothing. She noted Congress refused to repeal the law in 2017."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 37-21"}]}],"caption":"California v. Texas","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.970431Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.991714Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:56.730927Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Texas argues the mandate is an unconstitutional command. California argues it is a lawful choice.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 53-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 37-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-11-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/593us2r49_c0nd.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-840.html","primary_docket":"19-840","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:23:00.398081Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the individual mandate. Texas claims it forces people to buy insurance. California claims it offers a choice between buying insurance or paying a tax."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 53-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 37-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 10, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Texas wants the Court to strike down the individual mandate.","California wants the Court to uphold the individual mandate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 53-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 37-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Texas argues the mandate is a command to purchase insurance.","California argues the mandate creates a choice between insurance and a tax."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 53-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 37-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if failing to buy insurance violates the law.","Justice Thomas asked about consequences for violating a command without a penalty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-53"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The mandate affects millions of Americans. It determines whether the government can require health insurance purchases. The outcome shapes federal power over individual economic choices."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 53-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 37-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 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23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 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9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-53"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-840-california-v-texas","term":"2020","title":"Does the Affordable Care Act mandate remain valid after the penalty dropped to zero?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 53-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-840_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 37-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Zimmer argued the statute text unambiguously requires a specific notice document.","Mr. Zimmer claimed the government admits it can chop information up however it wants.","Mr. Yang argued the Board adopted the best reading of the statute.","Mr. Yang stated the text supports providing notice in two documents."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-35"}]}],"caption":"Niz-Chavez v. Barr","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.939274Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.957979Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:55.604996Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Immigration officials split required details across two documents. the sides that brought the case argue this violates the statute. The government claims the split is legal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/593us1r32_21o3.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-863.html","primary_docket":"19-863","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:23:20.020624Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether immigration law requires one document for all hearing details. the sides that brought the case want a single notice. The government wants to use two documents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 9, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to require one document for all hearing details.","The government wants the Court to allow hearing details in two documents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute text demands a specific, single notice document.","The government argues the statute permits written notice in two separate documents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if a 95 percent likelihood of accuracy is sufficient.","Justice Alito asked if a 99 percent likelihood of accuracy is sufficient."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the minimum paperwork for immigration hearings. It determines if officials can split critical legal details. It affects how many people receive proper notice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 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17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-35"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-863-niz-chavez-v-barr","term":"2020","title":"Does a split notice to appear satisfy the law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-863_k5gm.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Hughes argued Section 1226 governs detention in this context.","Mr. Suri argued Section 1231 text supports the current detention.","Justice Roberts questioned the distinction between where and whether removal occurs."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-9"}]}],"caption":"Pham v. Guzman Chavez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.650362Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.665245Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:59.228421Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue Section 1226 governs their detention. the opposing sides argue Section 1231 applies to their status.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 51-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/594us2r63_4f15.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-897.html","primary_docket":"19-897","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:19:15.357693Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case concerns the legal basis for detaining non-citizens. The parties dispute which statute applies during specific proceedings. The outcome affects detention authority and release standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 51-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 11, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to apply Section 1226 standards.","the opposing sides want the Court to apply Section 1231 standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 51-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Section 1226 governs detention during withholding proceedings.","the opposing sides argue Section 1231 text covers their specific status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 51-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked about the percentage of individuals who remain.","Justice Thomas asked for clarification on the scope of review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The choice of statute defines detention limits. It determines release standards for these individuals. It clarifies the scope of executive detention power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 51-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-9"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-897-pham-v-guzman-chavez","term":"2020","title":"Which statute controls detention during withholding proceedings?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-897_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 51-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","paragraphs":["CIC Services argues the IRS notice is a rule. It claims the agency failed to follow notice-and-comment procedures.","The government argues the notice imposes tax penalties. It claims the Anti-Injunction Act bars the lawsuit.","CIC Services argues the government asks citizens to violate the tax code. It rejects the pay-now-litigate-later approach.","The government argues the complaint seeks to restrain tax collection. It claims this triggers the Anti-Injunction Act."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-9"}]}],"caption":"CIC Servs., LLC v. IRS","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.761972Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.777627Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:29.008225Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"CIC Services seeks to challenge IRS reporting rules without paying first. The government argues the Anti-Injunction Act bars such suits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/593us1r34_mlho.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-930.html","primary_docket":"19-930","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:21:32.422417Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["CIC Services wants to invalidate IRS guidance. The IRS wants to enforce the rules. The dispute centers on the Anti-Injunction Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 1, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["CIC Services wants to invalidate the IRS notice. It seeks an injunction against enforcement.","The IRS wants to enforce the reporting rules. It seeks dismissal of the lawsuit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["CIC Services argues the IRS violated the APA. It claims the agency skipped required rulemaking.","The IRS argues the Anti-Injunction Act applies. It claims the suit restrains tax collection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked why the taxpayer cannot request a rulemaking. He questioned the specific problem with the current route.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if Congress can label penalties as taxes. He questioned the authority to define the term."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when taxpayers can challenge IRS rules. It determines if the Anti-Injunction Act blocks all such suits. It affects the balance between agency power and judicial review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-9"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-930-cic-servs-llc-v-irs","term":"2020","title":"Can taxpayers sue the IRS before paying disputed penalties?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-930_c07e.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-12-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-12-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Shanmugam argued the case concerns interpreting delegation agreements.","Mr. Geyser argued the clause does not delegate gateway questions.","Justice Breyer asked who decides the delegation question, judge or arbitrator."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 45-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-35"}]}],"caption":"Harry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.842165Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.871107Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The parties dispute whether a judge or an arbitrator decides if a specific claim falls under an arbitration clause.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-12-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-963.html","primary_docket":"19-963","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:20:24.210764Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests who decides if a dispute is arbitrable. One side wants the arbitrator to decide. The other side wants the judge to decide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 8, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the arbitrator to decide if the dispute is arbitrable.","the opposing side wants the judge to decide if the dispute is arbitrable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the contract clearly delegates arbitrability questions to the arbitrator.","the opposing side argues the contract exempts this specific dispute from any delegation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked about the basis for the presumption of arbitrability.","Chief Justice Roberts asked why a presumption against dividing actions exists here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 45-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who decides if a contract dispute goes to arbitration. It shapes how courts handle gateway questions in commercial contracts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 45-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-35"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-963-harry-schein-inc-v-archer-white-sales-inc","term":"2020","title":"Who decides if a contract dispute goes to arbitration?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-963_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-01-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-01-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Waggoner argued the students lost a chance to speak forever.","She said partial redress is still redress under Article III.","Mr. Mooppan argued the injury was real and the money was a fix.","He said the small amount does not change the case's validity."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 19-21"}]}],"caption":"Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.667867Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.691591Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:28.682444Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek a one-dollar award to prove their rights were violated. The government argues this amount makes the case moot.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 19-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-01-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/592us2r19_8mjp.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-968.html","primary_docket":"19-968","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:17:44.781621Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a tiny money award satisfies the Constitution's requirement for a real dispute. the sides that brought the case want a dollar to confirm their rights were violated. The government wants the case dismissed because the amount is too small to matter."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 12, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a one-dollar award to confirm their rights were violated.","The government wants the case dismissed because the award is too small to matter."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue a one-dollar award is a real fix for a past injury.","The government argues a one-dollar award is just a symbol and not a real fix."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if a one-dollar deposit makes the case moot.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the dollar is just a symbol for being right."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines what counts as a real injury in court. It decides if tiny money awards can keep constitutional cases alive. It affects how courts handle claims for past rights violations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-39"}]}],"slug":"2020-19-968-uzuegbunam-v-preczewski","term":"2020","title":"Can a one-dollar award keep a constitutional case alive?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/19-968_6kh7.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 19-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-03-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-03-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argued that an access easement is a per se physical taking. They stated that time limitations affect just compensation, not the existence of a taking.","the opposing sides argued the rule allows only limited access. They stated organizers may enter for three hours a day at non-work times. They argued this is a reasonable speech accommodation.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 53-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 53-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]}],"caption":"Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.469394Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.484538Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:01.531652Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Farm owners argue a state rule forcing them to host union organizers violates the Fifth Amendment. State officials argue the rule is a limited, reasonable speech accommodation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-03-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/594us1r53_0pm1.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-107.html","primary_docket":"20-107","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:12:35.361202Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a state rule requiring private landowners to allow union organizers on their property constitutes a physical taking. the sides that brought the case seek a per se rule that any such access is a taking. the opposing sides argue the rule is a limited, reasonable regulation that does not trigger the Takings Clause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 22, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to declare the state rule a per se physical taking. They seek a rule that any government-authorized access to private land triggers the Takings Clause.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the state rule. They seek a ruling that the limited, reasonable access does not constitute a taking."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue that an access easement is a per se physical taking. They claim any time limitations affect the amount of just compensation, not whether a taking occurred.","the opposing sides argue the rule authorizes only limited, reasonable access. They contend the regulation is a narrow speech accommodation that does not trigger the Takings Clause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked whether the case involves an easement recognized under state law or common law.","Justice Thomas asked what level of visit would be reasonable enough to avoid violating the Fifth Amendment Takings Clause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 53-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 53-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary between state regulation and property rights. It determines whether private landowners must host government-authorized speech on their property. The ruling shapes the scope of the Fifth Amendment Takings Clause in the context of labor access."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 53-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 53-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]}],"slug":"2020-20-107-cedar-point-nursery-v-hassid","term":"2020","title":"Does a state rule allowing union organizers on private land trigger a physical taking?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-107_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Fourth Amendment protects the home from warrantless entry.","the opposing side argues caretaking duties justify immediate action without a warrant.","Justice Thomas questioned the specific text of the Fourth Amendment regarding wellness checks.","Chief Justice Roberts explored how community expectations might influence the caretaking analysis."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 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55-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 19-39"}]}],"caption":"Caniglia v. Strom","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.496312Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.512545Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:00.722791Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Fourth Amendment allows warrantless home entries for community caretaking.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 19-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/593us1r33_4i29.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-157.html","primary_docket":"20-157","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:12:01.637189Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Fourth Amendment's home protection. It asks if police may enter a residence without a warrant to perform a welfare check."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 24, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants a rule that bans warrantless caretaking entries into homes.","the opposing side wants a rule that allows warrantless caretaking entries into homes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Fourth Amendment creates a firm line at the home door.","the opposing side argues caretaking duties sometimes require immediate entry without a warrant."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked where the Fourth Amendment text precludes a wellness check.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the community context changes the caretaking analysis."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 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9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between police caretaking and home privacy. It determines when officers may enter homes without judicial approval. The outcome shapes future welfare checks and emergency responses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 19-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 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43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"}]}],"slug":"2020-20-157-caniglia-v-strom","term":"2020","title":"Can police enter a home without a warrant to check on a missing person?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-157_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 19-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-02-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-02-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","paragraphs":["Jeffrey Fisher argues no precedent supports the categorical pursuit rule applied below.","Fisher states officers need a magistrate approval unless an emergency exists.","Ms. Rice argues the Fourth Amendment generally requires warrants for home entries.","Rice contends hot pursuit is a valid exception to the warrant requirement."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 114, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 114, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 13-19"}]}],"caption":"Lange v. California","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.586541Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.616958Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:27.895770Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a categorical hot pursuit rule allows warrantless home entries.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 114, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 114, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 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about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement during police chases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 114, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 114, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 27-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 51-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 13-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 24, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks a case-specific exigency showing for every warrantless entry.","the opposing side seeks a categorical rule allowing entry during any hot pursuit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 114, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 114, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 27-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 51-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 13-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues no precedent supports a categorical pursuit rule for home entries.","the opposing side argues hot pursuit is a recognized exception to the warrant requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 114, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 114, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 27-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 51-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 13-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asks how common law treats officers pursuing a breach of the peace.","Justice Breyer asks what the Court should do with conflicting common law cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 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23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 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11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary between police authority and private home security."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 114, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 114, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 27-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 51-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 13-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-18_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-15"}]}],"caption":"Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. v. Arkansas Teacher Retirement System","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.512524Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.538386Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:27.139849Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether generic statements can defeat a securities fraud class action.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 35-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-03-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/594us1r52_3e04.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-222.html","primary_docket":"20-222","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:11:45.987462Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves a securities class action. The lower court certified the class. The parties dispute the legal standard for price impact."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 35-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 29, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-55"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Goldman Sachs wants the Court to reverse the class certification.","Arkansas Teacher Retirement System wants the Court to affirm the class certification."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 35-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Goldman Sachs argues generic statements show no price impact.","Arkansas Teacher Retirement System argues generic statements do not preclude price impact."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 35-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked what the specific legal issue is.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if expert testimony is required or optional."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts evaluate generic statements in fraud claims. It determines the burden of proof for class certification. It affects the viability of securities class actions nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 35-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-15"}]}],"slug":"2020-20-222-goldman-sachs-group-inc-v-arkansas-teacher-retirement-system","term":"2020","title":"Can generic statements defeat a securities fraud class action?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-222_3fbh.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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35-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Cole argued that the First Amendment prohibits content discrimination.","He stated that Tinker announced a narrow exception to these principles.","Ms. Blatt argued that Tinker should apply off-campus for three reasons.","She claimed that off-campus speech can cause on-campus disruption."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 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39-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-7"}]}],"caption":"Mahanoy Area School Dist. v. B. L.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.420284Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.447091Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:26.241122Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"A student sent a vulgar message about cheerleading coaches on social media. The school suspended her. She claims the First Amendment protects her speech.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 13-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 13-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-53"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/594us1r54_k5gm.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-255.html","primary_docket":"20-255","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:07:22.124076Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether the First Amendment limits school discipline for student speech made outside school hours and on personal devices."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 13-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 13-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-53"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 28, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The school district wants the power to discipline students for off-campus speech that disrupts school life.","The student wants a clear rule that schools cannot punish her for personal social media posts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 13-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 13-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The school argues that off-campus speech can cause on-campus disruption and requires a school nexus.","The student argues that the First Amendment prohibits content discrimination and Tinker applies off-campus."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 13-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 13-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-53"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if schools can discipline a student for calling a classmate a baby killer.","Justice Breyer asked if Tinker allows punishment only for material and substantial disruption."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Schools face daily challenges managing student speech on social media. Clear rules determine how schools handle off-campus posts. Students need to know when their speech is protected. Parents rely on schools to maintain safe learning environments. The balance between free expression and school order remains critical."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 13-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 13-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-53"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-255_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 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Ramirez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.525698Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.556336Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:27.410916Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Credit bureaus argue that a data error without financial loss is not a legal injury. Consumers argue that the error itself causes harm.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 55-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 55-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-03-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/594us2r59_197d.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-297.html","primary_docket":"20-297","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:16:19.094945Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a data error counts as a legal injury. The dispute centers on standing to sue for procedural violations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 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19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 55-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 55-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if third-party disclosure creates worry.","Chief Justice Roberts asked why perfect credit users need reports."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 39-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 39-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of consumer data protection laws. It determines who can sue for data errors. It shapes future privacy litigation standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 55-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 55-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 41-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 35-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 35-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 39-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 39-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"}]}],"slug":"2020-20-297-transunion-llc-v-ramirez","term":"2020","title":"Does a data error without financial loss count as a legal injury?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 55-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-297_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 55-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Saharia argued TPS recipients meet the admission requirement. She cited Section 1254a(f)(4).","Mr. Huston argued the agency acted lawfully. He cited the statutory definition of the term.","Justice Breyer questioned the logical interpretation of the statute. He asked for a simple explanation.","Justice Thomas asked for case law support. He questioned the assumption that status implies admission."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-23"}]}],"caption":"Santos Sanchez v. Mayorkas","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.287110Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:24.669600Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek permanent residency. The government denies eligibility. The dispute centers on statutory interpretation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/593us2r43_22p3.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-315.html","primary_docket":"20-315","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:10:38.386556Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests a specific statutory definition. It involves immigration status and legal eligibility."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 19, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want permanent residency eligibility. They argue their status meets the law.","The government wants to deny eligibility. It argues the sides that brought the case lack required admission."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case claim non-immigrant status implies admission. They cite specific statutory definitions.","The government argues status does not equal admission. It cites statutory text and definitions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked about logical interpretation of status. He questioned the definition of illegal entry.","Justice Thomas asked for case law support. He questioned the link between status and admission."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines eligibility for permanent residency. It clarifies the meaning of statutory terms. It affects future immigration cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-23"}]}],"slug":"2020-20-315-santos-sanchez-v-mayorkas","term":"2020","title":"Does Temporary Protected Status satisfy the admission requirement for permanent residency?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-315_l647.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Geyser argued the district court should decide costs.","Mr. Salmons argued the appellate court must decide costs.","chief_justice_roberts_noted_courts_follow_different_practices."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 9-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-33"}]}],"caption":"San Antonio v. Hotels.com, L.P.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.350900Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.380455Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:02.702223Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"San Antonio argues the district court must decide costs. Hotels.com argues the appellate court must decide them.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 43-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/593us2r39_j4el.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-334.html","primary_docket":"20-334","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:09:47.077934Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on which court decides who pays appellate costs when a panel splits its ruling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 43-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 21, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["San Antonio wants the district court to decide costs after the mandate issues.","Hotels.com wants the appellate court to decide costs immediately."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 43-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["San Antonio argues Rule 39 delegates cost decisions to the district court.","Hotels.com argues Rule 39 assigns cost decisions to the appellate court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 43-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked why San Antonio did not object earlier.","Justice Alito asked if courts can apportion costs proportionately."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 9-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines which court controls cost allocation in split appellate decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 43-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-334_p86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","paragraphs":["General Wall argued the case should be dismissed. He stated the district court found an injury based on a chill in participation. He claimed that counting is now over. He asserted that any chill has fallen away. He argued there is no live or ripe case now. He suggested the Court should hold the case for a couple of weeks.","Ms. Underwood argued the Constitution requires apportioning House seats by the number of persons. She stated the President's policy refuses to count people in unlawful immigration status. She claimed this policy is flatly inconsistent with the constitutional command. She argued there is a substantial risk of injury.","questions_and_argument_integration"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 37-55"}]}],"caption":"Trump v. New York","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.717736Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.743514Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"New York and other states challenge a federal policy that excludes undocumented residents from census counts. They argue this violates the Constitution's apportionment clause.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 37-55"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-366.html","primary_docket":"20-366","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:22:15.497776Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether the President can exclude undocumented residents from the census. This exclusion affects how House seats are distributed among states."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 37-55"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 30, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to dismiss the case as moot. It argues the census counting is already finished.","The states want the Court to block the exclusion policy. They argue it violates the constitutional requirement to count all persons."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 37-55"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the case is over because the counting phase has ended. It claims any potential chill on participation no longer exists.","The states argue the policy violates the Constitution. They contend the law requires counting all persons regardless of immigration status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 37-55"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if the issue is separate from the census itself.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the December 31 deadline for transmitting census data is still operative. He asked if the Court needs to decide by that date. He also asked if the Court should assume the policy targets a specific subset of undocumented residents. He questioned whether the Court can intervene after the data is transmitted to the President."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines how the federal government counts residents for congressional representation. It defines the scope of the President's authority over census data. It impacts the distribution of political power among states."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 37-55"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-35"}]}],"slug":"2020-20-366-trump-v-new-york","term":"2020","title":"Can the President Exclude Undocumented Residents From Census Counts?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-366_7lho.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 37-55"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Suri argued Section 113(f)(3)(B) allows contribution claims regardless of the original statute.","Mr. Garre argued the United States strategically avoided CERCLA liability by suing under the Clean Water Act.","Justice Breyer questioned the benefit of the agreement if nothing resulted from it.","Justice Thomas asked about other instances of contribution claims under different statutes."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 55-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 55-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-11"}]}],"caption":"Guam v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.386877Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:25.527056Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Guam seeks cost sharing under CERCLA. The United States argues the original claim must also arise under CERCLA.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/593us2r37_1an2.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-382.html","primary_docket":"20-382","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:08:38.766819Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Guam wants the United States to pay part of the Ordot Dump cleanup costs. The United States wants to avoid paying those costs. Guam argues Section 113(f)(3)(B) allows cost sharing regardless of the original statute. The United States argues the original claim must arise under CERCLA. Justice Breyer questioned the benefit of the agreement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 26, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Guam wants the United States to pay part of the cleanup costs.","The United States wants to avoid paying the cleanup costs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Guam argues Section 113(f)(3)(B) allows contribution claims regardless of the original statute.","The United States argues the original claim must arise under CERCLA for contribution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if they could bring it under CERCLA again.","Justice Breyer asked what they got out of the agreement if nothing resulted from it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 55-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 55-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal cost-sharing liability. It determines which parties pay for environmental cleanup. It affects how states and the federal government share financial burdens. It clarifies the interaction between different environmental statutes. It impacts future litigation over hazardous waste sites. It shapes the financial responsibilities of government entities. It influences the interpretation of contribution provisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 55-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 55-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-11"}]}],"slug":"2020-20-382-guam-v-united-states","term":"2020","title":"Can a party sue for cost sharing under CERCLA if the original cleanup claim used a different environmental law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-382_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Ross argued the statute text resolves the question.","Mr. Garcia argued the removal order was invalid.","Justice Thomas questioned the government's motivation for the case.","Chief Justice Roberts asked about the availability of remedies."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-47"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Palomar-Santiago","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.414751Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:02.096509Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The government seeks to convict a man for reentry. He argues his prior removal order was void.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/593us2r38_n648.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-437.html","primary_docket":"20-437","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:08:05.826337Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a void removal order blocks a reentry charge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 27, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants a conviction for illegal reentry.","The defendant wants the dismissal of the indictment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the statute text resolves the question.","The defendant argues the removal order was invalid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked why the government pursued the case.","Chief Justice Roberts asked about administrative remedies availability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of reentry prosecutions. It affects how courts treat void orders. It shapes future immigration enforcement actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-47"}]}],"slug":"2020-20-437-united-states-v-palomar-santiago","term":"2020","title":"Does a void removal order bar reentry prosecution?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-437_n758.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","paragraphs":["Minerva argues the Federal Circuit test is too broad.","Hologic argues the doctrine has long-standing precedent.","Justice Breyer noted many briefs suggest limiting, not abolishing, the doctrine."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 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41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 41-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-45"}]}],"caption":"Minerva Surgical, Inc. v. Hologic, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.353757Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.389701Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:25.230537Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Minerva Surgical argues the Federal Circuit wrongly bars sellers from challenging patents. Hologic argues the law requires sellers to stand by their prior representations.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 43-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/594us2r64_anbf.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-440.html","primary_docket":"20-440","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:09:28.652845Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of assignor estoppel. Minerva wants to invalidate a patent it sold. Hologic wants to keep that patent enforceable against its former owner."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 21, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Minerva wants to invalidate the patent it sold.","Hologic wants to enforce the patent against Minerva."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Minerva argues the Patent Act does not create assignor estoppel.","Hologic argues Congress intended assignor estoppel in 1924."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the issue is now validity rather than claim construction.","Justice Alito asked if parties can contract around assignor estoppel."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 55-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 55-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 41-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines who can challenge patent validity. It affects the stability of patent markets. It determines the rights of former patent owners."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-440_k5fm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 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43-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-04-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-04-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","paragraphs":["Gary's counsel argued the due process error is structural.","The government's counsel argued the Fourth Circuit rule is inconsistent with precedent.","questions_detail"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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file page 17, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Gary","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.348261Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Gary argues a judge's error on intent requires automatic reversal. The government says courts should review such errors case by case.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-04-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-444.html","primary_docket":"20-444","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:10:22.454041Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Gary argues a judge's error on intent requires automatic reversal. The government says courts should review such errors case by case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 20, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Gary wants automatic reversal of his conviction.","The government wants case-by-case review of the error."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Gary argues the error is structural and requires automatic reversal.","The government argues the error is not structural and allows forfeiture."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if a judge's error on intent is structural.","Justice Alito asked if automatic vacatur burdens the judiciary significantly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts handle plea colloquy errors. It determines whether judges must reverse convictions automatically or review them individually."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]}],"slug":"2020-20-444-united-states-v-gary","term":"2020","title":"Does a judge's wrong plea explanation force automatic reversal?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-444_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Michel argued the statutory language is straightforward. He stated a small refinery can obtain an extension from the EPA.","Mr. Keisler stated the statute authorizes individual refineries to seek extensions based on hardship.","Mr. Morrison argued the ordinary meaning of extension is to lengthen or prolong. He stated this is the only plausible meaning in this context."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 31-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 31-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 39-37"}]}],"caption":"Hollyfrontier Cheyenne Refining, LLC v. Renewable Fuels Assn.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.411119Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.439668Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:25.884263Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"HollyFrontier seeks a waiver. The Renewable Fuels Association opposes the request.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 39-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/594us2r58_6537.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-472.html","primary_docket":"20-472","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:08:19.896889Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on statutory text. One side reads the word broadly. The other side reads it narrowly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 39-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 27, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["HollyFrontier wants the Court to allow a new refinery to claim an exemption extension.","The Renewable Fuels Association wants the Court to deny that specific request."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 39-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["HollyFrontier argues the statute allows any small refinery to seek an extension at any time.","The Association argues the word extension only means lengthening an existing exemption."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 39-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked the advocates to focus on the statutory text rather than legislative purpose.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if a brand-new refinery could apply for an extension under the side that brought the case's reading."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 31-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 31-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-53"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines who qualifies for fuel-standard waivers. It shapes compliance costs for the refining industry. It determines the scope of federal environmental exemptions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 39-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-472_bp7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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39-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","paragraphs":["Waxman argued amateurism defines college sports.","Kessler called the restraints per se unlawful.","Roberts asked about the quick look approach."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, 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23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 55-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-37"}]}],"caption":"National Collegiate Athletic Assn. v. Alston","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.541146Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.568323Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:00.442126Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Student-athletes challenge NCAA rules that cap non-scholarship benefits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 55-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/594us1r51_7k47.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-512.html","primary_docket":"20-512","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:11:15.645454Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The NCAA defends amateurism rules. Athletes seek higher compensation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 55-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 31, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["NCAA wants to keep amateurism limits.","Athletes want to earn more money."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 55-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["NCAA argues amateurism preserves college sports.","Athletes argue these rules are illegal restraints."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 55-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked about the specific rule attacked.","Justice Alito asked about exploitation of students."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 53-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 53-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines athlete compensation limits. It affects college sports economics."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 55-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-512_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 55-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Rasmussen argued that the D.C. Circuit correctly excluded Alaska Native Corporations.","Mr. Clement stated that Congress created Alaska Native Corporations as unique entities.","Mr. Clement argued that Alaska Native Corporations have never been sovereign.","Mr. Guarnieri argued that Congress deliberately included Alaska Native Corporations in the definition."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 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23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 25-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-41"}]}],"caption":"Yellen v. Confederated Tribes of Chehalis Reservation","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.314849Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.320346Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:24.542155Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether Alaska Native Corporations meet the legal definition of an Indian Tribe for federal funding purposes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/594us2r57_4357.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-543.html","primary_docket":"20-543","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:10:57.337409Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if Alaska Native Corporations count as Indian Tribes under federal statutes. The government argues they do not. The tribes argue they do."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 19, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 39-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to confirm that Alaska Native Corporations are not Indian Tribes.","The tribes want the Court to declare that Alaska Native Corporations are Indian Tribes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that Alaska Native Corporations lack the formal political recognition required by the statute.","The tribes argue that Congress intended to include Alaska Native Corporations in the definition of Indian Tribe."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how the Court can limit the ruling to the CARES Act only.","Justice Breyer asked if Alaska corporations make expenditures similar to those in the CARES Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 25-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines which entities receive federal Indian benefits. It affects the distribution of special funds to Alaska natives. It clarifies the legal status of Alaska Native Corporations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-543_hgci.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-05-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-05-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Adler argued the statute covers the crack offense.","Mr. Mortara argued the statute excludes the crack offense.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 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31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]}],"caption":"Terry v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.452651Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.478202Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:01.793225Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the side that brought the case seeks retroactive relief. The government opposes this change.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 55-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 55-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 43-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-05-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/593us2r45_5ifl.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-5904.html","primary_docket":"20-5904","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:07:04.647689Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the First Step Act. It targets crack cocaine sentencing disparities. The statute changed penalty ranges for these offenses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 55-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 55-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 43-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on May 4, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants retroactive application of the new penalty ranges.","The government wants to keep the original sentence intact."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 55-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 55-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 43-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute covers the specific crack offense.","The government argues the statute excludes this specific offense."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 55-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 55-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 43-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked about the pre-2010 penalty range.","Justice Alito asked which clause the statute modifies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 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31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome sets the scope of federal sentencing reform. It affects the number of eligible inmates. It defines the reach of the First Step Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 55-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 55-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 43-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/20-5904_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 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43-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2020-10-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2020-10-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","paragraphs":["Texas argues the River Master's decision causes incalculable economic harm. Texas claims this harm occurs if New Mexico redeems credits during a drought.","New Mexico argues Texas explicitly requested the water storage. New Mexico states this request justifies charging Texas for the resulting evaporative losses.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the relevance of forfeiture and waiver doctrines. He suggested the Court would not decide this case on those grounds."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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New Mexico","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.003901Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:19.022261Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Texas and New Mexico dispute who bears the cost of water lost to evaporation while stored in New Mexico at Texas's request.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 16-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 16-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 20-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 20-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 20-10"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2020-10-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2020","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/65%20ORIG..html","primary_docket":"65 ORIG.","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:28:16.883384Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The River Master awarded New Mexico a credit for evaporative losses. Texas argues this credit wrongly shifts the cost to its farmers. New Mexico argues Texas requested the storage and should pay for the loss."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 16-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 16-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 20-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 20-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 20-10"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 5, 2020."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 14-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Texas wants the Court to reject the evaporative loss credit. Texas argues this credit harms its farmers and businesses.","New Mexico wants the Court to uphold the evaporative loss credit. New Mexico argues Texas requested the storage and should bear the cost."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 16-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 16-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 20-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 20-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 20-10"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Texas argues the River Master erred in applying the manual section for requested storage. Texas claims this decision deprives west Texas of a year's irrigation water.","New Mexico argues Texas made an express request for storage. New Mexico contends this request triggers the manual provision that charges the requesting state for losses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 16-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 16-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 20-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 20-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 20-10"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked how Texas responds to its own request for storage. He noted an email titled Texas Request For Storage.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the water can be considered stored in the Brantley Reservoir for Texas. He sought clarification on the storage status of the water at issue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 32-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 32-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 50-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 50-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-30"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines which state pays for water lost to evaporation. The outcome affects irrigation water availability for farmers in west Texas. It also impacts economic stability for businesses relying on that water supply."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 16-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 16-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 20-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 20-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 20-10"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 42-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 42-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 42-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 42-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 32-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 32-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 50-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 50-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 22-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 22-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 12-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 12-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 46-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 46-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-30"}]}],"slug":"2020-65-orig-texas-v-new-mexico","term":"2020","title":"Who pays for water lost to evaporation in New Mexico reservoirs?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 32-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 32-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 16-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 16-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 20-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 20-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 20-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2020/65-orig_7l48.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 20-10"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-10-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-10-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Coghlan argued equitable apportionment is the wrong remedy for Mississippi.","Mr. Frederick stated Tennessee has lawfully pumped groundwater for over 130 years.","Mr. Liu argued no jurisdiction allocates groundwater based on transit through territory.","Justice Thomas asked if Tennessee could make the same argument against Mississippi."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 41-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-41"}]}],"caption":"Mississippi v. Tennessee","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.184673Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.216324Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Mississippi claims Tennessee pumps water that belongs to Mississippi. Tennessee argues the water is shared and lawfully used.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 41-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-10-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/143%20ORIG..html","primary_docket":"143 ORIG.","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:06:47.089365Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Mississippi seeks a court order to stop Tennessee from pumping groundwater. Tennessee wants the case dismissed and its pumping protected."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 41-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 4, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Mississippi wants a court order to stop Tennessee from pumping groundwater.","Tennessee wants the case dismissed and its pumping protected."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 41-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Mississippi argues groundwater belongs to the state it passes through.","Tennessee argues the aquifer is shared and pumping is lawful."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 41-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if Mississippi wins even if the water is interstate.","Chief Justice Roberts asked what other cases involve equitable apportionment besides water."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines how states share underground water resources. It determines whether one state can claim ownership based on transit. It affects future disputes over shared aquifers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 41-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 41-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-41"}]}],"slug":"2021-143-orig-mississippi-v-tennessee","term":"2021","title":"Does groundwater crossing state lines belong to the state it passes through?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/143-orig_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","paragraphs":["Scott Stewart argued Roe and Casey have no constitutional basis.","Elizabeth Prelogar argued the Constitution protects a woman's right to end a pregnancy before viability.","argument_summary"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 112, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 112, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-19"}]}],"caption":"Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.930265Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.962416Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:20.280641Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Mississippi seeks to ban most pre-viability abortions. Women's health advocates argue this ban violates constitutional precedent.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 112, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 112, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 37-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/597us1r58_gebh.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-1392.html","primary_docket":"19-1392","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:59:42.267493Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of constitutional abortion rights. It challenges the legal foundation of prior Supreme Court decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 112, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 112, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 37-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 1, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Mississippi wants the Court to allow states to ban most pre-viability abortions.","Jackson Women's Health wants the Court to strike down the Mississippi ban."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 112, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 112, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 37-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Mississippi argues Roe and Casey lack constitutional basis and harm democratic process.","Jackson Women's Health argues the Constitution protects a fundamental right to pre-viability abortion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 112, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 112, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 37-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if focusing on privacy or autonomy changes the analysis.","Justice Breyer asked if the side that brought the case accepts the special rule for overturning precedent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the legal status of pre-viability abortion access nationwide. It determines whether states can prohibit these procedures. It shapes the scope of individual bodily autonomy rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 112, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 112, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 37-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1392_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 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17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 15-53"}]}],"caption":"Hughes v. Northwestern University","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.959555Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.965987Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:20.645108Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case claim Northwestern University breached fiduciary duties by selecting high-cost funds. The university argues this case threatens to overhaul retirement plan management through damages lawsuits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 37-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 15-53"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-12-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/595us1r10_4hdj.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-1401.html","primary_docket":"19-1401","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:58:55.573578Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of fiduciary duties under ERISA. the sides that brought the case argue that selecting expensive funds violates the duty of prudence. The university contends that courts should not second-guess investment choices through retroactive damages claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 37-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 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lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 15-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue that wasting beneficiaries' money on high-cost funds is imprudent and violates ERISA's fiduciary duty.","The university argues that allowing damages actions for past conduct would revolutionize fiduciary practices and threaten university retirement plans."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 37-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 15-53"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked where the complaint states that the university did not offer lower-cost share classes.","Justice Thomas asked how much cost difference would be required before a strategy becomes legally significant."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the standard for selecting retirement plan investments. It determines whether plan administrators face personal liability for choosing higher-cost funds. This affects the financial security of millions of workers and the structure of university retirement plans."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 37-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 15-53"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 9-25"}]}],"slug":"2021-19-1401-hughes-v-northwestern-university","term":"2021","title":"Does ERISA require plan administrators to choose low-cost investment options?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 37-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-1401_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 15-53"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","paragraphs":["The government attorney argued the statute allows detention beyond the removal period.","The detainee attorney argued a prior ruling requires release after six months if removal is unlikely.","The detainee attorney stated the prior ruling interpreted the exact same statutory provision."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-53"}]}],"caption":"Johnson v. Arteaga-Martinez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.751297Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.783879Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:10.545361Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether immigration officials must hold bond hearings for non-citizens detained beyond six months.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us2r40_2d93.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/19-896.html","primary_docket":"19-896","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:10:55.224870Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves a non-citizen detained while seeking asylum. The government claims the statute allows indefinite detention. The detainee argues a prior ruling requires release if removal seems unlikely."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 11, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants to keep the non-citizen detained without a bond hearing.","The non-citizen wants a bond hearing and potential release from custody."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the statute permits detention beyond the removal period without specific limits.","The non-citizen argues a prior ruling requires release if removal is not reasonably foreseeable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if the individual applied for asylum.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the hearings test the basis for discretion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-53"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines if the government can hold non-citizens indefinitely without judicial review. It affects the liberty of people seeking protection from persecution. It defines the limits of executive power over immigration detention."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-53"}]}],"slug":"2021-19-896-johnson-v-arteaga-martinez","term":"2021","title":"Can the government detain asylum seekers indefinitely without a bond hearing?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/19-896_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Roysden argued that Congress created a high bar for federal evidentiary hearings under AEDPA.","Mr. Loeb argued that the statute requires a finding of fault to bar a hearing.","Chief Justice Roberts noted that excusing a default implies the right to present supporting evidence.","Justice Thomas questioned the utility of excusing a default without allowing evidence development."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-49"}]}],"caption":"Shinn v. Ramirez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.996444Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:21.800507Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal courts must hold evidentiary hearings for habeas claims when state courts barred them due to procedural errors.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us1r32_e29g.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1009.html","primary_docket":"20-1009","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:58:00.918741Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal habeas review. It asks if a prisoner can present new evidence after missing state deadlines. The outcome affects the balance between state finality and federal oversight."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 8, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants a federal evidentiary hearing to present new evidence supporting his habeas claim.","the opposing side wants the federal court to deny the hearing because the state court barred the claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that excusing a procedural default requires allowing the prisoner to develop the underlying factual basis.","the opposing side argues that the statute only bars hearings when the applicant failed to develop facts through fault."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the statutory language specified the rule before the Martinez decision.","Justice Thomas questioned the purpose of excusing a default without allowing the prisoner to develop evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of federal habeas relief. It determines whether prisoners can cure procedural errors with new evidence. The ruling shapes the finality of state criminal convictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-49"}]}],"slug":"2021-20-1009-shinn-v-ramirez","term":"2021","title":"Can a prisoner use new evidence after a procedural default?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1009_5j31.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","paragraphs":["Michael Dreeben argued for the city. He stated the Fifth Circuit misinterpreted prior Supreme Court precedent. He claimed the city’s rule targets the location of the advertised activity, not the message.","S. Shanmugam argued for the advertiser. He stated the city denied the permit because the signs advertised off-premises activities. He claimed this distinction targets the content of the speech under existing First Amendment law.","Justice Thomas questioned whether the rule prevents a restaurant from advertising its food unless the sign is at the restaurant. He asked if the rule restricts speech based on location.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if a rule banning signs near highways violates the First Amendment. He asked what subject the city’s rule singles out."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 53-9"}]}],"caption":"Austin v. Reagan National Advertising","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.169274Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.190883Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:05.346698Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Austin, Texas, and Reagan National Advertising dispute whether a local sign law targets speech based on its message.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 53-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us1r22_4315.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1029.html","primary_docket":"20-1029","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:12:55.206616Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how courts identify laws that target specific speech content. The city argues its rule targets the location of the advertised business. The advertiser argues the rule targets the message itself."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 53-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 10, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The city wants the Court to rule that its sign law targets location, not message content.","The advertiser wants the Court to rule that the sign law targets the specific message of the advertisement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 53-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The city argues that distinguishing between on-premises and off-premises ads is a neutral location rule, not a content-based restriction.","The advertiser argues that the city must read the sign’s message to apply the law, making it content-based under First Amendment precedent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 53-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if a restaurant could not advertise its food unless the sign is physically at the restaurant.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if a rule banning signs near highways violates the First Amendment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines how governments regulate commercial speech. The outcome shapes whether cities can restrict ads based on where the business operates. It affects the scope of free expression for businesses nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 53-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1029_q9l4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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53-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-03-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-03-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. King argued the convention does not bind courts to return a child once grave risk is met.","Mr. Liu stated the Second Circuit requires considering the full range of safety measures in every case.","Mr. Min argued the convention's text and purpose require considering reasonable safety measures in complex cases."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 53-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 53-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-33"}]}],"caption":"Golan v. Saada","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.520747Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.536639Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:14.023049Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek a final denial of return. the opposing sides demand a safety review first.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 53-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 53-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-03-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us2r44_6j37.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1034.html","primary_docket":"20-1034","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:50:08.539662Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Hague Convention governs international child abductions. A grave risk exception allows courts to deny return. The dispute centers on whether courts must evaluate safety measures before applying this exception."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 53-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 53-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 22, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 53-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a final denial of the child's return.","the opposing sides want courts to evaluate safety measures first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 53-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 53-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the convention allows denial once grave risk exists.","the opposing sides argue the convention requires considering reasonable safety measures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 53-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 53-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if a simple grave risk case allows immediate denial.","Justice Breyer asked if the term ameliorative measures was the correct legal standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of the grave risk exception. It determines how courts balance child safety against parental rights. The outcome shapes future international custody disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 53-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 53-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1034_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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— file page 8, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 13-1"}]}],"caption":"Carson v. Makin","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.993680Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.019858Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:21.249316Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Parents seek aid for religious schools. Maine denies it based on religion.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 122, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 122, lines 33-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 13-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us2r49_7l48.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1088.html","primary_docket":"20-1088","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:58:22.073260Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Maine offers tuition aid to private schools. It excludes religious schools. Parents argue this violates the Constitution. Maine argues it can exclude them."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 122, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 122, lines 33-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 13-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 8, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want Maine to pay for their religious school choice.","Maine wants to keep its law excluding religious schools."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 122, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 122, lines 33-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 13-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the exclusion discriminates against religion.","Maine argues it can exclude religious schools from aid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 122, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 122, lines 33-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 13-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked what happens if a school refuses gay teachers.","Justice Kagan asked if the case exists if schools refuse aid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state aid for religious education. It affects parents choosing private schools. It shapes the role of religion in public funding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 122, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 122, lines 33-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 13-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1088_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 13-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Verrilli argued Congress enacted the statute to curb HHS discretion.","Mr. Michel argued the case involves a clear delegation of authority.","Mr. Michel stated the Secretary issued a reasoned rule under notice-and-comment.","Mr. Verrilli claimed the two statutory subclauses lead to the same result."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-7"}]}],"caption":"American Hospital Assn. v. Becerra","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.927583Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.956921Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:19.880575Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Hospitals claim the law forces Medicare to overpay them. The government says the law allows fair rates.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 41-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us2r46_bqm1.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1114.html","primary_docket":"20-1114","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:00:20.077670Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how Medicare calculates drug costs for specific hospitals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 41-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 30, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Hospitals want the Court to strike down the current rate rule.","The government wants the Court to keep the current rate rule."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 41-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Hospitals argue the statute mandates higher payments for their drugs.","The government argues the statute allows flexible, fair rate setting."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 41-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked about the transparency of the statutory text.","Justice Breyer asked where his understanding of the law was wrong."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 39-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 39-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines how much Medicare pays hospitals for drugs. It affects the cost of care for all beneficiaries. It shapes the financial stability of hospital networks nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 41-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1114_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the FAA text controls the outcome.","the opposing side argues the FAA treats award motions as underlying disputes.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 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11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-45"}]}],"caption":"Badgerow v. Walters","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.050063Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:06.692360Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Parties dispute whether federal courts hold jurisdiction over motions to confirm or vacate arbitration awards.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-11-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us1r20_f2ag.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1143.html","primary_docket":"20-1143","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:02:51.612362Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of federal court jurisdiction under the Federal Arbitration Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 2, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants state courts to hear these motions.","the opposing side wants federal courts to hear these motions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the FAA text limits federal jurisdiction.","the opposing side argues federal courts have jurisdiction over underlying disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked when Sections 9 and 10 grant federal jurisdiction.","Justice Kavanaugh asked about the historical understanding of the Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines which courts handle arbitration enforcement motions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1143_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 17-19"}]}],"caption":"Gallardo v. Marstiller","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.763721Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.796599Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:18.773056Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue Medicaid cannot take third-party settlements. the opposing sides argue states must recover those funds.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 55-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 55-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-01-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us1r34_c9dh.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1263.html","primary_docket":"20-1263","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:57:11.347274Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests state Medicaid recovery rights. the sides that brought the case seek to keep settlement funds. the opposing sides seek state reimbursement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 55-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 55-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 10, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to keep third-party settlement funds.","the opposing sides want states to recover Medicaid costs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 55-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 55-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Medicaid is a benefit, not a loan.","the opposing sides argue states must recover costs from tortfeasors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 55-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 55-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the dispute involves past or future expenses.","Justice Thomas asked if limitations apply to child support."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute affects state Medicaid budgets. It determines who controls settlement funds. It shapes beneficiary financial rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 55-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 55-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 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29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 17-19"}]}],"slug":"2021-20-1263-gallardo-v-marstiller","term":"2021","title":"Can states claim third-party settlements for Medicaid costs?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 55-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 55-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1263_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Bond argued the statute directs counting entitled patients.","Mr. Hettich argued the agency violated clear congressional instructions.","Justice Roberts noted Congress was frustrated with agency actions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 53-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-43"}]}],"caption":"Becerra v. Empire Health Foundation","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.872899Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.901371Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:08.946338Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Hospitals argue the law counts all indigent patients. The government argues it counts only those with active benefits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 53-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/597us1r59_i4dk.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1312.html","primary_docket":"20-1312","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:12:23.544550Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how to read a Medicare payment formula. The formula counts patient days for people entitled to benefits. The dispute centers on who qualifies as entitled."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 53-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 29, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 31-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Hospitals want the law to count all indigent patient days.","The government wants the law to count only days with active benefits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 53-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Hospitals argue the statute plainly requires counting all indigent patients.","The government argues the phrase for such days limits the count."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 53-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the government relies on deference.","Justice Thomas asked how to define entitled without a statutory definition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines how hospitals receive federal payments. It affects funding for care of low-income patients. It clarifies the scope of Medicare reimbursement rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 53-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1312_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.679131Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.710941Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:11.659711Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Doctors argue the law targets drug trafficking. The government says it bans unsafe prescribing.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1410_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1410_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1410_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1410_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1410_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 35-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/597us2r60_8oka.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1410.html","primary_docket":"20-1410","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:53:35.217279Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of federal narcotics laws. It asks if prescribing outside standard practice is a crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1410_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1410_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1410_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 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27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1410_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1410_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1410_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1410_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1410_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1410_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary between medical practice and federal crime. It shapes how prosecutors treat doctors who prescribe unusual medications."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1410_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1410_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1410_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1410_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1410_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 35-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1410_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1410_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1410_97be.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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35-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-12-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-12-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Taibleson argued that Congress intended to punish dangerous felons who use guns during violent crimes.","Mr. Dreeben argued that an attempt to commit Hobbs Act robbery is not a crime of violence.","Mr. Dreeben stated that the categorical approach focuses on the minimum conduct prohibited by the statute.","Ms. Taibleson noted that the phrase threaten force appears in both the Hobbs Act and the sentencing statute."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-17"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Taylor","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.990072Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.023412Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:20.992475Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the minimum conduct of an attempted robbery meets the statutory definition of a crime of violence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 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45-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-12-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us2r52_886a.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1459.html","primary_docket":"20-1459","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:58:38.704632Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal sentencing enhancements for gun use during violent crimes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 45-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 7, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government seeks a conviction under the gun-use enhancement statute.","The defendant seeks to avoid the mandatory minimum sentence for gun use."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 45-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that the defendant's conduct fits the statutory definition of a violent crime.","The defendant argues that an attempt to rob does not meet the legal standard for a crime of violence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 45-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the government would prosecute a person who holds a gun but never uses it.","Justice Thomas asked if abandoning the categorical approach would change the outcome of this case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file 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45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal sentencing enhancements for gun use during violent crimes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 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Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1459_1an2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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Commissioner of Internal Revenue","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.804824Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.844238Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:19.225476Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"A law firm argues the deadline is not jurisdictional. The IRS argues it is.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-01-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us1r26_o6p1.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1472.html","primary_docket":"20-1472","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:56:19.748304Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a missed 30-day deadline ends Tax Court jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 12, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The firm wants the deadline treated as a filing rule.","The IRS wants the deadline treated as a jurisdictional bar."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The firm argues the text lacks clear jurisdictional language.","The IRS argues the text expressly ties jurisdiction to the deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kavanaugh asked if paying and suing for a refund is always available.","Chief Justice Roberts asked about the statutory language confirming jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 51-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 51-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines when courts lose power to hear tax cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1472_l6h1.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 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25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-49"}]}],"caption":"West Virginia v. EPA","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.672795Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.675624Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.708362Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:17.823605Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"States and utilities dispute whether the agency can mandate generation shifting to cut emissions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 29-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 33-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-02-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/597us2r65_5iel.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1530.html","primary_docket":"20-1530","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:53:50.404912Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Clean Air Act lets EPA set emission limits. The agency claims this includes shifting power to other plants. Opponents say the law only covers changes to a single source."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 29-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 33-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 28, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 47-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["States and utilities want the Court to limit EPA to source-specific controls.","EPA wants the Court to allow generation shifting as a compliance method."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 29-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 33-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Section 111(d) requires regulating each source individually.","the opposing sides argue the statute permits a system-wide approach to emissions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 29-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 33-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked what specific system EPA uses for existing plants.","Justice Kagan asked if inside-the-fence reforms could eliminate coal industry jobs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 7-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 7-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal environmental regulation. It determines whether agencies can mandate market-wide changes. The outcome shapes how power plants manage emissions and costs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 29-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 29-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 33-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1530_758b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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33-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Hansford argued Congress created a clear liability standard for foreign states.","She stated foreign states must be liable like private individuals under like circumstances.","Mr. Boies responded to questions about the applicability of Spanish law.","He acknowledged the potential loss if courts applied Spanish law identically to private persons."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 37-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-29"}]}],"caption":"Cassirer v. Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.833272Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:19.475861Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether foreign states must meet the same legal liability standards as private individuals.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 37-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us1r23_heim.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1566.html","primary_docket":"20-1566","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:56:00.711545Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act. It asks if foreign states face identical liability rules as private parties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 37-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 18, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Cassirer wants the Court to apply private citizen liability standards to the foreign state.","Thyssen-Bornemisza wants the Court to reject the private citizen analogy for foreign states."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 37-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Cassirer argues Congress directed foreign states to be liable like private individuals under like circumstances.","Thyssen-Bornemisza argues the private citizen analogy fails for unique sovereign actions like managing an army."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 37-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the parties hold different positions on the issue.","Justice Alito asked why the advocate downplayed the Rules of Decision Act argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the legal standard for holding foreign states liable in U.S. courts. It clarifies the scope of sovereign immunity protections. It impacts how victims seek redress against foreign governments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 37-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-29"}]}],"slug":"2021-20-1566-cassirer-v-thyssen-bornemisza-collection","term":"2021","title":"Does the FSIA require foreign states to face the same liability as private citizens?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 37-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1566_4f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-03-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-03-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued that prior Supreme Court decisions control the outcome. He stated that states cannot declare statutes too important for arbitration.","Clement noted similarities between state penalty claims and collective actions. He emphasized the need for consistent arbitration enforcement.","Nelson argued that the state creates a right of action for employees. He stated that employees sue on the state's behalf to recover penalties."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-41"}]}],"caption":"Viking River Cruises, Inc. v. Moriana","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.610148Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.615497Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:12.812631Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Viking River Cruises seeks to compel arbitration of a state labor penalty claim. The employee resists this move.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-03-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us2r43_gn0f.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1573.html","primary_docket":"20-1573","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:48:43.311314Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether the Federal Arbitration Act overrides state labor laws. It asks if private arbitration can replace public enforcement of labor codes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 30, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Viking River Cruises wants the Court to enforce the arbitration agreement. It seeks to stop the state penalty lawsuit.","Moriana wants the Court to reject the arbitration demand. She seeks to keep the state penalty claim in court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Viking River Cruises argues the Federal Arbitration Act mandates arbitration. It claims state laws cannot exempt these claims from private resolution.","Moriana argues the state penalty claim is distinct from private disputes. She contends the state retains the right to enforce labor codes publicly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if the state could bring this lawsuit in an aggregated way.","Justice Breyer asked about the differences between this claim and a class action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether employers can privatize state labor enforcement. It affects the balance between private arbitration and public regulatory power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 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11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-41"}]}],"slug":"2021-20-1573-viking-river-cruises-inc-v-moriana","term":"2021","title":"Can employers force employees to arbitrate state labor penalties?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1573_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","paragraphs":["The hospital plan claims Congress prioritized private payment for dialysis.","The dialysis provider claims the law sets a thirty-month coordination period.","justice_question"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 47-51"}]}],"caption":"Marietta Memorial Hosp. v. Davita Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.689969Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.719498Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:18.055064Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"A hospital plan and a dialysis provider dispute who must pay first for end-stage renal disease patients.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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47-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us2r53_l6h1.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1641.html","primary_docket":"20-1641","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:53:19.683788Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a private health plan must pay before Medicare for dialysis patients."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 47-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 1, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The hospital plan wants the lower court to reverse its loss.","The dialysis provider wants the lower court to affirm its win."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 47-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The hospital plan argues Congress required private plans to pay first for dialysis.","The dialysis provider argues the law only coordinates benefits for thirty months."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 47-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the plan encourages people to join Medicare.","Justice Breyer asked if Tier I applies to specific buildings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 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17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines who pays for dialysis when two insurers cover a patient."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 47-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1641_j5f0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.865376Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.895763Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:09.422861Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to consider new evidence. The government argues courts must ignore it.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 35-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/597us2r61_7khn.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1650.html","primary_docket":"20-1650","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:55:08.042199Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The First Step Act allows sentence reductions. Courts disagree on what evidence they may review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 35-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 19, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want courts to weigh new facts and law.","The government wants courts to limit review to old records."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 35-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute text allows broad discretion.","The government argues the statute mandates a narrow scope."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 35-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if the discretionary argument is stronger.","Justice Breyer asked how courts would apply this discretion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal sentencing discretion. It determines whether judges can consider a prisoner's current behavior. It affects how courts apply the First Step Act. It shapes the balance between statutory text and judicial judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 35-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-25"}]}],"slug":"2021-20-1650-concepcion-v-united-states","term":"2021","title":"Can courts weigh new facts when reducing sentences under the First Step Act?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1650_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 35-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-02-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-02-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","paragraphs":["Brnovich argued the Ninth Circuit capped an unprecedented effort by the United States.","Fletcher argued the rule did not regulate or confer rights on the states.","Fletcher argued the states assert an indirect economic interest in the rule's consequences."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 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19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]}],"caption":"Arizona v. San Francisco","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.641364Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.660774Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:12.100819Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Arizona and other states want to defend a public charge rule. San Francisco argues they lack standing to do so.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 11-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-02-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us2r48_fe9g.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1775.html","primary_docket":"20-1775","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:54:12.023877Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether states can intervene in federal court. They seek to defend a rule the current administration no longer supports."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 11-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 23, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 41-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Arizona wants to intervene and defend the public charge rule.","San Francisco wants the court to deny the states standing to intervene."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 11-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Arizona argues the states have a direct interest in the rule's validity.","San Francisco argues the states only have an indirect economic interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 11-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked what makes this case different from other administration changes.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the injunction was a decision on the merits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when states can defend federal rules. It affects the balance of power between states and the federal government."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 11-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-11"}]}],"slug":"2021-20-1775-arizona-v-san-francisco","term":"2021","title":"Can States Intervene to Defend a Federal Rule After the Government Stops?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 35-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 35-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1775_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 11-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","paragraphs":["The applicant stated the city approved 284 flags without denial. The applicant argued the city targeted the word Christian specifically.","The city argued it uses its property for lawful expressive purposes. The city claimed it is not compelled to express competing viewpoints.","Justice Kavanaugh asked if the city could ban anti-American flags. He asked if the city could reject flags supporting discrimination.","The city argued it can select the views it wants to express. The city claimed this control is a core aspect of government speech."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-25"}]}],"caption":"Shurtleff v. Boston","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.830495Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.861750Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:09.949143Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Boston denied a flag request citing its religious message. The applicant claims this violates free speech rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 31-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us1r29_j3ko.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1800.html","primary_docket":"20-1800","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:09:27.663845Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a city can treat its flagpole as a government speech platform. If so, the city controls the message. If not, it must treat all speakers equally."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 31-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 18, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The applicant wants the city to treat the flagpole as a public forum. This would force the city to accept all lawful flags.","The city wants the court to treat the flagpole as government speech. This would let the city choose which messages to display."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 31-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The applicant argues the city acted as a neutral host. It cannot reject a flag because of its religious viewpoint.","The city argues it controls its own property. It may select the views it wishes to express on its flagpole."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 31-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Barrett asked if the city could endorse specific civic messages. She asked if the city could exercise more control over the flagpole.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the government can discriminate based on viewpoint. He asked if this applies to official government speech platforms."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between government speech and public forums. It determines whether cities can curate messages on public property. The outcome shapes how governments manage expressive spaces."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 31-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 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35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-25"}]}],"slug":"2021-20-1800-shurtleff-v-boston","term":"2021","title":"Can a city deny a flag request based on its religious message?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-1800_4813.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 31-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue federal funding recipients may be liable for compensatory damages.","They claim intentional conduct violates clear nondiscrimination statute terms.","the opposing sides argue the Rehabilitation Act and ACA differ from other statutes.","They state these laws contain no express causes of action for private remedies."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 55-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 55-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-35"}]}],"caption":"Cummings v. Premier Rehab","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.898562Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.924779Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:08.643449Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek emotional distress damages. the opposing sides argue such damages are unavailable under Spending Clause statutes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 13-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us1r27_5i36.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-219.html","primary_docket":"20-219","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:59:58.831811Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether federal funding recipients face liability for emotional distress damages. the sides that brought the case argue intentional discrimination triggers such liability. the opposing sides argue the statutes lack express causes of action. The Court must define the scope of available remedies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 30, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 55-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 55-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to allow emotional distress damages for intentional discrimination.","the opposing sides want the Court to bar emotional distress damages under Spending Clause statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue intentional conduct violates clear nondiscrimination terms and triggers liability.","the opposing sides argue the statutes lack express causes of action and define no private remedies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if the case resembles intentional torts like Barnes or Franklin.","Justice Barrett asked if the sides that brought the case must draw an analogy to specific tort categories to win."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 55-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 55-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the financial exposure of federal funding recipients. It clarifies the scope of compensatory damages for discrimination. The outcome shapes how states enforce nondiscrimination laws. It impacts the cost of compliance for healthcare providers. It determines the standard for emotional distress claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 55-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 55-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-35"}]}],"slug":"2021-20-219-cummings-v-premier-rehab","term":"2021","title":"Can federal funding recipients pay emotional distress damages for discrimination?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-219_bocf.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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13-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Gannon argued the Territory Clause has no expiration date.","Mr. Ferre noted that moving to Puerto Rico strips residents of federal voting rights.","justice_questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-37"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Vaello-Madero","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.121128Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.126746Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:05.752053Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Puerto Rico residents argue that excluding them from Supplemental Security Income violates equal protection. The government argues their distinct tax status provides a rational basis for the exclusion.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us1r25_bpm1.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-303.html","primary_docket":"20-303","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:01:17.768882Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether Congress can deny federal disability benefits to Puerto Rico residents. The dispute centers on the rational basis for this exclusion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 9, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the exclusion of Puerto Rico residents from federal disability benefits.","the side that brought the case wants the Court to strike down the exclusion as a violation of equal protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues Puerto Rico's unique tax status provides a rational basis for the exclusion.","the side that brought the case argues the exclusion lacks a rational basis and violates equal protection principles."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if the Territory Clause provides sufficient authority for the government's action.","Justice Sotomayor asked if excluding a state based on cost would pass equal protection review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether federal disability benefits must extend to all U.S. territories. It defines the scope of equal protection for residents without full voting representation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-37"}]}],"slug":"2021-20-303-united-states-v-vaello-madero","term":"2021","title":"Does Puerto Rico's unique tax status justify excluding residents from federal disability benefits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-303_6bf5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Gannon argued the government's position on the statutory text.","Mr. Adams argued for a hearing before an independent decisionmaker.","Justice Kagan questioned the natural meaning of the word operation.","Justice Kagan explored the dictionary definition of the word enjoin."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"}]}],"caption":"Garland, Att'y Gen. v. Gonzalez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.813128Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.837039Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:19.081235Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The government argues enjoin means stop. The detainee argues it means both stop and start.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us2r39_7l48.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-322.html","primary_docket":"20-322","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:56:51.807498Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the meaning of the word enjoin in immigration law. The government says it means to stop an action. The detainee says it means to stop or start an action. This definition controls which courts can review detention orders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 11, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants courts to only stop actions when enjoin appears.","The detainee wants courts to stop or start actions when enjoin appears."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues enjoin means to stop the functioning of a statute.","The detainee argues enjoin means to order or require a specific action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if enjoin means both stop and require.","Justice Kagan asked if the ordinary reading suggests stopping something."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The definition of enjoin determines which courts can review detention. It controls access to independent decisionmakers for prolonged detention. It shapes the balance between executive power and individual liberty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"}]}],"slug":"2021-20-322-garland-att-y-gen-v-gonzalez","term":"2021","title":"Does the word enjoin require courts to stop or start immigration actions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-322_4h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 37-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-10-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-10-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","paragraphs":["The government argues the First Circuit acted beyond its power. It claims the court created a new legal standard. This standard was not in existing law. The government says this undermines finality in trials.","The defendant argues the rule ensures reliability. It claims the trial court made a legal error. The defendant says the rule protects constitutional rights. This ensures a fair moral judgment.","justice_questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 17-15"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Tsarnaev","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.252540Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.284428Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:03.719715Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The government argues the First Circuit wrongly created a new reliability rule. The defendant argues the rule protects fair sentencing.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 17-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-10-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/595us2r14_l64n.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-443.html","primary_docket":"20-443","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:14:33.777602Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the power of federal appellate courts. They can set rules for lower courts. The dispute centers on death penalty trials. The government says this power is limited. The defendant says it is broad."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 13, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 43-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the new rule struck down.","The defendant wants the new rule kept."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues appellate courts lack this power.","The defendant argues appellate courts have this power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Barrett asked if the government relies on precedent.","Justice Alito asked if the government disputes appellate power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal court authority. It affects how death penalty trials are reviewed. It shapes the balance between trial and appellate courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 17-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 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25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 43-7"}]}],"slug":"2021-20-443-united-states-v-tsarnaev","term":"2021","title":"Can federal courts of appeals impose new rules on death penalty trials?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-443_086c.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 17-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-10-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-10-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Katyal cited the statutory text excluding non-uniformed service payments.","Ms. Reaves explained that dual-status technicians receive two separate payment streams.","questions_and_argument_context"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"}]}],"caption":"Babcock v. Kijakazi","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.296206Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:03.418731Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"A retired technician argues his civilian pay qualifies for a Social Security exception. The government says only military pay counts.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-10-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/595us1r6_ihdk.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-480.html","primary_docket":"20-480","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:04:32.642979Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Babcock v. Kijakazi"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 13, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The technician wants his civilian pay to count as uniformed service.","The government wants only his military pay to count as uniformed service."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The technician argues the statute covers all his service payments.","The government argues the statute excludes civilian-based payments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked why the technician receives both civilian and military pensions.","Chief Justice Roberts asked about the two different payment statuses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines which payments qualify for a Social Security benefit exception. It affects how dual-status technicians calculate their retirement income."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"}]}],"slug":"2021-20-480-babcock-v-kijakazi","term":"2021","title":"Does a dual-status technician's civilian pay count as uniformed service?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-480_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Martin argued the Restoration Act bars Texas restrictions.","Mr. Yang said Congress mirrored the Cabazon distinction.","Ms. Pettit noted both sides ceded some sovereignty in the 1980s."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 31-37"}]}],"caption":"Ysleta del Sur Pueblo v. Texas","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.612931Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.644221Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:12.327287Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The Ysleta del Sur Pueblo argues Texas cannot restrict its gaming. Texas claims state laws apply to the tribe.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 31-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us2r45_3d46.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-493.html","primary_docket":"20-493","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:54:28.078905Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Ysleta del Sur Pueblo seeks to operate gaming free from Texas rules. Texas wants to enforce its state gaming restrictions on the tribe."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 22, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 55-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Pueblo wants to operate gaming without Texas restrictions.","Texas wants to enforce its state gaming rules on the tribe."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Pueblo argues the Restoration Act bars Texas regulation.","Texas argues state laws apply to the tribe's gaming."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked what the statute does alone.","Justice Kagan asked if the term prohibited is normal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state power over tribal gaming. It shapes how tribes operate in Texas. It affects tribal sovereignty and state regulation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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13-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-7"}]}],"slug":"2021-20-493-ysleta-del-sur-pueblo-v-texas","term":"2021","title":"Does Texas regulate tribal gaming?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-493_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 31-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-10-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-10-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","paragraphs":["Kedem argued the statute excludes crimes in a single criminal episode.","Ross argued the government rule follows the statutory text faithfully.","Kedem claimed the essential elements test differs from current appellate practice.","Ross conceded the point about the test's description in the brief."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 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47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-21"}]}],"caption":"Wooden v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.188221Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.204393Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:23.121422Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Armed Career Criminal Act treats crimes in a single episode as separate occasions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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53-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-10-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/595us2r16_d1pf.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-5279.html","primary_docket":"20-5279","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:06:31.027119Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests how courts count prior crimes for enhanced sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 53-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 4, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Wooden wants the Court to reject counting crimes from one episode as separate occasions.","The United States wants the Court to allow counting crimes from one episode as separate occasions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 53-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Wooden argues the statute excludes crimes committed in a single criminal episode.","The United States argues crimes count as separate when their essential conduct elements differ."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 53-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan questioned the clarity of the totality of the circumstances test.","Justice Alito asked why specific days count as the same episode and opportunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines how judges count prior crimes for mandatory minimum sentences."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 53-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-21"}]}],"slug":"2021-20-5279-wooden-v-united-states","term":"2021","title":"Do crimes in one episode count as separate occasions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-5279_dc8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 53-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-10-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-10-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued the Attorney General chose not to appeal within the thirty-day window.","the opposing side argued the Attorney General moved to intervene to exhaust all appeals for the state.","Justice Thomas asked for a standard to determine if the lower court abused its discretion.","the side that brought the case claimed the Attorney General was bound by the final judgment and missed the deadline."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-15"}]}],"caption":"Cameron v. EMW Women’s Surgical Center","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.232476Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.263184Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:23.857521Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Kentucky officials dispute whether a late appeal by the Attorney General violates federal procedural rules.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 51-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-10-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/595us2r13_n7io.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-601.html","primary_docket":"20-601","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:05:08.345770Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if a state official can revive a dismissed appeal after missing a strict deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 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dismissal of the late appeal.","the opposing side wants the Court to allow the state to proceed with its appeal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 51-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Attorney General waived appeal rights by missing the statutory deadline.","the opposing side argues the Attorney General acted to protect the state's law and should be heard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 51-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the Attorney General intervened as a distinct entity from the Commonwealth.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the state waived its sovereignty by signing a stipulation to abide by the judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of state participation in federal appeals. It clarifies when a state can challenge a final judgment. The outcome shapes procedural fairness in federal courts. It impacts how states defend their laws against federal rulings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 51-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-601_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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51-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-03-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-03-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Tutt argued the Constitution grants Congress power to raise armies.","Mr. Stone argued sovereign immunity limits means, not ends.","questions_and_argument_context"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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Texas Dept. of Public Safety","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.583539Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.597735Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:13.304945Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to sue Texas for USERRA violations. Texas claims sovereign immunity bars the suit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-03-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/597us2r63_m6ho.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-603.html","primary_docket":"20-603","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:49:04.505141Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether sovereign immunity blocks USERRA claims against a state."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 29, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to sue Texas for USERRA violations.","Texas wants the court to dismiss the suit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue USERRA advances essential constitutional military powers.","Texas argues sovereign immunity limits congressional means."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Barrett asked how eminent domain ties to judicial proceedings.","Justice Kagan asked why war powers differ from other powers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-55"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines state liability for federal employment protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 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53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-55"}]}],"slug":"2021-20-603-torres-v-texas-dept-of-public-safety","term":"2021","title":"Does sovereign immunity block USERRA claims against Texas?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-603_4h2p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","paragraphs":["Jeffrey Fisher argued that a defendant cannot lose Confrontation Clause rights by making a legitimate defense.","He stated this holds true even if the prosecution's hearsay contradicts that defense.","Ms. Mignola countered that the side that brought the case seeks a broad and sweeping rule.","She argued that a defendant can never open the door to evidence barred by the Confrontation Clause."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 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27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-21"}]}],"caption":"Hemphill v. New York","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.224894Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.256184Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:04.614887Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a criminal defendant loses the right to exclude testimonial hearsay when they introduce evidence that contradicts it.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 13-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-10-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/595us1r9_5iek.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-637.html","primary_docket":"20-637","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:05:45.644469Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the Confrontation Clause. It asks if a defendant can waive this constitutional protection by presenting a defense that conflicts with the prosecution's hearsay evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 13-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 5, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to rule that a defendant never forfeits Confrontation Clause rights by opening the door to evidence.","the opposing side wants the Court to allow states to admit hearsay when a defendant's defense contradicts it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 13-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that a legitimate defense based on admissible evidence cannot strip a defendant of the right to exclude testimonial hearsay.","the opposing side argues that a defendant can open the door to otherwise barred evidence by presenting a contradictory defense."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 13-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why the side that brought the case did not simply argue that the Reid precedent is unconstitutional.","Justice Alito questioned how the prosecution's evidence was admissible under state hearsay law despite the Confrontation Clause issues."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of the Confrontation Clause. It determines whether defendants can strategically waive their right to cross-examine witnesses. The outcome shapes how courts handle contradictory evidence in criminal trials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 13-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-21"}]}],"slug":"2021-20-637-hemphill-v-new-york","term":"2021","title":"Can a defendant forfeit Confrontation Clause rights by opening the door to evidence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-637_2034.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Ali argued that the Second Circuit's requirement for an affirmative finding of innocence is wrong.","Mr. Ali stated that a proceeding ends favorably when the prosecution fails to obtain a conviction.","Mr. Ellis argued that the claim is analogous to a malicious prosecution claim.","Mr. Ellis noted that common law purposes include avoiding inconsistent criminal and civil judgments."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, 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53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 25-53"}]}],"caption":"Thompson v. Clark","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.901144Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.934760Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:24.160378Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the side that brought the case argues a case ends favorably when prosecution fails. the opposing side argues it requires an affirmative finding of innocence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 25-53"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-10-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us1r21_5f57.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-659.html","primary_docket":"20-659","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:04:48.135932Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the standard for ending a criminal case in a plaintiff's favor. The dispute centers on whether a civil claim requires proof of innocence or merely the failure to convict."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 25-53"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 12, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 25-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to accept that a failed prosecution satisfies the favorable termination element.","the opposing side wants the Court to require an affirmative finding of innocence to satisfy the element."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 25-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that the failure to obtain a conviction ends the proceeding in the accused's favor.","the opposing side argues that the proceeding must affirmatively indicate the accused is innocent to terminate favorably."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 25-53"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked whether a Fourth Amendment seizure supports a malicious prosecution claim.","Justice Alito asked why a termination element applies to an unreasonable seizure claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The standard determines when a civil claim can proceed after criminal charges end. A lower standard allows more suits to move forward. A higher standard blocks suits unless innocence is explicitly found."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 25-53"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-35"}]}],"slug":"2021-20-659-thompson-v-clark","term":"2021","title":"Does a favorable termination require proof of innocence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-659_6jg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 25-53"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","paragraphs":["Denezpi's counsel argued the Double Jeopardy Clause limits sovereign authority.","The government argued the side that brought the case committed two distinct offenses.","Justice Barrett questioned the assimilation of tribal crimes into federal law.","Justice Sotomayor asked about the control of tribal prosecutors."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 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19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-41"}]}],"caption":"Denezpi v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.629285Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.647066Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:17.483895Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal and tribal courts can both prosecute the same violent act.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us2r41_2924.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-7622.html","primary_docket":"20-7622","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:54:44.379961Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Denezpi committed a violent sexual assault on the Ute Mountain Ute Reservation. He faced charges in both tribal and federal courts. The Double Jeopardy Clause generally bars two trials for the same offense. The core question is whether these two sovereigns exercise distinct authority. If they do, both prosecutions are legal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 22, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Denezpi wants the federal trial dismissed to prevent double punishment.","The United States wants to proceed with the federal prosecution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Denezpi argues the tribe and federal government share the same sovereign power over this crime.","The United States argues the tribe and federal government hold distinct sovereign powers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if small tribes can effectively use federal grants.","Justice Barrett asked why Denezpi did not argue tribal crimes are federal crimes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between tribal and federal criminal jurisdiction. It determines whether individuals on reservations face dual prosecution for single acts. The result shapes the practical reach of tribal sovereignty. It impacts how federal prosecutors handle crimes committed by tribal members."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-41"}]}],"slug":"2021-20-7622-denezpi-v-united-states","term":"2021","title":"Can a person face two trials for one act on tribal land?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-7622_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-11-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-11-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","paragraphs":["The board's counsel argued the Fifth Circuit created a new cause of action incorrectly.","The member's counsel argued the censure was punishment for three principal reasons.","The board's counsel stated a censure resolution does not abridge freedom of speech.","The member's counsel argued the board tethered its statement to a rules violation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 43-21"}]}],"caption":"Houston Community College Sys. v. Wilson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.057004Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.080139Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:06.933803Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"A college board censured a member for his speech. He claims this punishment violates his First Amendment rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 43-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-11-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/595us2r19_8n59.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-804.html","primary_docket":"20-804","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:03:05.606622Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a public board can punish a member for his speech. The board argues censure is protected government speech. The member argues it is illegal punishment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 43-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 2, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The board wants the Court to affirm its right to censure members.","The member wants the Court to strike down the censure as punishment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 43-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The board argues censure is a protected expression of government opinion.","The member argues censure is a punishment for his speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 43-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if legislative bodies have limits on expelling members.","Justice Sotomayor asked how ineligibility for travel reimbursement differs from jail."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-53"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between government speech and punishment. It determines whether public bodies can sanction members for their views. The outcome shapes free speech protections in public institutions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 43-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 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31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-53"}]}],"slug":"2021-20-804-houston-community-college-sys-v-wilson","term":"2021","title":"Does a college board's censure of a member violate free speech?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-804_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 43-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case cited a 1904 case involving a motionless dining car.","the opposing side noted that a diesel engine weighs 400,000 pounds.","the opposing side argued that the engine must be rendered inoperable."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 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17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-7"}]}],"caption":"LeDure v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.551245Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.580060Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:13.511962Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a stationary locomotive qualifies as in use for strict liability purposes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us1r28_6j36.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-807.html","primary_docket":"20-807","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:49:36.826135Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the definition of in use for locomotives. the side that brought the case argues a parked engine remains in use. the opposing side argues a parked engine is not in use."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 28, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 31-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to hold that a parked locomotive is in use.","the opposing side wants the Court to hold that a parked locomotive is not in use."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that a motionless locomotive serves functions that keep it in use.","the opposing side argues that a parked locomotive is not in use because it is not hauling goods."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked why the Court discusses the word use when the regulation does not use it.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if a car in a driveway is in use under similar logic."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when rail equipment triggers strict liability. It determines worker safety standards for parked trains. It clarifies the scope of federal railroad safety laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-7"}]}],"slug":"2021-20-807-ledure-v-union-pacific-railroad-co","term":"2021","title":"Does a parked locomotive count as in use under federal safety laws?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-807_m64o.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-10-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-10-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Hammoud argued that the opposing side's concession narrows the dispute.","She contended that a modified approach ignores state court deference.","Ms. Bahal asserted that both legal standards have been met in this case.","She stated that the state did not seek review of the prejudice finding."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-7"}]}],"caption":"Brown v. Davenport","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.222238Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:05.086461Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal courts must apply both Brecht and AEDPA standards when reviewing state court decisions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-53"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-10-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us1r24_9p6b.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-826.html","primary_docket":"20-826","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:06:07.782850Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines how federal courts handle habeas corpus petitions. The core issue involves the interaction between two legal standards. One standard assesses prejudice from constitutional errors. The other standard grants deference to state court judgments. The parties disagree on how these standards interact. The Court must clarify the procedural path for these reviews."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-53"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 5, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to confirm that the Brecht standard alone governs this review.","the opposing side wants the Court to require application of the AEDPA deference standard as well."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that the Brecht standard subsumes the AEDPA requirements in this context.","the opposing side argues that the AEDPA standard remains a separate and necessary precondition for relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-53"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked how a drafter would coordinate Brecht and AEDPA on a clean slate.","Justice Barrett asked how to handle specific language from a prior case if the Court sides with the side that brought the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the procedural burden for federal habeas courts. It determines whether judges must apply two distinct legal tests. The outcome shapes the difficulty of obtaining federal relief. It affects the finality of state court judgments. The ruling clarifies the scope of federal judicial review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-53"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-7"}]}],"slug":"2021-20-826-brown-v-davenport","term":"2021","title":"Does the Brecht standard replace AEDPA deference in habeas cases?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-826_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-53"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-10-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-10-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Fletcher argued that covert partnerships depend on trust.","Mr. Klein used a hypothetical train murder to illustrate jurisdiction.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the consistency of the government's secrecy claim."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 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47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-1"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Zubaydah","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.249926Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.280826Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:04.304495Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The government seeks to stop all evidence gathering. The detainee seeks to prove abuse occurred.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-10-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/595us2r12_1a72.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-827.html","primary_docket":"20-827","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:05:29.011936Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The government claims national security requires secrecy. The detainee claims the lower court acted within its power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 6, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 53-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants a complete ban on evidence gathering.","The detainee wants the court to allow specific evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues partner trust requires total confidentiality.","The detainee argues the lower court acted within its discretion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the government seeks deference to its judgment.","Justice Thomas asked if contractors previously testified about detainee treatment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of state secrets claims. It determines how courts balance security and accountability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-827_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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claims.","Ms. Carroll argued Section 1806(f) provides a narrow mechanism."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 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51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 33-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 33-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-29"}]}],"caption":"FBI v. Fazaga","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.095564Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.108606Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.140619Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:22.196167Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The FBI seeks dismissal of surveillance claims. Plaintiffs seek damages for alleged unlawful spying.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/595us2r15_l537.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-828.html","primary_docket":"20-828","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:02:16.973071Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The FBI argues the state secrets privilege protects national security. Plaintiffs argue the FBI seeks dismissal, not just exclusion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 8, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The FBI wants the case dismissed to protect secrets.","Plaintiffs want to sue for damages from surveillance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The FBI claims the privilege is constitutional and critical.","Plaintiffs claim the FBI seeks dismissal of their claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked about standing for unlawful surveillance claims.","Justice Kagan asked if the statute covers discovery and suppression."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 33-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 33-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of the state secrets privilege. It determines whether plaintiffs can sue over surveillance. It balances national security against individual rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 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31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 33-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 33-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-29"}]}],"slug":"2021-20-828-fbi-v-fazaga","term":"2021","title":"Does the state secrets privilege bar FISA claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-828_i3dj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Underwood argued English and American law limited public carrying.","Mr. Clement argued the state fears more firearms in circulation.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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— file page 15, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 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13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 35-49"}]}],"caption":"New York State Rifle & Pistol Assn. v. Bruen","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.088947Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.092542Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:06.339630Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to strike down a permit requirement. the opposing sides defend the state's public safety rules.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 119, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 119, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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35-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/597us1r54_7648.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-843.html","primary_docket":"20-843","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:02:33.288833Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["New York law requires a special reason to carry a concealed firearm. the sides that brought the case argue this violates the Second Amendment. the opposing sides argue the state may regulate public safety."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 119, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 119, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 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33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the permit requirement.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the state's regulation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 119, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 119, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 35-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the state cannot demand a special reason to carry.","the opposing sides argue the state may restrict carry to protect safety."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 119, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 119, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 35-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Breyer asked if the state can require good moral character.","Justice Sotomayor asked about historical laws conditioning the right to carry."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of public firearm carrying rights. It balances individual self-defense against state public safety powers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 119, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 119, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 35-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-843_7m5e.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 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35-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Rosenkranz argued the statute requires subjective awareness of inaccuracy.","Mr. Stris argued the registration certificate confers litigation privileges.","Mr. Rosenkranz argued the statute is clear and not ambiguous."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 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11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-19"}]}],"caption":"Unicolors, Inc. v. H&M Hennes & Mauritz, L.P.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.124061Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.152453Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:22.521825Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Unicolors argues the law requires subjective awareness of errors. H&M argues objective negligence suffices to void registration.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 35-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/595us2r11_4f14.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-915.html","primary_docket":"20-915","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:01:57.577675Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the mental state required to prove copyright fraud. Unicolors seeks to preserve its registration despite alleged errors. H&M seeks to invalidate the registration based on those errors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 35-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 8, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 13-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Unicolors wants the Court to require proof of subjective awareness of inaccuracy.","H&M wants the Court to allow objective negligence to void the registration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 35-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Unicolors argues the statute requires subjective awareness of the specific inaccuracy.","H&M argues the statute allows invalidation based on objective inaccuracies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 35-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked where the actual application resides in the record.","Justice Alito asked if showing designs to a person constitutes publication."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the standard for proving copyright fraud. It determines how easily registrations can be voided. It affects the stability of copyright litigation privileges. It impacts access to statutory damages and attorneys' fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 35-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 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21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-19"}]}],"slug":"2021-20-915-unicolors-inc-v-h-m-hennes-mauritz-l-p","term":"2021","title":"Does copyright fraud require subjective awareness of inaccuracy?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-915_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 35-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-12-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-12-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Fleming argued that the government agrees the statutory bar does not block review of the agency's threshold determination of ineligibility.","Mr. Raynor argued that the statute precludes review of any judgment regarding the granting of relief under specific provisions.","Ms. Meehan argued that an alternative meaning of judgment still bars review in this specific case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 35-9"}]}],"caption":"Patel v. Garland, Att'y Gen.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.933162Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.987335Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:08.067388Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a statutory bar blocks judicial review of an agency's initial finding that an immigrant lacks eligibility for status adjustment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 33-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 35-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-12-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us1r31_5367.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-979.html","primary_docket":"20-979","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:59:19.793487Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a statutory bar on judicial review. The bar targets decisions regarding the granting of relief. The core question is whether this bar covers the agency's threshold finding that an immigrant is ineligible for status adjustment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 33-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 35-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 6, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants a court to review the agency's finding that he is ineligible for status adjustment.","The government wants the court to uphold the statutory bar that prevents review of that finding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 33-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 35-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statutory bar does not cover the agency's threshold determination of ineligibility.","The government argues the statutory bar precludes review of any judgment regarding the granting of relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 33-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 35-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Barrett asked how the side that brought the case responds to the argument that the jurisdictional bar has little work to do if all preliminary determinations are reviewable.","Justice Kagan asked whether the phrase judgment regarding the granting of relief is a term of art in immigration statutes or has an ordinary meaning."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 25-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary of judicial oversight over immigration agency decisions. It determines whether courts can correct errors in the initial eligibility screening process. The outcome shapes the balance between agency discretion and individual rights in immigration law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 33-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 15-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 15-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 35-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/20-979_7mi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 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35-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Stewart argued the appellees lack standing to sue.","Mr. Cooper argued the government's standing arguments are meritless.","Mr. Cooper stated he can challenge the authorizing statute directly."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 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Ted Cruz for Senate","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.865440Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.892242Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:19.746555Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Senator Cruz argues he can challenge a federal loan limit. The FEC says he lacks standing to sue.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 17-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us1r30_o759.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-12.html","primary_docket":"21-12","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:55:25.037962Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Senator Cruz wants the court to strike down a federal loan repayment limit. The FEC wants the court to dismiss the case for lack of standing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 19, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Senator Cruz wants the court to reverse the lower-court judgment and declare the loan limit unconstitutional.","The FEC wants the court to dismiss the case because Senator Cruz lacks standing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Senator Cruz argues he has standing to challenge the statute authorizing the loan limit.","The FEC argues Senator Cruz lacks standing to bring this lawsuit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 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13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who can challenge federal campaign finance rules. It determines the scope of judicial review for election law statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-29"}]}],"slug":"2021-21-12-federal-election-commission-v-ted-cruz-for-senate","term":"2021","title":"Can a candidate sue to strike down a federal loan repayment limit?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-12_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 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materially indistinguishable from Bivens itself.","Mr. Huston argued that a straightforward application of Bivens precedents supports reversing the judgment."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme 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Boule","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.701946Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.731270Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:11.081207Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal courts can create new damages remedies for constitutional violations.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 51-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 51-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-03-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us1r37_7l48.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-147.html","primary_docket":"21-147","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:53:03.779530Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of Bivens remedies. The Court must decide if federal courts can authorize new damages suits against federal agents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 51-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 51-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 2, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to reverse the lower court judgment.","the opposing side wants the Court to affirm the lower court judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 51-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 51-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that Bivens extensions clash with modern precedent.","the opposing side argues that the claim is indistinguishable from Bivens."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 51-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 51-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked why the Fourth Amendment claim does not foreclose the argument.","Justice Sotomayor asked what special factor exists at the border for Customs agents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of federal court jurisdiction over damages claims. It determines whether citizens can sue federal agents for constitutional violations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 51-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 51-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 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53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-19"}]}],"slug":"2021-21-147-egbert-v-boule","term":"2021","title":"Can a citizen sue a federal border agent for damages?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 51-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-147_3f0m.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 51-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Bostwick argued the system is uniquely pro-claimant.","She stated clear and unmistakable error is a unique protection.","Mr. Yang argued the rule is not a mere error.","He stated Congress provided separate direct review for errors."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 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43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 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27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]}],"caption":"George v. McDonough","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.368914Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.391631Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:15.489263Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Veterans argue a codified error rule demands strict review. The government argues the standard remains unchanged.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 15-53"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us2r47_m6hn.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-234.html","primary_docket":"21-234","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:47:54.625961Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case concerns the standard for reviewing final veterans benefits decisions. the sides that brought the case seek a strict error standard. The government seeks a standard tied to direct appeals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 15-53"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 19, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 55-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a strict standard for reviewing final decisions.","The government wants a standard matching direct appeal review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 15-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the codified rule creates a unique protection.","The government argues the rule is not a mere error."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 15-53"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if the review standard matches direct appeals.","Justice Thomas asked how the rule applied before codification."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 53-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 53-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The standard determines how often veterans can correct final errors. It affects access to benefits for millions of claimants. It defines the scope of judicial oversight in this system."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 15-53"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-234_j0ei.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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representatives."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-47"}]}],"caption":"Berger v. North Carolina State Conf. of NAACP","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.489003Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.489049Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:16.110644Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"North Carolina legislators seek to join a federal suit challenging a voter ID law. State officials oppose their participation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-03-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/597us1r57_b0nd.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-248.html","primary_docket":"21-248","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:52:26.351568Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["North Carolina law names state officers as necessary parties in legal challenges to state statutes. the sides that brought the case argue this law grants them a right to intervene in federal court. the opposing sides argue the Attorney General adequately represents the state's interest. The Court must decide if state law creates a federal right to intervene."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 21, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to allow them to join the federal lawsuit.","the opposing sides want the Court to keep the legislators out of the federal case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue state law makes them necessary parties in all statutory challenges.","the opposing sides argue the Attorney General adequately defends the state's legal position."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if state law could grant specific officers intervention rights.","Justice Sotomayor asked why the Attorney General cannot represent the legislators' interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of state legislative power in federal courts. It determines whether state statutes can create federal procedural rights. The outcome shapes how states defend their laws against constitutional challenges."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 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55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-47"}]}],"slug":"2021-21-248-berger-v-north-carolina-state-conf-of-naacp","term":"2021","title":"Can state legislators intervene in federal court to defend a law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 41-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-248_j4ek.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Bennett argued Congress could have specified vehicle workers if desired.","Mr. Dvoretzky argued the FAA exempts only workers on moving instruments.","Justice Sotomayor noted cargo handlers are part of transportation commerce.","Ms. Bennett stated seamen and railroad employees share industry work duties."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-19"}]}],"caption":"Southwest Airlines Co. v. Saxon","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.568078Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.586197Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:16.851789Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Southwest Airlines and a former employee dispute who qualifies for FAA arbitration exemptions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us1r35_664c.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-309.html","primary_docket":"21-309","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:49:19.618700Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The FAA exempts certain workers from mandatory arbitration. Southwest argues only those on moving vehicles qualify. Saxon claims all interstate commerce workers qualify."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 28, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Southwest wants the FAA to exempt only workers on moving vehicles.","Saxon wants the FAA to exempt all interstate commerce workers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Southwest argues the FAA text limits exemptions to specific vehicle crews.","Saxon argues the FAA text broadly covers all interstate commerce workers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if border crossing is required for coverage.","Justice Sotomayor asked how cargo handlers differ from railroad crews."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines which workers can avoid mandatory arbitration. It affects millions of employees in transportation and logistics industries nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-309_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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Luxshare, Ltd.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.548488Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.554886Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:13.676930Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"ZF Automotive and Luxshare dispute whether federal courts must aid private foreign arbitrations.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 53-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 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private arbitration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 53-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 49-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["ZF Automotive argues the statute only covers sovereign state tribunals.","Luxshare argues the statute covers any foreign adjudicatory body."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 53-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 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41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines federal court power over private international disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 53-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 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Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-401_apm1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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not moot despite recent state legislative changes.","Justice Kagan questioned the strength of non-textual arguments presented by the government.","Chief Justice Roberts asked whether state workers' compensation laws would apply to state-owned facilities."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-13"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Washington","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.353995Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.356927Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:16.277061Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a state waiver statute allows Washington to apply its workers' compensation rules to federal contractors.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-04-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us2r51_6479.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-404.html","primary_docket":"21-404","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:48:10.957042Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The United States argues that state laws cannot regulate federal contractors. Washington argues that a federal waiver statute permits such regulation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 18, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The United States wants the court to invalidate the state law.","Washington wants the court to uphold the state law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether states can regulate federal contractors using state workers' compensation laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-13"}]}],"slug":"2021-21-404-united-states-v-washington","term":"2021","title":"Can states regulate federal contractors under state workers' compensation laws?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-404_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 49-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","paragraphs":["Clement argued Kennedy's prayers were entirely his own private expression.","Katskee argued the district allowed private prayers but not Kennedy's specific actions.","Clement argued religion requires a different test than general speech claims.","Katskee argued the district's rules were neutral and applied consistently."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 9-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-53"}]}],"caption":"Kennedy v. Bremerton Sch. Dist.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.414378Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.446588Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:15.018603Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Coach Joe Kennedy claims his on-field prayers are protected speech. The school district says his actions violate its neutral rules.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 108, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 108, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 109, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 109, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/597us2r62_d92h.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-418.html","primary_docket":"21-418","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:46:38.262360Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Coach Joe Kennedy prayed at midfield after games. The school district fired him. He claims this violated his free exercise and free speech rights. The district claims his actions were not protected speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 108, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 108, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 109, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 109, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 25, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Kennedy wants the Court to rule his prayers were protected speech.","The district wants the Court to uphold its neutral employment rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 108, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 108, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 109, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 109, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Kennedy argues his private religious expression is doubly protected by the Constitution.","The district argues his actions were not protected speech under neutral rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 108, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 108, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 109, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 109, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if an employee can be fired for private actions during work hours.","Justice Thomas asked how the Garcetti standard applies to free exercise claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 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49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 9-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-53"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of religious expression in public schools. It affects how public employers manage employee conduct. It balances individual rights against institutional neutrality."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 108, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 108, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 109, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 109, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-418_3f07.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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29-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","paragraphs":["Oklahoma's counsel argued the state has inherent authority over tribal lands.","The defendant's counsel cited statutory text to claim exclusive federal jurisdiction.","The federal government's counsel supported the exclusive federal jurisdiction view."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 108, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 108, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 127, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 127, 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31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 55-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 55-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 55-17"}]}],"caption":"Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.475301Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.518111Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.523528Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:14.583432Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Oklahoma seeks state power to try non-Indians for crimes against Indians. The defendant argues federal law blocks this.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 108, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 108, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 127, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 127, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 53-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/597us2r64_5436.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-429.html","primary_docket":"21-429","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:45:39.946267Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests state criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians in Indian country. The dispute follows the McGirt decision. It concerns who holds prosecutorial authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 108, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 108, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 127, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 127, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 53-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 27, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Oklahoma wants authority to prosecute non-Indians for crimes against Indians.","Castro-Huerta wants the state barred from prosecuting him."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 108, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 108, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 127, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 127, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 53-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Oklahoma argues state sovereignty extends to tribal lands in Oklahoma.","Castro-Huerta argues federal law grants exclusive jurisdiction to the federal government."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 108, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 108, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 127, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 127, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 53-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked why this is the first such case.","Justice Gorsuch asked if the state claims inherent sovereignty over tribal lands."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 55-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 55-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 55-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines who protects tribal members from non-Indian violence. It defines the boundary between state and federal power. It impacts public safety in Indian country."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 108, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 108, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 127, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 127, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 53-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 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31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 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who harm Indians on tribal land?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 108, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 108, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 127, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 127, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-429_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","paragraphs":["Nance's counsel argued habeas petitions are the correct forum for these claims.","Ward's counsel argued Section 1983 is the proper legal vehicle.","Justice Sotomayor questioned whether execution methods are part of the sentence.","Justice Sotomayor asked if Georgia can legally switch to firing squads."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 31-21"}]}],"caption":"Nance v. Ward","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.426214Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.455767Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:15.064617Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Prisoners dispute whether federal habeas law covers challenges to how states carry out executions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 31-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/597us1r56_p86b.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-439.html","primary_docket":"21-439","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:46:57.051027Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the proper legal channel for challenging execution methods. One side argues habeas corpus is the correct forum. The other side insists Section 1983 is the only valid path."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 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27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Nance wants to use federal habeas petitions to challenge execution methods.","Ward wants to force these challenges into Section 1983 lawsuits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 31-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Nance argues habeas corpus is the proper vehicle for method-of-execution claims.","Ward argues Section 1983 is the exclusive legal channel for these disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 31-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if Georgia can change execution methods without altering the sentence.","Justice Sotomayor asked if any legal barrier prevents Georgia from using firing squads."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 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17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines the procedural path for prisoners challenging execution methods. It shapes how states manage their execution protocols. It affects the speed and complexity of these legal battles."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 31-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-439_83j8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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31-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-04-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-04-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case claim the fee law violates the Bankruptcy Clause.","the opposing sides argue the statute reflects congressional intent.","Justices questioned the rationale behind the state-based division."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 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25-1"}]}],"caption":"Siegel v. Fitzgerald","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.366059Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.394897Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:16.125630Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue a 2017 fee law violates constitutional uniformity. the opposing sides defend the state-based fee structure.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 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45-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-04-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us1r36_k5fl.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-441.html","primary_docket":"21-441","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:48:27.289385Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether Congress can set different bankruptcy fees based on location. the sides that brought the case claim this violates the Bankruptcy Clause. the opposing sides argue the law is valid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 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structure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 45-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the law arbitrarily divides debtors by state.","the opposing sides argue Congress intended this specific fee structure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 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35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 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53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether identical debtors pay different fees based on location. It defines the limits of congressional power over bankruptcy procedures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 45-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-1"}]}],"slug":"2021-21-441-siegel-v-fitzgerald","term":"2021","title":"Does the Bankruptcy Clause forbid different fees for identical debtors in different states?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-441_cc8k.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 45-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","paragraphs":["Hearron argued Texas deliberately prohibited a constitutional right. He claimed the law evades effective judicial protection. He stated the legislature designed the law to avoid federal review.","Stone argued the sides that brought the case named inappropriate defendants. He cited Article III and equitable principles. He claimed the sides that brought the case seek an expansion of federal court access.","Roberts asked if federal review at the end of state process is adequate. He questioned if the chilling effect justifies immediate federal intervention.","Alito asked if state court clerks are bound by the state supreme court. He highlighted the hierarchical nature of state judicial systems."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 45-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-31"}]}],"caption":"Whole Woman's Health v. Jackson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.026193Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.028976Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:07.703472Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Clinics seek federal injunctions against Texas officials. Texas argues federal courts lack jurisdiction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 45-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/595us1r4_0861.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-463.html","primary_docket":"21-463","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:03:23.849551Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Texas enacted a law banning most abortions after six weeks. The law allows private citizens to sue providers. It bars state officials from enforcement. Clinics sued state court clerks and the attorney general. They seek federal injunctions to stop enforcement. Texas argues federal courts cannot intervene. The case tests federal court power over state law enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 45-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 1, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 21-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Clinics want federal courts to issue injunctions. They want to stop private enforcement actions. They want to protect their right to provide abortions.","Texas wants federal courts to dismiss the cases. It wants to preserve state court jurisdiction. It wants to enforce the private enforcement mechanism."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 45-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Clinics argue the law evades judicial review. They claim private enforcement creates a chilling effect. They assert federal courts must provide immediate relief.","Texas argues the defendants are not proper parties. It claims federal courts lack jurisdiction over state court processes. It asserts only Congress can expand federal court access."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 45-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked about the specific harm from threatened lawsuits. She questioned if the chilling effect stems from multiple suits.","Justice Thomas argued the case focuses on enforcement actions. He noted the law expressly excludes enjoining state courts directly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines federal court power over state enforcement. It determines if private enforcement mechanisms bypass federal review. It impacts access to federal courts for constitutional claims. It shapes the balance between state and federal judicial authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 45-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-463_4315.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued Miranda is a judicially crafted prophylactic rule. He stated violating it does not breach constitutional rights.","the opposing side argued the officer elicited an unwarned statement. He claimed the lower court correctly allowed the civil suit.","chief_justice_roberts_asked_if_the_right_is_secured_by_the_constitution_or_rules_of_evidence."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme 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— file page 17, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, 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31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-53"}]}],"caption":"Vega v. Tekoh","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.398755Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.423447Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:14.574715Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a Miranda rights violation creates a direct civil liability claim under federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 31-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-04-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/597us1r55_8m58.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-499.html","primary_docket":"21-499","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:47:16.453866Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests if a Miranda violation is a standalone constitutional breach. It determines if officers face personal civil liability for skipping warnings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 31-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 20, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to reverse the lower court decision. He seeks a rule that Miranda violations never create civil liability.","the opposing side wants the Court to affirm the lower court decision. He seeks to keep the civil lawsuit alive for the officer."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 31-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues Miranda is a trial rule, not a substantive right. He claims violating it does not breach the Constitution.","the opposing side argues the officer’s conduct violated the Constitution. He claims the lower court correctly allowed the civil claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 31-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked how a rule can be both prophylactic and constitutional.","Justice Kagan asked how the side that brought the case relies on a plurality opinion after Dickerson."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-53"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of civil liability for police officers. It determines whether citizens can sue officers personally for skipping Miranda warnings. The outcome shapes the balance between police accountability and operational freedom."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 31-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 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47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-53"}]}],"slug":"2021-21-499-vega-v-tekoh","term":"2021","title":"Can a police officer face a civil lawsuit for failing to read Miranda rights?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-499_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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31-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-04-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-04-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. O'Neil argued the order simply requires moving an inmate between two secure buildings.","Mr. Flowers argued the Sixth Circuit created new opportunities for prisoners to litigate.","Ms. Reaves stated federal courts may order state prisoner transport in rare circumstances."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"}]}],"caption":"Shoop v. Twyford","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.458354Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:14.817612Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a federal judge can order a state to transport an inmate for a medical procedure.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 47-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-04-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us2r50_2034.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-511.html","primary_docket":"21-511","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:06:59.268382Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of federal power over state prison operations. The core issue is whether a federal court can compel a state to move a prisoner for a medical test."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 47-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 26, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the federal court to keep the order moving the inmate for a medical test.","The state wants the Supreme Court to cancel the order forcing the prisoner transport."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 47-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the All Writs Act allows federal courts to order rare prisoner transports.","The state argues federal courts cannot order prisoner transport except for testimony or trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 47-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked how to characterize the order for this case.","Justice Sotomayor asked if a writ could be issued if the defense paid for transport and security."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between federal judicial power and state prison management. It determines if federal courts can direct state officials to move prisoners for medical needs. The outcome shapes the balance of power between federal and state systems."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 47-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"}]}],"slug":"2021-21-511-shoop-v-twyford","term":"2021","title":"Can a federal court force a state to move a prisoner for a medical test?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-511_71o9.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 47-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","paragraphs":["The inmate's counsel noted Texas allowed state chaplains to pray for decades.","The state's counsel argued outside ministers create unpredictable security risks.","Justice Kavanaugh questioned the equal treatment implications of state chaplains.","The state's counsel emphasized the need for near-zero risk during executions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 104, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 104, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 39-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 39-29"}]}],"caption":"Ramirez v. Collier","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.155123Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.157920Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:05.552073Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Texas claims a non-state minister poses a security risk. The inmate claims this violates his religious rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 104, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 104, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 25-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/595us2r18_a86c.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-5592.html","primary_docket":"21-5592","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:01:36.173461Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether Texas can exclude a specific religious minister from an execution chamber. The state cites security concerns. The inmate argues this restriction burdens his religious practice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 104, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 104, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 25-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 9, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 39-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 39-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The inmate wants permission for his chosen minister to lay hands on him during execution.","The state wants to keep non-state ministers out of the execution chamber to ensure safety."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 104, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 104, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 25-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The inmate argues Texas previously allowed similar religious acts, creating an equal treatment issue.","The state argues allowing outside ministers creates unacceptable security risks during lethal injection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 104, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 104, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 25-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kavanaugh asked how the state minimizes risk while allowing religious presence.","Justice Thomas asked if the inmate always requested hand-laying during executions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance between prison security and religious freedom. It determines if states can exclude specific religious practices during executions. The outcome affects how prisons manage religious accommodations for condemned inmates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 104, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 104, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 25-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 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35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 104, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5592_k4mp.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 25-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued Rule 60(b)(1) excludes legal errors.","The government argued Rule 60(b)(1) includes legal errors.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-33"}]}],"caption":"Kemp v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.384453Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:15.260703Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The parties dispute whether a court can fix a legal error under Rule 60(b)(1).","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/596us2r38_e29f.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-5726.html","primary_docket":"21-5726","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:47:37.058203Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of Rule 60(b)(1). the side that brought the case argues the rule covers only factual mistakes. The government argues the rule covers all errors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 19, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to limit Rule 60(b)(1) to factual errors.","The government wants the Court to allow Rule 60(b)(1) to cover legal errors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the word mistake means factual error only.","The government argues the word mistake covers all types of errors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if the plain meaning of mistake fails the side that brought the case.","Justice Barrett asked how to distinguish fact from law errors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of post-judgment relief. It determines which errors courts can correct. It affects the finality of legal judgments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-33"}]}],"slug":"2021-21-5726-kemp-v-united-states","term":"2021","title":"Does Rule 60(b)(1) cover legal errors?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-5726_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","paragraphs":["General Prelogar argued Texas designed the law to thwart federal supremacy.","Mr. Mitchell argued the intervenors only sue for conduct outside Roe and Casey.","Justice Kagan asked if the Court can craft relief in unprecedented circumstances."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 25-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 15-17"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Texas","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.059648Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:18.062443Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:07.519817Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The federal government argues Texas law defies federal supremacy. Texas argues the law targets only specific conduct.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 15-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/595us1r5_d1oe.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-588.html","primary_docket":"21-588","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T17:03:54.295223Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether the federal government can sue to block a state law. The government claims the law defies federal authority. Texas claims the law targets specific conduct outside federal protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 1, 2021."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 27-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The federal government wants a court order stopping the state law.","Texas wants the court to dismiss the federal lawsuit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The federal government argues the state law defies federal supremacy.","Texas argues the law targets conduct outside federal protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked how an injunction applies to a state entity.","Justice Thomas asked for examples of similar federal actions based on Debs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 25-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of federal power over state laws. It determines how courts handle conflicts between federal and state authority. The outcome shapes the balance of power in the constitutional system."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 15-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-588_i3jm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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15-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-04-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-04-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","paragraphs":["General Prelogar argued the Secretary exercised statutory discretion.","She stated the benefits of the policy were outweighed by costs.","Mr. Stone argued the case presents a procedural question.","He also addressed the substantive obligations under Section 1225(b)(2). "],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-43"}]}],"caption":"Biden v. Texas","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.429792Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.458475Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:15.514255Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Texas argues federal law mandates detention. The administration claims it has discretion to choose other methods.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 47-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-04-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/597us2r66_k537.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-954.html","primary_docket":"21-954","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:45:58.097911Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Texas seeks a court order forcing the federal government to detain migrants. The administration wants to keep its current policy of sending migrants abroad."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 47-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 26, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Texas wants a court order forcing the federal government to detain migrants.","The administration wants to keep its policy of sending migrants abroad."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 47-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Texas argues federal law mandates detention of arriving migrants.","The administration argues it has statutory discretion to choose other methods."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 47-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if the word shall sets a detention baseline.","Justice Alito asked how far the jurisdictional argument extends."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of federal power over border enforcement. It determines whether states can compel specific federal actions. The outcome shapes future migration policy and state-federal relations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 47-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21-954_m6hn.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 47-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Fletcher argued that healthcare settings are conducive to virus spread.","Mr. Osete argued that healthcare workers face job loss if they refuse the mandate.","justice_questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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30-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 30-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 38-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 38-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 46-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 46-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 54-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 54-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 14-18"}]}],"caption":"Biden v. Missouri","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.739491Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.770090Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:10.869717Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Missouri argues the mandate exceeds federal power. The government says it protects vulnerable patients.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 54-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 54-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 14-18"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/595us1r7_4315.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21A240.html","primary_docket":"21A240","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:57:27.013806Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of federal authority over private healthcare employers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 54-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 54-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 14-18"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 7, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 16-30"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Missouri wants the Court to strike down the vaccine mandate.","The government wants the Court to uphold the vaccine mandate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 54-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 54-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 14-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Missouri argues the government lacks legal authority to force private employers to mandate vaccines.","The government argues the mandate is necessary to protect vulnerable patients in healthcare settings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 54-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 54-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 14-18"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if the Secretary has authority beyond specific statutory language.","Chief Justice Roberts asked which agency faces a closer danger to the public."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 46-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 46-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 42-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 42-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 26-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 26-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 22-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 22-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 30-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 30-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 36-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 36-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 30-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 30-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 42-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 42-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 30-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 30-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 16-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 16-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 38-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 38-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 40-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 40-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 46-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 46-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 52-8"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the limits of federal power over private employment. It determines whether the government can mandate vaccines in healthcare. This affects millions of workers and patients nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 48-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 48-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 54-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 54-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 14-18"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 32-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 32-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a240_21o3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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Fed'n of Indep. Bus. v. Dept. of Labor","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.742972Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.772871Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.802169Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:18.477021Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Business owners argue the vaccine rule exceeds OSHA's emergency authority. The government argues the rule is essential to stop workplace deaths.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 22-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 22-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 44-50"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2021","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/595us1r8_8o6a.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21A244.html","primary_docket":"21A244","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:11:14.395024Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The National Federation of Independent Business challenges a federal vaccine mandate. The Department of Labor defends the rule as a vital safety measure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 22-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 22-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 44-50"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if emergency status makes the necessity standard stricter.","Justice Kagan asked why the rule is not necessary to stop a grave risk."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 10-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 10-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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40-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 40-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 30-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 30-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 54-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 54-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 12-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 12-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 24-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 24-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 30-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 30-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 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It determines whether agencies can impose broad mandates during health crises. The outcome shapes future government responses to public health emergencies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 22-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 22-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 10-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 10-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 32-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 32-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 34-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 34-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 44-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 44-50"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 40-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 40-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 10-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 10-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 52-6","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 52-6"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 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26-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 26-50"}]}],"slug":"2021-21a244-nat-fed-n-of-indep-bus-v-dept-of-labor","term":"2021","title":"Does OSHA have the power to force 84 million workers to get vaccinated?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 22-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 22-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 20-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2021/21a244_c185.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 20-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 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44-50"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-10-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-10-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","paragraphs":["Delaware's counsel argued the statute solves a collection problem.","Pennsylvania's counsel argued the text limits coverage to bank checks.","Justices questioned the definition of similar instruments.","Justices asked about the practical impact of the rule."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-45"}]}],"caption":"Delaware v. Pennsylvania and Wisconsin","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.224866Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.227617Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Delaware argues the law mandates reporting to the customer's home state. Pennsylvania and Wisconsin say the law only covers specific check types.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 11-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-10-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/145%20ORIG..html","primary_docket":"145 ORIG.","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:44:58.210929Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a 1974 federal statute. The law addresses unclaimed financial instruments. States disagree on which instruments the law covers. The dispute centers on statutory interpretation. The Court must define the term used in the statute. This definition determines which state receives the funds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 11-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 3, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Delaware wants the Court to apply the law to all unclaimed checks.","Pennsylvania and Wisconsin want the Court to limit the law to specific check types."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 11-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Delaware argues the statute aims to fix a common law gap.","Pennsylvania and Wisconsin argue the statute uses specific terms that exclude some checks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 11-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Jackson asked if the statute breaks from common law.","Chief Justice Roberts asked about the total value of different check types."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines which state collects unclaimed funds. It affects state revenue and consumer access to money. It clarifies federal preemption of state escheat laws. It impacts financial institutions' reporting obligations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 11-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 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47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-45"}]}],"slug":"2022-145-orig-delaware-v-pennsylvania-and-wisconsin","term":"2022","title":"Does the 1974 federal law require banks to report unclaimed checks to the state where the customer lives?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 11-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/145-orig_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Vale argued the 1953 compact intended to prohibit unilateral termination.","She cited historical compacting practices and specific circumstances to support this view.","Mr. Feigenbaum argued the compact text does not expressly limit New Jersey's withdrawal.","He noted that most compacts deal with boundaries or water rights, not this issue."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 15-21"}]}],"caption":"New York v. New Jersey","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.748141Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.780154Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"New York claims the 1953 compact bans unilateral exit. New Jersey argues silence allows withdrawal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 15-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/156%20ORIG..html","primary_docket":"156 ORIG.","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:28:55.988756Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["New York seeks to block New Jersey from leaving the Waterfront Commission. New Jersey wants to reclaim its police powers. The dispute centers on the compact's silence regarding termination."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 1, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["New York wants the Court to block New Jersey's withdrawal.","New Jersey wants the Court to allow its withdrawal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["New York argues historical practice implies a ban on unilateral termination.","New Jersey argues the compact text does not expressly limit withdrawal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the parties consciously omitted a termination clause.","Justice Thomas asked if silence permanently sacrifices state sovereignty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how states exit interstate agreements. It determines whether silence in a compact implies a permanent lock. The outcome shapes future state cooperation and sovereignty limits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/156-orig_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 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15-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Waxman argued that diverse student bodies benefit the nation.","Mr. Norris argued that racial classifications cause inherent harms.","Justice Kagan asked if both essay types are appropriate for consideration."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 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17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 45-23"}]}],"caption":"Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.067566Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.090426Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:19.120943Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue Harvard's race-conscious admissions violate the Constitution. Harvard argues such practices serve a compelling educational interest.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 45-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/600us1r53_4g15.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/20-1199.html","primary_docket":"20-1199","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:42:27.921605Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether universities may consider race in admissions. the sides that brought the case claim this practice harms applicants. Harvard claims it builds diverse student bodies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 45-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 31, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down Harvard's race-conscious admissions policy.","Harvard wants the Court to uphold its use of race in admissions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 45-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue racial classifications cause inherent harms to applicants.","Harvard argues diverse student bodies benefit the nation and reduce prejudice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 45-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Barrett asked how to distinguish resilience from other obstacles.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the district court's statistical findings on race."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether universities may use race in admissions. It affects how colleges select students nationwide. It shapes the legal limits on diversity efforts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 45-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 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17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-49"}]}],"slug":"2022-20-1199-students-for-fair-admissions-v-president-and-fellows-of-harvard","term":"2022","title":"Can universities use race in admissions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/20-1199_bi7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 45-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-03-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-03-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","paragraphs":["Lucas Walker argued the Lanham Act does not apply to foreign use of trademarks.","Walker stated the Act lacks clear indication to overcome the presumption against extraterritoriality.","Walker noted Hetronic received only one complaint from a European customer.","That customer identified the genuine part on site and rejected the infringing product."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 35-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 35-27"}]}],"caption":"Abitron Austria GmbH v. Hetronic International, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.496568Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.528802Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:07.244178Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Abitron claims Hetronic infringed its U.S. trademarks in Europe. Hetronic argues the law does not apply to foreign conduct.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 35-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 35-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-03-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/600us1r54_g3bi.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-1043.html","primary_docket":"21-1043","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:28:02.618305Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Court must decide if the Lanham Act applies to trademark infringement occurring outside the United States. Abitron seeks to hold Hetronic liable for foreign sales. Hetronic seeks dismissal based on the presumption against extraterritoriality."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 35-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 35-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 21, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 9-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Abitron wants the Court to affirm the lower court's application of the Lanham Act to foreign conduct.","Hetronic wants the Court to reverse the lower court and dismiss the case for lack of jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 35-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 35-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Abitron argues the Lanham Act's broad language has reached overseas infringement since 1952.","Hetronic argues the statute lacks clear affirmative indication of extraterritorial application."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 35-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 35-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why foreign sales to U.S. buyers are not aiding and abetting.","Justice Barrett asked if the Court should overrule prior precedent to align with modern jurisprudence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, 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35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 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45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the geographic limits of federal trademark protection. It determines whether U.S. companies can sue foreign entities for overseas infringement. The outcome shapes global trade and intellectual property enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 35-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 35-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1043_j4pf.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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35-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-10-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-10-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","paragraphs":["Appellants claim Alabama retained existing districts and equalized population lawfully.","Appellees state voting in Alabama is intensely racially polarized.","Appellees argue the Black Belt is a historic and significant community."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 119, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 119, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 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49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 39-1"}]}],"caption":"Merrill v. Milligan","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.243806Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.271027Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:16.728672Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Appellants claim the state ignored racial data. Appellees argue the map dilutes Black voting power.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 119, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 119, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 39-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-10-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/599us1r33_dc8f.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-1086.html","primary_docket":"21-1086","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:44:19.339923Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how courts evaluate racial intent in redistricting."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 119, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 119, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 4, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Appellants want the Court to reverse the lower court's finding of vote dilution.","Appellees want the Court to affirm the lower court's finding of vote dilution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 119, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 119, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Appellants argue the state used race-neutral principles and met legal standards.","Appellees argue the map intentionally dilutes Black voting power in a historic community."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 119, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 119, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Jackson asked if the Gingles preconditions were satisfied in this case.","Justice Kagan asked if intent is required to prove a violation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines how courts measure racial intent in redistricting disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 119, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 119, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 31-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 31-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1086_1pd4.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 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39-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-11-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-11-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case’s counsel stated that bribery presupposes an agent exercising authority for a principal.","The government’s counsel argued that the side that brought the case’s theory would limit prior precedent in unsupported ways.","The government’s counsel claimed there is enough evidence for a jury to infer a delegation of power."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-51"}]}],"caption":"Percoco v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.874504Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.880741Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:10.370792Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a person can commit bribery while acting with official power but without a formal government title.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-11-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us2r16_4gdj.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-1158.html","primary_docket":"21-1158","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:04:13.263428Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal bribery laws. It asks if a person must hold a formal office to be charged with selling official power for private gain."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 28, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction overturned because he lacked a formal government title during the alleged acts.","The government wants the conviction to stand because the side that brought the case exercised official power regardless of his formal title."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that bribery requires a formal agent who exercises authority on behalf of a principal.","The government argues that official power is fluid and can exist without the formal trappings of an office."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if the side that brought the case’s theory requires formal office to charge someone under the statute.","Justice Alito asked what evidence establishes an agency relationship when the formal holder does not exercise power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary of federal bribery laws. It determines whether officials can evade prosecution by shedding formal titles while retaining power. The outcome shapes accountability for public servants who trade influence for private gain."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 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13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1158_1bn2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-51"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-1158-percoco-v-united-states","term":"2022","title":"Does a public official lose bribery protection when leaving office?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 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29-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. McCoy argued Congress must clearly state when a time bar is jurisdictional.","Mr. Snyder argued prior cases treated the time bar as a jurisdictional limit.","Justice Thomas asked if conditions to sovereign immunity waivers are jurisdictional.","Justice Jackson asked why a definitive interpretation matters for the case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-35"}]}],"caption":"Wilkins v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.912075Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.942381Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:20.814557Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the time limit is not jurisdictional. The government claims it strips court power.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us1r9_8mjp.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-1164.html","primary_docket":"21-1164","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:34:47.486026Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a 12-year limit in the Quiet Title Act removes federal court power. the sides that brought the case want to keep their property claim alive. The government wants the claim dismissed as too late."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 30, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the court to hear their property claim.","The government wants the court to dismiss the claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Congress did not clearly make the time limit jurisdictional.","The government argues the time limit restricts court power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the Court once tied sovereign immunity to jurisdiction.","Justice Sotomayor asked if a judge tries Quiet Title actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines when federal courts lose power over property claims. It shapes how long citizens can challenge government land ownership. It clarifies the scope of sovereign immunity waivers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1164_7615.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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45-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Keller argued that states enacted consent-by-registration laws as early as 1827.","Mr. Phillips argued that the Due Process Clause requires a relationship among the defendant, state, and litigation.","questions_and_answers"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 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7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-23"}]}],"caption":"Mallory v. Norfolk Southern Railway Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.161690Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.168551Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:17.748967Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"A railroad company challenges a Pennsylvania law that treats business registration as consent to local court jurisdiction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 123, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 123, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 55-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 55-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/600us1r52_7l48.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-1168.html","primary_docket":"21-1168","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:39:43.638720Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Norfolk Southern Railway argues that registering to do business in Pennsylvania does not consent to jurisdiction for unrelated claims. Mallory argues that the state law creates valid consent for all local disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 123, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 123, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 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page 102, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 123, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 123, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 55-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 55-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if registration papers explicitly state consent to jurisdiction.","Justice Alito asked if the historical argument requires a settled practice of upholding jurisdiction by consent in foreign cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme 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67, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether states can use business registration to assert jurisdiction over foreign companies for unrelated disputes. The outcome affects how companies structure their legal exposure across state lines."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 123, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 123, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 55-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 55-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 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7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-23"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-1168-mallory-v-norfolk-southern-railway-co","term":"2022","title":"Does registering a foreign company in a state create consent to jurisdiction?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 123, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 123, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 55-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 55-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1168_k6g1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-11-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-11-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Feigin argued the right-to-control doctrine fits within property fraud scope.","Mr. Dreeben stated the Second Circuit applied an invalid theory for decades.","Mr. Dreeben argued the government cannot claim the theory is invalid and seek a new trial.","Mr. Feigin noted the government could have brought the case under another theory."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-11"}]}],"caption":"Ciminelli v. United State","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.871925Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.903136Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:21.233297Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether prosecutors must prove a victim suffered a financial loss to convict someone of wire fraud.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-11-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us2r15_d1o2.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-1170.html","primary_docket":"21-1170","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:04:41.955545Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the legal definition of property fraud. the side that brought the case argues the law requires proof of economic loss. The government argues the law only requires proof of a scheme to control property."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 28, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction dismissed because the jury instructions were legally wrong.","The government wants a new trial under a different legal theory."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the right-to-control doctrine is invalid and requires proof of economic loss.","The government argues the indictment was valid and the case can proceed under a new theory."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito questioned whether the indictment was constructively amended.","Justice Jackson asked if the indictment was defective despite the specific theory used at trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal property fraud laws. It determines whether prosecutors must prove a victim lost money. It affects how courts interpret wire fraud statutes nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-11"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-1170-ciminelli-v-united-state","term":"2022","title":"Does wire fraud require proof of actual economic loss?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1170_565n.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Geyser argued that ignorance of the law is not an excuse for non-compliance.","Mr. Guarnieri stated the Bank Secrecy Act authorizes a separate penalty for each account.","Mr. Guarnieri claimed the side that brought the case never found a case supporting a single penalty for multiple accounts."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-23"}]}],"caption":"Bittner v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.102790Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.133586Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:18.410868Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the government can charge a separate civil penalty for each foreign account a person fails to report.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 17-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-11-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us1r6_0813.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-1195.html","primary_docket":"21-1195","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:41:09.681291Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of civil penalties under the Bank Secrecy Act. the side that brought the case argues the statute limits fines to one per person. The government contends Congress intended a separate fine for every unreported account."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 2, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to limit the penalty to one fine per person.","The government wants the Court to allow a separate fine for each unreported account."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute does not authorize multiple penalties for a single failure to report.","The government argues the statutory text and regulations support a penalty for each individual account."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if the side that brought the case's view forces equal treatment for small and large accounts.","Justice Kavanaugh noted the unusual nature of draconian penalties for non-willful violations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the financial risk for individuals with multiple foreign accounts. It determines whether a single oversight triggers one fine or many. This rule shapes compliance costs for wealthy taxpayers and small account holders alike."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 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43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-23"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-1195-bittner-v-united-states","term":"2022","title":"Does the Bank Secrecy Act allow one penalty per unreported account?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1195_q8l1.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 17-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-11-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-11-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Garre argued the SEC Act does not strip district courts of jurisdiction to enjoin unconstitutional agency structures.","Mr. Stewart argued the Exchange Act and APA limit review of final orders to courts of appeals.","Justice Kagan noted a tension in the argument regarding the special nature of structural constitutional claims."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 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19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 11-43"}]}],"caption":"SEC v. Cochran","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.130880Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.136257Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Michelle Cochran argues the SEC Act does not strip district courts of jurisdiction to enjoin unconstitutional agency structures. The SEC argues only courts of appeals may review these final orders.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 11-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-11-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-1239.html","primary_docket":"21-1239","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:40:49.527759Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether district courts retain jurisdiction to enjoin structural constitutional violations. The dispute centers on the SEC Act's review provisions and the APA. The Court must decide if these statutes bar district courts from acting on removal claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 11-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 7, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Cochran wants the Court to affirm district court jurisdiction to enjoin unconstitutional agency structures.","The SEC wants the Court to hold that only courts of appeals may review these final orders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 11-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Cochran argues the SEC Act does not strip district courts of historical jurisdiction to adjudicate structural constitutional violations.","The SEC argues the Exchange Act and APA limit review of final orders to courts of appeals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 11-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if meaningful differences exist between this case and previous arguments.","Justice Thomas asked how often orders are entered and subject to review in these cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether district courts can immediately block agency actions based on constitutional removal claims. The outcome shapes the balance of power between independent agencies and the judiciary. It affects the speed and scope of judicial review for structural constitutional challenges."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 11-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1239_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Hallward-Driemeier argued that harsh consequences require a clear congressional indication.","Ms. Sinzdak argued that the text does not suggest jurisdictional status.","Justice Alito asked about the practical implications of a ruling.","Justice Thomas asked which provision supports the lease challenge."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-23"}]}],"caption":"MOAC Mall Holdings LLC v. Transform Holdco LLC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.936822Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.961524Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:20.268398Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Parties dispute whether a specific bankruptcy rule controls court authority or only case steps.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 27-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us1r14_3e04.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-1270.html","primary_docket":"21-1270","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:34:11.046680Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if a statute limits court power. One side calls it a strict rule. The other side calls it a procedural step."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 27-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 5, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to treat the rule as procedural.","the opposing side wants the Court to treat the rule as jurisdictional."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 27-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the text lacks a clear statement of jurisdiction.","the opposing side argues the rule reflects a longstanding limit on power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 27-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked about the practical implications of a ruling.","Justice Thomas asked which provision supports the lease challenge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines how courts handle procedural limits. It affects how parties challenge bankruptcy actions. It shapes the scope of judicial authority in these cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 27-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1270_82p9.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 27-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Thompson argued the Elections Clause requires state legislatures to prescribe federal election regulations.","Mr. Verrilli argued the sides that brought the case' view conflicts with the Smiley precedent.","Mr. Katyal argued states have not read the Elections Clause this way for 233 years."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-13"}]}],"caption":"Moore v. Harper","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.009289Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.033292Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.043374Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"the sides that brought the case claim state courts cannot restrict legislative election rules. the opposing sides argue state courts can enforce constitutional limits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 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activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the Elections Clause. the sides that brought the case argue it grants exclusive power to state legislatures. the opposing sides argue state courts can review legislative actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 7, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to reverse the lower court decision.","the opposing sides want the Court to affirm the lower court decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 167, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 167, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 190, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 190, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Elections Clause bars state courts from restricting legislative discretion.","the opposing sides argue state courts can enforce constitutional limits on legislative actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 167, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 167, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 190, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 190, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked why the governor is not part of the legislature.","Justice Jackson asked where the entity's power to make determinations comes from."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 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19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 43-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 43-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance of power between state legislatures and courts. It determines who controls federal election rules. The outcome shapes state constitutional authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 167, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 167, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 190, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 190, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-13"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-1271-moore-v-harper","term":"2022","title":"Can state courts limit legislative election rules?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 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37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1271_2k81.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Singh argued the Act creates three independent ways to prove knowledge.","He stated that choosing to break correctly interpreted law shows actual knowledge.","Mr. Phillips argued the case should be viewed as difficult.","Mr. Stewart addressed questions about internal company meetings discussing legal interpretations."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 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27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-7"}]}],"caption":"U.S., ex rel. Schutte v. SuperValu Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.435107Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.441569Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:31.340562Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Relators seek damages for SuperValu's pricing claims. SuperValu argues the law lacked a clear standard.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 31-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 41-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us2r30_g2bh.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-1326.html","primary_docket":"21-1326","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:24:13.399607Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The False Claims Act penalizes false claims to the government. Relators argue SuperValu knowingly broke the law. SuperValu claims the legal standard was too vague to prove falsity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 31-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 41-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 18, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Relators want the Court to reverse the lower court judgment.","SuperValu wants the Court to affirm the lower court judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 31-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 41-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Relators argue a defendant can knowingly break the law without prior guidance.","SuperValu argues falsity requires an objective baseline to deviate from."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 31-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 41-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if a baseline exists to objectively deviate from.","Justice Thomas asked if statements can be false without any guidance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the standard for proving false claims. It determines when vague laws create liability. It affects all federal contractors and government payers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 31-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 41-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1326_i4e9.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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41-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Schnapper argued Section 230 distinguishes third-party content from company conduct.","Ms. Blatt argued the statute bars claims when harm flows from third-party information.","Justice Roberts noted platforms are responsible for item selection, not content."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-53"}]}],"caption":"Gonzalez v. Google LLC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.657319Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.684644Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.714260Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:24.572684Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue Google's design choices caused harm. the opposing sides claim the statute bars all such claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 55-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 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use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of Section 230(c)(1). the sides that brought the case seek liability for platform design. the opposing sides seek immunity for all content-related claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 55-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 55-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 163, lines 13-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 163, lines 13-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 21, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to allow liability for platform design choices.","the opposing sides want the Court to bar all claims based on third-party content."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 55-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 55-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 163, lines 13-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 163, lines 13-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute distinguishes between third-party content and company conduct.","the opposing sides argue the statute bars claims when harm flows from third-party information."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 55-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 55-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 163, lines 13-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 163, lines 13-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked whether specific actions constitute publishing.","Justice Alito questioned where the line between content and conduct is drawn."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 7-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 7-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 55-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 55-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-53"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines platform liability for design choices. It shapes user safety and speech regulation online."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 55-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 55-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 163, lines 13-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 163, lines 13-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-53"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-1333-gonzalez-v-google-llc","term":"2022","title":"Does Section 230 shield platforms from liability for their own design choices?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 55-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 55-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 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51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1333_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the significant purpose test protects clients seeking bona fide legal advice.","the opposing sides argue the public has a right to every man's evidence.","the sides that brought the case claim the primary purpose test requires impossible disentangling of purposes.","the opposing sides warn that a significance test creates a sweeping sea change in law."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 29-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-43"}]}],"caption":"In Re Grand Jury","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.750797Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.780205Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:09.476627Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek a significant purpose test to protect mixed legal and business advice. the opposing sides demand a primary purpose test to preserve public access to evidence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 29-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us1r2_d18e.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-1397.html","primary_docket":"21-1397","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:32:35.779128Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the scope of attorney-client privilege. the sides that brought the case argue a significant legal purpose protects mixed communications. the opposing sides argue only a primary legal purpose qualifies for protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 29-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 9, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a significant purpose test to protect mixed legal and business advice.","the opposing sides want a primary purpose test to ensure public access to all evidence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 29-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue a significant purpose test avoids difficult disentangling of mixed communications.","the opposing sides argue a primary purpose test prevents privilege from expanding beyond legal advice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 29-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked how to analyze a purpose that is significant but subsidiary.","Justice Jackson asked if factual parts of attorney memos are covered by privilege."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary between private legal advice and public evidence. It determines how much business communication remains hidden from grand juries. It shapes the balance between client confidentiality and truth-seeking."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 29-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 29-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1397_8f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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Garland, Att'y Gen.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.812511Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.841798Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a specific immigration statute strips courts of authority to hear certain claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 51-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-1436.html","primary_docket":"21-1436","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:31:44.432625Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the legal nature of an immigration exhaustion requirement. the side that brought the case argues the rule is a procedural command. The government argues it defines the court's power to review cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 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lines 51-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute lacks clear language to limit court jurisdiction.","The government argues the statute creates an adversarial scheme requiring agency exhaustion first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file 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21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue determines how courts manage high-volume immigration cases. It affects the balance between agency efficiency and judicial oversight. The outcome shapes the procedural path for future immigration appeals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 51-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 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25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-41"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-1436-santos-zacaria-v-garland-att-y-gen","term":"2022","title":"Does the immigration exhaustion rule limit court power or just litigant conduct?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1436_7p84.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 51-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","paragraphs":["Glacier argues intentional destruction is not protected activity.","The union argues strikers only need reasonable precautions.","questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 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11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 19-15"}]}],"caption":"Glacier Northwest, Inc. v. Int'l Brotherhood of Teamsters","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.809686Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.812494Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:22.884055Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Glacier Northwest claims the union destroyed cement. The union argues the strike was protected.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 19-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us2r32_ca7d.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-1449.html","primary_docket":"21-1449","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:32:21.634742Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the limit of protected labor activity. Strikers may stop work but not destroy property."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 10, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 21-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Glacier wants the union to pay for destroyed cement.","The union wants the strike to remain protected."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Glacier argues intentional destruction is never protected activity.","The union argues strikers only need reasonable precautions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how to distinguish this from other strikes.","Justice Thomas asked why a jurisdictional hiatus is inadequate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 25-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between lawful strikes and property damage. It determines when workers lose legal protection for their actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 25-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 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17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-43"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-1449-glacier-northwest-inc-v-int-l-brotherhood-of-teamsters","term":"2022","title":"Can strikers destroy perishable goods during a work stoppage?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1449_11o5.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Blatt argued that general laws do not reach foreign sovereigns in criminal cases.","Ms. Blatt stated that Congress has not authorized courts to convict foreign nations.","Mr. Feigin argued that the statute recognizes potential implications for other cases.","Mr. Feigin contended that the law ensures proper handling of these situations."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.844553Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.844579Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:09.956595Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"A Turkish bank argues that a broad jurisdiction law does not waive its sovereign immunity in a criminal case.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-53"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us1r13_3e04.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-1450.html","primary_docket":"21-1450","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:31:22.856402Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether a general federal statute grants courts power to prosecute a foreign sovereign. The bank claims the law lacks a clear statement of intent to waive immunity. The government argues the statute provides sufficient authority for criminal prosecution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-53"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 17, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The bank wants the Court to reverse the lower court and dismiss the criminal case.","The government wants the Court to affirm the lower court and allow the prosecution to continue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The bank argues that general jurisdiction laws do not waive foreign sovereign immunity without a clear statement.","The government argues that the specific statute authorizes federal courts to exercise criminal jurisdiction over the bank."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-53"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kavanaugh asked if remanding the case to the Second Circuit is appropriate.","Justice Thomas asked if sovereign immunity is a personal defense rather than a jurisdictional bar."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of federal criminal power over foreign entities. It determines whether general statutes can override sovereign immunity. The outcome shapes how nations interact with U.S. courts in criminal matters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-53"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 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35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-25"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-1450-turkiye-halk-bankasi-a-s-v-united-states","term":"2022","title":"Does a general federal jurisdiction statute waive a foreign bank's criminal immunity?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1450_258q.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Flowers argued the Sixth Circuit erred. He stated the Reform Act defines agencies specifically. He listed executive departments and government corporations.","Ms. Reaves argued the sides that brought the case act in a federal civilian role. She stated they are not acting in a federal military role. She emphasized their role in the federal employment system.","Mr. Grajales argued a ruling for the union is unique. He stated it will not affect other state entities. He described the scheme as unique for the National Guard."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 105, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 105, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 11-25"}]}],"caption":"OH Adjutant Gen.'s Dept. v. FLRA","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.777403Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.782912Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:23.115134Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The Ohio Adjutant General's Department argues it is not a federal agency. The Federal Labor Relations Authority says it is.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 105, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 105, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 11-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us2r21_5425.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-1454.html","primary_docket":"21-1454","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:32:55.267482Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether state National Guard technicians are federal employees. The Ohio Adjutant General's Department claims it is not a federal agency. The Federal Labor Relations Authority asserts it is."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 105, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 105, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 11-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 9, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 25-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Ohio Adjutant General's Department wants the Court to reverse the lower court orders. It seeks to avoid federal labor law obligations.","The Federal Labor Relations Authority wants the Court to affirm the lower court orders. It seeks to enforce federal labor law compliance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 105, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 105, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 11-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Ohio Adjutant General's Department argues the Reform Act defines agencies narrowly. It claims state guards are not federal agencies when employing technicians.","The Federal Labor Relations Authority argues the sides that brought the case act in a federal civilian role. It claims they must comply with federal labor orders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 105, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 105, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 11-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked what collective bargaining rights mean for these employees. She questioned who sits across the table to bargain.","Justice Thomas asked when a technician is a federal employee. He asked for the specific purposes of that status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-53"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal labor law. It determines whether state National Guard technicians have federal bargaining rights. It clarifies the legal status of dual-status employees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 105, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 105, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 11-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 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11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1454_qm3j.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 11-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-03-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-03-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Liu argued the reservation includes water rights under Winters.","Ms. Maguire noted confusion about federal reserved rights during argument.","Justice Gorsuch asked about treaty provisions for agriculture and permanent homes."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 31-37"}]}],"caption":"Arizona v. Navajo Nation","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.499371Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.531379Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:28.924902Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The Navajo Nation claims a federal right to water. Arizona disputes this claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-03-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/599us1r44_54l8.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-1484.html","primary_docket":"21-1484","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:28:40.329284Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Navajo Nation seeks water rights for its reservation. Arizona opposes this claim. The Court must resolve this conflict."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 20, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Navajo Nation wants a federal water right for its reservation.","Arizona wants to deny the Navajo Nation a federal water right."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Navajo Nation argues reservation creation includes water rights.","Arizona argues the reservation does not include water rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked how far the water source is from agricultural areas.","Justice Alito asked if the Nation has hundreds of thousands of acre-feet of water."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines water access for the Navajo Nation. It affects agricultural use in the region. It defines federal reserved rights for reservations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1484_7647.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","paragraphs":["Twitter's counsel argued that the platform did not provide substantial assistance to the specific crime.","Plaintiffs' counsel argued that the platform knowingly aided the terrorist act.","Justice Thomas used a gun-lending analogy to probe the limits of liability.","Justice Barrett questioned whether the specific destination of the user matters."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-43"}]}],"caption":"Twitter, Inc. v. Taamneh","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.662737Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.691451Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.720010Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:08.513330Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Twitter argues it cannot face liability for user crimes. Plaintiffs claim the platform knowingly aided terrorists.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 114, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 114, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 149, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 149, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us2r22_hejm.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-1496.html","primary_docket":"21-1496","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:56:22.224206Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the legal line between neutral tools and criminal assistance. The core dispute centers on whether a platform can be liable for user actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 114, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 114, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 149, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 149, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 22, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Twitter wants the Court to dismiss the lawsuit against it.","Plaintiffs want the Court to allow their damages claim to proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 114, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 114, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 149, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 149, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Twitter argues that providing a general tool does not constitute substantial assistance to a crime.","Plaintiffs argue that knowingly providing substantial assistance to a terrorist creates liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 114, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 114, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 149, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 149, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if lending a gun to a known criminal counts as aiding and abetting.","Justice Barrett asked if the destination of the user matters for liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 141, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 141, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 143, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 143, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 144, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 144, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 145, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 145, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when technology companies face legal responsibility for user crimes. It sets the standard for platform liability in terrorism cases. The outcome shapes future lawsuits against digital service providers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 114, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 114, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 149, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 149, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 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37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 141, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 141, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 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11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-43"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-1496-twitter-inc-v-taamneh","term":"2022","title":"Does providing a tool to a criminal count as aiding and abetting?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 114, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 114, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 149, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 149, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1496_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Joshi argued the side that brought the case already received two remedies. He stated the side that brought the case seeks a third remedy. He claimed the Constitution requires immunity from reprosecution.","Mr. Deger-Sen argued the government agrees on one point. He stated a judgment of acquittal is appropriate. He claimed the government is barred from reprosecution.","Justice Jackson questioned the standard of proof for venue. She asked if it differs from element proof. She probed the consequences of a jury error.","Justice Thomas asked how to identify a general verdict. He inquired about other constitutional errors. He sought clarity on the verdict type."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 31-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-51"}]}],"caption":"Smith v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.622114Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.654527Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:26.253971Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the side that brought the case seeks immunity from reprosecution after a venue error. The government argues the error allows a new trial.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 31-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/599us1r37_8m59.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-1576.html","primary_docket":"21-1576","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:26:42.567431Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a defendant convicted in the wrong district gains double jeopardy protection. the side that brought the case argues the Constitution demands this shield. The government disputes that claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 31-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 28, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants immunity from reprosecution after a venue error.","Government wants the right to retry the defendant."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 31-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Constitution requires immunity from reprosecution.","Government argues the error allows a new trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 31-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked how to know the verdict was general.","Justice Jackson asked if the proof standard differs for venue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of double jeopardy protection. It determines whether a venue error ends the case permanently. It affects the government's power to retry defendants. It shapes the balance between state power and individual liberty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 31-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-51"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-1576-smith-v-united-states","term":"2022","title":"Does a wrong venue verdict bar retrial?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1576_5i2q.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 31-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","paragraphs":["Justice Jackson asked how a party could challenge an overbroad summons under the government's theory.","Justice Barrett asked the sides that brought the case to reconcile conflicting legal canons regarding statutory interpretation.","Justice Roberts asked why obtaining a lawyer's records does not aid tax collection."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-17"}]}],"caption":"Karcho Polselli v. IRS","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.596539Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:24.814243Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the IRS can bypass judicial review to obtain a law firm's records for a tax collection effort.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us2r20_b07d.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-1599.html","primary_docket":"21-1599","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:26:04.541022Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of a federal statute that grants third parties the right to challenge IRS summonses. the sides that brought the case argue the law protects privacy rights during tax collection. The government contends the statute only applies to liability investigations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 29, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to require judicial review for IRS summonses issued to collect taxes.","The government wants the Court to allow the IRS to obtain records without prior court approval during collection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue that Congress limited exceptions to privacy rights in the statute.","The government argues that the statute's notice requirement applies only to liability investigations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked the sides that brought the case to clarify their reliance on specific statutory clauses.","Justice Kagan questioned whether Congress intended a redundant safety measure in the law's text."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the balance between tax collection efficiency and individual privacy rights. It determines whether citizens can challenge government demands for their financial records. The outcome shapes the scope of judicial oversight in federal tax enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-17"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-1599-karcho-polselli-v-irs","term":"2022","title":"Does the IRS need a court order to seize a lawyer's client records?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 41-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 41-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-1599_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-11-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-11-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","paragraphs":["McGill argued the law harms children. He cited over 11,000 Native children in state care.","Stone argued Congress cannot force state action. He cited the Seminole Tribe decision.","Kneedler argued the law fixes past harms. He cited widespread separation of Native families."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 104, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 104, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-51"}]}],"caption":"Haaland v. Brackeen","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.194559Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.214116Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.227615Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.259570Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:17.287758Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case claim the law violates state sovereignty. the opposing sides say it protects tribal families.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 104, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 104, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 165, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 165, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 198, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 198, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 206, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 206, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-11-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/599us1r38_khmp.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-376.html","primary_docket":"21-376","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:39:22.644491Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the Indian Child Welfare Act. It sets rules for placing Native children. the sides that brought the case call it unconstitutional. the opposing sides defend its purpose."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 104, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 104, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 165, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 165, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 198, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 198, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 206, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 206, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 9, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 155, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 155, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 205, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 205, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 21-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the law. They argue it forces states to act against their will.","the opposing sides want the Court to keep the law. They argue it stops the breakup of Native families."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 104, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 104, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 165, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 165, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 198, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 198, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 206, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 206, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case claim Congress lacks power to mandate state custody rules. They cite state sovereignty limits.","the opposing sides claim Congress can regulate tribal family integrity. They cite past harms to Native families."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 104, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 104, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 165, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 165, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 198, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 198, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 206, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 206, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the good cause standard is part of the case. She questioned the scope of the issue.","Justice Sotomayor asked if foreign affairs powers allow such legislation. She probed the constitutional basis."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 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55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 197, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 198, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 198, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 198, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 198, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 198, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 198, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 198, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 198, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 199, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 199, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 200, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 200, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 200, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 200, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 200, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 200, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 200, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 200, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 201, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 201, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 201, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 201, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines federal power over state child welfare. It determines how courts handle Native adoptions. It shapes tribal sovereignty in family law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 104, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 104, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 165, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 165, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 198, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 198, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 206, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 206, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 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43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-51"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-376-haaland-v-brackeen","term":"2022","title":"Can Congress force states to use special rules for Native child custody?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 104, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 104, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 165, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 165, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 198, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 198, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 206, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 206, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-376_1p23.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-10-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-10-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","paragraphs":["The veteran's counsel stated the deadline encourages prompt application. He argued it functions like a statute of limitations.","The government's counsel stated the Irwin presumption does not apply. He argued the presumption is rebutted if it does apply.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the government's position. He highlighted that Congress addressed tolling for disability in other statutes.","Justice Jackson questioned the classification of the deadline. She asked why a conditional filing rule acts like a statute of limitations."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 53-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 53-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-9"}]}],"caption":"Arellano v. McDonough","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.262539Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:12.539855Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Veterans argue a one-year deadline to claim retroactive benefits is a statute of limitations. The government says it is a conditional filing rule.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-10-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us1r1_3e04.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-432.html","primary_docket":"21-432","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:44:35.576457Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a one-year deadline for veterans to claim retroactive disability benefits functions as a statute of limitations. This classification determines if the deadline can be extended for good cause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 4, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The veteran wants the Court to treat the deadline as a statute of limitations. This allows the deadline to be extended for good cause.","The government wants the Court to treat the deadline as a conditional filing rule. This prevents the deadline from being extended."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The veteran argues the deadline operates like a statute of limitations. It encourages prompt application for retroactive benefits.","The government argues the Irwin presumption does not apply. Even if it does, the presumption is rebutted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the deadline is the biggest hurdle. He noted Congress addressed tolling for disability in other contexts.","Justice Jackson asked why the deadline operates like a statute of limitations. She questioned if it is just a conditional expansion of the default."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 53-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 53-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of veterans' rights to retroactive benefits. It clarifies whether strict deadlines can be waived for good cause. The outcome shapes how agencies handle late filings from disabled veterans."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 53-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 53-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-9"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-432-arellano-v-mcdonough","term":"2022","title":"Does a one-year filing deadline for veterans' disability claims act as a statute of limitations?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-432_p860.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-10-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-10-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","paragraphs":["Reed's counsel argued the claim accrues after state DNA testing litigation ends.","Goertz's counsel argued Reed's claim is barred by jurisdiction and time limits.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the distinction between judgment enforceability and finality.","Justice Alito asked whether a party can sue before a claim accrues."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]}],"caption":"Reed v. Goertz","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.273789Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.305715Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:13.110407Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Reed argues his claim starts when state litigation ends. Goertz argues it starts when the statute passes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-10-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us1r12_l5gm.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-442.html","primary_docket":"21-442","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:44:00.984861Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests when a federal claim against a state law begins. The timing determines if the claim is too late."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 11, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Reed wants the Court to say his claim started after state litigation ended.","Goertz wants the Court to say his claim started when the statute passed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Reed argues his claim challenges the law itself, not a specific court judgment.","Goertz argues Reed sued the wrong party and missed the filing deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if enforceability differs from finality of a judgment.","Justice Alito asked if a party can sue before a claim accrues."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines when federal courts can review state laws. It sets the deadline for challenging state statutes in federal court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-13"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-442-reed-v-goertz","term":"2022","title":"When does a federal claim against a state statute begin?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-442_ca7d.pdf","page_label":"file 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the significant nexus test is overly broad.","Mr. Fletcher stated that all parties agree some wetlands are protected.","Justice Kagan noted dictionaries define adjacency as proximity, not touching.","Justice Thomas questioned if purely intrastate waters count as navigable."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-45"}]}],"caption":"Sackett v. EPA","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.184507Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.198730Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:12.162984Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The Sacketts seek to build on land near a wetland. The EPA says the law protects that wetland.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 121, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 121, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-10-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us2r28_hgcj.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-454.html","primary_docket":"21-454","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:45:22.201253Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Sacketts want to build a house. The EPA says the Clean Water Act protects the nearby wetland. The Court must define the term adjacent wetlands."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 121, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 121, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 3, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Sacketts want to build their house without federal restrictions.","The EPA wants to enforce the Clean Water Act on the wetland."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 121, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 121, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Sacketts argue the significant nexus test is too broad.","The EPA argues the statute explicitly includes adjacent wetlands."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 121, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 121, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked why the statutory requirement is not met here.","Justice Kagan asked if adjacent wetlands must physically touch the water."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines federal power over wetlands. It determines who controls land near water. It affects property rights nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 121, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 121, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-45"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-454-sackett-v-epa","term":"2022","title":"Does the Clean Water Act cover wetlands near navigable waters?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 121, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 121, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-454_m5n0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-10-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-10-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","paragraphs":["Timothy Bishop argued the law violates the Commerce Clause. He stated it conditions sales on out-of-state farming methods. He claimed there is no valid safety reason for the ban.","Michael Mongan argued the law bars in-state sales. He said voters chose to pay higher prices. He asserted the Commerce Clause allows this local market choice.","Brian Kneedler argued the sales ban imposes a substantial burden. He stated it serves no legitimate local public interest. He claimed it acts as a trade barrier based on out-of-state conduct."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 37-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 37-29"}]}],"caption":"National Pork Producers v. Ross","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.291558Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.326636Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.336874Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:12.815606Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Pork producers claim California's law forces out-of-state farms to adopt local rules. California argues voters chose to pay more for ethical meat.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 37-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 143, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 143, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 37-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 37-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-10-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us2r18_g2bh.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-468.html","primary_docket":"21-468","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:43:31.586118Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a state can ban the sale of goods produced elsewhere under different standards. The dispute centers on California's Proposition 12. It restricts pork sales based on how animals were raised. Producers say this burdens interstate trade. The state says it protects local consumer preferences."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 37-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 143, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 143, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 37-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 37-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 11, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 37-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Pork producers want the Court to strike down the sales ban. They argue it forces out-of-state farms to follow California rules. This burdens interstate commerce without a valid local safety interest.","California wants the Court to uphold the law. It argues voters chose to pay higher prices. They wanted to refuse a market for meat they view as morally objectionable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 37-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 143, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 143, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 37-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 37-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Producers argue the law is an extraterritorial regulation. It conditions sales on out-of-state farms adopting California methods. They claim this violates the Commerce Clause almost per se.","California argues the law only bars in-state sales. It does not regulate out-of-state production. The Commerce Clause does not prohibit voters from choosing ethical products."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 37-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 143, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 143, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 37-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 37-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if a state forces out-of-state actors to comply. She questioned whether the state's market effectively mandates specific practices.","Justice Thomas asked if California could ban houses built with out-of-state wood. He explored whether product standards exclude foreign materials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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It determines if states can ban goods based on out-of-state production methods. The outcome shapes how states regulate agricultural products. 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Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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violate the Commerce Clause?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 37-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 37-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 143, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-468_f2ag.pdf","page_label":"file page 143, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 53-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 53-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 51-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-1"}]}],"caption":"303 Creative LLC v. Elenis","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.939525Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.968397Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.971027Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:20.466851Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"A website designer claims a state law forces her to create messages she finds offensive. The state argues the law targets discrimination, not speech.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 151, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 151, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 33-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/600us1r58_7khn.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-476.html","primary_docket":"21-476","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:34:27.105799Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Lorie Smith runs a website design business. She claims Colorado law forces her to create messages that violate her conscience. The state argues the law targets discrimination, not speech. The Court must decide if the law targets expression."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 151, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 151, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 5, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Smith wants the Court to strike down the state law as applied to her.","The state wants the Court to uphold the law as a valid anti-discrimination measure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 151, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 151, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Smith argues the law targets her expression by forcing her to create specific messages.","The state argues the law targets discriminatory conduct, not the content of speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 151, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 151, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked where the line lies for refusing other groups.","Justice Kagan asked if the website content actually changes based on the client."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 53-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 53-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 51-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between free speech and anti-discrimination law. It determines whether businesses can refuse service based on the message they must create. The outcome affects how states enforce equal access laws for all citizens."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 151, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 151, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-476_k43e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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The university argues race helps assess whole-person diversity.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 145, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 145, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 179, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 179, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-707.html","primary_docket":"21-707","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:42:44.925464Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Students for Fair Admissions argues racial classifications violate equal protection. The University of North Carolina claims race aids holistic review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 145, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 145, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 179, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 179, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 31, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 45-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to ban race-based admissions.","The university wants to keep using race in admissions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 145, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 145, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 179, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 179, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue racial classifications violate equal protection principles.","The university argues race helps evaluate whole-person diversity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 145, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 145, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 179, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 179, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how officers assess socioeconomic barriers without race.","Justice Kagan asked why race alone determines impermissible purposes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 45-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of racial preferences in higher education. It shapes access to elite institutions for all students."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 145, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 145, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 179, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 179, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-707_bb7j.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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antibody requiring undue experimentation.","Sanofi's counsel noted that scientists do not use the patented method if an antibody already exists.","Justice Sotomayor questioned why Amgen had not made a specific antibody if the process was easy."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 51-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-7"}]}],"caption":"Amgen Inc. v. Sanofi","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.531511Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.562476Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:27.019030Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Amgen argues its broad patent claim is valid because it provides a general roadmap. Sanofi argues the claim is invalid because it covers antibodies that are difficult to create.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 108, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 108, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 51-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-03-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us2r24_m6hn.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-757.html","primary_docket":"21-757","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:27:22.468353Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case centers on the scope of a patent claim. Amgen holds a patent for antibodies that bind to a specific spot on the PCSK9 protein. Sanofi argues this claim is too broad. Amgen argues the claim is valid because it teaches a general method to find such antibodies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 108, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 108, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 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17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Amgen wants the court to uphold its broad patent claim as valid.","Sanofi wants the court to invalidate the patent claim as too broad."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 108, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 108, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 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21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 108, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 51-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if the process only produces one specific antibody.","Justice Sotomayor asked what is unique about Amgen's process compared to finding antibodies generally."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between a valid patent claim and an overbroad one. It determines how much specific detail a patent must provide when claiming a large class of molecules. The outcome affects the balance between rewarding invention and keeping scientific knowledge accessible."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 108, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 108, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 51-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 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47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-7"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-757-amgen-inc-v-sanofi","term":"2022","title":"Does a patent claim covering all antibodies binding to a specific protein target require proof that every single one is easy to make?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 108, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 108, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-757_cjmb.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 51-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Robbins argued for the sides that brought the case. He focused on clear state conditions. He cited the Arlington Central School District case. He emphasized the importance of clear federal instructions.","Mr. Snyder argued for the opposing sides. He emphasized the text of Section 1983. He argued the statute provides an express cause of action. He cited half a century of precedent.","Mr. Fisher argued for the sides that brought the case. He highlighted the unpredictability of current law. He argued this frustrates state assessment of programs. He noted the disruption to state resource administration."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 53-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 53-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 19-51"}]}],"caption":"Health and Hospital Corp. v. Talevski","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.164731Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.194603Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:17.572917Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law creates a private right to sue for violations of conditions attached to federal funds.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 13-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 13-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 19-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/599us1r36_feah.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-806.html","primary_docket":"21-806","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:40:04.228666Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of Section 1983. It asks if this statute covers rights created by federal spending programs. The outcome affects how states manage federal funds and how individuals seek redress."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 13-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 13-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 8, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to limit Section 1983. They seek to prevent suits based on spending clause conditions. They argue this protects state administrative flexibility.","the opposing sides want the Court to expand Section 1983. They seek to allow suits for any federal statutory right. They argue this ensures accountability for federal conditions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 13-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 13-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Section 1983 does not cover spending clause rights. They claim this interpretation frustrates state program administration. They cite the need for clear state conditions.","the opposing sides argue Section 1983 covers all federal statutory rights. They claim the statute text supports this broad reading. They argue precedent supports this interpretation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 13-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 13-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kavanaugh asked how to address prior precedent. He noted state remedies do not usually block Section 1983 suits. He asked the advocate to respond to this point.","Justice Kagan asked if any private remedy blocks Section 1983. She noted nursing homes must respect individual rights. She asked about the correlative duty on entities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 53-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 53-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 53-53"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal civil rights litigation. It determines how states manage federal funding conditions. It shapes the availability of private legal remedies for individuals. The outcome impacts state administrative autonomy and individual accountability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 13-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 13-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 19-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 53-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 53-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 53-53"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-806-health-and-hospital-corp-v-talevski","term":"2022","title":"Does Section 1983 allow suits for federal spending clause rights?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 13-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 13-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 19-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-806_daeh.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 19-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","paragraphs":["Katyal argued the jury labored under a seriously wrong idea. He stated the judge instructed jurors on parole eligibility. He claimed this contradicted prior Supreme Court precedent. He argued this error requires federal correction.","Kanefield stated the side that brought the case murdered a police officer. He described the shooting as occurring at point-blank range. He emphasized the officer was killed in the line of duty. He presented the facts of the underlying crime.","Katyal noted his friend admitted no example of hair-splitting interpretation. He claimed this was the first time this rule interpretation occurred. He argued against the state's procedural bar."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-47"}]}],"caption":"Cruz v. Arizona","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.100149Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.106428Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:11.596182Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the side that brought the case claims Arizona's procedural rule blocks federal review of a flawed jury instruction. The state argues the rule creates an independent bar to federal habeas relief.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us1r3_j4ek.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-846.html","primary_docket":"21-846","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:41:55.388804Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["John Cruz received a death sentence in 2005. The trial judge told jurors he could receive parole. This instruction contradicted prior Supreme Court precedent. Cruz argues this error requires federal correction. Arizona contends its state rule prevents federal courts from reviewing this claim. The dispute centers on whether state procedural rules can block federal habeas review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 1, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Cruz wants the Supreme Court to reverse the state court's procedural bar. He seeks federal review of the jury instruction error.","Arizona wants the Supreme Court to affirm the state court's decision. It seeks to uphold the procedural bar under Rule 32.1."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Cruz argues the state rule does not independently bar federal review. He claims the jury instruction error violates federal constitutional rights.","Arizona argues its Rule 32.1 creates an independent and adequate state ground. It contends this rule prevents federal courts from hearing the claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Gorsuch asked if the federal district court found the argument procedurally barred. He questioned how the Court could fault Arizona for a consistently followed rule.","Justice Thomas asked how the Court gets from a state rule interpretation to a federal issue. He noted the state court simply interpreted its own rule."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether state procedural rules can block federal habeas review. It affects the rights of death row inmates nationwide. It clarifies the boundary between state and federal court authority. It impacts how states manage their own criminal procedures. It shapes the scope of federal oversight in capital cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-47"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-846-cruz-v-arizona","term":"2022","title":"Does Arizona's Rule 32.1 bar federal review of a death penalty jury instruction error?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-846_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 13-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case claim the savings clause provides a necessary remedy when standard options fail.","The government contends the standard remedy remains adequate for testing claims.","Justice Roberts questioned whether the side that brought the case undermines the framework for precluding claims.","Justice Sotomayor asked for a limiting principle to prevent the clause from expanding too far."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 49-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-9"}]}],"caption":"Jones v. Hendrix","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.055613Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.076585Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:11.368557Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek a path to release after laws changed. The government argues existing remedies remain sufficient.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 49-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/599us1r42_2b35.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-857.html","primary_docket":"21-857","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T19:06:04.361394Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a federal savings clause. It asks if prisoners can use this clause when standard motions fail. The dispute centers on access to judicial review after legal changes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 49-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 1, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a legal path to challenge their detention after laws change.","The government wants to limit the savings clause to prevent bypassing standard rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 49-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the savings clause applies when standard remedies are inadequate.","The government argues the standard remedy remains adequate and effective."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 49-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Gorsuch asked if actual innocence is the only required standard.","Justice Barrett asked how to handle choice of law problems with circuit precedent changes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Prisoners face indefinite detention if they cannot challenge convictions after laws change. The outcome defines the scope of federal judicial review for criminal sentences. It balances finality of judgments against the need for legal accuracy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 49-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 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33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-9"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-857-jones-v-hendrix","term":"2022","title":"Can prisoners use a federal savings clause to challenge convictions after new laws decriminalize their conduct?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-857_iie0.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 49-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-11-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-11-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued Congress granted district courts original jurisdiction over constitutional claims.","Clement stated Congress never withdrew that jurisdiction for these specific claims.","Clement argued the case does not challenge agency action as such.","Stewart argued courts should not intervene in ongoing agency proceedings until final orders issue."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 11-35"}]}],"caption":"Axon Enterprise, Inc. v. FTC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.121750Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.152724Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:11.789665Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Axon seeks direct federal court review of FTC constitutional claims. The FTC demands Axon exhaust agency remedies first.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 11-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-11-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us1r10_febh.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-86.html","primary_docket":"21-86","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:40:32.263066Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Axon wants federal courts to hear its constitutional claims immediately. The FTC wants Axon to finish agency proceedings first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 11-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 7, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Axon wants federal courts to hear its constitutional claims now.","The FTC wants Axon to finish agency proceedings first."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 11-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Axon argues Congress granted district courts original jurisdiction over constitutional claims.","The FTC argues courts must not intervene in ongoing agency proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 11-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked about the difficulty of applying multi-factor tests.","Justice Thomas asked why the agency cannot consider constitutional claims internally."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when federal courts can hear constitutional challenges to agency actions. It shapes the balance between judicial review and administrative autonomy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 11-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 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9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-29"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-86-axon-enterprise-inc-v-ftc","term":"2022","title":"Can Axon sue the FTC in federal court for constitutional violations?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-86_5g68.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 11-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Blatt stated fair use is an affirmative defense.","She explained Factor 1 focuses on the purpose of the copy.","Mr. Martinez argued both lower courts agreed on the different message.","He stated the question is whether that message matters for fair use."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-49"}]}],"caption":"Andy Warhol Found., Inc. v. Goldsmith","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.295169Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.323909Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:13.858052Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a new artistic message justifies copying a copyrighted photo.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 53-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 53-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 31-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us2r23_c0n2.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-869.html","primary_docket":"21-869","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:42:59.783940Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the fair use defense. It asks if a new message justifies copying a photo."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 53-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 53-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 31-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 12, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Foundation wants the Court to accept a new message as fair use.","Goldsmith wants the Court to reject the new message defense."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 53-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 53-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 31-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Foundation argues a different meaning justifies the copy.","Goldsmith argues the copy serves no distinct purpose."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 53-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 53-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 31-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if adding a smile creates a new message.","Justice Sotomayor asked if context matters for the use."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of artistic reuse. It determines how much original work remains protected."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 53-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 53-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 31-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 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41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-49"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-869-andy-warhol-found-inc-v-goldsmith","term":"2022","title":"Does a new artistic message justify copying a copyrighted photo?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 53-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 53-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-869_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 31-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Martinez argued the district neglected Miguel for twelve years.","Mr. Martinez claimed the district lied to his parents about progress.","Mr. Yang argued the side that brought the case followed the correct legal path.","Mr. Yang stated the side that brought the case settled the IDEA claim first. He then filed the ADA action for damages. He claimed he could not get those damages under the IDEA. Mr. Dvoretzky argued Congress channeled FAPE denial claims through IDEA procedures. He stated Congress wanted parents to use those specific procedures. He noted the default rule applies to post-settlement questions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 55-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 55-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 11-41"}]}],"caption":"Perez v. Sturgis Public Schools","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.847421Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.877307Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:10.221270Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Parents seek ADA damages after settling an IDEA claim. Schools argue this path violates federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 55-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 55-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 11-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us1r8_limq.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-887.html","primary_docket":"21-887","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:31:00.254883Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a parent must finish all IDEA steps before suing for ADA damages. The dispute centers on the interaction between two federal education laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 55-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 55-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 11-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 18, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Parents want to keep their ADA damages claim after settling the IDEA claim.","Schools want the court to dismiss the ADA damages claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 55-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 55-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 11-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Parents argue the ADA claim seeks different relief than the IDEA claim.","Schools argue Congress channeled all FAPE denial claims through IDEA exhaustion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 55-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 55-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 11-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if a progression of remedies implies exhaustion.","Justice Jackson asked if the statute contemplates parallel proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 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41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between IDEA and ADA remedies. It determines how parents access compensatory damages for educational failures. It shapes the procedural path for future disability education disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 55-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 55-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 11-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-887_b81g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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11-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-12-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-12-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Harris argued bankruptcy law gives honest debtors a fresh start.","She stated exceptions must reflect intentional wrongs by the debtor.","Mr. Tripp argued the fraud exception does not require personal intent.","He stated the answer to the intent question is no."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-19"}]}],"caption":"Bartenwerfer v. Buckley","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.992345Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.004695Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:19.752194Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a debtor must personally intend fraud to lose discharge protection.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 23-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-12-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us1r5_1b72.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-908.html","primary_docket":"21-908","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:33:33.656164Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the bankruptcy fraud exception. It asks if a debtor's personal intent matters when state law already found fraud."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 23-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 6, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the debt discharged because she lacked personal intent to defraud.","the opposing side wants the debt discharged denied because the debt stems from actual fraud."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 23-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute requires the debtor to personally commit the fraud.","the opposing side argues the statute bars discharge for any debt obtained by actual fraud."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 23-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if a partner's fraud benefits the individual debtor.","Justice Kavanaugh asked if state law fraud determinations remain intact under the code."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between honest debtors and fraudulent ones. It determines who keeps their fresh start in bankruptcy. It clarifies the role of personal intent in fraud exceptions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 23-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-19"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-908-bartenwerfer-v-buckley","term":"2022","title":"Does bankruptcy fraud discharge require personal intent?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-908_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 23-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","paragraphs":["The employer claims the employee earned over $200,000 annually.","The employer states the employee supervised a dozen workers.","The employer notes a guaranteed minimum of $963 per week.","The employee argues a daily rate is not a salary basis."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 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33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-9"}]}],"caption":"Helix Energy Solutions v. Hewitt","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.302825Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:17.333161Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:16.458552Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a guaranteed weekly minimum qualifies as a salary under federal labor law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 39-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us1r4_1a7d.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/21-984.html","primary_docket":"21-984","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:43:14.828732Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the definition of a salary for executive employees. The lower court ruled against the employer. The employer seeks reversal. The employee seeks affirmation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 39-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 12, 2022."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 41-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The employer wants the Court to reverse the lower court decision.","The employee wants the Court to affirm the lower court decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 39-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The employer argues the guaranteed weekly minimum satisfies the salary requirement.","The employee argues a daily rate does not meet the salary definition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 39-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Jackson asked why the amount is the only relevant marker.","Justice Sotomayor asked how the reading removes the basis concept."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 51-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the salary requirement for executive employees. It determines who qualifies for overtime exemptions. It affects compensation structures for high earners."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 39-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-9"}]}],"slug":"2022-21-984-helix-energy-solutions-v-hewitt","term":"2022","title":"Does a guaranteed weekly minimum count as a salary?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/21-984_10n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 39-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-03-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-03-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","paragraphs":["Coinbase's lawyer argued that the divestiture rule implies an automatic stay.","Bielski's lawyer argued that the statute text does not mandate a stay.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the consistency of the automatic stay rule."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-7"}]}],"caption":"Coinbase, Inc. v. Bielski","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.535203Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.590111Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:07.607820Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Coinbase argues that appealing an arbitration order pauses the main lawsuit. Bielski argues that the appeal does not pause the main lawsuit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 17-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-03-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/599us1r48_986b.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-105.html","primary_docket":"22-105","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:28:23.276597Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks whether a party can pause a main lawsuit by appealing an arbitration order. Coinbase wants the appeal to pause the main lawsuit. Bielski wants the main lawsuit to continue during the appeal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 21, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 47-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Coinbase wants the appeal to pause the main lawsuit.","Bielski wants the main lawsuit to continue during the appeal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Coinbase argues that the Federal Arbitration Act implies an automatic stay.","Bielski argues that the Federal Arbitration Act text does not mandate a stay."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how this differs from a forum selection clause.","Justice Sotomayor asked how the district court can reconsider an arbitration order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether companies can pause lawsuits by appealing arbitration orders. It affects how quickly courts resolve commercial disputes. It shapes the balance between arbitration and litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 17-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-7"}]}],"slug":"2022-22-105-coinbase-inc-v-bielski","term":"2022","title":"Does appealing an arbitration order automatically pause the main lawsuit?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-105_i32c.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 17-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-04-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-04-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case contends that free speech protections require narrow definitions for exceptions.","The state asserts that history supports prosecuting true threats without specific intent.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 108, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 108, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 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9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 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15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-51"}]}],"caption":"Counterman v. Colorado","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.408030Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.465793Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:06.626943Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether criminalizing true threats requires proof that the speaker intended to threaten.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 108, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 108, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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53-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-04-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/600us1r51_g3bi.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-138.html","primary_docket":"22-138","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:23:56.192242Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks if the First Amendment requires a specific intent element for true threat prosecutions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 108, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 108, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 13-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 13-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 53-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 19, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 35-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to require proof of specific intent for true threat convictions.","The state wants the Court to allow convictions based on knowledge or recklessness."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 108, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 108, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 13-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 13-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 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why true threats receive more protection than obscenity.","Justice Alito asked if knowledge suffices when purpose is not required."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 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33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the mental state required to criminalize threatening speech. It balances free expression against public safety. The outcome shapes how prosecutors prove intent in threat cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 108, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 108, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 13-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 13-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 53-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-138_986b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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53-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Blatt argued the dog toy copies Jack Daniel's trademark and trade dress.","Mr. Cooper argued that iconic brands are celebrities and people can mock them.","Mr. Guarnieri addressed hypotheticals regarding trademark infringement and consumer confusion."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 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7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 27-25"}]}],"caption":"Jack Daniel's Properties, Inc. v. VIP Products","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.562493Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.566233Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:27.699321Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Jack Daniel's claims a dog toy parodies its brand. VIP Products argues the First Amendment protects that speech.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 27-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/599us1r35_3f14.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-148.html","primary_docket":"22-148","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:27:45.517679Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Jack Daniel's wants the court to uphold the lower court's finding of trademark infringement. VIP Products wants the court to protect its parody as free speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 27-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 22, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 41-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Jack Daniel's seeks a ruling that the dog toy infringes its trademark.","VIP Products seeks a ruling that the First Amendment protects its parody."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 27-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Jack Daniel's argues that all trademarks have speech rights and infringement always implicates speech.","VIP Products argues that iconic brands are celebrities and people can make fun of them."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 27-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if a statement can fail the Rogers test yet not confuse consumers.","Justice Kagan stated that the Rogers test is unnecessary for this specific case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between trademark protection and free speech. It determines how brands can respond to parody. It affects consumer confusion standards in commercial speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 27-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-148_d523.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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stand."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 113, lines 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41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-37"}]}],"caption":"Tyler v. Hennepin County","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.468597Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.499363Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:29.345495Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"A homeowner argues the government must pay for extra value taken during a tax sale. The county argues tax sales are not takings.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 113, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 113, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-04-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us2r27_aplc.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-166.html","primary_docket":"22-166","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:53:31.532974Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Geraldine Tyler owed $15,000 in taxes and penalties. Hennepin County sold her home to collect that debt. She claims the government took more value than it owed. The county says tax sales are not takings. The Court must decide if the Fifth Amendment applies here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 113, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 113, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 26, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Tyler wants the Court to require the government to pay for excess value taken during a tax sale.","Hennepin County wants the Court to confirm that tax sales are not takings under the Constitution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 113, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 113, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Tyler argues the government has a constitutional duty to return or pay for any excess value taken to satisfy a debt.","Hennepin County argues that taxes are not takings and the government may seize property to recoup owed money."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 113, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 113, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked what defines property if state law does not.","Justice Barrett asked if a conditional redemption statute would satisfy the Fifth Amendment under prior precedent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether homeowners receive compensation for excess value taken during tax sales. It clarifies the scope of the Fifth Amendment's protection against government takings. The outcome affects how states conduct tax sales and protect property rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 113, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 113, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 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31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-37"}]}],"slug":"2022-22-166-tyler-v-hennepin-county","term":"2022","title":"Does the Constitution require the government to return excess value from a tax sale?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 113, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 113, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-166_h4d8.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","paragraphs":["Aaron Streett argued that the current standard violates the statute's promise.","He stated that employees should not choose between faith and jobs.","He argued that the government does not defend the current test's rationale.","Elizabeth Prelogar argued that courts have applied the current standard for fifty years."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-31"}]}],"caption":"Groff v. DeJoy","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.375015Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.408196Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:06.439880Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a minor inconvenience to an employer blocks a religious accommodation under federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/600us1r55_3dq4.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-174.html","primary_docket":"22-174","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:24:31.762573Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the legal standard for religious accommodations in the workplace. the side that brought the case argues the current standard is too weak. the opposing side argues the current standard provides necessary stability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 18, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to replace the current standard with a stricter one.","the opposing side wants the Court to keep the current standard intact."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the current standard forces employees to choose between faith and work.","the opposing side argues the current standard has guided courts for fifty years."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked whether the original case considered the current statute.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the side that brought the case concedes that violating a union contract is a burden."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the cost threshold for religious accommodations. It affects how employers manage schedules and union agreements. It determines the balance between employee faith and business operations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-174_ancf.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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27-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-03-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-03-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","paragraphs":["Fletcher argued Hansen induced noncitizens to stay illegally for financial gain.","Bhandari argued the government concedes the statute is unconstitutional as written.","Bhandari claimed the government seeks to rewrite the law to target only solicitation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 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33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 39-11"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Hansen","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.559788Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.592900Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:07.919378Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The government argues the law targets fraud. Hansen argues it punishes protected speech.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 39-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-03-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/599us1r49_jgkn.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-179.html","primary_docket":"22-179","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:27:04.173844Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Hansen faces charges for inducing noncitizens to stay in the U.S. illegally. He claims this law violates his free speech rights. The government says the law targets criminal conduct, not speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 39-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 27, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 13-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold Hansen's conviction.","Hansen wants the Court to reverse his conviction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 39-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the statute targets criminal inducement, not protected speech.","Hansen argues the statute criminalizes protected speech and is unconstitutionally broad."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 39-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kavanaugh asked how to handle potential jury instruction errors.","Justice Sotomayor asked about prosecutions of lawyers advising clients on legal consequences."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between criminal conduct and protected speech. It determines whether laws can punish advice that encourages illegal status. The outcome shapes future prosecutions of immigration-related speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 39-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 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23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-35"}]}],"slug":"2022-22-179-united-states-v-hansen","term":"2022","title":"Does a federal law criminalizing the inducement of illegal residence violate the First Amendment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 17-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 17-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-179_jgkn.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 39-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Flynn asserted that a jury instruction eliminates Confrontation Clause problems.","Mr. Shanmugam argued that the government's approach suffers from two problems.","Justice Alito noted the redaction resembles the standard in Gray.","Justice Barrett questioned how the rule applies to two defendants."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-35"}]}],"caption":"Samia v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.625755Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.631343Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:25.152712Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a judge's instruction to ignore a co-defendant's confession satisfies the Sixth Amendment when that confession explicitly names the defendant.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/599us1r46_dc8f.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-196.html","primary_docket":"22-196","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:25:46.299618Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Samia argues that a co-defendant's confession violates his rights even if the jury ignores it. The government argues that a proper jury instruction cures any constitutional defect."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 29, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Samia wants the Court to rule that the confession violated his rights.","The government wants the Court to rule that the jury instruction cured the defect."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Samia argues that the confession's content inherently violates the Confrontation Clause.","The government argues that a jury instruction to ignore the evidence resolves the issue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if Samia preserved the argument at trial.","Justice Alito asked if the defense proposed an alternative redaction method."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of jury instructions in criminal trials. It determines whether specific evidence can be admitted despite constitutional concerns. The outcome shapes how courts handle co-defendant confessions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-35"}]}],"slug":"2022-22-196-samia-v-united-states","term":"2022","title":"Does a jury instruction cure a Confrontation Clause violation when a co-defendant's confession names the defendant?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-196_8kj4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Russell argued the term such security refers to registered shares.","Mr. Hungar argued Sections 11 and 12 enforce registration requirements.","Mr. Hungar stated Slack did not withdraw its registration statement entirely.","Justice Sotomayor questioned why Section 4 needed specific mention in the statute."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-53"}]}],"caption":"Slack Technologies, LLC v. Pirani","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.372362Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.405437Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:06.261064Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Slack argues Section 11 covers only registered shares. Pirani argues it covers all shares in the offering.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 49-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us2r31_5h26.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-200.html","primary_docket":"22-200","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:24:50.650794Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Slack Technologies and Pirani dispute the scope of securities liability. Slack claims Section 11 applies only to registered shares. Pirani claims it applies to all shares in the offering. The Court must define the statutory term such security."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 49-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 17, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Slack wants the Court to limit Section 11 liability to registered shares only.","Pirani wants the Court to extend Section 11 liability to all shares in the offering."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 49-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Slack argues the statute links liability exclusively to registered shares.","Pirani argues the statute covers all shares sold in the direct listing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 49-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if direct listings existed before this case.","Justice Thomas asked about the origin of the tracing requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-53"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of securities fraud liability. Investors rely on this definition to assess risk. Companies rely on it to structure offerings. The outcome shapes future direct listing practices."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 49-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-53"}]}],"slug":"2022-22-200-slack-technologies-llc-v-pirani","term":"2022","title":"Does Section 11 liability cover unregistered shares sold in a direct listing?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-200_5i29.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 49-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","paragraphs":["Justice Gorsuch asked which of three argument categories remained preserved after the district court's order.","Justice Gorsuch noted that some purely legal questions might not require renewal, but disputed facts remained.","Justice Gorsuch asked if the side that brought the case was abandoning fact-bound arguments about procedural opacity and frustration."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 55-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 55-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-7"}]}],"caption":"Dupree v. Younger","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.437846Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:06.779461Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The parties dispute whether a district court's denial of summary judgment preserves purely legal issues for appellate review.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us2r29_k5fm.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-210.html","primary_docket":"22-210","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:23:33.677102Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of appellate review after a district court denies summary judgment. The core conflict centers on whether purely legal issues remain live for appeal when a court declines to resolve them at the pretrial stage."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 24, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to confirm that purely legal issues denied at summary judgment remain preserved for appellate review.","the opposing side wants the Court to hold that denying summary judgment leaves claims and defenses live until trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that resolving a purely legal issue against a party at summary judgment preserves that issue for appeal.","the opposing side argues that denying summary judgment delays final adjudication of a claim or defense until trial, keeping it live."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Jackson asked why the district judge's order did not need to resolve disputes about Younger's adherence to process.","Justice Thomas questioned whether the practice defies standard procedures when parties try cases differently than anticipated at pretrial stages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 55-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 55-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines how appellate courts review lower-court denials of summary judgment. It clarifies which legal issues survive pretrial motions. The outcome shapes the finality of district court orders. It affects the efficiency of the federal judicial process. It defines the boundary between pretrial and trial-stage adjudication."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 55-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 55-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-7"}]}],"slug":"2022-22-210-dupree-v-younger","term":"2022","title":"Does denying summary judgment preserve legal issues for appeal?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-210_1edg.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Shah argued the question is whether Congress abrogated tribal immunity in the Bankruptcy Code.","Mr. Shah stated that reading the phrase to include tribes is not wholly unreasonable.","Mr. Raynor argued the Code unequivocally abrogates the immunity of all governments, including tribes.","Mr. Rapawy argued tribes are governments because they exercise governmental authority and functions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-15"}]}],"caption":"Lac du Flambeau Band v. Coughlin","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.437865Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.468555Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Lac du Flambeau Band seeks to keep its immunity from bankruptcy damages claims. The opposing side argues the statute removes that protection.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-227.html","primary_docket":"22-227","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:23:13.324731Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether federal bankruptcy law overrides the legal shield that protects Indian tribes from certain lawsuits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 24, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Lac du Flambeau Band wants the Court to preserve its sovereign immunity from bankruptcy damages actions.","The opposing side wants the Court to rule that the Bankruptcy Code removes tribal sovereign immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Band argues the statute does not clearly target Indian tribes for immunity removal.","The opposing side argues the phrase foreign or domestic government includes all governments, including tribes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if Congress must explicitly name tribes to remove their immunity.","Justice Barrett asked if the phrase every government would abrogate state sovereign immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the legal boundary between tribal sovereignty and federal bankruptcy law. It determines whether tribes face financial liability in bankruptcy proceedings. The outcome shapes the balance of power between tribal nations and federal courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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19-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-227_94l8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Gannon argued that Congress understood obstruction to include pre-proceeding crimes. He stated that the term covered acts before a formal case began. He emphasized the historical understanding of the phrase in 1996.","Ms. Hutton argued that the term implies interference with a pending proceeding. She stated that Congress chose a specific term of art. She emphasized the need for a nexus to an active legal process.","Justice Sotomayor asked about crimes that do not involve aiding a criminal. She questioned if failing to report a crime counts as obstruction. She sought to clarify the boundary of the legal definition.","Justice Kagan asked about the requirement of a nexus to a proceeding. She inquired if reasonable foreseeability is the standard. She referenced previous Board indications on this issue."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 117, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 117, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-49"}]}],"caption":"Pugin v. Garland","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.323459Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.374991Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:40.043377Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law defines obstruction of justice as interference with any investigation or only with a currently active legal proceeding.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 117, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 117, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 11-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/599us1r45_6537.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-23.html","primary_docket":"22-23","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:25:11.316193Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a 1996 immigration statute. The law treats certain obstruction crimes as aggravated felonies. The core issue is the meaning of the phrase relating to obstruction of justice. One side argues the phrase covers crimes committed before a formal proceeding begins. The other side argues the phrase requires interference with an active legal process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 117, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 117, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 11-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 17, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 33-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to define obstruction broadly. It seeks to include crimes committed before a formal proceeding starts. This interpretation would allow deportation for a wider range of conduct.","the side that brought the case wants the Court to define obstruction narrowly. It seeks to limit the term to interference with a pending proceeding. This interpretation would exclude crimes committed before an investigation formally begins."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 117, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 117, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 11-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that Congress used a broad term of art. It contends that obstruction includes acts that hinder any future investigation. This view relies on the phrase relating to as a broadening modifier.","the side that brought the case argues that obstruction requires a specific nexus to an active process. It contends that the term implies interference with a pending proceeding. This view relies on the need for a reasonable foreseeability of a specific legal action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 117, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 117, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 11-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked how the phrase relating to affects the definition. He noted that a broad definition becomes even broader with this language. He questioned the scope of the term obstruction of justice.","Justice Thomas asked for a straightforward definition of obstruction of justice. He sought a clear boundary for the legal term. He wanted to understand the core meaning of the offense."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 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51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 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35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The definition of obstruction determines who faces deportation. A broad definition includes more criminal acts. A narrow definition excludes acts without a pending proceeding. This distinction affects the rights of non-citizens. It shapes the scope of federal immigration power. The outcome defines the boundary of criminal liability in this context."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 117, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 117, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 11-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-49"}]}],"slug":"2022-22-23-pugin-v-garland","term":"2022","title":"Does an obstruction crime require a pending legal proceeding?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 117, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 117, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-23_4m1d.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 11-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-04-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-04-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Levy argued that RICO injury occurs at the plaintiff's domicile.","Mr. Kennedy argued that RICO injury occurs where the property is located.","Justice Thomas questioned whether all property injuries accrue at the domicile.","Justice Jackson asked about the relevance of the Chattanooga case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-1"}]}],"caption":"Yegiazaryan v. Smagin","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.472098Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.503112Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:29.567345Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The parties dispute whether a civil RICO injury happens at the victim's home state or at the location of the damaged property.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-04-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/599us1r43_jhek.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-381.html","primary_docket":"22-381","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:22:54.904026Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the geographic scope of civil RICO claims. The Court must define where an injury occurs for jurisdictional purposes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 25, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to hold that injury occurs at the victim's domicile.","the opposing side wants the Court to hold that injury occurs where the property is located."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that RICO injury attaches to the victim's home state under common law.","the opposing side argues that RICO injury attaches to the location of the damaged property."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Jackson asked if the principle from RJR Nabisco directs injury to the person.","Chief Justice Roberts asked why the injury cannot be considered domestic given the connections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the geographic reach of federal civil RICO jurisdiction. It determines which state courts hear these specific economic claims. It shapes the balance between domestic and foreign property interests."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-1"}]}],"slug":"2022-22-381-yegiazaryan-v-smagin","term":"2022","title":"Does a RICO injury occur where the victim lives or where the property sits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-381_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Ross argued the statute targets the most serious offenders.","Mr. Rosenberg argued the text does not bar concurrent sentences.","Justice Alito questioned the government's reliance on congressional intent.","Justice Thomas asked about the accumulation of penalties under the statute."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-23"}]}],"caption":"Lora v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.599317Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.628494Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a specific statute mandates consecutive prison terms for firearm offenses.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-49.html","primary_docket":"22-49","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:26:26.177467Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the interpretation of a federal sentencing statute. The core issue involves how courts apply penalties for gun-related crimes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 28, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to allow concurrent sentences for these offenses.","The government wants the court to enforce mandatory consecutive sentences."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute does not explicitly ban concurrent sentencing.","The government argues the statute requires consecutive penalties for serious offenders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if sentences could be made concurrent.","Justice Thomas asked how the text favors the government's position."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This interpretation determines the length of prison terms for firearm offenders. It affects how judges calculate total time served for multiple crimes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-23"}]}],"slug":"2022-22-49-lora-v-united-states","term":"2022","title":"Does federal law force consecutive sentences for gun crimes?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-49_4f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","paragraphs":["General Prelogar argued the pandemic caused severe economic distress for millions.","She stated that many Americans struggled to pay rent and utilities.","She claimed the distinction between regulation and benefits matters here.","Mr. Campbell argued the Secretary is bypassing Congress on a major policy question."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-51"}]}],"caption":"Biden v. Nebraska","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.684698Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.714314Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.717093Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:23.976271Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The federal government claims pandemic laws let it erase student debt. Nebraska argues Congress must pass a specific law first.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 125, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 125, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/600us1r56_1o13.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-506.html","primary_docket":"22-506","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:55:03.021174Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The federal government says pandemic-era laws let it cancel student debt. Nebraska says Congress must pass a specific law first. The Court must decide if the Treasury can act alone."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 125, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 125, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 28, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The federal government wants to keep the debt cancellation plan active.","Nebraska wants the Court to block the debt cancellation plan."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 125, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 125, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The federal government argues pandemic laws give the Treasury power to cancel debt.","Nebraska argues the major questions doctrine requires explicit congressional approval for such large spending."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 125, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 125, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if Congress knew about the major questions doctrine.","Justice Sotomayor asked how the government handles the massive dollar amount involved."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case decides if the executive branch can cancel massive debts without new legislation. It defines the limits of presidential power over federal spending. It affects millions of borrowers and the balance of power between branches."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 125, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 125, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 125, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 125, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 126, lines 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51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 125, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-506_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","paragraphs":["The Department of Education argues the HEROES Act authorizes the program.","Brown and Taylor argue the HEROES Act does not authorize the program.","Justice Jackson questioned the nature of the challengers' injury.","Justice Gorsuch questioned the scope of the universal decree."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme 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41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-17"}]}],"caption":"Dept. of Education v. Brown","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.745102Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.750629Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:09.317960Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The Department of Education argues the HEROES Act allows loan forgiveness. Brown and Taylor argue it does not.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 35-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/600us1r57_o7kq.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-535.html","primary_docket":"22-535","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:29:13.393313Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Department of Education seeks to uphold the loan forgiveness program. Brown and Taylor seek to strike it down."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 35-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 28, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Department of Education wants the Court to uphold the loan forgiveness program.","Brown and Taylor want the Court to invalidate the loan forgiveness program."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 35-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Department of Education argues the HEROES Act authorizes the loan forgiveness program.","Brown and Taylor argue the HEROES Act does not authorize the loan forgiveness program."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 35-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Jackson asked if the challengers complain about insufficient forgiveness or procedures.","Justice Gorsuch asked how two individuals can obtain a universal decree."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 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33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether the HEROES Act authorizes federal student loan forgiveness."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 35-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-535_fdhk.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 35-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-01-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-01-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Harris argued Congress did not need a clear statement to waive immunity.","Ms. Brown argued Puerto Rico has long enjoyed immunity from federal suits.","Justices questioned whether Puerto Rico's status matches that of states or tribes."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 27-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-1"}]}],"caption":"Financial Oversight Board v. CPI","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.815194Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:22.585128Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Puerto Rico claims sovereign immunity bars federal lawsuits against its oversight board. The board argues Congress waived that immunity.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 27-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-01-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2022","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/598us2r17_c0nd.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-96.html","primary_docket":"22-96","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:32:02.279128Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether Puerto Rico's sovereign immunity blocks federal court suits against its financial oversight board. The board claims Congress waived this protection. Puerto Rico argues its status as a territory preserves immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 27-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 11, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The board wants the Court to allow federal lawsuits against it.","Puerto Rico wants the Court to block federal lawsuits against it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 27-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The board argues Congress waived Puerto Rico's immunity for this specific entity.","Puerto Rico argues its territorial status preserves sovereign immunity against federal suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 27-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked how Puerto Rico's status differs from a state's.","Justice Sotomayor asked about the historical sovereignty of territories like Louisiana."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the legal shield protecting Puerto Rico's government from federal litigation. It determines whether the territory can be sued in federal court for board actions. The outcome shapes the balance of power between federal oversight and local governance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 27-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-1"}]}],"slug":"2022-22-96-financial-oversight-board-v-cpi","term":"2022","title":"Can Puerto Rico sue its federal oversight board in federal court?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 27-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2022/22-96_o2ka.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Liu argued the decree binds the United States without consent.","Mr. Wechsler argued the United States lacks a veto over state settlements.","Ms. Pettit stated the Compact divides water 57 percent to New Mexico.","Ms. Pettit noted Texas and New Mexico agreed on water shares."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official 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51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"}]}],"caption":"Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.599061Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.604742Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Texas and New Mexico seek a water settlement. The United States opposes the decree. The Court must decide if federal consent is required.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/141%20ORIG..html","primary_docket":"141 ORIG.","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:08:06.943251Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves the Rio Grande Compact. Texas and New Mexico want to settle their water dispute. The United States argues the settlement binds it without consent. The Court must resolve this conflict."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 20, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Texas and New Mexico want the Court to approve their water settlement.","The United States wants the Court to reject the proposed consent decree."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Texas and New Mexico argue the United States lacks a veto over state settlements.","The United States argues the decree imposes obligations without its consent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked why the United States remains if its interest matches Texas.","Justice Gorsuch asked how the United States aligns with Texas while opposing the decree."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines how federal agencies manage interstate water compacts. It defines the scope of federal intervention in state water rights. The outcome shapes future negotiations between states and the federal government."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 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lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"}]}],"slug":"2023-141-orig-texas-v-new-mexico-and-colorado","term":"2023","title":"Can the United States veto a Rio Grande water settlement between Texas and New Mexico?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/141-orig_2_5okl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","paragraphs":["Corner Post claims the clock starts when it pays the fees.","The Federal Reserve claims the clock starts when the rule becomes final.","Justice Thomas questioned the timing of injury versus rule adoption.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the injury claim given the known business structure."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 55-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 55-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-7"}]}],"caption":"Corner Post, Inc. v. Bd. of Governors, FRS","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.699768Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.730806Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:51.390800Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Corner Post argues the deadline starts when it pays fees. The Federal Reserve argues it starts when the rule passes.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 55-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 55-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/603us1r59_4fci.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-1008.html","primary_docket":"22-1008","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:12:57.414755Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Corner Post, Inc. seeks to challenge debit card fees. The Federal Reserve Board defends the final rule. The dispute centers on the six-year statute of limitations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 55-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 55-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 20, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 43-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Corner Post wants the Court to allow its challenge to the fees.","The Federal Reserve wants the Court to dismiss the challenge as time-barred."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 55-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 55-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Corner Post argues the limitations period starts when the company pays the fees.","The Federal Reserve argues the period starts when the agency adopts the rule."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 55-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 55-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked about cases where injury occurs long after the rule adoption.","Justice Sotomayor asked how a business can be injured if it accepts the rule structure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when businesses can challenge final agency rules. It determines the practical window for legal recourse. It affects the stability of regulatory compliance for all firms."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 55-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 55-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 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33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 55-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1008_f3b7.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 55-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Bidwell argued the opposing side over-reads Nieves. She said the rule targets in-the-field law enforcement. She claimed extending it to all officials is wrong.","Ms. Reaves argued the question is narrow. She said it asks what evidence satisfies the Nieves exception. She emphasized the specific context of the case.","Ms. Blatt argued probable cause has historically foreclosed these suits. She said Nieves created a narrow exception for warrantless arrests. She urged the Court not to expand that exception."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 27-23"}]}],"caption":"Gonzalez v. Trevino","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.569910Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.601985Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:56.890544Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether probable cause always defeats a claim that police arrested someone for retaliation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 27-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/602us1r42_l5gm.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-1025.html","primary_docket":"22-1025","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:08:26.574617Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of a legal rule from Nieves v. Bartlett. That rule allows probable cause to defeat retaliatory arrest claims. The parties disagree on how broadly that rule applies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 27-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 20, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to limit the Nieves rule to on-the-spot arrests.","the opposing side wants the Court to apply the Nieves rule to all government officials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 27-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the Nieves rule only covers split-second field arrests.","the opposing side argues the Nieves rule insulates all government officials from these claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 27-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if causal complexity concerns courts generally or only on-the-spot arrests.","Justice Sotomayor asked if probable cause can break causation as a matter of law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when citizens can sue for retaliatory arrests. It determines the scope of probable cause as a defense. It shapes police accountability in retaliation cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 27-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 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21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-19"}]}],"slug":"2023-22-1025-gonzalez-v-trevino","term":"2023","title":"Does probable cause bar all retaliatory arrest claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1025_k13j.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 27-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-01-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-01-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","paragraphs":["The developer's counsel stated the county forced a choice between paying a fee or losing land use.","The county's counsel stated the fee follows a predetermined schedule based on development type and location.","The county's counsel argued the Due Process Clause provides a check on unreasonable fees.","The developer's counsel noted the lower court treated the fee as a mitigation requirement, not a tax."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 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53-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 15-53"}]}],"caption":"Sheetz v. County of El Dorado","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.888949Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.915597Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:43.471198Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"A developer claims a county violated the Constitution by demanding a large fee for road work before issuing a building permit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 15-53"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-01-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us2r14_00m5.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-1074.html","primary_docket":"22-1074","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:15:20.317501Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether the Takings Clause covers a fee charged to offset development impacts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 15-53"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 9, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The developer wants the fee struck down as an unconstitutional taking of property.","The county wants the fee upheld as a valid regulation of development impacts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 15-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The developer argues the fee is a taking because it forces a choice between paying money or losing land use.","The county argues the fee is a reasonable regulation, not a taking, because it addresses development impacts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 15-53"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Jackson asked if the Takings Clause applies only when a specific property interest is taken.","Justice Sotomayor asked why the fee is not a user fee or tax, which Koontz allows."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the limits of local government fees for infrastructure projects. It determines whether developers can challenge such fees under the Takings Clause. This affects how communities fund public improvements tied to new construction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 15-53"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-9"}]}],"slug":"2023-22-1074-sheetz-v-county-of-el-dorado","term":"2023","title":"Does the Takings Clause apply to a permit fee for road improvements?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1074_qp3m.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 15-53"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-02-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-02-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","paragraphs":["Shanmugam argued the three-year limit bars older damages.","Earnhardt argued the discovery rule was not decided below.","Dubin argued the main legal question assumes a discovery rule."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-51"}]}],"caption":"Warner Chappell Music, Inc. v. Nealy","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.757341Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:58.666453Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Warner Chappell seeks damages for older acts. Nealy argues the three-year limit bars those claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 39-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-02-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us2r19_jifl.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-1078.html","primary_docket":"22-1078","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:12:23.452286Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the Copyright Act's three-year statute of limitations. the sides that brought the case want to recover damages for acts older than three years. the opposing sides argue the law bars those specific damages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 39-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 21, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Warner Chappell wants to recover damages for acts older than three years.","Nealy wants the Court to bar damages for acts older than three years."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 39-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Warner Chappell argues the statute allows damages for older acts.","Nealy argues the three-year limit strictly bars those damages."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 39-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if lower courts ruled on the discovery rule.","Justice Sotomayor asked how the statute ties damages to the time limit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of copyright damages. It determines how long plaintiffs can pursue older acts. It shapes the financial risk for copyright holders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 39-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-51"}]}],"slug":"2023-22-1078-warner-chappell-music-inc-v-nealy","term":"2023","title":"Can copyright plaintiffs recover damages for acts older than three years?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1078_775f.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 39-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Yang argued both counterparties and creditors are parties in interest.","Ms. Ho stated the insurer will pay virtually every dollar owed to claimants.","Mr. Marshall defined a party in interest as someone with a legal interest in the estate.","Justice Kagan asked how the at-the-outset rule fits with Article III requirements."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 49-51"}]}],"caption":"Truck Insurance Exchange v. Kaiser Gypsum Co. Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.572733Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.627718Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:56.498712Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether an insurer paying asbestos claims holds standing to participate in bankruptcy proceedings.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 25-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/602us1r32_2q24.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-1079.html","primary_docket":"22-1079","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:08:47.726375Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the definition of a party in interest under bankruptcy law. The core conflict involves standing to appear in court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 25-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 19, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 49-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Truck Insurance Exchange wants the right to appear and be heard in the bankruptcy case.","Kaiser Gypsum wants to limit participation to those with direct legal interests in the estate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 25-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Truck argues it is a party in interest because it will pay nearly all asbestos claims.","Kaiser argues a party in interest must have a legal interest in the debtor's property."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 25-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked a clarifying question about the legal standard.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned whether Article III standing requires a specific injury to the party itself rather than general dispute resolution among others."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme 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33-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who can participate in bankruptcy proceedings. It determines the scope of standing for third-party payors. It affects the rights of insurers in asbestos litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 25-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1079_4357.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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Moab Partners, L.P.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.921424Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.949431Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:02.086812Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The parties dispute whether omitting a material fact makes a statement misleading.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 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9-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-01-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us2r13_8mjp.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-1165.html","primary_docket":"22-1165","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:14:11.020085Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the legal standard for misleading omissions in securities disclosures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 16, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a narrow rule requiring a tight factual link between the statement and the omission.","the opposing sides want a broad rule where context determines if an omission misleads."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the text of Rule 10b-5 requires a specific connection between the statement and the omission.","the opposing sides argue the context of the disclosure determines whether an omission creates a misleading impression."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the distinction between half-truths and omissions is hard to apply.","Justice Sotomayor asked if a specific certification is part of the 303 filing requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of liability for omitted facts in corporate disclosures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-7"}]}],"slug":"2023-22-1165-macquarie-infrastructure-corp-v-moab-partners-l-p","term":"2023","title":"Does an omission render a disclosure misleading under Rule 10b-5?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1165_9m6j.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Joshi argued the case is moot.","Mr. Abbas argued the threat persists.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the sufficiency of the declaration.","Justice Thomas questioned the procedural fairness."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 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Fikre","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.857767Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.886206Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:01.180920Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The government claims a declaration moots the case. The challenger says it does not.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 11-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us1r11_7lh8.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-1178.html","primary_docket":"22-1178","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:15:59.245375Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The government argues the dispute is over. The challenger argues the threat remains."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 11-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 8, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the case dismissed as moot.","The challenger wants the court to hear the merits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 11-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government asserts a declaration prevents recurrence.","The challenger asserts the declaration fails to guarantee safety."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 11-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked how a declaration moots the case.","Justice Thomas asked how a declaration fixes bad procedures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when a government promise ends a legal dispute. It shapes how courts handle ongoing threats. It affects the power of executive agencies. It determines the scope of judicial review. It impacts the rights of listed individuals. It clarifies the standard for mootness. It influences future No Fly List challenges. It balances security and liberty."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 11-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-7"}]}],"slug":"2023-22-1178-fbi-v-fikre","term":"2023","title":"Does a government declaration end a No Fly List dispute?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1178_97m5.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 11-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-04-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-04-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case claim the Federal Arbitration Act requires a stay that preserves court jurisdiction.","the opposing sides claim the same statute requires a stay that ends court jurisdiction.","Justice Jackson questioned whether the statutory text supports the sides that brought the case' interpretation.","Justice Sotomayor asked if a court can dismiss a case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-15"}]}],"caption":"Smith v. Spizzirri","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.420255Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:54.736109Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case want a stay that preserves court control. the opposing sides want a dismissal that ends court power.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-04-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us2r22_o7jq.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-1218.html","primary_docket":"22-1218","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:04:41.802940Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a federal court retains jurisdiction after staying a lawsuit for arbitration. the sides that brought the case argue the court must keep control. the opposing sides argue the court must release control."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 22, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the court to keep jurisdiction during arbitration.","the opposing sides want the court to lose jurisdiction during arbitration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute mandates a stay that preserves court power.","the opposing sides argue the statute mandates a stay that ends court power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Jackson asked if the statute text supports the sides that brought the case' view.","Justice Sotomayor asked if a court can dismiss for lack of jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether federal courts retain administrative power during private arbitration. It affects the balance between judicial oversight and private dispute resolution."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-15"}]}],"slug":"2023-22-1218-smith-v-spizzirri","term":"2023","title":"Does a federal court keep jurisdiction after staying a case for arbitration?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1218_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","paragraphs":["Relentless claims Chevron distorts the judicial process. It asserts the doctrine undermines statutory interpretation.","The government claims Chevron has deep roots in jurisprudence. It argues the sides that brought the case lack extraordinary justification to overrule it.","Justice Thomas questioned the line between deference and judicial duty. He referenced Skidmore deference in his inquiry.","Chief Justice Roberts explored fact-bound interstate commerce scenarios. He asked if agency policy judgment remains pertinent there."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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Dept. of Commerce","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.986711Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.007384Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.019483Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Relentless argues Chevron deference violates the Constitution. The government defends the framework as essential to administrative law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 152, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 152, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 49-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-1219.html","primary_docket":"22-1219","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:13:50.308019Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the Chevron doctrine. This rule lets courts defer to agency interpretations of ambiguous statutes. the sides that brought the case seek to overrule it. the opposing sides seek to preserve it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 152, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 152, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 49-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 17, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 11-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Relentless wants the Court to overrule Chevron. It seeks independent judicial interpretation of statutes.","The government wants the Court to preserve Chevron. It seeks continued deference to agency expertise."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 152, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 152, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 49-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Relentless argues Chevron violates Article III. It claims judges must use independent judgment to interpret law.","The government argues Chevron is a bedrock principle. It claims overruling it requires extraordinary justification."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 152, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 152, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 49-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked how much deference conflicts with the judicial role.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if fact-bound commerce issues warrant agency policy judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the balance between judicial power and agency expertise. It shapes how federal regulations gain legal force. It affects the stability of administrative law precedents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 152, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 152, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 49-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 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41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-1"}]}],"slug":"2023-22-1219-relentless-inc-v-dept-of-commerce","term":"2023","title":"Should courts defer to agency statutory interpretations?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 152, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 152, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1219_4246.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 49-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-01-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-01-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Hansford argued that the specific relief requested by parties matters.","Mr. Geyser stated that prospective-only relief is insufficient for past injury.","Justice Thomas questioned whether prior cases support the LLC's position.","Justice Sotomayor linked the issue to the concept of equal payment."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 37-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-9"}]}],"caption":"United States Trustee v. John Q. Hammons Fall 2006, LLC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.888976Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.918475Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:01.739895Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the government must refund fees paid under a law the Court later found unconstitutional.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-01-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/602us1r38_mlho.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-1238.html","primary_docket":"22-1238","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:15:02.520824Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The United States Trustee argues that prospective relief alone fails to fix past monetary harm. The LLC argues that a refund is the proper remedy for unconstitutional fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 9, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 47-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The United States Trustee wants the Court to limit relief to future actions only.","The LLC wants the Court to order a full refund of past fees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Trustee argues that prospective relief adequately addresses the constitutional violation.","The LLC argues that past monetary injury requires a specific monetary remedy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if legislative intent determines the remedy for constitutional violations.","Justice Gorsuch asked who would execute the order and in what sequence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 37-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 37-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of relief for unconstitutional government fees. It determines whether taxpayers recover past payments or only stop future ones."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-1238_121f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 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St. Louis","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.110976Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.127164Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:02.944701Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether an employer must prove a transfer caused tangible harm to violate anti-discrimination laws.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 107, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 107, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-12-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us2r18_6j37.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-193.html","primary_docket":"22-193","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:16:27.317101Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Jatonya Muldrow claims the City of St. Louis transferred her due to her sex. She argues this violates Title VII. The City argues the transfer caused no tangible harm. The Court must define the legal standard for such claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 107, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 107, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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file page 70, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Muldrow argues that forcing a transfer based on sex is discrimination under Title VII regardless of the job's relative quality.","The City argues that the word against requires proof that the treatment injured the employee."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 107, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 107, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Jackson asked whether discrimination requires injury or if it covers non-injurious treatment.","Justice Thomas asked what legal work the preposition against performs in the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 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It determines whether employees must prove tangible harm to sue over biased transfers. The outcome shapes employer liability for personnel decisions. It clarifies the meaning of the statutory phrase discriminate against. It affects how courts evaluate claims of sex-based employment actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 107, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 107, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-193_3i4q.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-02-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-02-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","paragraphs":["Whitaker argued platforms market themselves as neutral forums.","Clement argued the law violates editorial discretion and compels speech.","Prelogar argued First Amendment protections cover social media curation."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 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49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-1"}]}],"caption":"Moody v. NetChoice, LLC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.760142Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.791124Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.823944Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:59.035410Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Florida argues the law levels the playing field. NetChoice argues it censors speech.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 156, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 156, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-02-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/603us1r58_8mj9.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-277.html","primary_docket":"22-277","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:11:24.404286Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Florida enacted a law regulating social media platforms. NetChoice challenged the law in federal court. The lower court ruled in NetChoice's favor. Florida appealed to the Supreme Court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 156, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 156, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 26, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Florida wants the law upheld to curb platform bias.","NetChoice wants the law struck down to protect editorial discretion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 156, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 156, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Florida argues the law prevents platforms from discriminating against users.","NetChoice argues the law compels speech and discriminates by viewpoint."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 156, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 156, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked why a facial challenge fits when platforms can bring as-applied claims.","Justice Kagan asked why this case differs from previous parade sponsorship rulings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 9-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 9-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the limits of state power over digital speech. It determines whether platforms act as neutral forums or expressive entities. This shapes how Americans access information online."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 156, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 156, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 47-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 9-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 9-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-277_5924.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 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He stated that public officials remain private citizens. He claimed they retain First Amendment rights on personal property.","Mr. Joshi argued for the critics. He agreed that duty and authority determine capacity. He urged the Court to focus on property access denials.","Ms. Karlan argued for the critics. She cited the district court finding. She noted that receiving feedback is part of the trustees' duties."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-29"}]}],"caption":"O’Connor-Ratcliff v. Garnier","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.143410Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.159769Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:03.312784Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"School board members claim personal speech rights. Critics argue the board controls the platform and must follow state law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 21-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us1r09_hgci.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-324.html","primary_docket":"22-324","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:19:51.079247Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["School board members blocked critics on a personal Facebook page. Critics sued under federal civil rights law. The lower court ruled the board acted as state officials. The board members seek reversal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 21-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 31, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The board members want the Court to rule that personal social media posts are private speech. They seek to dismiss the civil rights lawsuit.","The critics want the Court to rule that the board members acted as state officials. They seek to keep the civil rights lawsuit alive."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 21-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The board members argue they retain First Amendment rights when acting in a personal capacity. They claim they can decide who participates in their own community discussions.","The critics argue the board members had a duty to receive constituent feedback. They claim the board controlled the platform and acted as state officials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 21-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if the source of the site changes the analysis. He asked if a school board official site differs from a personal one.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the test applies site-by-site or message-by-message. He asked how much blocking triggers state action status."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between private speech and state action. It determines whether public officials can exclude critics from personal online forums. The outcome shapes civil rights enforcement in digital spaces."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 21-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 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7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 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45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-29"}]}],"slug":"2023-22-324-o-connor-ratcliff-v-garnier","term":"2023","title":"Do school board members act as state officials when they block critics on personal social media?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 115, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 115, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-324_4gid.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 21-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-10-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-10-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Dvoretzky argued that ordinary grammar treats and as a simple conjunction.","He stated that the defendant must lack all three traits to be ineligible.","Mr. Liu countered that and distributes the negative phrase across three conditions.","He argued that the context confirms the distributive meaning of the word."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 109, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 109, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-15"}]}],"caption":"Pulsifer v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.236645Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.258063Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:04.631641Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a defendant must lack all three listed traits to qualify for a sentencing reduction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 109, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 109, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-10-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us1r07_19m1.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-340.html","primary_docket":"22-340","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:22:12.583135Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how courts interpret the word and in a federal sentencing statute. the side that brought the case argues the word joins three separate disqualifying conditions. The government argues the word creates a single combined requirement. The outcome affects how judges calculate prison sentences for eligible defendants."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 109, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 109, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 2, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to rule that lacking any one of the three traits allows eligibility.","The government wants the Court to rule that lacking all three traits is required for eligibility."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 109, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 109, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that and distributes the phrase does not have across three independent conditions.","The government argues that and joins the three traits into one single, combined requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 109, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 109, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Barrett asked how the side that brought the case reconciles their view with corpus linguistics data showing distributive usage.","Justice Kagan asked if the side that brought the case agrees the government wins if the statute used negative phrasing for all three traits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This interpretation determines which defendants receive reduced prison sentences. It clarifies how judges apply statutory grammar to individual cases. It sets a standard for reading similar legal lists in the future."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 109, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 109, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-15"}]}],"slug":"2023-22-340-pulsifer-v-united-states","term":"2023","title":"Does the word and require all three conditions for safety valve eligibility?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 109, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 109, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-340_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-10-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-10-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"Argument Analysis: October 4, 2023","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-429_9klb.pdf","paragraphs":["The hotel argued that resolving standing was necessary to prevent jurisdictional manipulation. The plaintiff argued that discriminatory denial of information is a concrete injury. The government urged the Court to vacate the lower court's judgment. The justices tested whether the plaintiff had a concrete stake. They also examined if the case was moot due to changed ownership.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the risk of an advisory opinion. Justice Jackson probed whether observing a barrier creates standing. The Court ultimately dismissed the case as moot. It vacated the lower court's judgment and remanded for dismissal. This outcome avoided a direct ruling on the standing question."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Docket","label":"Official Supreme Court Docket — file page 1, lines 161-240","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-429.html","page_label":"file page 1, lines 161-240"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 6, lines 1-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us1r01_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-429_9klb.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-429_9klb.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-429_9klb.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-429_9klb.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 27-17"}]}],"caption":"Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-09-04T22:30:10.962030Z","explanation":"The Court held oral argument and published an official transcript.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Supreme Court dismissed the case as moot and vacated the lower court's judgment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Docket","label":"Official Supreme Court Docket — file page 1, lines 161-240","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-429.html","page_label":"file page 1, lines 161-240"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 6, lines 1-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us1r01_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-10-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us1r01_q86b.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-429.html","primary_docket":"22-429","revisions":[{"correction_note":null,"created_at":"2026-09-04T22:30:10.962030Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The core issue is whether a disabled person has standing to sue a hotel. The plaintiff encountered an accessibility barrier on a reservation website. She did not have concrete travel plans at the time. The hotel argued she lacked a personal stake in the outcome. This dispute centers on the constitutional requirement for a concrete injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us1r01_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-429_9klb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-429_9klb.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 43-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The lower court ruled in favor of the plaintiff. The hotel then changed ownership, which affected the legal dispute. This change created a mootness issue for the Supreme Court. The Court had to decide if it could still hear the case. Both sides agreed the case should be resolved on Article III grounds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-429_9klb.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-429_9klb.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-429_9klb.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The hotel wanted the Court to dismiss the case as moot. It argued that deciding standing would prevent future manipulation of jurisdiction. The plaintiff wanted the Court to recognize her injury. She argued that discriminatory denial of information is a concrete harm. The government urged the Court to vacate the lower court's judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 6, lines 1-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us1r01_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-429_9klb.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-429_9klb.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-429_9klb.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The hotel's advocate argued that indefinite travel plans do not satisfy standing requirements. They claimed ADA claims are limited to injunctive relief. The plaintiff's advocate argued that discriminatory treatment alone constitutes an injury. They distinguished this from a mere informational harm. The government argued that the ADA frames the standing inquiry."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-429_9klb.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-429_9klb.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-429_9klb.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 49-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-429_9klb.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-429_9klb.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor raised concerns about issuing an advisory opinion. She noted the plaintiff's withdrawal and the hotel's changed ownership. Justice Jackson questioned whether observing a barrier without intent to use the service creates standing. These questions tested the assumptions about concrete injury and jurisdiction. The justices probed the limits of Article III standing in this context."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-429_9klb.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-429_9klb.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 27-17"}]}],"slug":"2023-22-429-acheson-hotels-llc-v-laufer","term":"2023","title":"Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer: What the Court Decided","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us1r01_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-31"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 6, lines 1-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us1r01_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-10-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-10-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","paragraphs":["General Prelogar argued the Fifth Circuit decision was historically unprecedented.","Mr. Francisco argued the case involves checks and balances.","argument_summary"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-9"}]}],"caption":"CFPB v. Com. Fin. Services Assn.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.264870Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.292895Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:04.916894Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The CFPB argues its funding is constitutional. The industry group claims Congress broke the Appropriations Clause.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-10-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us2r21_7648.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-448.html","primary_docket":"22-448","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:21:58.009193Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The CFPB argues its funding is constitutional. The industry group claims Congress broke the Appropriations Clause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 3, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The CFPB wants the Court to uphold its funding.","The industry group wants the Court to strike down the funding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The CFPB argues Congress did not need to set a spending cap.","The industry group argues Congress must set a specific spending limit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked about the aggressive view of congressional authority.","Justice Gorsuch asked about the role of upper limits on spending."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how Congress funds independent agencies. It shapes the balance of power between branches."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-448_2ma8.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 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Raimondo, Sec. of Comm.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.954899Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.983968Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:50.825557Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to end judicial deference to agency statutory interpretations. the opposing sides defend the existing framework.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 49-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/603us1r54_o7jp.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-451.html","primary_docket":"22-451","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:13:33.804527Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of judicial power over agency rulemaking. The dispute centers on who interprets ambiguous laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 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41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the balance between judicial and executive power. It shapes how agencies regulate complex industries. It affects small businesses and individuals directly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 49-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 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53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 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23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-451_114p.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 49-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","paragraphs":["Jeffrey Wall argued federal law enforces maritime forum selection clauses.","Wall cited prior Court holdings on federal maritime policy exceptions.","Wall stated the boat is available for sale online for half a million dollars.","Bashman responded to the insurer's arguments with multiple counterpoints."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 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23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-17"}]}],"caption":"Great Lakes Insurance SE v. Raiders Retreat Realty Co., LLC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.295709Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.320637Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:05.605795Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"A yacht insurer and a boat owner dispute which state's law governs a denied claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us1r04_4g15.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-500.html","primary_docket":"22-500","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:21:06.250571Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether federal maritime law controls the outcome of a yacht insurance dispute. The insurer argues federal rules apply. The owner argues state law applies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 10, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 9-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The insurer wants the Court to apply federal maritime law to the dispute.","The owner wants the Court to apply state law to the dispute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The insurer argues federal law enforces forum selection clauses in maritime contracts.","The owner argues state law governs the specific insurance claim details."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kavanaugh asked if sophisticated parties often choose neutral forums without substantial connections.","Justice Alito noted old maritime law can be harsh regarding fire extinguisher requirements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between federal and state law in maritime insurance. It determines which legal rules apply to yacht disputes. It affects how insurers handle claims for vessel maintenance failures. It clarifies the scope of federal maritime policy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-500_2l82.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Taylor argued that Section 25b preempts state laws only if they prevent or significantly interfere with bank powers.","Mr. Stewart argued that the word significantly carries legal weight and requires determining if the outlay is significant.","justice_thomas_questioned_how_barnett_bank_guides_interpretation_of_prevents_or_significantly_interferes","justice_kagan_asked_what_exactly_it_means_to_examine_practical_effect"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official 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51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]}],"caption":"Cantero v. Bank of America, N.A.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.793930Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.826636Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:59.806422Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on the legal standard for determining when state consumer financial laws preempt federal banking authority.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 124, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 124, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 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43-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/602us1r29_0861.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-529.html","primary_docket":"22-529","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:11:06.643713Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks how courts should interpret the phrase prevents or significantly interferes in federal banking law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 124, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 124, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 43-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 27, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to apply a practical effect test to determine preemption.","the opposing sides want the Court to apply a test that examines the significance of the interference."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 124, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 124, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 43-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue that the practical effect of the state law determines whether it preempts federal powers.","the opposing sides argue that the word significantly requires a specific assessment of the interference's magnitude."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 124, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 124, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 43-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked how Barnett Bank guides the interpretation of prevents or significantly interferes.","Justice Kagan asked what it means to examine the practical effect of a state law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary between state consumer protection laws and federal banking authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 124, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 124, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 43-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-529_f64i.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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He cited telegraphs as a historical example of viewpoint discrimination.","Mr. Clement argued platforms are not common carriers. He stated they do not simply transmit messages from point A to point B.","General Prelogar acknowledged platforms do not fit traditional analogies. She addressed the unique nature of social media services.","Justice Gorsuch questioned the definition of speech under Section 230. He asked if editorial control constitutes protected speech."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 45-21"}]}],"caption":"NetChoice, LLC v. Paxton","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.791162Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.821114Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"Texas and Florida laws require social media sites to host user content. NetChoice argues these rules force speech. The states claim they protect free expression.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 45-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-02-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-555.html","primary_docket":"22-555","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:11:42.182287Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["NetChoice, LLC v. Paxton"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 45-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 26, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["NetChoice wants the Court to strike down the state laws. It argues the rules force platforms to host unwanted speech.","Texas and Florida want the Court to uphold the laws. They argue the rules protect user free speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 45-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["NetChoice argues the laws compel platforms to carry specific viewpoints. This violates the First Amendment right to editorial control.","Texas and Florida argue the laws prevent platforms from censoring users. This protects the public's right to free expression."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 45-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked how the law applies to blocking anti-Semitic speech. She sought a distinction between different types of speech applications.","Chief Justice Roberts asked what steps clients would take to comply. He wanted to know the practical impact of the laws if enacted."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 51-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 31-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of state power over digital speech. It determines whether platforms can refuse to host specific viewpoints. The outcome shapes the future of online discourse and regulation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 45-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 51-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 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53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-555_6a77.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 45-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case claim Mathews is the correct default standard.","the opposing sides cite historical statutes to support their position.","Justices questioned the purpose of post-seizure hearings."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 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21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 29-51"}]}],"caption":"Culley v. Marshall","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.140560Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.153785Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:40.684936Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek the Mathews standard for process. the opposing sides argue Barker controls the timeline.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 29-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us2r20_09m1.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-585.html","primary_docket":"22-585","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:20:32.290748Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests which legal standard judges use to review civil forfeiture process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 29-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 30, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want courts to apply the Mathews standard.","the opposing sides want courts to apply the Barker standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 29-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Mathews is the default civil due process standard.","the opposing sides argue history and precedent support the Barker standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 29-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if summary judgment resolves custody issues.","Justice Thomas asked if early summary judgment would change the outcome."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The choice of standard dictates how quickly courts must resolve property claims. This affects how long owners wait for their property. It shapes the balance between government power and private rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 29-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 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37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-1"}]}],"slug":"2023-22-585-culley-v-marshall","term":"2023","title":"Which due process standard governs civil forfeiture hearings?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-585_d6od.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 29-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued social media acts as a town square.","the opposing side argued government employees need free speech rights.","The government argued the duty or authority test applies."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-7"}]}],"caption":"Lindke v. Freed","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.171016Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.193980Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:03.518283Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"A city manager claims his online posts violated a resident's rights. The resident argues the posts were private speech.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 11-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us1r08_a8cf.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-611.html","primary_docket":"22-611","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:20:16.108059Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests when a public official's social media activity becomes state action. the side that brought the case argues the posts served a public function. the opposing side argues the posts were personal expression."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 11-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 31, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to find the posts were state action.","the opposing side wants the Court to find the posts were private speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 11-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the posts served a public duty.","the opposing side argues the posts were personal and private."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 11-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Jackson asked if the page contained personal photos.","Justice Alito asked about the percentage of work-related posts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between public and private speech. It affects how officials use social media. It shapes the rights of government employees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 21-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 21-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 11-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-611_p3lb.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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11-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-11-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-11-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","paragraphs":["Jeffrey Green argued that the best interpretation supports using the schedules from the prior conviction date.","Michael Adler argued that the 922(g) offense triggers the penalty and requires current schedules.","Raynor argued that the statute text requires using the schedules from the prior conviction date."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.989435Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.015750Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:41.822271Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on which federal drug schedules apply when a court reviews a prior state conviction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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25-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-11-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/602us1r25_p86b.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-6389.html","primary_docket":"22-6389","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:18:20.627772Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case asks when courts must check federal drug schedules for prior convictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 27, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Brown wants courts to use the drug schedules from the time of the prior conviction.","The United States wants courts to use the drug schedules from the time of sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Brown argues the statute text requires using the schedules from the prior conviction date.","The United States argues the 922(g) offense triggers the penalty and requires current schedules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Barrett asked why two defendants convicted simultaneously should receive different sentences based on sentencing timing.","Justice Jackson asked if applying the sentencing law at the time of sentencing is the ordinary federal process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines which federal drug schedules apply when courts review prior state convictions for sentencing enhancements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 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7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-6389_7q84.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 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25-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Anand argued Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to encourage whistleblowers to report misconduct.","Ms. Anand stated the question is how to prove claims of retaliatory intent.","Mr. Scalia argued the phrase discriminate because of requires a plaintiff to show discriminatory intent.","Mr. Scalia stated this transplanted phrase with its rich soil decides the case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 11-51"}]}],"caption":"Murray v. UBS Securities, LLC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.286330Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.317641Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:05.278002Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a worker must prove an employer acted with retaliatory intent to win a Sarbanes-Oxley Act claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 11-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us1r02_c07d.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-660.html","primary_docket":"22-660","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:51:29.656034Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how a worker proves an employer fired them for whistleblowing. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act protects employees who report financial misconduct. The core legal question is whether the phrase discriminate because of requires proof of intent. One side argues the law demands evidence of retaliatory motive."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 11-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 10, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 19-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to rule that a worker does not need to prove retaliatory intent to win a Sarbanes-Oxley Act claim.","the opposing side wants the Court to rule that a worker must prove the employer acted with retaliatory intent to win a Sarbanes-Oxley Act claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 11-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the statute requires proof that whistleblowing caused the adverse action, not proof of the employer's internal state of mind.","the opposing side argues the phrase discriminate because of requires proof that the employer acted with discriminatory intent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 11-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if an intent requirement exists without a burden-shifting framework.","Justice Alito asked if discriminatory intent plays no role in what the plaintiff must prove under the side that brought the case's view."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the evidence needed to prove whistleblower retaliation. It determines whether courts examine an employer's motive or only the causal link between reporting and firing. The ruling shapes the legal standard for all Sarbanes-Oxley Act claims. It affects how employers and employees navigate workplace disputes. The decision clarifies the meaning of statutory language in employment law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 11-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 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35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-45"}]}],"slug":"2023-22-660-murray-v-ubs-securities-llc","term":"2023","title":"Does proving a whistleblower was fired require showing the employer acted with retaliatory intent?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-660_5357.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 11-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-11-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-11-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Santos argued non-citizens can seek relief for family hardship.","Ms. Sinzdak argued statutory text bars review of discretionary relief.","Chief Justice Roberts noted the statutory standard requires comparative analysis.","Justice Alito distinguished this case from prior due diligence rulings."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-15"}]}],"caption":"Wilkinson v. Garland, Att'y Gen.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.047451Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.050494Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:02.668486Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek judicial review of hardship determinations. The government claims statutory bars prevent such review.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-11-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us1r10_k5fm.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-666.html","primary_docket":"22-666","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:18:03.626209Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether federal courts can review agency decisions on exceptional hardship. the sides that brought the case argue courts must apply legal standards. The government claims statutory bars block this review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 28, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want courts to review hardship determinations.","The government wants courts to deny review of these determinations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue hardship standards are legal questions requiring review.","The government argues statutory text bars review of discretionary relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if the issue is a legal question.","Justice Kavanaugh asked why the standard is not deferential."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of judicial oversight over immigration relief. It determines whether courts can correct legal errors in hardship cases. The outcome shapes the balance between agency discretion and legal accountability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 17-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 21-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-666_l6h2.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 21-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","paragraphs":["The government advocate stated the non-citizens failed to attend hearings after receiving written notice.","The non-citizen advocate stated the government repeatedly asks to be relieved of consequences for flouting the statute.","The government advocate argued Pereira does not resolve the current statutory question.","The non-citizen advocate argued ordinary English speakers do not use change to mean indeterminate to determinate time."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 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49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-17"}]}],"caption":"Campos-Chaves v. Garland, Att'y Gen.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.855107Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.883367Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:00.872969Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a notice lacking a specific date and location meets legal requirements.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/602us1r37_7khn.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-674.html","primary_docket":"22-674","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:15:39.653279Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The government argues a notice without a set time and place is valid. The non-citizens argue the notice must include a specific date and location."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 8, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to accept notices without set times and places.","The non-citizens want the Court to require notices to include specific times and places."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the statutory text allows notices without specific times and places.","The non-citizens argue the statute requires notices to state a specific time and place."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if changing a notice without a time and place still leaves it without a time and place.","Justice Thomas asked the government advocate to address how Pereira works against his position."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file 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25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the minimum content of immigration hearing notices. It determines whether agencies can issue vague notices. It affects the rights of non-citizens facing removal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-17"}]}],"slug":"2023-22-674-campos-chaves-v-garland-att-y-gen","term":"2023","title":"Does a notice without a set time and place satisfy immigration law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-674_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Stewart argued the law is consistent with the First Amendment. He stated the clause imposes a condition on a benefit.","Mr. Taylor argued the government's defense is incorrect. He stated the clause requires First Amendment scrutiny.","Mr. Stewart argued the requirement to function as a source identifier is key. He stated this proves the law is not a speech restriction.","Mr. Taylor argued the regime is built into the system. He stated this supports the need for strict scrutiny."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 53-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 53-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 43-23"}]}],"caption":"Vidal, Under Sec. of Comm. v. Elster","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.177519Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.191118Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:03.842023Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a federal trademark law violates free speech rights by denying registration to names of living people.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 53-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 53-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 11-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/602us1r33_qqm4.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-704.html","primary_docket":"22-704","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:19:29.523982Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if a federal trademark rule conflicts with the First Amendment. The rule denies registration to names of living individuals. The government argues the law is a valid condition on a benefit. The challenger argues the law restricts speech based on viewpoint."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 53-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 53-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 11-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 1, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 43-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the trademark rule. It argues the rule is a valid condition on a federal benefit.","The challenger wants the Court to strike down the trademark rule. It argues the rule violates the First Amendment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 53-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 53-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 11-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the law imposes a condition on a benefit. It claims this is not a restriction on speech.","The challenger argues the law restricts speech based on viewpoint. It claims this requires strict First Amendment scrutiny."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 53-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 53-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 11-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Gorsuch asked why the government can control the process. He described the path as difficult and fraught.","Justice Jackson asked about the concept of viewpoint-disparate impact. She noted the parties agree on facial neutrality."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of federal trademark authority. It determines whether the government can deny registration based on the identity of the name holder. This affects how businesses use personal names in commerce."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 53-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 53-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 11-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 21-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 21-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 39-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 39-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 43-23"}]}],"slug":"2023-22-704-vidal-under-sec-of-comm-v-elster","term":"2023","title":"Does the First Amendment bar trademark registration for living individuals?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 53-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 53-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-704_i624.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 11-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-11-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-11-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Simpson argued that a jury acquittal is final under double jeopardy law.","Mr. Petrany argued that Georgia law voids verdicts with contradictory findings.","Justice Alito asked if judges should instruct juries to deliberate further on inconsistencies."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-11"}]}],"caption":"McElrath v. Georgia","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.022357Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.038277Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:41.651284Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether Georgia law allows courts to declare a jury verdict void because its findings contradict each other.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-11-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us1r05_1qm2.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-721.html","primary_docket":"22-721","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:17:44.830269Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Damian McElrath faces a double jeopardy challenge. He argues a jury acquittal is final. Georgia argues its state law voids contradictory verdicts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 28, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["McElrath wants the Court to declare his acquittal final and bar retrial.","Georgia wants the Court to uphold its rule voiding contradictory verdicts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["McElrath argues a jury acquittal is final under fundamental double jeopardy principles.","Georgia argues its state law voids verdicts with facially contradictory findings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the state can act to void the verdict.","Justice Thomas asked about the legal effect of a repugnant verdict finding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the finality of jury verdicts. It determines if states can void acquittals based on internal contradictions. The outcome shapes double jeopardy protections nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-11"}]}],"slug":"2023-22-721-mcelrath-v-georgia","term":"2023","title":"Can Georgia void a jury verdict as internally contradictory?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-721_l0h7.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Guarnieri argued the deadline is mandatory but the consequence is the real issue.","Justice Gorsuch asked how the harmless error rule applies to this specific violation.","Chief Justice Roberts suggested the court could simply issue the late notice to fix the error."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-9"}]}],"caption":"McIntosh v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.788290Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:43.883133Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a court must fix a missed deadline for a forfeiture notice or if the error is harmless.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us2r17_nmio.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-7386.html","primary_docket":"22-7386","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:47:29.474394Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the legal effect of a missed deadline. The government argues the error is harmless. The defendant argues the error requires a new hearing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 27, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The defendant wants the sentence set aside because the court missed a mandatory deadline.","The government wants the sentence to stand because the defendant suffered no real harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The defendant argues the deadline is mandatory and the error requires a new hearing.","The government argues the error is harmless because the defendant had actual notice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if any third parties claimed the property.","Justice Kagan asked if a mandatory rule allows waiver unlike a jurisdictional rule."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts handle missed procedural deadlines. It determines whether a technical error voids a sentence or if the error is harmless. The outcome shapes future criminal sentencing procedures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-9"}]}],"slug":"2023-22-7386-mcintosh-v-united-states","term":"2023","title":"Does a missed deadline for a forfeiture notice void a criminal sentence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-7386_ipdh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 17-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-12-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-12-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","paragraphs":["Grossman argued the word income has a fixed meaning. He said it refers to gains coming into the taxpayer.","Prelogar argued the tax fits the amendment text. She said Congress can tax certain unrealized gains.","Grossman warned the government view is staggeringly broad. He said it attributes corporate earnings to any shareholder."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 145, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 145, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 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17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-49"}]}],"caption":"Moore v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.079348Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.098636Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.120118Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:40.870552Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The Moores argue the tax violates the Constitution. The government says the tax fits the Sixteenth Amendment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-12-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/602us1r41_h3dj.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-800.html","primary_docket":"22-800","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:16:50.767316Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of federal taxing power. It asks if Congress can tax unrealized corporate gains."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 5, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Moores want the tax struck down. They argue it violates the Constitution.","The government wants the tax upheld. It argues the tax fits the Sixteenth Amendment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The Moores claim income requires personal receipt. They say unrealized gains are not income.","The government claims Congress can tax unrealized gains. It says the amendment allows this power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why partners face similar taxes. She questioned the fairness of this attribution.","Justice Barrett asked if the issue is due process. She distinguished this from the definition of income."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 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43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the reach of federal tax power. It determines if Congress can tax unrealized corporate gains. The outcome shapes future tax policy and individual liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-800_6j36.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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49-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-10-11T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-10-11T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","paragraphs":["Appellants argue the legislature pursued a political goal of increasing Republican vote share.","Appellees argue the state defendants disclaimed race but the disparities suggest otherwise.","argument_detail"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 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27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-9"}]}],"caption":"Alexander v. SC Conference of NAACP","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.327079Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.382477Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.408066Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:06.054919Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Appellants claim political goals drove the map. Appellees argue race predominated in the line drawing.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-10-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/602us1r24_j4ek.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-807.html","primary_docket":"22-807","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:20:47.992298Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how courts weigh evidence when race and politics overlap in redistricting."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 11, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 53-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Appellants want the court to reverse the lower court's finding of a racial gerrymander.","Appellees want the court to affirm the lower court's finding that race predominated."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Appellants argue the legislature preserved the district's shape based on traditional criteria and politics.","Appellees argue the district's shape reflects a racial intent despite political correlations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if an alternative study controlling for geography reached a different result.","Justice Alito asked if the prior case involved direct evidence of intent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines how courts distinguish between political and racial motives in map drawing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 35-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-37"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-807_1chk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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Vullo","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.532043Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.541337Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:54.433532Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The NRA claims New York regulators coerced insurers into dropping its business. The state argues it only urged risk management.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 23-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-03-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/602us1r28_9o6b.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-842.html","primary_docket":"22-842","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:09:47.852210Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of government power over private speech. The NRA seeks a ruling that regulators cannot threaten action to silence critics. New York defends its authority to manage financial risks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 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file page 81, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 23-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Barrett asked if the NRA seeks new legal ground.","Justice Jackson asked how coercion leads to a First Amendment violation here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between government persuasion and coercion. It determines whether regulators can pressure private entities to drop clients based on speech. The outcome shapes future interactions between state agencies and private businesses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 23-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-842_1823.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 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23-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-11-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-11-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","paragraphs":["Benjamin Snyder argued Congress did not unambiguously waive sovereign immunity in 1996.","Joshi argued the Fair Credit Reporting Act expressly defines person to include government agencies.","Snyder cited the clear statement rule to ensure Congress specifically considered immunity waivers.","Joshi noted that ambiguity in similar statutes favors the government under sovereign immunity canons."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 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35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 33-1"}]}],"caption":"Dept. of Agric. Rural Dev. v. Kirtz","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.202196Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.233774Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:04.015708Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal agencies face civil liability for violating credit reporting laws.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 33-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-11-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us1r03_4gcj.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-846.html","primary_docket":"22-846","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:19:12.349944Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if Congress clearly waived federal sovereign immunity in the Fair Credit Reporting Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 33-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 6, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to affirm that federal agencies retain sovereign immunity.","The individual wants the Court to hold that federal agencies face civil liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 33-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the statute lacks a clear statement waiving sovereign immunity.","The individual argues the statute explicitly defines persons to include government agencies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 33-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if the statutory definition authorizes suits against natural persons and governments.","Justice Thomas asked why the term official is not sufficient to waive sovereign immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether federal agencies face financial liability for credit reporting errors. It defines the scope of federal sovereign immunity in consumer protection law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 33-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]}],"slug":"2023-22-846-dept-of-agric-rural-dev-v-kirtz","term":"2023","title":"Does the Fair Credit Reporting Act waive federal sovereign immunity?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-846_dijk.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 33-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-11-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-11-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Fletcher argued Congress authorized agencies to conduct adjudications.","Mr. McCulloch argued the SEC's authority expanded beyond its original foundation.","argument_summary"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official 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— file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, 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25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 45-17"}]}],"caption":"SEC v. Jarkesy","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.053200Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.075366Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.085974Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:41.400435Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The SEC seeks to impose civil penalties without a jury. Jarkesy argues the Seventh Amendment requires a jury for such claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 152, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 152, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 45-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-11-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/603us1r50_7kh7.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-859.html","primary_docket":"22-859","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:17:28.451636Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether the SEC can adjudicate fraud claims and impose civil penalties without a jury trial. The SEC argues Congress authorized agencies to conduct such adjudications. Jarkesy contends the Seventh Amendment guarantees a jury for these claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 152, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 152, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 45-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 29, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 141, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 141, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The SEC wants to enforce fraud claims without a jury trial.","Jarkesy wants a jury trial for his fraud claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 152, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 152, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 45-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The SEC argues Congress authorized agencies to conduct adjudications and impose penalties.","Jarkesy argues the Seventh Amendment requires a jury for fraud claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 152, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 152, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 45-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked about the definition of private rights.","Chief Justice Roberts asked about the public rights doctrine."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether federal agencies can adjudicate civil fraud claims without a jury. The outcome affects the scope of administrative adjudication and the right to a jury trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 152, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 152, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 45-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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trial?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 152, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 152, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-859_h280.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 45-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-11-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-11-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","paragraphs":["The veteran's counsel argued Section 3311 grants separate entitlements for distinct service.","The agency's counsel argued Section 3327 requires a mandatory election between benefits.","Justice Jackson questioned whether the veteran wears both benefit hats simultaneously.","Justice Thomas asked if a continuous service period changes the legal analysis."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-17"}]}],"caption":"Rudisill v. McDonough, Sec. of VA","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.222345Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.254383Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:04.369791Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a veteran must choose one benefit package or can claim separate entitlements for different service periods.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 45-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 11-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-11-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us2r16_2dp3.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-888.html","primary_docket":"22-888","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:18:36.207560Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case examines the interaction between two federal benefit statutes. The core issue is whether a veteran can receive benefits from both programs simultaneously for separate periods of service."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 45-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 11-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 8, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 25-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The veteran wants separate benefit entitlements for distinct service periods.","The agency wants the veteran to elect one benefit package and forfeit the other."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 45-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 11-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The veteran argues Congress granted separate entitlements for distinct wartime service periods.","The agency argues a mandatory election provision bars concurrent benefit usage."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 45-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 11-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Jackson asked if the veteran receives both benefits for separate service periods.","Justice Thomas asked if the election mechanism limits the second benefit set."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-17"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how veterans access education and training funds. It clarifies whether distinct service periods trigger separate statutory entitlements. The outcome shapes federal benefit administration for military families."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 45-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 11-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 45-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-888_olp1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 11-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-01-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-01-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","paragraphs":["Smith's counsel argued the substitute expert conveyed out-of-court testimonial statements without personal knowledge.","Arizona's counsel argued the testimony was not offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted.","Justice Alito noted that competent defense counsel could have requested a judgment of acquittal based on evidence."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 45-33"}]}],"caption":"Smith v. Arizona","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.918481Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.952093Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:43.231192Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a substitute expert may relay another analyst's lab results without violating the Sixth Amendment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 45-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-01-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/602us1r44_kjfm.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-899.html","primary_docket":"22-899","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:14:44.922042Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Jason Smith argues the state violated his confrontation rights. The state argues the testimony did not prove truth."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 45-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 10, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Smith wants the conviction overturned because a substitute expert relayed another analyst's statements.","Arizona wants the conviction to stand because the testimony did not prove the truth of the matter."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 45-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Smith argues the substitute expert lacked personal knowledge of the testing performed by the original analyst.","Arizona argues evidence not offered for the truth of the matter asserted does not implicate the Confrontation Clause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 45-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked why defense counsel could not simply question the substitute expert about the lab work.","Justice Thomas asked why the statements are testimonial and how they differ from the report in Williams."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 9-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 7-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of expert testimony in criminal trials. It determines whether defendants can cross-examine the actual analyst who performed the testing. The outcome shapes the scope of the Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 45-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 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31-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 31-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 9-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 7-7"}]}],"slug":"2023-22-899-smith-v-arizona","term":"2023","title":"Can a substitute expert testify to another analyst's lab results?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 25-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 25-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 45-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-899_l9g4.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 45-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-01-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-01-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case claim the Fifth Amendment imposes an explicit duty to pay money.","Texas asserts its constitution is more protective than the federal one.","Justice Gorsuch noted the Fifth Amendment may not create an independent cause of action.","Justice Barrett questioned how the ratifiers viewed the Fifth Amendment as supplying a cause of action."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 49-31"}]}],"caption":"Devillier v. Texas","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.952129Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.976750Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:50.969984Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek a federal damages remedy. Texas argues state law provides the only path.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 49-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-01-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us2r15_apl1.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-913.html","primary_docket":"22-913","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:14:26.486302Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether the Fifth Amendment grants a direct federal right to sue for property takings. the sides that brought the case argue the text creates this duty. Texas claims state law handles these claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 49-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 16, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 37-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a direct federal damages remedy.","Texas wants to limit claims to state law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 49-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Fifth Amendment text creates a federal duty to pay.","Texas argues state common law provides the necessary remedy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 49-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Gorsuch asked if the Fifth Amendment creates an independent cause of action.","Justice Thomas questioned the consistency of relying on extra-constitutional causes of action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 19-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of federal property rights. It determines whether citizens can sue directly under the Constitution. This shapes the balance between federal and state power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 49-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 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17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 19-21"}]}],"slug":"2023-22-913-devillier-v-texas","term":"2023","title":"Does the Fifth Amendment create a direct federal right to sue for property takings?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 49-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-913_9pg7.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 49-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2023-11-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2023-11-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","paragraphs":["General Prelogar stated that guns and domestic abuse create a deadly combination.","Mr. Wright argued that the government does not rely on analogues for outsiders.","General Prelogar claimed that Bruen does not require a precise historical analogue."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 55-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 55-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 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55-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Rahimi","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.205915Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.225146Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:35.821931Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law can ban domestic abusers from possessing firearms.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-53"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-11-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/602us1r43_p860.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-915.html","primary_docket":"22-915","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:18:55.544484Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the Second Amendment. It asks if the right to bear arms extends to individuals convicted of domestic violence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-53"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 7, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants to keep the ban on domestic abusers owning guns.","The defendant wants the court to strike down the federal ban."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues that domestic violence poses a specific danger to public safety.","The defendant argues that the law lacks a precise historical analogue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-53"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Barrett asked how the government proves certain behavior is dangerous.","Justice Thomas asked if civil actions differ from criminal proceedings in this context."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 55-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 55-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 55-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who can legally possess firearms. It balances individual rights against the safety of domestic violence victims. The outcome shapes future gun control laws nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-53"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-13"}]}],"slug":"2023-22-915-united-states-v-rahimi","term":"2023","title":"Does the Second Amendment protect a domestic abuser's right to own a gun?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 9-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-915_6khn.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 9-53"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","paragraphs":["Brian Fletcher argued that firing a bump stock rifle requires pressing the front of the rifle forward.","Fletcher claimed the device does not change the trigger's single function.","Brian Mitchell argued that the statutory definition focuses on the trigger's automatic function.","Mitchell stated that Cargill's device falls outside the machinegun definition for two independent reasons."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-49"}]}],"caption":"Garland, Att'y Gen. v. Cargill","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.826609Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.857780Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:00.113723Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a bump stock device turns a semi-automatic rifle into a machinegun under federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 114, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 114, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/602us1r36_k537.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-976.html","primary_docket":"22-976","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:10:09.885278Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The government argues that bump stocks make rifles function like machineguns. Cargill argues the device does not change the trigger mechanism. The Court must define the statutory term machinegun."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 114, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 114, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 28, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to classify bump stocks as machineguns.","Cargill wants the Court to rule that bump stocks are not machineguns."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 114, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 114, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government claims bump stocks allow a rifle to fire multiple shots with one trigger pull.","Cargill claims the statutory definition requires the trigger itself to fire multiple shots automatically."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 114, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 114, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked what happens to the trigger when a shooter does not need a bump stock.","Justice Thomas asked what a shooter must do besides depress the trigger on a machinegun."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether owners can legally possess bump stocks. It defines the legal boundary between semi-automatic and automatic firearms. It impacts federal gun control enforcement nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 114, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 114, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-49"}]}],"slug":"2023-22-976-garland-att-y-gen-v-cargill","term":"2023","title":"Does a bump stock device make a rifle a machinegun?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 114, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 114, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-976_l07n.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-04-17T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-04-17T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Ninth Circuit failed to defer to the district court's factual findings.","the opposing sides argue that de novo review is necessary to ensure fair capital sentencing.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-47"}]}],"caption":"Thornell v. Jones","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.408534Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.432337Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:54.989062Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek a new standard for reviewing factual findings in death penalty cases.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-04-17T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/602us1r27_jhek.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-982.html","primary_docket":"22-982","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:05:17.286363Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how appellate courts review lower court findings in capital sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 17, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Ninth Circuit to apply a deferential standard to factual findings.","the opposing sides want the Ninth Circuit to maintain its current de novo review approach."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Ninth Circuit erred by failing to defer to the district court's factual determinations.","the opposing sides argue that de novo review is the proper standard for assessing prejudice in capital cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why the Court should weigh evidence given the massive record.","Justice Thomas asked if the Court could resolve the case by rejecting de novo review entirely."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the standard for reviewing factual errors in death penalty appeals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 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21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-47"}]}],"slug":"2023-22-982-thornell-v-jones","term":"2023","title":"Should appellate courts reweigh evidence in capital sentencing appeals?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/22-982_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 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citizens.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the statutory language used by the advocates.","Justice Jackson noted similar language in other federal statutes."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-21"}]}],"caption":"Snyder v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.343745Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.370887Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:54.606208Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal law requires proof of corrupt intent to punish local officials who receive benefits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 53-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 53-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/603us1r48_g3ci.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-108.html","primary_docket":"23-108","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:42:23.009973Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Snyder v. United States"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 53-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 53-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 15, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 51-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Snyder wants the conviction overturned because the law requires proof of corrupt intent.","The government wants the conviction to stand because the law covers any benefit received."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 53-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 53-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Snyder argues the statute demands a serious mental state standard to prove guilt.","The government argues the statute targets any benefit that rewards local officials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 53-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 53-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if the argument depends on the vagueness of the standard.","Justice Jackson asked why Snyder claims this law looks different from similar statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 37-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 37-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 7-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 7-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal power over local government employees. It determines whether prosecutors must prove corrupt intent or only show a benefit was received. The outcome affects millions of state and local workers who handle federal funds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 53-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 53-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-108_o7jp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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He cited a specific victim's experience. He emphasized the need for accountability.","Daniel Garre argued for Purdue Pharma. He cited the plain text of the statute. He argued the release is legally authorized.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 121, lines 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41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 35-41"}]}],"caption":"Harrington v. Purdue Pharma L.P.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.065649Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:16.107180Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:41.212380Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Creditors seek to sue Purdue Pharma's owners. The company argues the bankruptcy code allows releasing them from liability.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 121, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 121, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 35-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2023-12-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/603us1r51_1b8e.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-124.html","primary_docket":"23-124","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:50:45.385252Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of bankruptcy law. It asks if a court can shield third parties from lawsuits during a company's reorganization."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 121, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 121, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 35-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 4, 2023."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Creditors want to sue Purdue's owners for damages.","Purdue wants to shield its owners from lawsuits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 121, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 121, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 35-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Creditors argue the bankruptcy code does not allow releasing non-debtors.","Purdue argues the code text permits releasing third parties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 121, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 121, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 35-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked how to narrow the broad statutory language.","Justice Alito asked if Congress should address this problem."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the power of bankruptcy courts. It determines whether companies can shield owners from liability. This affects how creditors recover losses in corporate bankruptcies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 121, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 121, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 35-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-25"}]}],"slug":"2023-23-124-harrington-v-purdue-pharma-l-p","term":"2023","title":"Can bankruptcy courts release non-debtor parties from lawsuits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 121, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 121, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 39-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 39-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-124_kp3g.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 35-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Fisher argued the government does not defend the Ninth Circuit's specific rule.","Mr. Guarnieri argued the rule's text limits its application to explicit mental state opinions.","questions_and_answers"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 29-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-43"}]}],"caption":"Diaz v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.566171Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.595371Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:56.353409Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether Rule 704(b) bars expert testimony that a defendant shares traits with a criminal class.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-53"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/602us1r39_2b8e.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-14.html","primary_docket":"23-14","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:09:06.122572Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of Federal Rule of Evidence 704(b). The rule restricts expert opinions on a defendant's mental state. The parties disagree on whether this ban covers general class-based testimony."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-53"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 19, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 9-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to reject the Ninth Circuit's narrow reading of Rule 704(b).","The government wants the Court to uphold the rule's plain text limitation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the rule bars any testimony allowing a jury to infer the defendant's mental state.","The government argues the rule only applies when experts explicitly opine on the defendant's own mental state."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-53"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if experts could clarify their testimony after testifying.","Justice Alito asked where the side that brought the case draws the line on barred inferences."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 29-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary of expert testimony in criminal trials. It determines whether juries can hear general class-based opinions. The outcome shapes how experts present evidence about defendant behavior."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 39-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 39-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-53"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-14_885f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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Johnson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.439126Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.449677Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.471648Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:55.030146Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Grants Pass wants to enforce camping bans. Johnson argues the Eighth Amendment forbids punishing homelessness when shelter is unavailable.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 141, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 141, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 168, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 168, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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beds are available."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 141, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 141, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 168, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 168, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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page 142, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 19-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Grants Pass wants to enforce its camping bans to protect public spaces and health.","Johnson wants the court to strike down the bans as unconstitutional status-based punishment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 141, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 141, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 168, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 168, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Grants Pass argues the laws target specific conduct, not the status of being homeless.","Johnson argues the laws punish the status of homelessness, which is cruel and unusual."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 141, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 141, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 168, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 168, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked what specific conduct is involved in this case.","Justice Thomas asked if the case involves repeat offenders or first-time offenders only."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 141, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 141, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 143, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 143, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 144, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 144, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 144, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 144, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 144, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 144, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 145, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 145, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 146, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 146, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 147, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 147, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 147, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 147, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether cities can ban sleeping outdoors when shelter beds are scarce. It affects public safety and the rights of homeless individuals nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 141, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 141, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 168, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 168, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 141, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 141, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 143, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 143, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 144, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 144, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 144, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 144, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 144, lines 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35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 147, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-37"}]}],"slug":"2023-23-175-city-of-grants-pass-v-johnson","term":"2023","title":"Can cities ban sleeping outdoors when no shelter beds exist?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 141, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 141, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 168, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 168, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-175_20f4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Brown argued Congress granted the Federal Circuit jurisdiction. She cited Section 1295(a)(9) and Section 7703(b)(1).","Mr. Davis argued the Court has clarified the law. He stated procedural rules are not jurisdictional without clear congressional intent.","Justice Sotomayor asked if courts of appeals are ill suited for factual findings. She questioned the government's argument on this point.","Justice Jackson asked if the Federal Circuit precedent holds the deadline is not subject to equitable forfeiture. She referenced specific case law."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-21"}]}],"caption":"Harrow v. Dept. of Defense","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.633514Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:54.094860Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the deadline is a procedural rule. The government claims it is a jurisdictional limit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-53"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us2r23_khlp.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-21.html","primary_docket":"23-21","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:07:43.890551Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether a specific filing deadline controls court jurisdiction. the sides that brought the case seek to preserve their appeal. The government wants the appeal dismissed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-53"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 25, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to reverse the dismissal. They argue the deadline is a procedural rule.","The government wants the Court to affirm the dismissal. It argues the deadline limits jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case claim the clear statement rule applies. They argue Congress did not clearly state the deadline is jurisdictional.","The government claims the deadline is a jurisdictional limit. It argues courts of appeals lack jurisdiction to hear the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-53"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked why the government could not raise the issue on remand. He questioned the sua sponte order to show cause.","Justice Thomas asked why the provision is not controlled by Lindahl. He referenced the specific statutory provision at issue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of appellate jurisdiction. It determines whether courts can dismiss cases based on missed deadlines. The outcome affects how federal courts handle procedural rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-53"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-21"}]}],"slug":"2023-23-21-harrow-v-dept-of-defense","term":"2023","title":"Does a missed filing deadline strip the Federal Circuit of jurisdiction?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-21_7m4e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-53"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-03-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-03-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","paragraphs":["Doctors argue FDA violated the law.","FDA argues the drug is safe.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 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11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-19"}]}],"caption":"FDA v. Alliance Hippocratic Medicine","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.660047Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.669369Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:53.714598Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Doctors claim FDA ignored safety data. FDA says the drug is safe.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-03-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/602us1r35_h3ci.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-235.html","primary_docket":"23-235","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:07:10.896487Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Doctors want to block mail-order abortion pills. They claim FDA ignored safety data. FDA wants to keep the drug available. It says the drug is safe and effective."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 26, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Doctors want to block mail-order abortion pills.","FDA wants to keep the drug available."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Doctors claim FDA ignored safety data.","FDA claims the drug is safe and effective."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if anyone can sue the FDA.","Justice Alito asked if the public has a remedy."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who can sue the FDA. It shapes access to abortion pills. It tests agency decision-making power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 43-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-235_g71f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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43-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Flynn argued the Act requires IHS to contract with tribes.","She stated the Act's basic design is simple.","Mr. Unikowsky argued the Act entitles tribes to recover disputed costs.","He noted the bulk of disputed costs are indirect costs."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 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39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-19"}]}],"caption":"Becerra, Sec. of H&HS v. San Carlos Apache Tribe","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.630584Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.662892Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:57.238226Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The San Carlos Apache Tribe seeks full reimbursement for indirect costs. The Department of Health and Human Services argues the law limits this payment.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 53-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 53-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 15-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/602us1r30_g3bi.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-250.html","primary_docket":"23-250","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:07:26.700091Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the Indian Self-Determination Act. The tribe claims the law mandates full cost recovery. The government disputes the scope of this obligation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 53-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 53-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 25, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The tribe wants the government to pay all disputed indirect costs.","The government wants to limit its payment obligation for these costs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 53-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 53-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The tribe argues the Self-Determination Act entitles them to recover these costs.","The government argues the law does not require full reimbursement for indirect expenses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 53-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 53-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if tribes must comply with Medicare and Medicaid rules.","Justice Gorsuch asked if the government acts as the payor of last resort."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines federal funding obligations for tribal healthcare. It determines how much money tribes receive for self-governance. It impacts the financial stability of tribal health systems."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 53-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 53-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 15-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-19"}]}],"slug":"2023-23-250-becerra-sec-of-h-hs-v-san-carlos-apache-tribe","term":"2023","title":"Does the Self-Determination Act require the government to pay tribes for indirect healthcare costs?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 53-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 53-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 47-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 47-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-250_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 15-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Ellsworth argued the Federal Arbitration Act requires enforcing the agreement.","Mr. Harris argued the parties fight due to strategic reasons.","questions_asked_by_justices"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"}]}],"caption":"Coinbase, Inc. v. Suski","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.852249Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:56:00.535806Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Coinbase wants a judge to enforce its arbitration clause. Suski wants a judge to decide if that clause applies.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/602us1r26_k537.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-3.html","primary_docket":"23-3","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:10:29.231589Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Coinbase argues the Federal Arbitration Act mandates enforcing its arbitration agreement. Suski argues the agreement lacks clarity. The Court must decide who resolves this threshold dispute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 28, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Coinbase wants a judge to enforce the arbitration agreement.","Suski wants a judge to decide if the agreement applies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Coinbase argues the Federal Arbitration Act requires enforcing the agreement.","Suski argues the agreement creates confusion about its scope."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if the rules create a valid arbitration agreement.","Justice Kavanaugh asked if the Court should remand the case to the Ninth Circuit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who decides if a user must arbitrate. It affects how courts handle ambiguous arbitration clauses. It shapes the balance between judicial review and private arbitration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 13-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-3_g21a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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23-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Lee argued the denial violated due process rights.","Mr. Gannon cited the high volume of visa applications.","Mr. Lee claimed the denial lacked a legitimate reason.","Mr. Gannon questioned why rights limit to spouses only."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 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17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"}]}],"caption":"Dept. of State v. Munoz","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.441901Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.468749Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:55.398297Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Sandra Muñoz argues the State denied her husband a visa without explanation. The State claims broad discretion over visa denials.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/602us1r46_gfbi.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-334.html","primary_docket":"23-334","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:04:08.986471Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a spouse can challenge a visa denial. The State claims broad discretion over visa denials. Muñoz argues the denial violated due process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The State wants to keep its broad visa discretion.","Muñoz wants a reason for the visa denial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The State claims broad discretion over visa denials.","Muñoz claims the denial violated her due process rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan questioned the ambiguity of the Mandel precedent.","Justice Sotomayor asked if spouses should dispute denial bases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of visa review rights. It affects how the State handles family separations. It clarifies the limits of executive discretion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 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47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-21"}]}],"slug":"2023-23-334-dept-of-state-v-munoz","term":"2023","title":"Can a spouse challenge a visa denial without a stated reason?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-334_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Blatt argued Section 10(j) requires traditional four-factor tests.","Mr. Raynor stated the case question has narrowed considerably.","justice_questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-37"}]}],"caption":"Starbucks Corp. v. McKinney","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.471483Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:54.583518Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Starbucks argues district courts must use standard legal tests. The government says labor boards control these decisions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/602us1r34_e29g.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-367.html","primary_docket":"23-367","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:04:26.439729Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Starbucks wants district courts to apply standard legal tests. The government wants labor boards to control these decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Starbucks wants the Court to reverse the lower court action.","The government wants the Court to affirm the lower court action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Starbucks argues district courts must apply traditional injunction factors.","The government argues labor boards control initial unfair labor practice findings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked how the side that brought the case reacts to the government's statutory text argument.","Justice Jackson asked about the Board's congressional duty to investigate unfair labor practices."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who decides preliminary labor disputes. It shapes the balance of power between courts and agencies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-37"}]}],"slug":"2023-23-367-starbucks-corp-v-mckinney","term":"2023","title":"Can district courts apply standard injunction tests to labor disputes?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-367_5he6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-03-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-03-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","paragraphs":["Jeffrey Fisher argued that precedent dictates the outcome here.","He stated that judges may only find what crime a defendant committed.","He emphasized that judges cannot find anything more than the elements.","The government advocate argued that the statute requires a recidivism determination. He claimed this legislative choice is consistent with the Constitution. He noted that judges must find the separateness of prior offenses."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 31-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 31-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-13"}]}],"caption":"Erlinger v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.636340Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.665841Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:53.494239Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue judges must only verify prior convictions. The government argues judges must decide if those crimes were separate.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 31-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 31-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-03-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/602us1r45_h31i.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-370.html","primary_docket":"23-370","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:06:30.756531Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of judicial power under the Armed Career Criminal Act. The dispute centers on whether judges can make factual findings about the nature of prior crimes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 31-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 31-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 27, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 31-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to limit judges to verifying prior convictions.","The government wants the Court to allow judges to decide if prior crimes were separate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 31-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 31-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue precedent limits judges to finding only the elements of prior convictions.","The government argues the statute requires judges to make recidivism determinations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 31-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 31-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kavanaugh asked if historical practice supports a constitutional requirement.","Justice Alito asked if the Court should hint at a specific standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between judicial and jury roles in sentencing. It determines how courts handle prior criminal records. The outcome shapes the balance of power in criminal trials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 31-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 31-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 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39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-13"}]}],"slug":"2023-23-370-erlinger-v-united-states","term":"2023","title":"Can judges decide if prior crimes count as separate offenses?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 31-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 31-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-370_5368.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-03-18T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-03-18T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","paragraphs":["Fletcher argued the government may not use coercive threats. He emphasized the distinction between persuasion and coercion.","Aguiñaga argued government censorship has no place in democracy. He cited a large record showing unrelenting pressure on platforms.","Fletcher addressed standing and the merits of the case. He clarified specific emails in the joint appendix."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 121, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 121, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"}]}],"caption":"Murthy, Surgeon Gen. v. Missouri","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.510373Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.537789Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:45.058774Z","explanation":"An official Court order was verified.","status":"order_issued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:45.340574Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Missouri claims federal officials coerced social media companies to suppress user content. The government argues it only persuaded private speakers.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 121, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 121, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-03-18T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/23-411_d1oe.pdf","https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/603us1r49_n6io.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-411.html","primary_docket":"23-411","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:09:26.254810Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of government power over private speech. Missouri seeks to stop federal pressure on platforms. The government defends its right to speak freely."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 121, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 121, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 18, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Missouri wants the Court to strike down the lower court ruling. It seeks to stop federal officials from coercing platforms.","The government wants the Court to uphold its actions. It seeks to confirm its right to persuade private speakers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 121, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 121, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Missouri argues federal officials used coercive threats. It claims this suppressed protected speech on private platforms.","The government argues it only informed and persuaded. It claims this distinction protects its First Amendment rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 121, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 121, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked about the constitutional basis for government speech. He questioned the application of state action doctrine.","Justice Sotomayor asked how the injunction harms the government. She sought specifics on the meaning of significant encouragement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the boundary between government persuasion and coercion. It determines how federal officials interact with private platforms. The outcome shapes the scope of free speech protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 121, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 121, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"}]}],"slug":"2023-23-411-murthy-surgeon-gen-v-missouri","term":"2023","title":"Can the government force private platforms to remove protected speech?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 121, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 121, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-411_5367.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Wold argued probable cause supported the detention.","Ms. Anand stated the charge-specific rule governs the claim.","Mr. Suri noted the main disagreement concerns the scope of the opinion."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-27"}]}],"caption":"Chiaverini v. City of Napoleon","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.373758Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.402867Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:54.791801Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to sue for malicious prosecution despite a valid charge. the opposing sides argue the valid charge defeats the claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/602us1r40_f20g.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-50.html","primary_docket":"23-50","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:06:11.945362Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of Fourth Amendment malicious prosecution claims. The dispute centers on whether a single valid charge bars a lawsuit. the sides that brought the case want to sue despite a valid charge. the opposing sides want the valid charge to block the suit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 15, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to sue for malicious prosecution despite a valid charge.","the opposing sides want the valid charge to block the malicious prosecution claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the charge-specific rule governs the lack of probable cause element.","the opposing sides argue probable cause supported the detention and bars the claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked why a money-laundering charge matters if murder has probable cause.","Justice Alito questioned the logic of the Solicitor General's position on seizure elements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the limits of civil rights lawsuits. It determines when valid charges block malicious prosecution claims. The outcome shapes police accountability standards nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-27"}]}],"slug":"2023-23-50-chiaverini-v-city-of-napoleon","term":"2023","title":"Does a valid charge block a Fourth Amendment malicious prosecution claim?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-50_g3bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Bennett cited Southwest versus Saxon for the exemption text.","Ms. Lovitt argued the exemption covers the entire goods journey.","justice_barrett_questioned_past_relevance","justice_kavanaugh_noted_congressional_intent_for_future_industries"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-43"}]}],"caption":"Bissonnette v. LePage Bakeries Park St., LLC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.697124Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.728052Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:45.895986Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to enforce arbitration agreements. the opposing sides argue these workers fall under a statutory exemption.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us2r12_7648.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-51.html","primary_docket":"23-51","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:12:39.782575Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of a federal law. It asks if specific workers fit a defined exemption."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 20, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to enforce their arbitration agreements.","the opposing sides want the Court to apply the statutory worker exemption."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the exemption covers only workers transporting goods across borders.","the opposing sides argue the exemption covers any worker in a goods journey."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if this affects intrastate delivery drivers.","Justice Sotomayor asked how to handle office-based worker classifications."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This defines who must arbitrate employment disputes. It shapes labor rights nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-43"}]}],"slug":"2023-23-51-bissonnette-v-lepage-bakeries-park-st-llc","term":"2023","title":"Do warehouse workers qualify for the Federal Arbitration Act exemption?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-51_869d.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","paragraphs":["General Prelogar stated a violent mob stormed the Capitol on January 6, 2021. She argued this disrupted the peaceful transition of power.","Jeffrey Green stated Congress enacted the statute in 2002. He argued it prohibits impairing evidence integrity or availability.","Justice Barrett noted a hypothetical official obstructing evidence. She clarified this did not involve altering vote certificates.","Justice Thomas suggested looking at provision two first. He asked if it could serve as the basis for similarity."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-49"}]}],"caption":"Fischer v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.390665Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.405673Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:55.310985Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a defendant must actually impair a proceeding to violate the obstruction statute.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/603us1r55_6j36.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-5572.html","primary_docket":"23-5572","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:05:33.107602Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Fischer challenges his conviction under 18 U.S.C. 1512(c)(2). The government argues the statute covers attempts to impair evidence. Fischer argues the statute requires actual impairment of a proceeding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 16, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 33-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to uphold the conviction. It argues the statute covers attempts to impair evidence.","Fischer wants the Court to reverse the conviction. He argues the statute requires actual impairment of a proceeding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government contends the statute prohibits impairing evidence integrity. It asserts this covers attempts to obstruct proceedings.","Fischer contends the statute requires actual impairment. He argues intent alone does not satisfy the statutory text."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked how to determine what two provisions have in common. He questioned whether to look before or after the word otherwise.","Justice Sotomayor noted provision one does not require actual impairment. She stated provision two requires accomplishing the intent to impair."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal obstruction laws. It determines whether intent alone constitutes a crime. It affects how prosecutors charge evidence tampering. It clarifies the boundary between attempt and completed obstruction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-49"}]}],"slug":"2023-23-5572-fischer-v-united-states","term":"2023","title":"Does obstructing evidence require actual impairment of a proceeding?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-5572_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","paragraphs":["The former president's lawyer argued the state court decision was wrong. He claimed the events were a riot, not an insurrection.","The state's lawyer argued the former president incited violence. He stated the attack disrupted the transfer of power.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the definition of self-executing provisions. She asked if states can provide causes of action.","Justice Thomas asked the advocate to address the self-executing nature of the clause. He noted the advocate spent little time on this point."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 53-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 53-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-43"}]}],"caption":"Trump v. Anderson","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.693307Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.721571Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.754566Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:10.904178Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"A former president claims a state cannot remove him from the ballot. The state argues the Constitution allows this removal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 123, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 123, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 125, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 125, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-55"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/601us1r06_a86c.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-719.html","primary_docket":"23-719","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:49:19.211877Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the power of states to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment. It asks if a state can disqualify a former president from office."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 123, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 123, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 125, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 125, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-55"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 8, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 124, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 124, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The former president wants the state court action undone. He seeks to appear on the ballot.","The state wants to keep the former president off the ballot. It seeks to enforce its court action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 123, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 123, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 125, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 125, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-55"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The former president argues the state lacks power to remove him. He claims the events did not meet the legal definition of insurrection.","The state argues the Constitution allows it to act. It claims the former president incited a violent attack on the Capitol."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 123, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 123, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 125, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 125, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-55"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if states can create legal remedies for constitutional breaches.","Justice Thomas asked the advocate to explain if the provision is self-executing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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candidates. It shapes how states enforce constitutional oaths. It affects the integrity of the electoral process."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 123, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 123, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 125, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 125, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 43-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 43-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-55"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-719_2jf3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.482239Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.500866Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.503678Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:48.421838Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue state law controls medical practice. The government claims federal law mandates stabilizing care.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-04-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/603us1r53_l5gm.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-726.html","primary_docket":"23-726","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:03:52.452424Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal preemption in healthcare."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 24, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to uphold the state law ban.","The government wants the Court to enforce the federal mandate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue EMTALA relies on state medical licensing standards.","The government argues EMTALA requires stabilizing care regardless of state law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if EMTALA regulates the state or creates a contract.","Justice Jackson asked the advocate to explain the statute's operation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 39-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 39-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines federal limits on state abortion restrictions. It determines access to emergency care for pregnant patients. It clarifies the balance between federal mandates and state authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 31-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 31-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 39-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 39-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-15"}]}],"slug":"2023-23-726-moyle-v-united-states","term":"2023","title":"Does EMTALA override state abortion bans for pregnant patients in crisis?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-726_ggco.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-04-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-04-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Sauer argued that no president faced prosecution for official acts in 234 years.","Mr. Sauer claimed the Framers viewed an energetic executive as essential to liberty.","Mr. Dreeben stated the Court never recognized absolute criminal immunity for officials.","Mr. Dreeben argued the side that brought the case claims permanent immunity unless impeached and convicted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 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43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-25"}]}],"caption":"Trump v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.503617Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.534967Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.563277Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:55.780358Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a former president can be criminally prosecuted for actions taken while in office.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 179, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 179, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-04-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2023","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/603us1r57_2dp3.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-939.html","primary_docket":"23-939","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:03:36.413616Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of presidential power against criminal accountability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 179, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 179, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 25, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants dismissal of the criminal charges.","The government wants the charges to proceed to trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 179, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 179, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the presidency requires absolute immunity for official acts.","The government argues no public official holds absolute criminal immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 179, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 179, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked how the immunity mechanism functions.","Chief Justice Roberts asked how to distinguish bribery from official duties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 35-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 35-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the legal limits of presidential power. It determines whether former presidents face criminal liability for official conduct. This shapes the balance between executive authority and the rule of law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 179, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 179, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 179, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 179, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2023/23-939_3fb4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","paragraphs":["Seth Waxman argued Glossip’s conviction relied on one witness.","Seth Waxman claimed Oklahoma disclosed new evidence about the case.","Paul Clement argued Oklahoma’s Attorney General did not confess error lightly.","Paul Clement stated Oklahoma defends multiple capital convictions in other cases."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-49"}]}],"caption":"Glossip v. Oklahoma","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.273217Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.298876Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:58.850620Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Richard Glossip argues Oklahoma’s procedural rules wrongly block federal review of his conviction. Oklahoma defends the state’s finality of its court decisions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 111, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 111, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/604us1r13_c0n2.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/22-7466.html","primary_docket":"22-7466","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:02:00.800082Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether state procedural rules can block federal habeas review. Glossip claims his conviction rests on a single witness. Oklahoma argues its courts already reviewed the case six times."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 111, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 111, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 9, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 45-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Glossip wants the Court to allow federal review of his conviction.","Oklahoma wants the Court to uphold the state’s procedural bar."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 111, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 111, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Glossip argues the state’s procedural rule is an inadequate independent ground.","Oklahoma argues the state’s procedural rule is an adequate independent ground."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 111, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 111, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the state procedural rule is an adequate independent ground.","Justice Thomas asked why prosecutors were not interviewed about the case details."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 45-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 45-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether federal courts can review state death penalty convictions. It affects the balance between state finality and federal oversight of capital cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 111, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 111, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/22-7466_c9dh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 17-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kimberly argued the law overrides prior harsh rulings.","Ms. Hansford stated the law applies to unimposed sentences.","Mr. Mcginley argued the text excludes the sides that brought the case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 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31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-29"}]}],"caption":"Hewitt v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.874578Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.880218Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:47.607027Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek retroactive sentence reductions. The government argues the law excludes them.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-53"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/606us1r61_2dp3.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-1002.html","primary_docket":"23-1002","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:55:46.960019Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The First Step Act changed federal sentencing rules. the sides that brought the case want these changes applied to their cases. The government says the law only covers future sentences."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-53"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 13, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want sentence reductions under the new law.","The government wants to keep the original sentences."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the law applies to their cases.","The government argues the text excludes their cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-53"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kavanaugh asked why not read the language as written.","Justice Thomas asked about the focus on vacatur imposition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines who receives lower sentences. It affects thousands of federal prisoners. It clarifies the scope of the First Step Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 100, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 100, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-53"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1002_5h25.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 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53-53"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Congress codified prohibited transactions in ERISA.","the sides that brought the case claim pleading the mere fact of a transaction defeats dismissal.","Cornell argues that view cannot possibly be right.","Cornell contends the law requires proof of specific injury."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-13"}]}],"caption":"Cunningham v. Cornell University","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.012966Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.041201Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:48.627157Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek to sue Cornell over a service provider deal. Cornell argues the law requires proof of specific harm.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/604us2r26_7m48.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-1007.html","primary_docket":"23-1007","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:53:40.775643Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether ERISA plaintiffs must prove specific harm from a service provider transaction. the sides that brought the case argue the mere fact of the transaction suffices. Cornell argues the law requires proof of injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 22, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to allow their lawsuit to proceed without proving specific harm.","Cornell wants the Court to require proof of specific injury before a case can proceed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue that pleading the mere fact of a service provider transaction defeats a motion to dismiss.","Cornell argues that the law requires plaintiffs to identify specific harm caused by the transaction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked how the transaction harmed the plan.","Justice Thomas asked what exactly the injury is if the complaint is read as written."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether universities face limitless litigation threats over routine service provider contracts. It defines the scope of ERISA prohibited transaction claims. It affects the cost of defending these cases in federal court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 7-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1007_8ok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 7-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 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49-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Gannon argued the law requires FDA authorization for new products.","Mr. Heyer argued the agency contradicted its own prior guidance.","Mr. Heyer noted most adult users prefer flavored products.","Justice Alito questioned the adequacy of the agency's position summary."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 21-43"}]}],"caption":"FDA v. Wages and White Lion","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.015681Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.043807Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:48.801820Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The FDA demands new tobacco products prove they help smokers quit. Manufacturers argue this rule contradicts prior agency guidance.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 21-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/604us2r22_ed9g.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-1038.html","primary_docket":"23-1038","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:58:29.521888Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The FDA requires new tobacco products to prove they help smokers quit. Manufacturers argue this rule contradicts prior agency guidance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 21-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 2, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 13-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The FDA wants to enforce the new study requirement.","The manufacturers want the agency to accept their prior applications."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 21-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The FDA argues new products must prove they help smokers quit.","The manufacturers argue the agency changed the rules after the deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 21-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked what evidence substitutes for randomized trials.","Justice Barrett asked about fair notice for the new requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines if the FDA can impose new scientific standards on existing applications. It affects how manufacturers prove their products help smokers quit. It shapes the scope of federal tobacco regulation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 21-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-1038-fda-v-wages-and-white-lion","term":"2024","title":"Does the FDA require new tobacco products to prove they help smokers quit?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1038_l1gk.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 21-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's counsel stated the appeals court applied a more difficult standard.","the side that brought the case's counsel argued Title VII draws no distinctions between plaintiffs.","State's counsel agreed it is wrong to hold some litigants to a higher standard.","State's counsel argued that is not what happened in this case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-9"}]}],"caption":"Ames v. OH Dept. of Youth Services","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.811698Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:55.925221Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the side that brought the case claims the appeals court applied a stricter standard to her because of her race.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 43-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/605us1r39_kkg1.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-1039.html","primary_docket":"23-1039","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:52:05.094180Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["A federal employee challenges a lower court decision. She argues the court used a harder test for her case. The state defends its application of the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 43-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 26, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Supreme Court to reverse the lower court decision.","The state wants the Supreme Court to affirm the lower court decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 43-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues Title VII prohibits different standards based on race.","The state argues the lower court applied the correct legal standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 43-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Jackson asked about the standard for a prima facie case.","Justice Barrett asked about the potential for increased Title VII suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the legal standard for proving discrimination. It affects how courts evaluate claims from all protected groups. It shapes the scope of federal employment protections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 43-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-9"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-1039-ames-v-oh-dept-of-youth-services","term":"2024","title":"Does Title VII require the same proof for all races?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1039_k86m.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 43-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Tseytlin argued the Clean Air Act channels national actions to the D.C. Circuit.","He stated local actions like state plan approvals go to regional circuits.","Mr. Stewart noted both sides discussed EPA deference on forum questions.","Mr. Mansinghani stated state plan approvals are prototypical regional circuit actions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-9"}]}],"caption":"Oklahoma v. EPA","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.662271Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:45.459789Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Oklahoma argues the D.C. Circuit must review state air plan approvals. The EPA argues regional courts handle these local actions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/605us2r49_pok0.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-1067.html","primary_docket":"23-1067","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:37:36.440015Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Clean Air Act directs national EPA actions to the D.C. Circuit. It sends local or regional actions to regional courts. Oklahoma claims state plan approvals are national. The EPA claims they are local. The Court must decide which forum applies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 25, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Oklahoma wants the D.C. Circuit to review state air plan approvals.","The EPA wants regional courts to review state air plan approvals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Oklahoma argues state plan approvals have nationwide effects.","The EPA argues state plan approvals are local or regional actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked how this case differs from a refinery case.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the framework lacks nationwide effect because it is not binding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines which federal court hears air quality disputes. It affects how states challenge federal environmental rules. It shapes the balance of power between states and agencies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-9"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-1067-oklahoma-v-epa","term":"2024","title":"Which federal court reviews state air plan approvals?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1067_3nb3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Gair argued the text limits the statute to false statements.","Ms. Flynn argued context determines whether a statement is false.","Justice Alito questioned the side that brought the case's interpretation of the law.","Justice Jackson questioned the practical application of the definition."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 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51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 19-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-47"}]}],"caption":"Thompson v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.912183Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.941253Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:59.743822Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether Section 1014 covers statements that are technically true but convey an untrue message.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 19-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/604us2r18_9p6b.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-1095.html","primary_docket":"23-1095","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:54:54.156174Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal bank fraud laws. the side that brought the case argues the statute bans only false statements. The government argues it bans statements that mislead listeners."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 14, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 17-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction overturned.","The government wants the conviction upheld."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the word false means not true.","The government argues a statement is false if it conveys an untrue message."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked how to distinguish false from misleading.","Justice Jackson asked how the definition helps the client."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary between legal and illegal statements in banking. It determines when truthfulness protects a speaker. It shapes federal fraud enforcement standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 19-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 19-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1095_1o8l.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 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Paxton","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.943987Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.949681Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.982287Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:59.514802Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case claim the law burdens adult speech. Texas argues it protects minors.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 105, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 105, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 146, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 146, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-01-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/606us2r62_986b.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-1122.html","primary_docket":"23-1122","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:54:38.030634Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Texas requires age checks for adult sites. the sides that brought the case say this burdens protected speech. 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Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the law imposes a content-based burden.","Texas argues the law serves a compelling state interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 105, lines 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23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if legislative bias invalidates the law.","Justice Kavanaugh asked if content filtering achieves the same interest."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 29-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of state power to regulate online speech. It balances adult expression against child safety. The outcome shapes future digital privacy laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 105, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 105, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 120, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 146, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 146, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-47"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-1122-free-speech-coalition-v-paxton","term":"2024","title":"Does Texas age verification law violate First Amendment rights?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 105, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1122_22p3.pdf","page_label":"file page 105, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 120, lines 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She said it covers requests for money the government provides.","Mr. Singh argued the government provides the money. He said the administrator pays on the government's behalf.","Justice Jackson questioned the government's cost-saving argument. She noted the government collects funds to operate the program."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 53-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 53-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-39"}]}],"caption":"Wisconsin Bell, Inc. v. U.S., ex rel. Heath","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.076186Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.107554Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:52.264178Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Wisconsin Bell argues the False Claims Act does not apply to E-rate funds. The government says the law covers these payments.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 53-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 53-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-11-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/604us1r10_mlio.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-1127.html","primary_docket":"23-1127","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:00:35.935296Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the False Claims Act. It asks if the law covers money the government collects and pays out for a federal program."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 53-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 53-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 4, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Wisconsin Bell wants the Court to say the False Claims Act does not apply to E-rate payments.","The government wants the Court to say the False Claims Act applies to these payments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 53-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 53-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Wisconsin Bell argues the government does not provide the funds. It says the money belongs to the program participants.","The government argues it collects and controls the funds. It says the law protects the public fisc in this context."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 53-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 53-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Jackson asked why the government is not collecting money for a public purpose.","Justice Jackson asked why the public fisc is not at risk in either scenario."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the reach of federal fraud laws. It determines whether the government can sue telecom companies for false claims in this program."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 21-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 21-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 53-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 53-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1127_c2d4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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Estados Unidos Mexicanos","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.822643Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.845359Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:13.274923Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Mexico sues gunmakers for aiding cartel violence. The gunmakers argue the PLCAA bars the suit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 43-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/605us1r38_j426.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-1141.html","primary_docket":"23-1141","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:51:00.771168Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Mexico claims gunmakers aided and abetted federal gun law violations. The gunmakers argue the PLCAA bars such suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 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lawsuit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 43-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Mexico argues its complaint satisfies the PLCAA predicate exception.","Smith & Wesson argues the PLCAA bars the lawsuit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 49-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 17-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of the PLCAA. It determines whether gunmakers face liability for foreign cartel violence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 43-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 15-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 15-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1141_8o6g.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 43-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Suri argued the lower court nullified the Tobacco Control Act's venue restrictions.","Mr. Watson argued the Court lacks jurisdiction but should affirm the lower court's decision.","Justice Kagan suggested the statutory structure points opposite to the side that brought the case's interpretation.","Justice Kavanaugh asked if administrative law usually includes competitors as adversely affected parties."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript 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page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-37"}]}],"caption":"FDA v. R.J. Reynolds Vapor Co.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.946800Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.978271Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:48.196879Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Tobacco Control Act grants retailers standing to challenge FDA marketing denials.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 39-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/606us1r57_n6io.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-1187.html","primary_docket":"23-1187","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:54:00.179324Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The FDA argues the statute limits venue to the applicant's home circuit. Reynolds argues retailers are adversely affected parties with standing to sue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 39-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 21, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The FDA wants the Court to restrict venue to the applicant's home circuit.","Reynolds wants the Court to confirm retailers can sue in any circuit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 39-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The FDA argues the statute nullifies broader venue claims by limiting where suits may be filed.","Reynolds argues retailers are adversely affected parties who qualify to challenge marketing denials."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 39-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the manufacturer's goal is to create products retailers want to sell.","Justice Jackson asked if retailer interests activate only when a product is marketed on the market."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines if retailers can block e-cigarette approvals in distant courts. It shapes who can challenge FDA decisions on tobacco products."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 39-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-37"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-1187-fda-v-r-j-reynolds-vapor-co","term":"2024","title":"Can retailers sue to block e-cigarette approvals?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1187_h3cj.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 39-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","paragraphs":["Aaron Streett argued for CC/Devas. He stated arbitration awards are worthless without court enforcement. He claimed Congress added the FSIA exception to allow such enforcement.","Ms. Harris argued for CC/Devas. She stated the case should begin and end with FSIA text. She claimed Section 1330(b) omits minimum contacts requirements.","Mr. Phillips argued for Antrix. He described the context of the arbitration agreement. He noted both corporations were incorporated in India.","Mr. McGill argued for Antrix. He claimed the Ninth Circuit construction was unfaithful to text. He argued Congress provided jurisdiction where immunity exceptions exist."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-53"}]}],"caption":"CC/Devas Ltd. v. Antrix Corp. Ltd.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.811705Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:47.068339Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether U.S. courts need minimum contacts to enforce arbitration awards against foreign states.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/605us1r36_4f14.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-1201.html","primary_docket":"23-1201","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:51:40.926988Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["CC/Devas Ltd. seeks to enforce an arbitration award against Antrix Corp. Antrix argues the FSIA requires minimum contacts. The Ninth Circuit agreed with Antrix. CC/Devas argues the statute omits this requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 3, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["CC/Devas wants the Court to reverse the Ninth Circuit. It seeks to enforce the arbitration award without minimum contacts.","Antrix wants the Court to affirm the Ninth Circuit. It seeks to deny enforcement due to lack of minimum contacts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["CC/Devas argues the FSIA text omits minimum contacts. It claims Congress intended to allow enforcement of New York Convention awards.","Antrix argues the FSIA requires minimum contacts. It claims the arbitration exception does not override this jurisdictional requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why the Court should reach issues not decided below.","Justice Thomas asked if the Court needs to resolve the constitutional question."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-53"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether foreign states can block arbitration enforcement in U.S. courts. It affects the global enforceability of commercial arbitration awards. It clarifies the scope of sovereign immunity exceptions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-53"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-1201-cc-devas-ltd-v-antrix-corp-ltd","term":"2024","title":"Does the FSIA require minimum contacts to enforce arbitration awards?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1201_5b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Wessler argued the Hobbs Act does not bind district courts.","Mr. Guarnieri argued the Hobbs Act grants exclusive appellate jurisdiction.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the definition of validity in this context.","Justice Jackson asked about mechanisms for correcting agency orders."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 55-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-35"}]}],"caption":"McLaughlin Chiropractic Assoc. v. McKesson Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.972551Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.006804Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:59.331370Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"McLaughlin Chiropractic wants to challenge an agency order in district court. McKesson argues only appellate courts can review it.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 39-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/606us1r55_3d9g.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-1226.html","primary_docket":"23-1226","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:54:18.996498Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the Hobbs Act. It controls which courts review agency actions. The dispute involves a private lawsuit. The parties disagree on jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 21, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["McLaughlin Chiropractic wants district courts to review agency orders.","McKesson wants exclusive appellate jurisdiction over agency orders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["McLaughlin argues the Hobbs Act does not bind district courts.","McKesson argues the Hobbs Act bars district court review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked about the dictionary definition of validity.","Justice Sotomayor questioned if declaratory judgments are the only method."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 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47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 55-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines court jurisdiction over agency actions. It affects private litigation involving federal regulations. It clarifies the Hobbs Act scope."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 39-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 39-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 39-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1226_94k8.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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39-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","paragraphs":["Stewart argued the case shows the venue provision aims to avoid specific results.","Waxman stated the core objective is avoiding inconsistent rules from duplicative litigation.","Huston argued the court must look to the chapter text to determine applicability.","Gorsuch questioned the statutory interpretation and economic theory behind the hardship determination."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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17-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 17-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"}]}],"caption":"EPA v. Calumet Shreveport Refining, L.L.C.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.651108Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.682828Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:45.291667Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a refinery must file its challenge in Washington, D.C., or in a local court.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/605us2r50_g2hk.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-1229.html","primary_docket":"23-1229","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:47:43.049660Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The EPA argues the case belongs in D.C. to prevent conflicting rules. The refinery argues the case belongs locally because the denial targets its specific economic harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 25, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 17-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 17-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The EPA wants the case to stay in D.C. to ensure uniform national rules.","The refinery wants the case to remain in its local court to challenge its specific denial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The EPA argues Section 307(b) requires D.C. venue to avoid inconsistent rules from duplicative litigation.","The refinery argues the statute requires a local venue because the denial targets its specific economic harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Gorsuch asked how far back a party must trace the reasoning to determine the correct venue.","Justice Thomas asked if there are limits to aggregating different claims to determine D.C. venue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 47-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 47-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines where companies must sue to challenge specific EPA economic decisions. It determines whether local courts or D.C. courts handle these disputes. The outcome shapes the balance between national consistency and local judicial review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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29-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 29-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1229_3eah.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Jacoby argued the Fifth Circuit ignored all prior events.","She stated reasonableness is assessed under the totality of circumstances.","Mr. Zelinsky stated Barnes was shot after a toll stop.","He argued the Fourth Amendment prohibits unreasonable seizures of persons."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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page 68, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 47-31"}]}],"caption":"Barnes v. Felix","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.975282Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.009313Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:59.167245Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a court must consider the entire sequence of events or only the final moment of threat when judging police force.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 47-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/605us1r30_h315.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-1239.html","primary_docket":"23-1239","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:39:58.691205Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Ashtian Barnes died after a traffic stop in Texas. His family argues the Fifth Circuit ignored prior events. The officer argues the final threat justified the force."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 47-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 22, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Barnes's family wants the Court to require a full review of all prior events.","The officer wants the Court to allow a review focused only on the final threat."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 47-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Barnes's side argues reasonableness requires assessing the totality of circumstances, including pre-force events.","The officer's side argues it is reasonable to use force to end an immediate threat to safety."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 47-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the analysis should include the reason for the stop or just the jump.","Justice Alito asked if a narrow holding focusing on the moment of threat would suffice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how courts judge police use of force. It determines whether officers face liability based on the full context or only the final act. The outcome shapes the standard for evaluating deadly force in traffic stops."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 47-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-15"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-1239-barnes-v-felix","term":"2024","title":"Should courts weigh all events before a police officer uses deadly force?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1239_09m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 47-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case contends that the Second Circuit diluted the stringent standard for reopening judgments.","the opposing side asserts that the plaintiffs did everything expected of litigants and did not waste court time.","Justice Jackson expressed concern about punishing parties for exercising their right to appeal if the side that brought the case's rule is accepted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-1"}]}],"caption":"BLOM Bank SAL v. Honickman","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.811660Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:00.985603Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a litigant's own strategic decisions can satisfy the high bar for reopening a final judgment under Rule 60(b)(6).","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/605us1r35_4f14.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-1259.html","primary_docket":"23-1259","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:51:17.381564Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of Rule 60(b)(6). The rule allows courts to reopen final judgments only for extraordinary circumstances. The core conflict is whether a party's own strategic choices qualify as such circumstances. the side that brought the case argues the Second Circuit diluted this standard. the opposing side claims the circumstances here clearly meet the rule's requirements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 3, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to hold that a party's own strategic choices cannot satisfy the extraordinary circumstances requirement for reopening a final judgment.","the opposing side wants the Court to hold that the specific circumstances of this case clearly meet the standard for reopening a final judgment under Rule 60(b)(6)."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that Rule 60(b)(6) requires extraordinary circumstances that cannot result from the movant's own strategic choices.","the opposing side argues that the plaintiffs acted appropriately and that the circumstances of this case clearly meet the standard for reopening the judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if the opposing side's argument relies on the view that the Second Circuit announced a new rule.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the facts here were not extraordinary circumstances and noted the lower court did not address whether Rule 60(b) was met."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundary for reopening final judgments. It determines whether strategic litigation choices can serve as grounds for relief. The outcome shapes the finality of judicial decisions and the standards for correcting past errors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-1"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-1259-blom-bank-sal-v-honickman","term":"2024","title":"Does a party's own strategic choice count as an extraordinary circumstance to reopen a final judgment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1259_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","paragraphs":["Riley argues the deadline is not jurisdictional and allows review.","Bondi argues the deadline strictly bars review of the claim.","questions"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-21"}]}],"caption":"Riley v. Bondi, Att'y Gen.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.648340Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.658610Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:44.929316Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a missed deadline permanently blocks judicial review of a torture claim.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/606us1r58_5h25.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-1270.html","primary_docket":"23-1270","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:48:19.118619Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Riley argues the deadline is not jurisdictional. Bondi argues the deadline strictly bars review."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 24, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Riley wants the court to review the torture claim despite the late filing.","Bondi wants the court to dismiss the claim because of the late filing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Riley argues the deadline is not jurisdictional and allows review.","Bondi argues the deadline strictly bars review of the claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if the side that brought the case sought review of the removal order.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the torture decision can change the final order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines if a missed deadline permanently blocks review of torture claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-21"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-1270-riley-v-bondi-att-y-gen","term":"2024","title":"Does a late filing bar courts from reviewing a torture claim?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 41-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 41-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1270_2feh.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute lacks explicit rights-creating language. They cite Gonzaga for the requirement of clear language. They argue private rights are exceptions in the Spending Clause context.","the opposing sides argue the statute imposes clear obligations on states. They assert the state knows its obligations run to individuals. They argue the text, context, and structure confirm a private right exists.","Justice Kagan noted the state knows its obligation runs to individuals. Justice Sotomayor questioned the distinction between benefits and rights. Justice Thomas asked how to amend the statute for clarity."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 113, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 113, lines 33-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 15-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-23"}]}],"caption":"Medina v. Planned Parenthood South Atlantic","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.746331Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.767003Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:56.658156Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the law lacks explicit rights-creating language. the opposing sides claim it mandates state obligations to individuals.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 113, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 113, lines 33-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/606us1r60_h3ci.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-1275.html","primary_docket":"23-1275","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:39:42.397064Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether a federal statute creates a private right of action. the sides that brought the case argue the text lacks explicit rights-creating language. the opposing sides argue the statute imposes clear obligations on states toward individuals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 113, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 113, lines 33-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 2, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 15-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 15-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to hold the statute lacks a private right of action.","the opposing sides want the Court to affirm the lower court's allowance of the lawsuit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 113, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 113, lines 33-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute lacks unambiguously rights-creating language required for private suits.","the opposing sides argue the statute imposes clear state obligations to individuals regarding provider choice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 113, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 113, lines 33-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked how the statute would be amended to clearly create a right.","Justice Kagan asked about the difference between a benefit and a right in this context."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether patients can sue states for denying specific medical choices. It defines the scope of federal spending power conditions. It clarifies the standard for creating private rights under federal statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 113, lines 33-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 113, lines 33-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 35-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1275_ba7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 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35-41"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-03-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-03-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Stewart argued the petitions should be dismissed. He said Texas and Fasken were not parties to the agency proceedings.","Mr. Frederick argued the 1982 Nuclear Waste Policy Act excludes private offsite storage. He cited Section 10155(h) as proof.","Mr. Fagg argued that a denied intervention request is a final order. He said this allows for judicial review under the Hobbs Act."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 47-49"}]}],"caption":"NRC v. Texas","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.842535Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.845366Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:00.763625Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Texas and a private firm challenge a federal nuclear waste storage license. They argue they have standing despite missing agency deadlines.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 47-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-03-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/605us2r51_4f57.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-1300.html","primary_docket":"23-1300","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:37:56.008847Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Texas and Fasken want to block a federal nuclear waste storage license. They claim the agency ignored their interests. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission wants the case dismissed. It argues they never joined the agency process properly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 47-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 5, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Texas and Fasken want the license invalidated. They argue they have a legal right to challenge it.","The Nuclear Regulatory Commission wants the case dismissed. It argues the challengers lost their chance to participate."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 47-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Texas and Fasken argue their interests were affected. They claim the agency process did not protect their rights.","The Nuclear Regulatory Commission argues the challengers were not parties. It claims they cannot sue now because they missed the deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 47-49"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked when an interested person can intervene in agency proceedings.","Justice Gorsuch asked if the challengers failed to argue issue preclusion below."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 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29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who can challenge federal nuclear waste licenses. It sets the rules for joining agency hearings. It affects state and private rights to block nuclear storage projects."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 47-49"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 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37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 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55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-1300-nrc-v-texas","term":"2024","title":"Can a state sue over nuclear waste storage if it failed to join the agency process?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1300_ifjm.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 47-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Sherman argued exhaustion is central to the PLRA.","Ms. McGill noted the State changed its position after five years.","Ms. McGill cited early Ninth Circuit decisions on this issue."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-19"}]}],"caption":"Perttu v. Richards","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.781715Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.792487Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:46.866168Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Prisoners argue exhaustion is a legal question for judges. States argue it involves facts for juries.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 23-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/605us2r47_bqm2.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-1324.html","primary_docket":"23-1324","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:52:44.755379Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a judge's exhaustion ruling binds a later jury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 23-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 25, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a judge to decide exhaustion as a legal question.","the opposing sides want a jury to decide exhaustion as a factual question."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 23-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue exhaustion is a legal issue under the PLRA.","the opposing sides argue exhaustion involves factual findings about retaliation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 23-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if judges normally make exhaustion determinations.","Justice Jackson asked why a judge's finding does not preclude a jury trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute shapes how courts handle prisoner grievances. It affects the role of judges versus juries. It determines the finality of exhaustion rulings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 23-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 51-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 51-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-19"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-1324-perttu-v-richards","term":"2024","title":"Does a judge's exhaustion ruling bind a later jury?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1324_7k5h.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 23-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","paragraphs":["Rivers' advocate argued Congress did not slam the door on exculpatory evidence. He stated there is always a pathway for late-breaking claims. He claimed habeas historically allowed this.","Guerrero's advocate argued Rivers' new petition is second or successive. He cited multiple reasons for this classification. He started with precedent to support his position.","Justice Gorsuch questioned the historical approach. He noted the default rule against amending cases in the court of appeals. He emphasized the case is in the court of appeals.","Justice Jackson questioned the statutory interpretation. She asked why this does not circumvent the statute. She questioned the relationship with Gonzalez and the judgment's work. She asked how to define second and successive post-AEDPA."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-27"}]}],"caption":"Rivers v. Guerrero","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.718678Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:46.301718Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Rivers argues his new petition is not second or successive. Guerrero argues it is.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/605us2r46_kjfm.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-1345.html","primary_docket":"23-1345","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:40:49.135396Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Rivers filed a new habeas petition while his first case was on appeal. He claims this is not a second or successive petition. Guerrero argues it is. The Court must decide if this filing triggers AEDPA restrictions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 31, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Rivers wants the Court to treat his new petition as a first petition. He wants to avoid AEDPA restrictions on second or successive petitions.","Guerrero wants the Court to treat his new petition as second or successive. He wants AEDPA restrictions to apply to this filing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Rivers argues Congress did not block exculpatory evidence during appeals. He claims habeas historically allowed late-breaking claims to appellate courts.","Guerrero argues the new petition is second or successive. He cites precedent to support this classification."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Gorsuch asked if history supports amending cases in the court of appeals. He noted the default rule against willy-nilly amendments.","Justice Jackson asked why this does not circumvent the statute. She questioned interpreting appeal filings as not second or successive. She also asked how this squares with Gonzalez and the judgment's work. She questioned if Banister applies to a 59(e) scenario. She asked how to define second and successive post-AEDPA."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines when a new habeas petition becomes second or successive. It determines if prisoners can file new claims during appeals. It affects the scope of AEDPA restrictions on habeas petitions. It clarifies the role of appellate courts in habeas proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-27"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-1345-rivers-v-guerrero","term":"2024","title":"Does a new habeas petition filed during an appeal count as second or successive?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-1345_pok0.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue federal law bars state exhaustion defenses. They cite precedent holding failure to exhaust is not a valid defense.","the opposing sides argue federal law does not preempt neutral state rules. They cite precedent allowing states to apply valid jurisdictional rules.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the objection to the exhaustion requirement. He noted it simply imposes a delay.","Justice Barrett asked why the sides that brought the case chose state court. She also inquired about the state statute of limitations."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 23-33"}]}],"caption":"Williams v. Washington","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.235669Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.240500Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:51.822593Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case claim Alabama violated federal law by dismissing their case for failing to exhaust state remedies. the opposing sides argue state courts may apply neutral procedural rules to federal claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 23-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/604us1r11_2b8e.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-191.html","primary_docket":"23-191","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:03:14.641277Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether federal civil rights statutes preempt state exhaustion requirements. the sides that brought the case argue federal law bars such defenses. the opposing sides argue state procedural rules remain valid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 23-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the state exhaustion rule. They seek to preserve their federal civil rights claims.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the state exhaustion rule. They seek to maintain state control over procedural requirements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 23-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue federal law preempts state exhaustion defenses. They cite precedent holding failure to exhaust is not a valid defense.","the opposing sides argue federal law does not preempt neutral state rules. They cite precedent allowing states to apply valid jurisdictional rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 23-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked why the exhaustion requirement is objectionable if it only imposes a delay.","Justice Barrett asked why the sides that brought the case filed in state court instead of federal court. She also asked about the status of the state statute of limitations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines whether state courts can dismiss federal civil rights claims based on procedural exhaustion. It affects the balance between federal rights and state judicial administration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 23-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-45"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-191-williams-v-washington","term":"2024","title":"Does federal civil rights law override state exhaustion rules?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-191_q4lp.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 23-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Blatt argued that the default civil standard is preponderance of the evidence.","Ms. Brown asserted that Congress intended a preponderance standard for civil actions.","Ms. Bateman stated that the judiciary traditionally sets proof standards when statutes are silent."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-53"}]}],"caption":"E.M.D. Sales, Inc. v. Carrera","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.134966Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:51.141768Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek a preponderance standard. the opposing sides demand clear and convincing proof for wage claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/604us1r06_5ifl.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-217.html","primary_docket":"23-217","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:00:02.072267Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the burden of proof for minimum wage claims. the sides that brought the case argue the default civil standard applies. the opposing sides claim a heightened standard protects workers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 5, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to apply the preponderance of the evidence standard.","the opposing sides want the Court to require clear and convincing evidence for wage claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue that the default civil standard governs when statutes are silent.","the opposing sides argue that minimum wage claims deserve a heightened standard of proof."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kavanaugh asked how individual interests apply to cases involving money.","Justice Sotomayor asked why the error was not harmless in the lower court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-53"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome sets the evidentiary burden for workers seeking unpaid wages. It defines how strictly courts must scrutinize employer defenses. This standard affects the difficulty of proving wage violations nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-53"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-217-e-m-d-sales-inc-v-carrera","term":"2024","title":"Does the Fair Labor Standards Act require clear and convincing proof for minimum wage claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-217_h21b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Blatt argued the statute excludes personal injuries.","Ms. Anand argued damages mean compensatory economic losses.","Justice Kagan questioned the definition of business injury.","Justice Sotomayor focused on proximate cause requirements."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 9-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 9-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-1"}]}],"caption":"Medical Marijuana, Inc. v. Horn","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.301657Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.304479Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:53.664617Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the RICO statute allows recovery for personal injury damages.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 11-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/604us2r23_3e04.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-365.html","primary_docket":"23-365","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:01:30.250633Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the RICO statute. It asks if the law covers personal injury claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 11-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 15, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 7-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want to limit RICO recovery to business or property losses.","the opposing sides want to include personal injury damages in RICO claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 11-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute excludes personal injury damages.","the opposing sides argue the statute covers all injury types."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 11-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked about the definition of business injury.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the role of proximate cause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 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39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the scope of federal racketeering lawsuits. It determines which damages plaintiffs can recover. It shapes the reach of the RICO statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 11-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-365_3307.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","paragraphs":["General Prelogar argued SB1 singles out one specific medical use.","Mr. Rice argued the law targets medical purpose, not patient sex.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the relevance of adoption precedents.","Justice Thomas questioned physiological differences in hormone treatment."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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Skrmetti","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.901125Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.934776Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:33.957200Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:52.778489Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Tennessee argues its law targets risky medical procedures. The federal government argues the law discriminates based on sex.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 117, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 117, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 126, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 126, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 128, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 128, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 153, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 153, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 21-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-12-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/605us2r48_m648.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-477.html","primary_docket":"23-477","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:57:30.600323Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Tennessee enacted SB1 to restrict certain medical treatments for minors. The federal government challenges the law as unconstitutional sex discrimination."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 117, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 117, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 126, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 126, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 128, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 128, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 153, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 153, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 21-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 4, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 41-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The federal government wants the Court to strike down SB1 as unconstitutional.","Tennessee wants the Court to uphold SB1 as a valid health regulation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 117, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 117, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 126, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 126, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 128, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 128, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 153, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 153, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 21-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The federal government argues SB1 discriminates against transgender minors based on sex.","Tennessee argues SB1 targets specific medical purposes rather than patient sex."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 117, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 117, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 126, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 126, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 128, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 128, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 153, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 153, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 21-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if the case involves medical nuances unlike adoption cases.","Justice Thomas asked if physiological differences exist between boys and girls taking testosterone."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 127, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 127, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether states can ban specific medical treatments for minors. It defines the scope of state power over minor healthcare decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 117, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 117, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 126, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 126, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 128, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 128, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 153, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 153, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 21-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 127, lines 33-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 127, lines 33-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 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9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-9"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-477-united-states-v-skrmetti","term":"2024","title":"Does Tennessee's ban on gender-affirming care for minors violate the Equal Protection Clause?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 117, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 117, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 126, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 126, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 128, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 128, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 153, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 153, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-477_hgdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 21-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Deger-Sen argued the statute bans approval, not later revocation.","Ms. Sinzdak argued Congress banned revocation lawsuits to streamline review.","chief_justice_roberts_asked_about_procedure_and_review_levels."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-9"}]}],"caption":"Bouarfa v. Mayorkas, Sec. of Homeland Security","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.321375Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:54.022759Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek review of a visa revocation. The government argues Congress barred such lawsuits.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/604us1r03_3f14.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-583.html","primary_docket":"23-583","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:01:46.223675Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether courts can review a visa revocation based on a sham marriage."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 15, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want a court to review the revocation decision.","The government wants to block all judicial review of revocations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute bans approval, not later revocation.","The government argues Congress streamlined review by banning revocation lawsuits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if the government always revokes sham marriages.","Justice Thomas asked if some revocations are unreviewable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of judicial oversight over immigration decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-9"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-583-bouarfa-v-mayorkas-sec-of-homeland-security","term":"2024","title":"Does a sham marriage bar visa approval after the fact?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-583_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue tangible relief creates prevailing party status under the statute.","the opposing sides argue a final judgment on the merits is the required standard.","justice_questioning"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 53-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 35-39"}]}],"caption":"Lackey v. Stinnie","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.269700Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.289469Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:53.230098Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a party needs a final judgment to claim attorney fees.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 35-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/604us1r12_8njq.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-621.html","primary_docket":"23-621","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:02:20.473581Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the definition of a prevailing party under federal fee-shifting laws."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 35-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 8, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want fees based on interim relief without a final judgment.","the opposing sides want fees only after a final judgment on the merits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 35-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue tangible relief from the court creates prevailing party status.","the opposing sides argue a final judgment on at least one claim is required."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 35-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if the argument hinges on a merits ruling.","Justice Sotomayor noted the parties received interim relief and drove for months."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 53-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 53-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines who can recover legal costs in civil rights litigation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 35-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-39"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-621-lackey-v-stinnie","term":"2024","title":"Does a final judgment define a prevailing party for fee awards?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 15-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-621_n7j3.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 35-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the Eighth Circuit decision is an outlier. They say it conflicts with Section 1367 text. They say it conflicts with structure.","the opposing sides argue experience should guide the test. They say the law creating the claim controls. They say this test is definitive.","the sides that brought the case say ruling for the opposing sides requires overruling precedent. They list several cases that support their view. They say the opposing sides lose under experience.","the opposing sides say they would win without Section 1367. They say the issue was not squarely presented before. They say party presentation rules matter."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 53-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 53-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-35"}]}],"caption":"Royal Canin U.S.A., Inc. v. Wullschleger","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.358975Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.376657Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:51.528814Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the court must dismiss state claims after federal claims drop. the opposing sides argue the court keeps jurisdiction over state claims.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 53-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 53-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/604us1r05_db8e.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-677.html","primary_docket":"23-677","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:02:51.958355Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests federal court power over state claims. the sides that brought the case want dismissal of state claims. the opposing sides want the court to keep those claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 53-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 53-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the court to dismiss state claims. They want to end the case in federal court.","the opposing sides want the court to keep state claims. They want the case to continue in federal court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 53-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 53-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue Section 1367 limits jurisdiction. They argue the court loses power when federal claims drop.","the opposing sides argue experience defines jurisdiction. They argue the law creating the claim controls."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 53-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 53-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked if a court keeps state claims after federal claims drop. She asked if this applies to original cases.","Justice Sotomayor asked if Congress addressed this in Section 1367. She asked if the party can appeal dismissal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines federal court power. It determines when courts dismiss state claims. It affects how plaintiffs file mixed cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 53-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 53-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-35"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-677-royal-canin-u-s-a-inc-v-wullschleger","term":"2024","title":"Does a federal court lose jurisdiction when a plaintiff drops federal claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 53-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-677_a4l9.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 53-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Bostwick argued the statute is a new sentence, not an exclamation point.","She stated the Veterans Court already reviewed benefit-of-the-doubt errors.","Mr. Joshi argued the court takes due account of the Secretary's application.","He noted most appeals raise factual challenges to disability findings."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 31-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-29"}]}],"caption":"Bufkin v. McDonough, Sec. of VA","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.082316Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.114394Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:54.294167Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the court must apply the rule itself. The government says the court only reviews the Secretary's application.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 37-53"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/604us1r17_olp1.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-713.html","primary_docket":"23-713","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:01:12.843673Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on statutory interpretation. the sides that brought the case claim the law mandates direct application. The government asserts the law requires only careful review of agency action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 37-53"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 16, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 25-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the court to apply the rule directly to facts.","The government wants the court to only review the Secretary's application."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 37-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute creates a new, independent judicial duty.","The government argues the statute merely instructs judges to be careful."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 37-53"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Jackson asked what specific duty the court was supposed to perform.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned if the law changes the legal standard at all."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 31-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of judicial review in veterans' benefits. It determines how courts handle factual disputes regarding disability claims. The outcome shapes the balance between agency authority and judicial oversight."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 37-53"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 17-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 17-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 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17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-29"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-713-bufkin-v-mcdonough-sec-of-va","term":"2024","title":"Does the Veterans Court apply the benefit-of-the-doubt rule directly?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-713_5iel.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 37-53"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Sherry argued the same words must have the same meaning.","Mr. McDowell explained the provision compensates hospitals for serving low-income patients.","Justice Sotomayor raised concerns about Medicaid income assignment rules.","Justice Thomas asked about non-cash benefits under Title XVI."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 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29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-51"}]}],"caption":"Advocate Christ Medical v. Becerra, Sec. of H&HS","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.140662Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.143538Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:50.716017Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Hospitals argue SSI eligibility means program qualification. The government argues it means receiving cash.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 53-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/605us1r28_limq.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-715.html","primary_docket":"23-715","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:00:19.776488Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how courts count low-income patients for hospital funding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 53-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 5, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The hospital wants to count all SSI-eligible patients.","The government wants to count only patients who received cash."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 53-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The hospital argues statutory text defines eligibility broadly.","The government argues eligibility requires actual payment receipt."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 53-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Barrett asked if the hospital waived certain challenges.","Justice Jackson asked if distinguishing eligibility and payment is common."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute determines how hospitals calculate federal funding. It affects how many patients count as low-income. It shapes hospital financial stability nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 53-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 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47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-51"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-715-advocate-christ-medical-v-becerra-sec-of-h-hs","term":"2024","title":"Does SSI eligibility require actual receipt of monthly payments?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-715_8837.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 53-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argued that Congress intentionally omitted retribution factors from the statute.","The government argued that the statute preserves broad discretion for sentencing courts.","Justice Alito questioned whether judges must use specific language to justify revocation.","Justice Jackson asked if the goal is to ensure conformity to release conditions."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 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United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.749034Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.781697Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:46.717092Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether courts may consider the seriousness of a crime when deciding to revoke supervised release.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 13-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/606us1r56_bq7d.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-7483.html","primary_docket":"23-7483","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:52:23.084479Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of judicial discretion during supervised release revocations. the side that brought the case argues that specific statutory factors limit what judges can consider. The government contends that judges retain broad discretion to weigh any relevant considerations. The core conflict involves the interpretation of Section 3583(e) versus general sentencing principles."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 13-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 25, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to limit judicial discretion to specific statutory factors.","The government wants the Court to preserve broad judicial discretion for sentencing decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 13-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that Congress omitted retribution factors to preclude their use in revocations.","The government argues that the statute does not displace broad discretion to consider helpful factors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 13-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if the test requires specific magic words from the judge.","Justice Alito asked how a judge considers offense nature without considering seriousness."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the boundaries of judicial power in post-conviction supervision. It determines whether judges can punish based on the gravity of the original crime. The outcome shapes how courts balance public safety against individual liberty during supervised release."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 13-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 15-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 15-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-41"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-7483-esteras-v-united-states","term":"2024","title":"Can judges use retribution to revoke supervised release?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7483_p83l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Steeley argued EPA must translate water quality goals into specific discharge limits.","Ms. Steeley stated the city needs clear limits to ensure compliance.","Mr. Liu argued the Court previously rejected San Francisco's narrow reading.","Mr. Liu stated the statutory text supports both specific and flexible limits."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 55-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 55-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-15"}]}],"caption":"San Francisco v. EPA","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.111355Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:36.114397Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:58.268302Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"San Francisco argues EPA must set specific discharge limits. EPA argues it can set flexible goals.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 55-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/604us1r16_o759.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-753.html","primary_docket":"23-753","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:00:54.004337Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on how the Clean Water Act defines effluent limitations. San Francisco claims the law requires specific numeric limits. EPA claims the law allows flexible performance goals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 55-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 16, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["San Francisco wants specific, measurable discharge limits in its permits.","EPA wants to use flexible goals that allow dischargers to choose methods."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 55-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["San Francisco argues Section 301(b)(1)(C) mandates specific effluent limitations.","EPA argues the statute authorizes both specific limits and flexible goals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 55-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked what the regulation actually does.","Justice Kagan questioned if the statute bans flexible approaches."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 55-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 55-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines how regulators enforce water quality standards. It determines whether facilities face fixed numeric caps or flexible performance targets. The outcome shapes compliance costs and environmental protection strategies nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 55-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-15"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-753-san-francisco-v-epa","term":"2024","title":"Can EPA set flexible goals instead of specific discharge limits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 51-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 51-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-753_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 55-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Fisher argued the case involves a procedural injury. She stated the denial of access to DNA evidence is the core issue. She noted the opposing sides changed their standing rationale during the proceedings.","Mr. Cole argued the declaratory judgment did not redress the injury. He stated the injury is the denial of access to DNA testing evidence. He referenced the Reed case to support his position on justifications.","Justice Alito asked if the side that brought the case must show a declaratory judgment redresses his injury. He noted the defendant is the district attorney. He sought confirmation on the redress requirement.","Justice Sotomayor asked if Article III standing requires a particularized determination. She asked if a specific state official will redress the injury. She noted the lower court did not reach due process arguments."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 107, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 107, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-9"}]}],"caption":"Gutierrez v. Saenz","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.749043Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.778888Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:56.459778Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"A Texas prisoner argues a court order declaring state DNA rules unconstitutional fixes his lack of access to testing. The state argues the order does not fix that specific injury.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 107, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 107, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/606us1r59_g31h.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-7809.html","primary_docket":"23-7809","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:38:19.005470Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether a court order declaring state DNA rules unconstitutional fixes a prisoner's lack of access to testing. The state argues the order does not fix that specific injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 107, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 107, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 24, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to find he has standing to challenge state DNA rules.","the opposing side wants the court to find he lacks standing to challenge state DNA rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 107, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 107, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues a declaratory judgment redresses his procedural injury by forcing officials to follow the law.","the opposing side argues a declaratory judgment does not redress his specific injury of denied DNA testing access."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 107, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 107, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the lower court correctly dismissed the case for lack of standing.","Justice Thomas asked if the state considered testing after the declaratory judgment issued."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of federal court power over state prison procedures. It determines whether prisoners can use federal courts to challenge state DNA testing rules. The outcome shapes access to post-conviction evidence for all state prisoners."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 107, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 107, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 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33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-9"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-7809-gutierrez-v-saenz","term":"2024","title":"Does a court order declaring state DNA rules unconstitutional fix a prisoner's lack of access to testing?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 107, lines 33-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 107, lines 33-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-7809_9o6b.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Dubin argued the trustee relies on a different code provision because the primary claim is time-barred.","Ms. Blatt argued the waiver language directly relates to the avoidance powers in the code.","Ms. Dubin asserted the trustee has an array of avoidance powers under the Bankruptcy Code.","Justice Gorsuch noted the language supporting the side that brought the case's view is not present in the specific statute."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 41-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-7"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Miller","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.037479Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:49.112890Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal bankruptcy law overrides state immunity for specific trustee actions.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 41-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/604us2r21_6kh7.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-824.html","primary_docket":"23-824","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:58:11.349424Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of a federal waiver of state sovereign immunity in bankruptcy proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 41-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 2, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the court to allow the trustee to use state law claims despite state immunity.","the opposing side wants the court to block the trustee from using state law claims against the state."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 41-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues the federal waiver covers all related avoidance powers, including state law claims.","the opposing side argues the waiver only covers specific federal powers and does not reach state law claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 41-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Barrett asked if the side that brought the case's reading raises a constitutional question about state immunity.","Justice Gorsuch asked if the trustee steps into the shoes of a normal creditor under the statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the boundary between federal bankruptcy authority and state sovereign immunity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 41-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-7"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-824-united-states-v-miller","term":"2024","title":"Does the bankruptcy code waive state sovereign immunity for trustee avoidance claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 41-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 41-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-824_hhdp.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 27-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kedem argued that physical force requires direct or indirect contact.","Mr. Feigin argued that the law already tracks common sense regarding force.","Mr. Kedem explained that divisibility asks if text allows separate offenses."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"}]}],"caption":"Delligatti v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.195404Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.207518Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:52.405202Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether an omission qualifies as physical force under federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-31"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/604us2r19_i42j.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-825.html","primary_docket":"23-825","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:59:09.174822Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if a person can commit a violent crime by failing to act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 12, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the conviction overturned because omissions lack physical force.","The government wants the conviction upheld because internal force counts as physical force."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that using force requires taking a step to bring force into contact.","The government argues that internal force, like a disease, can constitute physical force."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Gorsuch asked if the statute divides acts from omissions.","Justice Sotomayor asked about the obligation to save a child versus a stranger."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of violent crimes for federal sentencing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-31"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 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13-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 13-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-825_2je3.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-31"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","paragraphs":["General Prelogar argued the Gun Control Act imposes essential requirements.","She stated sellers must mark products and maintain records.","Mr. Patterson argued Congress altered the common understanding of firearms.","He stated kits that readily convert to firearms are included."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 29-33"}]}],"caption":"Garland, Att'y Gen. v. VanDerStok","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.257462Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.266817Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:52.986900Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether unfinished firearm kits qualify as weapons under federal law.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 47-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/604us2r20_q8l1.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-852.html","primary_docket":"23-852","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T16:02:36.730663Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The government argues kits are weapons. The challenger argues they are not."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 47-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 8, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 29-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government wants the Court to classify kits as weapons.","The challenger wants the Court to classify kits as non-weapons."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 47-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government claims kits are readily convertible to firearms.","The challenger claims kits require significant work to function."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 47-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked about the history of firearm regulation.","Justice Alito asked for the definition of a weapon."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of federal firearm regulations. It determines which items require serial numbers and background checks. It impacts the sale of firearm components nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 47-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-852_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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47-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","paragraphs":["Andrew Tutt argued the government abandoned the Adams rule.","Tutt stated the rule requires a direct call to a contingency operation.","Tutt claimed his client was not directly called into such an operation.","Ms. Reaves argued the word during depends on context."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-11"}]}],"caption":"Feliciano v. Dept. of Transportation","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.046665Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.073581Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:52.548242Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the word during limits pay to specific contingency operations or covers all active duty calls.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 47-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/605us1r29_bp7c.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-861.html","primary_docket":"23-861","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:57:12.556346Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Feliciano seeks differential pay for his active duty service. The Department of Transportation denies the claim. The case tests the statutory scope of the word during."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 47-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 9, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Feliciano wants differential pay for his active duty service.","The Department of Transportation wants to deny the pay claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 47-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Feliciano argues the word during has multiple contextual meanings.","The Department of Transportation argues the Adams rule requires a direct call to a contingency operation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 47-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked why Congress did not use simpler language for differential pay.","Justice Jackson asked if the practical effect of the side that brought the case's reading covers all reservists called up."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the financial scope of military reserve obligations. It clarifies statutory interpretation for future pay disputes. It impacts the budget for national emergency responses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 47-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-861_7k8b.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 47-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-12-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-12-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Glasgow argued Hungary and its railway are immune from suit. He stated the expropriation exception requires property to be exchanged for the stolen assets.","Mr. Dvoretzky argued Hungary lacks immunity for stealing property during the Holocaust. He stated the exception applies when a state possesses the expropriated property or property exchanged for it.","Mr. Joshi argued the commingling theory lacks support in the statute text. He noted words like that property and such property imply specific, identifiable assets."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 23-33"}]}],"caption":"Hungary v. Simon","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.104794Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.110267Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:49.303873Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Plaintiffs seek to recover Holocaust-era property from Hungary. Hungary claims sovereign immunity blocks the suit.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 23-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-12-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/604us1r09_1b7d.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-867.html","primary_docket":"23-867","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:57:47.033126Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of the expropriation exception to sovereign immunity. The core dispute involves whether specific property requirements apply when funds are commingled."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 23-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 3, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Hungary wants the Court to dismiss the case. It argues the law requires specific, identifiable property for the exception to apply.","Simon wants the Court to allow the suit to continue. It argues the exception covers property exchanged for the stolen assets."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 23-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Hungary argues the statute text demands specific, identifiable property. It contends commingled funds do not meet this legal standard.","Simon argues the exception applies to property exchanged for the stolen assets. It contends the commercial nexus requirement is satisfied."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 23-33"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Barrett asked how Hungary bears the burden of persuasion if sovereign immunity is jurisdictional.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the argument holds when an account holds mostly appropriated funds and some other funds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme 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It determines whether plaintiffs can access mixed financial accounts in U.S. courts. The outcome shapes future claims involving state-owned entities and historical property disputes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 23-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-867_4256.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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Dewberry Engineers Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.163982Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.175921Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:50.301141Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Dewberry Group seeks to stop courts from counting affiliate profits. Dewberry Engineers argues courts must count them.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 23-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/604us1r15_dc8f.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-900.html","primary_docket":"23-900","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:40:59.803658Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Dewberry Group argues the Lanham Act limits profit recovery to the defendant. Dewberry Engineers argues courts must count affiliate profits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 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43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 43-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Dewberry Group wants to limit profit recovery to the defendant.","Dewberry Engineers wants courts to count affiliate profits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Dewberry Group argues the law limits recovery to the defendant.","Dewberry Engineers argues courts must count affiliate profits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if the argument relies on corporate form.","Justice Jackson asked if separate entities block profit consideration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-13"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of trademark profit recovery. It determines how courts calculate damages for infringers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 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7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-13"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-900-dewberry-group-inc-v-dewberry-engineers-inc","term":"2024","title":"Can courts count affiliate profits in trademark cases?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-900_f2ah.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 23-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Fisher argued property fraud requires harm to a traditional property interest.","Mr. Fisher stated the question is whether the product was bargained for in a particular manner.","Justice Barrett asked about the importance of uniqueness in the transaction.","Justice Jackson asked where the legal standard for fraud originates."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 21-9"}]}],"caption":"Kousisis v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.110257Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.143564Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:49.799201Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue property fraud statutes require harm to traditional property interests. The government argues the focus is on the transaction's materiality.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 21-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/605us1r32_f2ah.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-909.html","primary_docket":"23-909","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:56:55.477575Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of federal property fraud statutes. the sides that brought the case seek a narrow definition tied to common law. The government seeks a broader definition based on transaction terms."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 21-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 9, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to limit property fraud to schemes harming traditional property interests.","The government wants the Court to define fraud by whether the victim received what they paid for."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 21-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue property fraud statutes require a scheme to defraud as understood at common law.","The government argues the key question is whether the term was material to the transaction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 21-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked for an example of what constitutes fraud in this case.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the key question is whether the victim got what they paid for."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This dispute defines the scope of federal property fraud laws. It determines which deceptive schemes trigger criminal liability. It affects how prosecutors charge financial fraud cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 21-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 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13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-909_6k4c.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 21-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's advocate stated the 60-day period works like routine legal time.","The government's advocate stated the deadline involves primary conduct in the real world.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the government's distinction between court and substantive obligations."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-1"}]}],"caption":"Velazquez v. Garland, Att'y Gen.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.203907Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.210371Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:52.111075Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the final day of a 60-day departure window shifts to the next business day if it lands on a weekend or holiday.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 51-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/604us2r27_e2pg.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-929.html","primary_docket":"23-929","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:59:24.686770Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests how courts count days for voluntary departure. One side argues standard business-day rules apply. The other side insists the deadline is strict and real-world."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 51-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 12, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 35-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the deadline to extend to the next business day.","The government wants the deadline to remain fixed on the 60th day."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 51-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues standard legal time rules apply to this statute.","The government argues the deadline involves real-world conduct and is strict."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 51-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if a final removal order exists in this case.","Justice Sotomayor asked if Congress used specific language for calendar days."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-1"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This issue determines how long immigrants have to leave voluntarily. It affects compliance with federal departure orders. It shapes the practical timeline for removal proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 51-21"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-929_3ebh.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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51-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-11-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-11-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","paragraphs":["NVIDIA's counsel argued the Ninth Circuit's standard was dangerously low.","The fund's counsel argued the complaint contained specific facts about gaming revenues.","Justice Jackson asked why specific data points were necessary for the claim.","Justice Sotomayor asked the advocate to state the specific rule they wanted adopted."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-9"}]}],"caption":"NVIDIA Corp. v. E. Ohman J:or Fonder AB","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.225602Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.235677Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:52.051053Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"NVIDIA argues the Ninth Circuit applied too low a standard for pleading scienter. The investor fund argues the complaint met the statutory requirement for particularity.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 15-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-11-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/604us1r04_5i36.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-970.html","primary_docket":"23-970","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:58:47.984329Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the pleading standard for securities fraud. The dispute centers on whether a complaint must identify specific evidence of intent to deceive. The lower court found the complaint sufficient. NVIDIA seeks reversal. The fund seeks affirmance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 15-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 13, 2024."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 57-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 57-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["NVIDIA wants the Supreme Court to reverse the Ninth Circuit decision.","The fund wants the Supreme Court to affirm the Ninth Circuit decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 15-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["NVIDIA argues the complaint lacked the specific evidence of intent required by the PSLRA.","The fund argues the complaint contained sufficient factual detail to satisfy the pleading standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 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look like under heightened standards.","Justice Jackson questioned whether plaintiffs must possess evidence before pleading their case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the evidentiary threshold for securities fraud claims. It determines how much detail plaintiffs must provide at the pleading stage. The outcome shapes the balance between access to courts and protection from baseless suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 15-33"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 57-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 57-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 53-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 53-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 49-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 49-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-9"}]}],"slug":"2024-23-970-nvidia-corp-v-e-ohman-j-or-fonder-ab","term":"2024","title":"Does the PSLRA require specific evidence of intent to deceive in securities fraud complaints?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-970_1b82.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 15-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","paragraphs":["Vincent Levy argued that voluntary dismissals are final judgments that can be reopened.","Justice Roberts questioned why the parties are bypassing the arbitration forum to challenge the award.","Justice Thomas asked if the jurisdictional requirement is a strict rule or a procedural application."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-51"}]}],"caption":"Waetzig v. Halliburton Energy Services","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.917920Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:47.949555Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a party can use a court rule to reopen a dismissed case and attack an arbitration award.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/604us1r14_6kg7.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-971.html","primary_docket":"23-971","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:40:40.026450Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves a conflict over the proper legal path to challenge an arbitration award after a related court case was voluntarily dismissed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 14, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Waetzig wants to reopen the dismissed case to challenge the arbitration award.","Halliburton wants the Court to block this challenge and enforce the arbitration award."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Waetzig argues that a voluntary dismissal is a final judgment that can be reopened under court rules.","Halliburton argues that the arbitration award must be challenged in the specific arbitration forum, not via a court motion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Jackson asked if the motion is a separate legal action.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the goal is to collaterally attack the arbitration award."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines the procedural path for challenging arbitration awards after related court cases are dismissed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-971_4mi5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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Eagle County","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.070727Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.076147Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:52.411704Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"A coalition argues the law mandates studying all foreseeable effects. The county argues agencies should focus on direct impacts.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-975_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-975_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-975_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 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impacts. the opposing sides seek a narrower standard for direct impacts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-975_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-975_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-975_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 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15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-975_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 15-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The coalition argues the statute requires studying all reasonably foreseeable environmental effects.","The county argues agencies should concentrate review on issues they deem most useful."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-975_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-975_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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rule in writing.","Justice Kagan asked if the test excludes impacts beyond eighty-eight miles."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-975_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-975_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-975_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 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47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-975_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines the geographic and temporal reach of federal environmental reviews. Agencies must decide how far to look for potential harm. This affects project approval timelines and environmental protection scope."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-975_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 47-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-975_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 47-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-975_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-975_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-975_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 99, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-975_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 15-11"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-975_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-975_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-975_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 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15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-975_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 99, lines 15-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","paragraphs":["Facebook's counsel argued that the Ninth Circuit created a sweeping liability regime.","Amalgamated Bank's counsel argued that risk disclosures must not misrepresent the past.","Justice Jackson asked why companies warn about specific risks.","Justice Kagan presented a hypothetical scenario regarding misleading statements."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-21"}]}],"caption":"Facebook, Inc. v. Amalgamated Bank","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.173145Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:15.178761Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:51.545482Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Facebook argues that risk factors need not mention past events. Amalgamated Bank claims such omissions deceive investors.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 35-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/604us1r02_j4ek.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-980.html","primary_docket":"23-980","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:59:42.805381Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether a company must disclose past events in its risk factors. Facebook argues that risk factors describe future possibilities. Amalgamated Bank argues that omitting past events misleads investors about current risks."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 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11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Facebook wants the Court to limit liability for omitted past events.","Amalgamated Bank wants the Court to require disclosure of past events."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 35-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Facebook argues that risk factors only address future probabilities.","Amalgamated Bank argues that risk factors must reflect current realities."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 35-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if the district court focused on falsity.","Justice Kagan asked if a statement can be misleading without an embedded claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 35-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 35-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of corporate disclosure duties. It determines whether companies must reveal past events in risk factors. Investors rely on these disclosures to assess current risks. The outcome shapes future securities litigation standards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 35-39"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-980_p702.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 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who can perform a job now.","Liu argued Stanley alleged discrimination against a qualified individual under the law."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 47-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-43"}]}],"caption":"Stanley v. City of Sanford","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.908453Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.915097Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:00.035727Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Stanley argues the ADA covers her denied benefits. The City argues the law only protects current employees.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 55-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 55-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 51-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/606us1r53_5i36.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-997.html","primary_docket":"23-997","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:55:27.831882Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Stanley seeks to sue the City for denying her post-employment benefits. The City wants the Court to dismiss her claim. The dispute centers on whether the ADA protects former employees."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 55-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 55-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 51-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 13, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 47-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 47-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Stanley wants the Court to allow her to sue for denied benefits.","The City wants the Court to dismiss her discrimination claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 55-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 55-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 51-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Stanley argues the ADA covers former employees who faced discrimination while employed.","The City argues the ADA only protects individuals who currently hold or desire a job."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 55-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 55-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 51-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Jackson asked if this case involves a different scenario regarding waiver.","Justice Jackson asked what ingredients define the legal standard at issue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 53-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 53-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines who can sue for disability discrimination. It determines whether former employees can challenge denied benefits. The outcome shapes the scope of workplace protections for all workers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 55-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 55-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 51-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 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45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 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39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 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37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 55-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 55-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/23-997_cbi8.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 51-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","paragraphs":["Louisiana claims it balanced many interests in redistricting.","Challengers claim the state let race predominate in the map.","argument"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 31-7"}]}],"caption":"Louisiana v. Callais","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.586830Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.598348Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:57.501656Z","explanation":"An official Court order was verified.","status":"order_issued"}],"case_status":"order_issued","dek":"Louisiana argues it must follow a prior ruling. Challengers say the state ignored that duty.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 31-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_order","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/24-109_l53m.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-109.html","primary_docket":"24-109","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:48:03.966642Z","maturity":"post_order","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_order","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Louisiana seeks to keep its current map. Challengers want a new map with a majority-minority district."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 31-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 24, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Louisiana wants to keep its current map.","Challengers want a new map with a majority-minority district."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 31-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Louisiana argues it has breathing room to balance interests.","Challengers argue the state must follow the prior order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 31-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the state failed to provide evidence.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if the prior ruling was correct."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 47-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 47-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines state power to ignore court orders. It shapes how states draw voting maps. It affects minority voting rights nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 47-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 31-7"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-109_l53m.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-53"}]}],"caption":"Catholic Charities Bureau v. WI Labor Review Comm'n","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.690853Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.715837Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:57.149585Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Catholic Charities argues Wisconsin wrongly denied its tax exemption. The state claims the group failed to meet religious criteria.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/605us1r37_986b.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-154.html","primary_docket":"24-154","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:40:31.634939Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Catholic Charities seeks a full tax exemption. The state wants to deny it based on activity type."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 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15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-33"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Catholic Charities wants a full tax exemption.","The state wants to deny the exemption."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if states can limit exemptions.","Justice Kagan asked if any religious group qualifies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-53"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of religious tax benefits. It affects how states treat religious organizations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-53"}]}],"slug":"2024-24-154-catholic-charities-bureau-v-wi-labor-review-comm-n","term":"2024","title":"Can states limit religious unemployment tax exemptions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-154_5f57.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 27-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Yalowitz argued the U.S. can respond to terror abroad. He noted criminal prosecution would not violate due process.","Mr. Berger argued the PSJVTA fails the due process test. He cited the Bauxites standard for legal submission.","Mr. Kneedler argued the statute is integral to national security. He stated it secures compensation for terrorism victims."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-29"}]}],"caption":"Fuld v. PLO","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.718665Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.735072Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:56.937280Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case argue the statute violates due process. the opposing sides claim it serves national security goals.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 29-41"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/606us1r52_3eah.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-20.html","primary_docket":"24-20","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:40:06.754160Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests whether Congress can force foreign entities to pay terrorism judgments. The PSJVTA targets the PLO and PA. the sides that brought the case say this violates due process. the opposing sides say it protects U.S. citizens."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 29-41"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 1, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the PSJVTA. They argue it violates due process rights.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the PSJVTA. They argue it serves vital national security interests."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 29-41"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the statute fails the due process test. They cite the Bauxites standard for constructive consent.","the opposing sides argue the statute is integral to foreign policy. They note the government could prosecute these acts criminally."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 29-41"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the Fifth Amendment protects U.S. citizens here. She questioned why foreigner status matters.","Justice Barrett asked if minimum contacts analysis applies without a statute. She questioned the role of federalism in this context."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of congressional power over foreign entities. It determines whether victims can recover damages from state actors. The outcome shapes future terrorism litigation and foreign policy tools."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 29-41"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-20_k536.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","paragraphs":["The student's advocate stated that both sides agree the ADA and Rehabilitation Act apply the same legal standards to all plaintiffs.","The school district's advocate argued that the defendant must have acted with discriminatory intent, described as bad faith, to be liable.","Justice Roberts noted that the district conceded the main legal question, suggesting the case might be resolved by that concession alone."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 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J. T. v. Osseo Area Schools","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.501282Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.529449Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:43.333272Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether courts must apply a single intent standard to all disability discrimination claims against schools.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/605us2r41_bp7c.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-249.html","primary_docket":"24-249","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:34:14.170200Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["A student sued her school district for disability discrimination. The lower courts applied different intent standards to different legal claims. The parties now argue the Court should clarify the correct standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 28, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The student wants the Court to apply a single, uniform intent standard to all her disability discrimination claims.","The school district wants the Court to allow different intent standards for different types of disability discrimination claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The student argues that the ADA and Rehabilitation Act require the same intent standard for all plaintiffs, rejecting uniquely stringent tests for children.","The school district argues that bare IDEA violations do not support liability under Section 504 or the ADA without discriminatory intent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kavanaugh asked about the difference between deliberate indifference and bad faith.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the source of the various intent tests and noted that motive is often irrelevant in law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-39"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The decision will determine whether students must prove different levels of intent to win different types of disability discrimination lawsuits against schools."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 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31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-39"}]}],"slug":"2024-24-249-a-j-t-v-osseo-area-schools","term":"2024","title":"Do schools face the same intent standard for all disability discrimination claims?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 37-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 37-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-249_la7n.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Rice argued that premature notices of appeal take effect when the appeal clock starts.","Ms. Brown argued that Section 2107 does not preclude premature notices of appeal.","Mr. Huston argued that Section 2107(c) clearly requires timely filing of notices of appeal.","Justice Jackson questioned whether the notice of appeal was actually premature in this context."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-27"}]}],"caption":"Parrish v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.442561Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.458786Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:02.316284Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a notice of appeal filed before the appeal period begins takes effect when that period later reopens.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/605us2r43_e29g.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-275.html","primary_docket":"24-275","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:39:02.481138Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the validity of a notice of appeal filed before the appeal period began. the side that brought the case argues the notice ripens when the period reopens. The government argues the notice is invalid because it was premature."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 21, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to validate the premature notice of appeal.","The government wants the Court to invalidate the premature notice of appeal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues Section 2107 does not preclude premature notices of appeal.","The government argues Section 2107(c) clearly requires timely filing of notices of appeal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Jackson questioned why the court of appeals did not docket the appeal immediately.","Justice Kavanaugh asked how the background principle coexists with specific appellate rules."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines the procedural validity of early-filed notices of appeal. It clarifies the interaction between statutory deadlines and appellate practice. The outcome affects how courts manage reopened appeal periods."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-27"}]}],"slug":"2024-24-275-parrish-v-united-states","term":"2024","title":"Does a premature notice of appeal become valid when the appeal period reopens?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 53-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-275_8m59.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 53-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Baxter argued that parents care deeply about their children's education. He stated that most schools require parental consent for sexuality education. He emphasized the importance of parental involvement in these topics.","Ms. Harris argued that forcing a choice between faith and benefits burdens religion. She cited the Fulton case as a precedent for this principle. She claimed the school policy creates a similar burden for these parents.","Mr. Schoenfeld argued that children encounter conflicting ideas in schools daily. He noted that children read about veterans and working women. He suggested that exposure to diverse views is a normal part of education."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 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33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 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9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 25-25"}]}],"caption":"Mahmoud v. Taylor","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.474046Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.485649Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.512104Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:42.784714Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Parents claim school books on gender and marriage force them to choose between their faith and their children's education.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 177, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 177, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 25-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/606us2r63_n648.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-297.html","primary_docket":"24-297","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-31T18:35:49.478207Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Parents argue that reading specific books burdens their religious exercise. They want the court to strike down the school policy. They claim the books teach ideas that conflict with their beliefs. They seek a legal remedy for this perceived coercion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 177, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 177, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 25-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 22, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Parents want the court to find that the school policy burdens their religious exercise. They seek a ruling that allows them to opt out of these lessons without penalty. They want the lower court decisions overturned.","The school district wants the court to uphold the lower court decisions. They argue that reading books does not coerce students. They want the policy to remain in place for all children."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 177, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 177, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 25-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Parents argue that the books teach specific views on gender and marriage. They claim this forces a choice between faith and education. They cite the Fulton case to support their burden claim.","The school district argues that the books are merely present in the classroom. They state that students are not forced to read or discuss them. They contend that exposure alone does not constitute coercion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 177, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 177, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 25-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if the books are just present or actively taught. He wanted to know if the record shows more than mere exposure. He questioned the nature of the classroom interaction.","Justice Sotomayor asked if looking at pictures of holding hands is coercion. She noted that the lower courts found no coercion. She asked if mere exposure to these images violates rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 39-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 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51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of religious freedom in public schools. It determines whether schools can require exposure to diverse viewpoints. The outcome affects how schools manage curriculum and parental rights. It sets a standard for handling religious objections in education."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 27-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 27-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 177, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 177, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 93, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 93, lines 25-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-297_2035.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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Davis","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.554281Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.584046Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.616183Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:44.004792Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether federal courts can certify classes containing uninjured members.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 113, lines 53-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 113, lines 53-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — 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84, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 19-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/605us1r40_f1gk.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-304.html","primary_docket":"24-304","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:33:57.010744Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the limits of class action certification under Article III."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 113, lines 53-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 113, lines 53-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 153, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 153, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 19-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 29, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Court to strike the class certification.","the opposing side wants the Court to keep the class certification."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 113, lines 53-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 113, lines 53-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 153, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 153, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 19-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues uninjured members cannot join a class.","the opposing side argues the class shares a common injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 113, lines 53-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 113, lines 53-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 153, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 153, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 19-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the case is an advisory opinion.","Justice Kagan asked how the orders materially changed the class scope."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 33-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 33-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 25-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 25-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 141, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 141, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 141, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 141, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 143, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 143, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 53-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 53-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling defines who can participate in federal class actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 113, lines 53-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 113, lines 53-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 153, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 153, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 19-27"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-7"}]}],"slug":"2024-24-304-laboratory-corp-of-america-v-davis","term":"2024","title":"Can a class include members who lack a legal injury?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 113, lines 53-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 113, lines 53-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 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19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-304_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 19-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Flint argued the specific statute controls the claim.","Ms. Flynn argued the text expressly provides for settlement.","Justice Barrett questioned the potential lump sum amount.","Chief Justice Roberts worried about bypassing important statutes."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-27"}]}],"caption":"Soto v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.515074Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.535245Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:01.923795Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether a specific statute overrides the general six-year limit for unpaid military compensation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-1"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/605us2r42_k5fl.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-320.html","primary_docket":"24-320","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:34:37.832741Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Soto seeks unpaid military pay. The government argues a time limit blocks the claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-1"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 28, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Soto wants the court to reject the six-year limit.","The government wants the court to enforce the six-year limit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-1"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Soto argues the specific statute controls the claim.","The government argues the general Barring Act applies."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-1"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Barrett asked about the financial impact of a lump sum.","Chief Justice Roberts asked if this ruling opens the barn door."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-27"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines if veterans can claim older unpaid pay."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-1"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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page 37, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 41-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-320_50e5.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 41-1"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","paragraphs":["General Harris argued Section 254 is not an unlimited delegation. She stated Congress told the FCC to give all Americans access to basic services. She emphasized the FCC can promote phone service but not faxes.","Mr. Clement argued there is no delegation problem. He stated Congress did not impose a tax out of the blue. He claimed the 1996 Act provided a clear basis for the fees.","Mr. McCotter argued the case is about taxation without representation. He stated Americans pay billions annually for the fund. He noted the rate has increased ten-fold since the law passed."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 112, lines 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Consumers' Research","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.680045Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.686460Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.708193Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:45.916335Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Consumers' Research argues the FCC exceeds its power by setting fees without clear limits. The FCC claims Congress authorized these charges.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 112, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 112, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 177, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 177, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/606us2r64_8nj9.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-354.html","primary_docket":"24-354","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:41:20.217737Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on the FCC's power to set fees for the universal service fund. Consumers' Research claims this power is too broad. The FCC argues Congress gave it clear authority."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 112, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 112, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 177, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 177, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on March 26, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 146, lines 13-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 146, lines 13-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The FCC wants the Court to uphold its fee-setting power. It argues Congress gave it clear authority to manage the fund.","Consumers' Research wants the Court to strike down the fees. It argues the FCC lacks specific limits on how much it can collect."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 112, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 112, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 177, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 177, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The FCC argues Section 254 provides a clear policy goal. It claims this goal limits its discretion to set reasonable charges.","Consumers' Research argues the law lacks specific monetary limits. It claims this allows the FCC to impose taxes without representation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 112, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 112, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 177, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 177, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked if a law requiring fair service would be constitutional. He questioned whether qualitative judgments are sufficient limits.","Justice Alito asked why the delegation to the FCC and private parties should be analyzed separately. He questioned the compartmentalization of authority transfers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 51-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 51-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 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55-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 55-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case determines whether the FCC can set fees without specific monetary caps. It affects how much Americans pay for phone service subsidies. It defines the boundary between agency regulation and taxation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 112, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 112, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 177, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 177, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 51-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 51-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-25"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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universal service fees?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 112, lines 11-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 112, lines 11-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-354_3e07.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 177, lines 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15-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Jaicomo argued that Congress amended the Act in 1974 to ensure a legal remedy for intentional torts.","Mr. Mills argued that the FTCA does not make the United States liable for lawful acts of its agents.","Mr. Liu noted that the Court granted certiorari on two questions regarding the proviso and the Supremacy Clause."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-23"}]}],"caption":"Martin v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.550490Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:58.125372Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Federal Tort Claims Act waives sovereign immunity for lawful police conduct.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/605us2r44_4f57.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-362.html","primary_docket":"24-362","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:33:36.655363Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of the law enforcement proviso in the Federal Tort Claims Act."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 29, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to hold that the proviso creates a freestanding rule allowing claims for lawful acts.","The United States wants the Court to hold that the Act does not waive immunity for lawful acts of agents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the proviso text is affirmative and creates a distinct legal remedy for intentional torts.","The United States argues the Act does not make the government liable for lawful acts of its agents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the side that brought the case claims only the discretionary exception is inoperative against the proviso.","Justice Jackson asked if the side that brought the case derives this view from legislative history regarding the proviso's origins."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-23"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The decision determines whether citizens can sue the federal government for damages caused by lawful police actions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-23"}]}],"slug":"2024-24-362-martin-v-united-states","term":"2024","title":"Does the FTCA bar claims against federal police for lawful acts?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 31-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 31-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-362_m7i2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the exclusion discriminates against religious schools.","the opposing sides argue the schools are private, not state actors.","Justice Jackson questioned the board's ability to review religious curriculum.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the board must judge curriculum quality."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 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53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 149, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 149, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-51"}]}],"caption":"OK Charter School Board v. Drummond","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.561900Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.595100Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.626877Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:44.178971Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Oklahoma law bars religious charter schools from receiving state funds. the sides that brought the case claim this violates the Free Exercise Clause. the opposing sides argue the schools are private entities.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 149, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 149, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 33-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/605us1r33_5h26.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-394.html","primary_docket":"24-394","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:33:17.670703Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Oklahoma law excludes religious charter schools from state funding. the sides that brought the case argue this violates the Free Exercise Clause. the opposing sides argue the schools are private entities. The Court must decide if the exclusion is constitutional."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 149, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 149, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 33-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 30, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 43-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to strike down the funding exclusion.","the opposing sides want the Court to uphold the funding exclusion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 149, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 149, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 33-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue the exclusion violates the Free Exercise Clause.","the opposing sides argue the schools are private entities, not state actors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 149, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 149, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 33-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Jackson asked how the board reviews religious curriculum.","Justice Sotomayor asked if the board must judge curriculum quality."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The decision determines whether religious schools can access public funds. It affects the scope of state oversight over private education. It clarifies the balance between free exercise and establishment principles."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 149, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 149, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 33-45"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 15-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 15-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 45-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 45-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 43-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 43-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 37-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 37-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-51"}]}],"slug":"2024-24-394-ok-charter-school-board-v-drummond","term":"2024","title":"Can Oklahoma exclude religious charter schools from public funding?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 149, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 149, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 55-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 55-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-394_3135.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 33-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Ross argued Section 6330 creates a levy-specific exception to the pay-first rule.","Mr. Dvoretzky argued the IRS cannot evade jurisdiction by keeping taxpayer money through offsets.","Ms. Rose noted the statute allows applying overpayments as credits."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 51-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 51-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-19"}]}],"caption":"CIR v. Zuch","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.471382Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:13.765671Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The IRS argues it can block Tax Court review by offsetting refunds. The taxpayer claims this action violates statutory jurisdiction.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 51-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 51-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/605us2r45_3f14.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-416.html","primary_docket":"24-416","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:38:41.595014Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether the IRS can use discretionary offsets to remove a case from Tax Court jurisdiction. The taxpayer argues this practice evades statutory review of liability determinations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 51-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 51-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 22, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The IRS wants the Court to dismiss the case as moot.","The taxpayer wants the Court to preserve Tax Court jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 51-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 51-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The IRS argues Article III mootness principles do not apply to executive branch actions.","The taxpayer argues the statute requires jurisdiction based on liability determinations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 51-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 51-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked if the Court should view this as statutory jurisdiction rather than mootness.","Justice Gorsuch asked if the Tax Court's jurisdiction hinges on a determination."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-19"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the scope of judicial review over IRS collection actions. It determines whether taxpayers can challenge liability after the agency offsets refunds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 51-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 51-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 9-19"}]}],"slug":"2024-24-416-cir-v-zuch","term":"2024","title":"Does the IRS offset of a refund strip the Tax Court of jurisdiction?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 51-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 51-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-416_m54f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","paragraphs":["TikTok's counsel argued the law shuts down a speech platform.","The government's counsel argued Chinese control poses a grave threat.","TikTok's counsel argued content manipulation taints data security claims."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 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9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-7"}]}],"caption":"TikTok, Inc. v. Garland, Att'y Gen.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.853336Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.877478Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.883960Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:00.614141Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"TikTok argues the law bans its speech. The government says the law protects national security.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 173, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 173, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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41-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/604us1r07_k536.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-656.html","primary_docket":"24-656","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:56:02.905479Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["TikTok seeks to keep operating in the U.S. The government seeks to force a sale."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 173, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 173, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 41-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 10, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 13-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 13-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 41-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["TikTok argues the law bans its speech.","The government argues the law protects national security."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 173, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 173, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 41-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked about TikTok's U.S. status.","Justice Thomas asked about TikTok's specific speech."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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13-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 13-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 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21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 9-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 9-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 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33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the limits of government power over speech platforms. It balances national security against free expression. The outcome shapes future regulation of digital media."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 173, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 173, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 41-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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41-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-656_pm02.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 41-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","paragraphs":["Jeffrey Wall argued the waiver limits liquid fuel vehicles.","Wall claimed vacating the waiver would redress the company's injury.","Kneedler argued the company seeks a categorical rule for redressability.","Klein stated federal courts do not assume standing exists."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript 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21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-29"}]}],"caption":"Diamond Alternative Energy, LLC v. EPA","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.481956Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.501215Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:13.566226Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Diamond Alternative Energy argues the EPA waiver harms its business. The EPA argues the company lacks standing to sue.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/606us1r54_j4ek.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-7.html","primary_docket":"24-7","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:45:33.929833Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a fuel seller can sue over a waiver that restricts vehicle fuel types. The company claims the waiver blocks its sales. The agency claims the company cannot prove direct harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on April 23, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Diamond Alternative Energy wants the Court to find it has standing to sue.","The EPA wants the Court to dismiss the case for lack of standing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Diamond Alternative Energy argues the waiver directly impedes its product sales.","The EPA argues the company cannot prove the waiver causes its injury."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked how the company would prove its claim.","Justice Sotomayor asked why the Court should issue an advisory opinion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome defines when businesses can challenge government rules. It sets the standard for proving market harm in court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-29"}]}],"slug":"2024-24-7-diamond-alternative-energy-llc-v-epa","term":"2024","title":"Does a fuel seller have standing to challenge a waiver that limits vehicle fuel types?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 33-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 33-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 11-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24-7_7j7a.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 11-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","paragraphs":["The government's lawyer argued that broad orders exceed the judicial power Article III grants. He said judges may address only the injury to the party before them. He said the orders invite forum shopping and conflicting judgments.","The challengers' lawyers argued that the orders are proper. One lawyer said the order would make citizenship vary by state, which the Constitution forbids. Another lawyer said the orders maintain a century-old status quo while the case proceeds.","Justice Sotomayor said the order appears to conflict with four Supreme Court precedents on citizenship. She said those precedents treat children as citizens regardless of their parents' status or loyalty."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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CASA, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.565542Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.619809Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.629664Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:44.673290Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:42:42.071148Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The Trump administration asks the Supreme Court to limit nationwide court orders that blocked its executive order on birthright citizenship. Challengers say the orders are needed to protect their rights.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 126, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 126, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 161, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 161, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 35-39"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2024","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/606us2r66_j426.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24A884.html","primary_docket":"24A884","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T20:08:39.540938Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.610064Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.788208Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:46:28.502714Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["President Trump issued an executive order in January 2025 seeking to change who gets citizenship at birth. Several federal judges issued orders that blocked the policy nationwide. The administration asked the Supreme Court to narrow those orders. The case tests how far a single judge's order can reach."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 126, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 126, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 161, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 161, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 35-39"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["Lower courts issued preliminary orders that blocked the executive order across the country. The administration asked the Supreme Court to narrow those orders while the case continues. The challengers asked the Court to keep the orders in place."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The administration wants the Supreme Court to narrow the nationwide orders. It argues that judges may order relief only for the people before them. It says these broad orders let plaintiffs win anywhere while the government must win everywhere. It also says the orders encourage forum shopping and rush judges into decisions.","The challengers want the Supreme Court to leave the orders in place. They say the executive order violates the Constitution's citizenship rule. They say every court that reviewed the order found it unlawful. They say the orders protect the challengers from serious harm while the case proceeds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 126, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 126, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 161, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 161, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 35-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The administration says the Fourteenth Amendment grants citizenship to children of former slaves, not to people in the country unlawfully or temporarily. It says broad court orders exceed judges' power and disrupt the separation of powers.","The challengers say the order conflicts with the Constitution's text, court precedent, a federal statute, and a century of government practice. They say the orders give complete relief to the people who sued."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 126, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 126, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 161, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 161, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 35-39"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor questioned whether the government's position would force hundreds of thousands of people to file separate lawsuits. She asked whether the challengers' proposal resembles a class action or a bill of peace. She said the challengers identify a single group and one question: whether citizenship follows birth on U. S. soil.","Justice Thomas asked the government's lawyer about the history of broad court orders. He asked whether past practices support them. Justice Jackson questioned whether the orders really give relief to people outside the case. She said the orders may simply limit what the government can do."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 41-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 41-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 55-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 55-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling could reshape how much relief a federal judge can order against the government. It could affect how challenges to federal policies are litigated nationwide. Questions from the justices do not indicate a final outcome."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 126, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 126, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 161, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 161, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 35-39"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["In deciding the stay request, the Court treated universal injunctions as broader than federal courts' authority allows. Such injunctions protect people beyond the plaintiffs.","The Court partly stayed the injunctions, limiting them to relief needed for the plaintiffs with standing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/606us2r66_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 6, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/606us2r66_j426.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2024-24a884-trump-v-casa-inc","term":"2024","title":"Can Federal Judges Block a Federal Policy Everywhere With One Order?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 126, lines 37-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 126, lines 37-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 131, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 131, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 161, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 161, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2024/24a884_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 35-39"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","paragraphs":["The prisoner's counsel argued RLUIPA mirrors RFRA in authorizing damages.","The state's counsel argued the statute lacks clear notice for individual suits.","justice_question_contexts"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 105, lines 38-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 105, lines 38-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official 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Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 36-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 36-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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Transcript — file page 79, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 56-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 56-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 56-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 56-8"}]}],"caption":"Landor v. LA DOC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.189836Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.222409Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.222466Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:39.674835Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether RLUIPA allows individual damages suits against state officials.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 105, lines 38-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 105, lines 38-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 36-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 36-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 36-46"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/23-1197_new2_k5fm.pdf","https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/23-1197diff2_j4ek.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-1197.html","primary_docket":"23-1197","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:31:59.365768Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["A prisoner claims state officials violated his religious rights. He seeks damages under RLUIPA. The state argues the law does not allow such suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 105, lines 38-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 105, lines 38-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 36-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 36-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 36-46"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 10, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 54-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 54-34"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The prisoner wants to recover damages for the alleged violation.","The state wants the Court to bar individual damages suits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 105, lines 38-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 105, lines 38-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 36-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 36-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 36-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The prisoner argues RLUIPA clearly authorizes individual damages suits.","The state argues RLUIPA does not clearly create such a cause of action."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 105, lines 38-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 105, lines 38-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 36-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 36-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 36-46"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked about the scope of the Salinas precedent.","Justice Thomas asked for examples of viable damages claims under the Spending Power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 48-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 48-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 46-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 46-56"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 54-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 54-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 48-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 48-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 38-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 38-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 56-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 56-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 56-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 56-8"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The decision determines if prisoners can sue state officials for religious rights violations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 105, lines 38-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 105, lines 38-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 36-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 36-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 36-46"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 52-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 52-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 14-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 14-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 24-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 24-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 48-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 48-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 10-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 10-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 46-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 46-56"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 10-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 10-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 54-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 54-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 48-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 48-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 38-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 38-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 20-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 20-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 8-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 8-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 28-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 28-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 56-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 56-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 36-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 36-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 50-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 50-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 56-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 56-8"}]}],"slug":"2025-23-1197-landor-v-la-doc","term":"2025","title":"Can prisoners sue state officials for RLUIPA violations?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 105, lines 38-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 105, lines 38-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 26-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 26-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 36-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 36-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1197_c07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 36-46"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Kenneally argued for the sides that brought the case. He said Section 1391 creates a clear timing rule. He emphasized the phrase as of as the key textual term.","Mr. Barber argued for the opposing sides. He said actuaries have selected assumptions after the measurement date for decades. He argued ERISA's provisions support that practice.","Mr. Roberts also argued for the sides that brought the case. He said the phrase as of is the key phrase in the case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-49"}]}],"caption":"M & K Employee Solutions v. Trustees of the IAM Pension Fund","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:13.958158Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:06.796599Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"M & K Employee Solutions argues that ERISA's timing rule fixes withdrawal liability as of the prior year's end. The IAM Pension Fund's trustees contend the statute allows actuaries to choose assumptions later.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us1r34_f2bh.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/23-1209.html","primary_docket":"23-1209","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T14:17:46.711259Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["M & K Employee Solutions withdrew from the IAM Pension Fund. The plan calculated a large withdrawal liability. The company says the calculation used assumptions chosen after the measurement date. The Second Circuit agreed with the plan. The court in Metz was the first to bar that practice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 20, 2026."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Mr. Barber argued actuaries have selected assumptions after the measurement date for decades. He said the Second Circuit in Metz was the first to prohibit that. He argued ERISA's provisions make clear the practice is allowed. The trustees want the lower court's ruling upheld.","Justice Kavanaugh asked how the sides that brought the case handle the terms reasonable and best estimate. He said those terms don't imply a specific timing rule. Justice Thomas asked whether the sides that brought the case knew about the valuation before withdrawing. Justice Gorsuch pressed on whether the actuary can use different information."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts raised a hypothetical about late-arriving information. He asked what happens if a company mails a correction after the measurement date. Mr. Roberts, the sides that brought the case' advocate, said the phrase as of is the key textual issue. The case turns on what that phrase means in context.","Justice Jackson noted the assumptions reflect the actuary's best judgment of future performance. She pushed back on the idea that the assumptions are something separate from that judgment. The justices probed whether the statutory language supports a rigid cutoff."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Whether the phrase as of in Section 1391 requires the actuary to fix assumptions before the measurement date.","Whether the statutory terms reasonable and best estimate allow flexibility in selecting assumptions after the measurement date."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling will determine when pension plan actuaries must lock in their assumptions for withdrawal liability calculations. It will affect how plans compute what withdrawing employers owe. The Second Circuit's Metz decision was the first to impose this timing restriction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 35-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 35-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 37-49"}]}],"slug":"2025-23-1209-m-k-employee-solutions-v-trustees-of-the-iam-pension-fund","term":"2025","title":"Can a pension actuary select assumptions after the measurement date?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/23-1209_b97d.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 35-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","paragraphs":["NJ Transit's lawyer argued the system's features answer the classification question decisively.","The challenger's lawyer argued a state creating a new public entity has a choice between a traditional government body and a separate corporation.","NJ Transit's lawyer conceded New Jersey courts are open to claims for events occurring outside of states."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-49"}]}],"caption":"Galette v. NJ Transit Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:13.922659Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:13.933164Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:36.605186Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:34:32.992156Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute is whether New Jersey's statewide public transportation system should be treated as a state agency. A locality, or a private business, which determines what legal protections and liabilities apply to it.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 55-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r18_d18f.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-1021.html","primary_docket":"24-1021","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T22:11:16.541282Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.728245Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.920362Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:34:33.017167Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["New Jersey created NJ Transit decades ago to provide what it saw as an essential public good: a statewide public transportation system. The case asks which legal category the system belongs in. The Court heard the dispute together with a consolidated case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 55-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The case reached the Supreme Court after lower-court proceedings. NJ Transit conceded in a footnote to a reply brief that New Jersey courts are open to claims for events occurring outside of states."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 39-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["NJ Transit argues its features answer the classification question decisively: it is most like a state agency, not a private business or locality. New Jersey exercised its own autonomy when it created the system.","The challenger argues the state had a choice when it created a new public entity. It could have made a traditional department or agency using state employees, state property, and public money. The challenger says NJ Transit does not fit that mold and relies on a Rule 19 necessary-party analysis."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 55-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["NJ Transit disclaims liability for the debts and other exposure of the Transit Authority, a point the Chief Justice raised during questioning.","The challenger's lawyer described the dispute as a Rule 19 necessary party sort of analysis."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 55-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor questioned the reliance on control alone, saying the Court has called control a perilous inquiry and that funding percentages matter too.","Justice Thomas asked what the best case is for treating the corporation as having the benefit of sovereignty, and whether anything more recent exists. He noted states historically create corporations to do things they cannot or will not do themselves, like borrow money, run banks, and run businesses."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 9-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling will shape how states structure public entities. States can choose between traditional government bodies and separately created corporations, and the classification controls legal exposure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 55-29"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["NJ Transit is a legally separate corporation responsible for its own debts and judgments, so it is not an arm of New Jersey. Therefore it does not share New Jersey's sovereign immunity from out-of-state lawsuits.","The Pennsylvania Supreme Court's judgment was reversed, the New York Court of Appeals' judgment was affirmed, and both cases were sent back for further proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r18_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 6, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r18_d18f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-1021-galette-v-nj-transit-corp","term":"2025","title":"Should NJ Transit Count as a State Agency or a Private Business?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1021_g314.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 55-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","paragraphs":["Alan Beck argued for the sides that brought the case, per the Chief Justice's introduction of Case 24-1046. He urged reversal of the lower court's ruling upholding Hawaii's law.","Mr. Katyal argued for the state, defending the lower court's judgment in favor of Hawaii's consent requirement.","Ms. Harris argued for the sides that brought the case. She said analogs must be on all fours, and that inescapably different permissions govern property open to the public versus property closed to the public. She conceded this is not a complete answer to the state's position."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 125, lines 51-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 125, lines 51-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-47"}]}],"caption":"Wolford v. Lopez","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:13.955406Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:13.960945Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:36.956846Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:28:18.227247Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Hawaii makes it a crime to carry a licensed firearm onto private property open to the public without the owner's express permission. Gun rights groups say the rule guts the constitutional right to public carry. The state says property owners' right to exclude controls. The Supreme Court heard the dispute in Wolford v. Lopez.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 125, lines 51-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 125, lines 51-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 43-53"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-1046_nmio.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-1046.html","primary_docket":"24-1046","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T22:11:57.421986Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.647394Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.830933Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:28:18.255534Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests how the Second Amendment right to carry firearms in public interacts with a property owner's traditional right to exclude people from private land. Hawaii's law requires express consent before a licensed carrier may bring a gun onto private property that is open to the public."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 125, lines 51-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 125, lines 51-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 43-53"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["A lower court upheld Hawaii's law. the sides that brought the case asked the Supreme Court to reverse that decision and strike the rule down. The state asked the Court to affirm the lower ruling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case: Alan Beck argued that Bruen protects the right to publicly carry firearms. He said Hawaii's consent requirement runs roughshod over that constitutional right.","the sides that brought the case: Ms. Harris contended that Hawaii cannot gut Bruen by presumptively banning licensed carriers from retail stores and other private property open to the public. She said the novel rule offends history and tradition, and that different common law traditions apply to property open to the public and property closed to it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 125, lines 51-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 125, lines 51-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 43-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The state: Mr. Katyal argued the case involves two fundamental rights, the right to bear arms and the property right to exclude. He said the parties largely agree on how those rights interact.","Justice Thomas questioned the sides that brought the case' claim that the law blocks access to about 97 percent of public areas, asking how they arrived at that figure."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 125, lines 51-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 125, lines 51-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 43-53"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor pressed the sides that brought the case on whether the Constitution guarantees a right to carry a gun on private property.","Justice Sotomayor asked whether a custom permitting entry onto private property without the owner's express consent actually exists. She noted that under McKee, Justice Holmes looked for evidence that a practice prevailed in Missouri, the state where the suit originated. She said whether seashell collection was allowed depended on custom in that jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 19-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 19-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 51-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 51-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 53-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 53-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor also observed that much of Hawaii consists of state parks and state property. The Court's answer will shape whether states may condition gun carry on private land open to the public. Questions from the bench do not indicate votes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 125, lines 51-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 125, lines 51-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 43-53"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["Hawaii's law banning licensed carry permit holders from carrying handguns on private property open to the public without the owner's express consent violates the Second and Fourteenth Amendments.","The Supreme Court reversed the Ninth Circuit's judgment and remanded the case for further proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-1046_nmio.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 4, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-1046_nmio.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-1046-wolford-v-lopez","term":"2025","title":"Can Hawaii ban gun carry on private property open to the public unless owners give consent?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 125, lines 51-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 125, lines 51-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 19-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 19-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1046_hejm.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 43-53"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Unikowsky argued the question is how, not whether, to hold people accountable for absconding. He said the Sentencing Reform Act's text and history show Congress intended revocation, not fugitive tolling, to address abscondment.","Mr. Handell argued a supervisee is not discharging her release term while absconding. He said that intuition matches the statutory text, the Court's precedents, and earlier decisional law.","Justice Alito noted that before parole was abolished under the Sentencing Reform Act, there were no sentencing guidelines.","Justice Jackson questioned whether the system truly works as a credit system, saying she was confused by the government's framing of the issue as depriving credit for supervised release."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 44-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 48-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 54-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 30-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 30-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 44-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 44-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 54-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 54-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 56-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 56-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-36"}]}],"caption":"Rico v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.152998Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:04.748532Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:26:33.634659Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The Supreme Court must decide whether a person who flees supervision serves their supervised release term while on the run, or whether that time gets added back.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 54-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 54-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-48"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r23_4g15.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-1056.html","primary_docket":"24-1056","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T21:47:07.254485Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.632218Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.812916Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:26:33.653195Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Rico v. United States asks how federal courts handle time a supervisee spends as a fugitive. The government says the person simply loses credit for that period. The defendant says the court must add that time back, extending the release term. The dispute turns on how Congress intended courts to hold absconders accountable."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 54-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 54-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-48"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["A lower court sided with the government. It declined to add the fugitive period back onto the release term. The defendant appealed, asking the Supreme Court to reverse that ruling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Mr. Unikowsky, for the defendant, argues Congress chose revocation, not time-tolling, as the way to address absconding. He wants the Court to reverse the lower court.","Mr. Handell, for the government, argues a person is not serving a release term while fleeing supervision. He wants the Court to affirm the lower court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 54-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 54-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-48"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Justice Alito questioned whether the real issue is whether courts may depart upward or downward from the guideline range tied to the violations.","Justice Jackson questioned whether supervised release is fundamentally different from parole, probation, or imprisonment because it is not imposed for punishment. She also questioned whether the government's framing treats the case as depriving a person of credit for release time."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 54-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 54-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-48"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas questioned how a term can count as supervised release when the absconder is not being supervised.","Justice Alito questioned whether the problem comes from the Sentencing Reform Act or from the Sentencing Guidelines, and whether it would exist without the guidelines."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 44-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 48-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 48-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 44-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 44-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 54-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 30-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 30-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 44-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 44-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 56-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 56-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 16-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 16-36"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling will shape how federal courts treat fugitive time in supervised release cases. It affects accountability for absconders and the length of their release terms."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 54-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 54-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-48"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["A defendant's period of being on the run does not automatically stretch out their court-ordered supervised release time. An offense committed after that ordered term has expired cannot count as a violation of it.","The Ninth Circuit's judgment was reversed and the case remanded."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r23_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 4, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r23_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-1056-rico-v-united-states","term":"2025","title":"Does Time Spent Fugitive Count Toward a Supervised Release Term?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 54-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 54-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1056_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-48"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/24-1063","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard this case in Washington, D. C. on March 3, 2026, starting at 10:05 a. m. Lisa S. Blatt argued for Hunter. Zoe A. Jacoby argued for the United States.","Justice Gorsuch clarified the scope: only waiver of sentencing errors is before the Court. Hunter's lawyer confirmed that point and noted precedent limiting withdrawal from plea agreements.","Hunter's lawyer conceded she is not arguing that appeal waivers are categorically impermissible. That concession narrowed what her side was asking the Court to decide.","Hunter's lawyer asked the Court at least to remand on the second main legal question. Her broader position was that appeal waivers should face ordinary contract defenses. She argued plea agreements are contracts, so contract doctrines can excuse appeal waivers in them."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 49-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 49-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 33-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 27-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 27-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 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25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 17-25"}]}],"caption":"Hunter v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:29:00.301458Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:29:00.324346Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:35.831694Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:30:00.595939Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Munson P. Hunter, III pleaded guilty under a deal that waived his right to appeal his sentence. He says contract law can excuse that waiver when a sentence is clearly wrong. The United States says a valid waiver sticks. The Supreme Court heard argument on March 3, 2026, and has not ruled.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 33-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 25-49"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/24-1063","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-1063_diff_5h26.pdf","https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-1063new_l5gm.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-1063.html","primary_docket":"24-1063","revisions":[{"correction_note":null,"created_at":"2026-08-29T02:23:24.036210Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T16:12:59.073592Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.666063Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.855594Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:30:00.617991Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":6}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case is Hunter v. United States, No. 24-1063. Justice Gorsuch clarified that only waivers of sentencing errors are before the Court. Hunter's lawyer confirmed that point. The disputed sentence component is a supervised-release medication condition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 33-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 25-49"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The case reached the Supreme Court after earlier proceedings below. The transcript does not describe those lower-court decisions in detail. Lisa S. Blatt argued for Hunter. Zoe A. Jacoby, an Assistant to the Solicitor General, argued for the United States."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 29-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Hunter asks the Court at least to remand on a second legal question about warnings. His broader position is that appeal waivers should face ordinary contract defenses. He says plea agreements are contracts, so contract doctrines can excuse appeal waivers.","Hunter proposes a two-gate test. First, the error must be clear and indisputable. Second, it must be egregious—plainly unauthorized by statute or violating constitutional rights. Examples include sentences based on race, religion, or bodily integrity. He cites Rumery for the idea that enforcing contracts is a primary public policy consideration."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 33-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 29-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The United States asks the Court to hold there is no exception allowing Hunter's appeal, rather than remanding. It says knowing and voluntary appeal waivers are enforceable and contract law provides no sentence-based exception.","The government says contract defenses apply in principle but fail here. It argues an open-ended egregious-sentences exception would spur litigation and undermine the benefit of the bargain. It opposes remand, warning of signaling effects and floodgates of litigation. It urges narrow exceptions: race-based sentences, categorically unlawful sentences, and procedures no civilized system would use."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 33-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 29-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked whether specific warnings must be given about appeal waivers and what their elements would be. Hunter's lawyer answered that the judge need only advise the defendant he may have a right to appeal and should consult the plea agreement.","Justice Thomas asked why statutory rights cannot be waived contractually. He also asked whether the government could void the plea agreement and proceed with dismissed counts. Justice Alito questioned applying the entire law of contracts to plea agreements. Hunter's lawyer answered that appeal rights can be waived, but plea agreements remain contracts governed by contract principles."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 37-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Millions of criminal cases end in plea deals rather than trials. If waivers always stick, defendants cannot challenge even badly wrong sentences. If contract defenses apply, some waivers can be excused. The government's narrow proposed exceptions show it sees some limits. Hunter's two-gate test would open a broader path."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 33-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 25-49"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["An agreement giving up the right to appeal a sentence cannot be enforced if enforcing it would cause a miscarriage of justice. That means the sentence must contain an egregious, obvious error that would bring the judicial system into disrepute.","The Supreme Court vacated the Fifth Circuit's judgment and remanded the case for it to decide whether Hunter's appeal waiver can be enforced under this standard."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 3, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-1063_diff_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 6, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-1063_diff_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-1063-hunter-v-united-states","term":"2025","title":"Can a Guilty Plea's Appeal Waiver Block a Challenge to a Clearly Unlawful Sentence?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 33-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 51-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 51-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1063_5h26.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 25-49"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/24-1068","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts opened the session and recognized Monsanto's counsel. Three lawyers argued: Clement for Monsanto, Harris for the United States supporting Monsanto, and Keller for the Missouri side.","Monsanto asked the Court to hold that FIFRA bars a state failure-to-warn claim demanding a cancer warning EPA did not require. It stressed that registrants cannot add warnings unilaterally; EPA approval is required.","The United States asked the Court to find express and impossibility preemption. It cited federal rules requiring adherence to the EPA-approved label and governing hazard statements.","The Missouri side asked the Court to allow the suit. Keller argued registration is no misbranding defense and misbranding is not limited to label-registration matching. He distinguished Riegel on statutory grounds and preserved parallel claims. Monsanto answered that a registered product sold with the approved label is not misbranded."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 11-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 11-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 55-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 55-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 39-41"}]}],"caption":"Monsanto Co. v. Durnell","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:28:59.747717Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:28:59.807694Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:33.477498Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:31:55.808733Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Monsanto says its weed killer's EPA-approved label shields it from a Missouri cancer lawsuit. The person suing says federal approval is no excuse, and the Supreme Court must decide which argument wins.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 55-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 55-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/24-1068","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-1068_n7ip.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-1068.html","primary_docket":"24-1068","revisions":[{"correction_note":null,"created_at":"2026-08-29T02:31:33.584959Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed internal claim markers from public prose.","created_at":"2026-08-29T11:39:02.639178Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T15:36:03.246234Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.705650Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.897645Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":5},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:31:55.834424Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":6},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":7}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Monsanto sells a weed killer whose label the EPA approved. A Missouri lawsuit blamed the product for cancer and demanded a stronger warning. The dispute is whether federal pesticide law blocks that state suit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 55-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 55-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The case reached the Supreme Court as No. 24-1068. Chief Justice Roberts opened the argument session and called on Monsanto's lawyer first. Paul Clement argued for Monsanto. Sarah Harris argued for the United States, backing Monsanto. Ashley Keller argued for the Missouri side."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Monsanto asks the Court to rule that state law cannot force a cancer warning the EPA did not require. It says federal law overrides the state claim. It also says a company cannot add warnings alone; EPA approval comes first.","The United States agrees with Monsanto. It says Missouri demands a warning while federal rules require sticking to the EPA-approved label. Those two demands cannot both be obeyed, so federal law wins. EPA also requires data before label changes happen, so no company can rewrite warnings by itself. Prior cases call this impossibility preemption."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 55-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 55-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Monsanto's core position: a product registered with EPA and sold with the approved label is not misbranded. That answers the state's accusation directly.","The Missouri side answers the other way. Its lawyer says federal approval does not excuse misbranding, and misbranding reaches more than label-to-registration mismatches. He also distinguished an earlier drug case called Riegel. He said this law has no matching provision, no statutory label lock, and preserves parallel claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 55-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 55-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["One justice asked where the preemption comes from: the statute, regulations, or the labeling rule itself. That probes the foundation of Monsanto's argument.","Justice Kavanaugh asked whether deviating from the EPA-approved label would itself violate federal law. That tests whether the Missouri warning demand is even possible. He also pressed the Missouri side, saying differing state liability outcomes clash with national uniformity. Justice Kagan asked what uniformity the Missouri approach achieves under FIFRA's uniformity clause. That question cuts the other way."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 39-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling could shape many pesticide lawsuits. If Monsanto wins, EPA-approved labels would shield companies from state warning claims. If the Missouri side wins, juries in different states could reach different results. The justices' questions show the tension. Uniformity favors one national rule. But FIFRA's own text and preserved state claims cut toward allowing some lawsuits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 55-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 55-47"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["Federal pesticide law expressly preempts the state failure-to-warn claim because it would require Monsanto to add a cancer warning to Roundup's label that federal regulators did not approve. A state-law tort duty counts as a state labeling requirement.","The Missouri Court of Appeals' judgment was reversed, and the case was remanded for further proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 1, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-1068_n7ip.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 3, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-1068_n7ip.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-1068-monsanto-co-v-durnell","term":"2025","title":"Does federal pesticide law block a state lawsuit demanding a stronger cancer warning?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 55-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1068_fcgj.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 55-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","paragraphs":["Nelson argued Louisiana rejected maps that met its criteria while giving Black voters equal opportunity, and that no Black candidate has won statewide. She said Section 2 deters discrimination and that states draw maps with it in mind.","Mr. Greim argued voters are stereotyped by race to place them into districts, and that Section 2 findings alone cannot justify racial gerrymandering under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.","Mr. Mooppan argued the Constitution bars race from subordinating traditional districting principles, and that Gingles as construed makes race predominant, requiring states to subordinate their principles."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 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17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-11"}]}],"caption":"Louisiana v. Callais","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.396366Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.411895Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.439553Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:41.428975Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:27:39.806083Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Louisiana and its challengers dispute whether the state's congressional map, drawn to address a federal finding that Black voters' votes were diluted, violates the Constitution.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 158, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 158, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 33-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us1r29_n648.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-109.html","primary_docket":"24-109","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T21:12:01.015829Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.639354Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.821234Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:27:39.835340Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard arguments in Louisiana v. Callais and a consolidated case. The dispute centers on a Louisiana congressional map, SB8, created after a court found the state had packed and cracked Black voters. The Court must decide whether using race to draw that map is constitutional."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 158, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 158, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 33-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["A lower court found Louisiana's earlier map diluted Black voters' votes. The state responded by enacting SB8, which created a second majority-Black district. Challengers sued, arguing the new map used race improperly. The case reached the Supreme Court after lower-court rulings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Louisiana and its defenders say SB8 remedies documented vote dilution and is constitutional. They argue precedent supports race-conscious remedies and that maps are redrawn every decade, limiting indefinite use of race.","Challengers say race-based redistricting is unconstitutional. They argue it relies on racial stereotypes, has no logical end point, and that Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act alone cannot justify racial gerrymandering. Some ask the Court to affirm a lower ruling and direct a remedial map for the 2026 elections."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 158, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 158, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 33-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Janai Nelson, representing Robinson plaintiffs, argued Louisiana's map remedies discrimination under Section 2 and that precedent confirms its constitutionality.","Mr. Aguiñaga, for Louisiana, argued race-based redistricting is government-mandated racial balancing that the Constitution does not tolerate. And Asked the Court to reject claims that Section 2 compliance is a compelling interest without deciding it has never been rejected."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 158, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 158, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 33-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas questioned whether SB8 was the remedy for the Robinson case or separate from that litigation. And Whether there was ever a full merits determination or a court order for the particular map.","Justice Jackson asked why Allen v. Milligan is relevant, and whether that case considered changing the Section 2 criteria known as Gingles. Chief Justice Roberts asked whether Milligan took existing precedent as a given and considered Alabama's evidentiary showing, which turned out to be improper. Justice Alito asked whether incumbent protection counts as a traditional districting criterion under Milligan."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 35-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 35-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 55-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 55-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 55-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 55-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 37-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 37-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 53-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling could reshape how states comply with Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act. It may determine whether race-conscious districting remains available to remedy vote dilution, affecting maps nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 158, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 158, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 33-27"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["Louisiana's map with the extra majority-black district was an unconstitutional racial gerrymander because the Voting Rights Act did not require such a district.","The lower court's judgment is affirmed and the case is remanded."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us1r29_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 6, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us1r29_n648.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-109-louisiana-v-callais","term":"2025","title":"Can Louisiana Draw a Congressional Map That Uses Race to Remedy Vote Dilution?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 158, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 158, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 49, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 49, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 43-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 43-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 33-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-109_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 33-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/24-1234","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","paragraphs":["Harris argued the law is constitutional as applied to habitual illegal drug users, relying on historical analogues like habitual drunkards, vagrancy, civil commitment, and surety laws. She said the ban is temporary and within the user's control. She also asserted the law embodies Congress's judgment that gun possession by habitual users or addicts is dangerous, citing Heller for category-based restrictions.","Murphy agreed categorical prohibitions may be permissible but insisted the government must prove under Bruen that any drug-based ban maps onto historical tradition. She argued the unlawful user prong is unconstitutionally vague for lack of fair notice. She said deferring to congressional findings alone would abandon Bruen's historical analogue requirement.","Murphy also contended historical tradition supports disarming drug addicts and called that the dominant modern state approach. She invited a narrow ruling that the government cannot win by showing only that a person uses an unknown amount of marijuana a few times a week.","The justices tested several assumptions. Justice Gorsuch asked whether minimal, regular marijuana use qualifies as unlawful use subject to disarmament. Justice Barrett asked what evidence supports that regular marijuana use increases dangerousness. Justice Alito asked whether illegal drugs were part of the historical landscape and whether alcohol is different."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 41-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 41-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 43-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 43-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 21-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 23-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 23-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 11-23"}]}],"caption":"United States v. Hemani","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:29:00.232540Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:29:00.280594Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:29:00.344401Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:07.408268Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:38:11.568184Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"United States v. Hemani asks whether the federal ban on gun possession by unlawful drug users can constitutionally apply to Ali Danial Hemani. The government defends the charge. Hemani argues the law cannot be applied to him.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 21-55"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/24-1234","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-1234_diff_q8l1.pdf","https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-1234_new_6k47.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-1234.html","primary_docket":"24-1234","revisions":[{"correction_note":null,"created_at":"2026-08-28T22:45:40.157617Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T15:04:22.360846Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T15:07:12.758905Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.777325Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.968805Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":5},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:38:11.597957Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":6},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":7}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Federal law, Section 922(g)(3), makes it a crime for an unlawful drug user to possess a gun. Hemani argues the law cannot be applied to him. The government defends the charge."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 21-55"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["Sarah M. Harris argued for the government. Erin E. Murphy argued for Hemani. The Chief Justice noted that Harris began the argument and that the case was submitted after the argument concluded."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 39-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Hemani asks the Court to uphold the decision below. He says whether the ruling strikes the whole law or applies only to him is not critical to his side.","The government asks the Court to uphold the charge under the unlawful user prong, which targets people who use illegal drugs rather than a separate prong about addiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 21-55"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the law is constitutional as applied to habitual illegal drug users. It points to old laws about habitual drunkards, vagrancy, civil commitment, and surety laws as historical analogues. It also says the ban is temporary and within the user's control.","Hemani's side agrees categorical bans may be allowed. But insists the government must prove the ban maps onto historical tradition under Bruen, a case requiring modern gun laws to match old traditions. His side also argues the unlawful user prong is unconstitutionally vague, giving no fair notice."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 21-55"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Gorsuch asked whether minimal, regular marijuana use qualifies as unlawful use that justifies disarmament.","Justice Barrett asked what evidence supports the claim that regular marijuana use increases dangerousness. Justice Alito asked whether illegal drugs were part of the historical landscape, and whether alcohol is different. Justice Thomas asked what public safety concerns justified disarming other vagrancy categories beyond drunkards."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 7-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 7-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 23-31"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The case tests how far Bruen's history-based test reaches. The justices' questions show the fight turns on comparing old categories, like habitual drunkards, with modern drug use. The government leaned on Congress's judgment about dangerousness. Hemani's side said Congress's findings alone cannot replace the required historical comparison."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 21-55"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["The government cannot prosecute a lawful gun owner as an unlawful drug user without first showing that his drug use makes him a danger to others. The automatic ban that the statute applies to any regular drug user conflicts with the Second Amendment.","The Supreme Court affirmed the Fifth Circuit's judgment in favor of Mr. Hemani, leaving in place the dismissal of the indictment against him."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 1, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-1234_new_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 4, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-1234_new_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-1234-united-states-v-hemani","term":"2025","title":"Can the federal gun ban apply to someone who uses illegal drugs regularly?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 130, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 130, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1234_h31i.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 21-55"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"Argument session of March 4, 2026","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/24-1238","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","paragraphs":["Montgomery asked the Court to apply the statute's text and reject broker immunity. He argued the opposing sides' position would immunize brokers and add a direct-link requirement the statute lacks. He said transportation is broadly defined, covering many non-vehicle items and services, which undercuts any superfluity concern. He acknowledged the interstate-intrastate anomaly, saying Congress deliberately treated brokers differently across the two subsections. He confirmed that under his safety-exception theory, the interstate scenario would allow a tort suit. He also said no direct link is required, but attenuated, peripheral, and remote matters are not covered.","the opposing sides asked the Court to hold the claims preempted. They argued negligent-selection claims target the broker's core service and are preempted, and the safety saving clause does not apply because brokers lack sufficient connection to motor vehicles. They relied on Rowe v. New Hampshire Motor and Dan's City. They argued subsection (b) broadly preempts intrastate broker-service claims without a savings clause and called it absurd to save interstate but not intrastate state authority. They said brokers have no duty to check safety records and may rely on federal licensing. They emphasized the clause also covers brokers with respect to transportation of property.","The United States, supporting the opposing sides, argued the structure limits the safety exception to motor vehicles, excluding broker arranging services. It called any reading giving states more authority over interstate broker services than intrastate ones anomalous and unprecedented. It described the federal safety system, including roadside inspections, revocation, and federal private actions. It said brokers select from registered carriers and carriers bear safety liability. It agreed with the opposing sides on interpreting the safety exception.","The justices tested several assumptions. Justice Thomas probed who regulated safety before deregulation and whether attenuated brokers would fail on proximate cause. Justice Kavanaugh tested the interstate-intrastate contrast, the financial-security asymmetry, and why Congress would exclude brokers from the safety exception. Justice Kagan probed the anomaly's origin and how tort suits could fall outside the motor-vehicle phrase. Justice Jackson tested broker duties, prior state liability, and the deregulation-versus-safety structure. Justice Barrett tested whether deciding via the safety exception would prejudice future preemption questions. Justice Sotomayor tested state safety authority and the patchwork rationale. No reargument occurred in this session, so nothing was revisited on that basis."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 51-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 51-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 51-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 51-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 29-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 23-29"}]}],"caption":"Montgomery v. Caribe Transport II, LLC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:29:00.362114Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:29:00.383293Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:08.024334Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:31:41.041560Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"A trucking crash case asks whether federal transportation law blocks negligence claims against companies that select carriers.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/24-1238","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us1r32_g3bi.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-1238.html","primary_docket":"24-1238","revisions":[{"correction_note":null,"created_at":"2026-08-28T23:21:45.368385Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T17:09:59.161653Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.701370Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.893272Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:31:41.067689Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":6}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Shawn Montgomery sued Caribe Transport II and related companies after a trucking accident. The case is numbered 24-1238. The fight is over whether federal law blocks his claims against the broker side of the trucking industry.","The legal fight centers on a federal transportation law. It lets states regulate carriers, but brokers argue a different part of the law wipes out state claims against them. The Court heard argument on March 4, 2026."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The case reached the Supreme Court after lower proceedings. Chief Justice Roberts opened the argument session and recognized Paul Clement arguing for Montgomery. Theodore Boutrous argued for the opposing sides, and Sopan Joshi argued for the United States supporting them.","The argument happened at 10:12 a. m. before the full bench. The transcript is the source for everything described here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Montgomery asks the Court to apply the statute's text and reject broker immunity. He wants his lawsuit to go forward. the opposing sides ask the Court to hold the claims preempted, meaning federal law overrides the state claims entirely."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 51-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 51-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Montgomery argues the opposing sides' position would immunize brokers. He says they invented a direct-link requirement the statute never contains. He also says transportation is broadly defined, covering many non-vehicle items and services.","the opposing sides argue negligent-selection claims target the broker's core service and are preempted. They say the safety saving clause does not apply because brokers lack a sufficient connection to motor vehicles. They cite Rowe v. New Hampshire Motor and Dan's City, which called the phrase with respect to motor vehicles massively limiting.","The United States, supporting the opposing sides, argues the structure limits the safety exception to motor vehicles. It says broker arranging services are excluded. It also calls any reading that gives states more power over interstate brokers than intrastate ones anomalous and unprecedented."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 51-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 51-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 29-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 29-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked who handled safety regulation before deregulation. Montgomery answered that the federal Transportation Department and the states shared that job, while the old ICC agency handled rates, prices, and routes, not safety.","Justice Kavanaugh posed a hypothetical contrasting an intrastate trip from Los Angeles to San Francisco with an interstate trip to Reno under Montgomery's theory. He also asked why Congress required carriers but not brokers to carry financial security for accident liability. Montgomery acknowledged the interstate-intrastate anomaly and said Congress deliberately treated brokers differently in the two subsections.","Justice Kagan asked Montgomery for a theory explaining where that anomaly comes from. She also said tort suits are part of state safety authority and questioned how such suits could not be with respect to motor vehicles."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 49-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 49-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 49-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 49-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 17-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 17-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-53"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The United States described the federal safety system in detail. The FMCSA agency is understaffed and overworked. Among roughly 700,000 carriers, at least one roadside inspection has been performed for two-thirds over the last five years. Violating carriers face revocation, and federal private actions exist against carriers and brokers.","The government said brokers select from registered carriers, and carriers bear safety liability under the federal system. Carriers' vicarious liability covers driver negligence, while brokers neither use or control vehicles nor access confidential driver records. It also noted brokers' role has grown from several hundred to about 25,000 federally registered brokers since deregulation.","the opposing sides said no tort suits against shippers exist under the safety exception, only carriers. They argued Section 31141 allows post-decision federal preemption, so state safety rules must stay compatible with federal law. They acknowledged that if they lose, brokers would have to demand hiring information from carriers. They also said proximate cause is part of the claim here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 91, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 91, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 95, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 95, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["A state-law claim that a company carelessly hired an unsafe trucking firm concerns motor vehicles, so the federal trucking law's safety exception keeps such claims from being preempted.","The Supreme Court reversed the Seventh Circuit's judgment and remanded the case for further proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us1r32_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 3, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us1r32_g3bi.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-1238-montgomery-v-caribe-transport-ii-llc","term":"2025","title":"Does federal law shield freight brokers from state lawsuits?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1238_2cp3.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the March 23 argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/24-1260","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","paragraphs":["Mississippi said Election Day is the deadline for a voter’s final choice, not for delivery. Its lawyer argued that states retain authority over receipt and counting procedures.","The challengers said the election must end with ballots in official custody on Election Day. Their lawyer argued that later receipt extends the federal election beyond the date Congress chose.","The justices pressed both sides on the text and history. They tested postmarks, unattended drop boxes, early voting, and older examples of ballots counted after election day.","Neither side’s answers amount to a Supreme Court holding. The case remains pending until the Court issues an official decision."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 123, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 123, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 126, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 126, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 145, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 145, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 7-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 7-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 13-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 13-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 85, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 85, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 29-47"}]}],"caption":"Watson v. RNC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:28:59.926083Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:28:59.963337Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:29:00.010087Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:34.151027Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:24:04.061078Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The case asks what federal Election Day law requires when a timely mailed ballot arrives later.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 145, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 145, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/24-1260","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-1260_g3cn.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-1260.html","primary_docket":"24-1260","revisions":[{"correction_note":null,"created_at":"2026-08-29T04:43:28.320869Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Replaced an overlong model draft with a concise, claim-grounded editorial revision.","created_at":"2026-08-29T14:29:56.729328Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.795617Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.987748Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:24:04.084928Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":6}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Mississippi counts some mail ballots that arrive after Election Day. Federal law sets one Election Day. The dispute is whether that law also sets a ballot-receipt deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 145, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 145, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["Mississippi officials asked the Supreme Court to reverse the judgment below. The Court heard argument on March 23, 2026."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 145, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 145, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Mississippi officials want the Court to preserve the state rule. They say a ballot may arrive later if the voter made a final choice by Election Day.","The RNC and other challengers want a receipt deadline. They say election officials must have the ballot by Election Day."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 145, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 145, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Mississippi argues that federal law fixes the day voters must choose. It says states still control how and when officials receive and count ballots.","The challengers argue that a federal election must finish on Election Day. They say a ballot is not cast until an election official receives it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 145, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 145, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The justices tested what it means for an election to occur on one day. They asked whether the law governs a voter’s choice, official receipt, or both.","They also asked about drop boxes, postmarks, early voting, and historical examples. Those questions explored each rule’s practical limits; they did not reveal votes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 106, lines 41-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 106, lines 41-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 110, lines 55-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 110, lines 55-1"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 123, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 123, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 49-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 49-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 29-47"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The answer could change when states must stop accepting mail ballots in federal elections. It will also define how much room federal Election Day law leaves for state procedures."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 145, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 145, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 7-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 7-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 43-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 43-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-43"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["The federal election-day statutes mean the day voters cast their ballots, not the day ballots must be received. Mississippi may therefore count absentee ballots mailed by election day but received up to five days later.","The Fifth Circuit's judgment was reversed and remanded."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 1, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-1260_g3cn.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 4, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-1260_g3cn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-1260-watson-v-rnc","term":"2025","title":"Can Mississippi count mail ballots received after Election Day?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1260_6k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","paragraphs":["General Sauer argued the President declared a national emergency over trade deficits and fentanyl. That declaration authorizes the tariffs.","Mr. Katyal argued tariffs are taxes. The taxing power belongs to Congress alone. The President has no Article II tariff authority.","Justice Sotomayor questioned whether tariffs are taxes. She also asked if any foreign-facing emergency could justify them.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the reliance on Dames & Moore. He noted the Court called that decision narrow."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 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39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 141, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 141, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 141, lines 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Trump, President of U.S.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.186102Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.211692Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.219551Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:39.455383Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute is whether the President may impose tariffs without congressional approval. One side calls them taxes reserved to Congress. The other calls them emergency regulatory tools.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 160, lines 55-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 160, lines 55-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 186, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 186, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 37-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r12_8nj9.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-1287.html","primary_docket":"24-1287","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T14:53:58.032964Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The federal parties want the tariffs upheld as a valid emergency power. The opposing side wants the tariffs struck down as an unconstitutional tax."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 160, lines 55-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 160, lines 55-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 186, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 186, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 37-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 5, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The federal parties want the tariffs upheld as a valid emergency power.","The opposing side wants the tariffs struck down as an unconstitutional tax."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 160, lines 55-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 160, lines 55-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 186, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 186, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 37-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The President declared a national emergency over trade deficits and fentanyl trafficking. That declaration justifies the tariffs under emergency powers.","Tariffs are taxes. The Constitution gives the taxing power to Congress alone. The President bypassed Congress and imposed a major tax increase."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 160, lines 55-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 160, lines 55-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 186, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 186, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 37-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor questioned whether tariffs are taxes. She also asked if any foreign-facing emergency could justify them.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned the reliance on Dames & Moore. He noted the Court called that decision narrow."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 141, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 141, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 141, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 141, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 7-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 7-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 33-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 33-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether the President can impose tariffs without Congress. American consumers and businesses would bear the cost."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 19-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 19-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 160, lines 55-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 160, lines 55-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 186, lines 47-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 186, lines 47-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 37-47"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 31-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 31-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 35-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 35-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 27-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 27-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 141, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 141, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 141, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-1287_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 141, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 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requires."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 104, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 104, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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Sony Music Entertainment","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:13.963729Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:13.994053Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:37.403265Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Sony Music Entertainment argues Cox should be liable for its users' copyright infringement. Cox says it provides basic internet infrastructure and should not bear that responsibility.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 104, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 104, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r22_k4lo.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-171.html","primary_docket":"24-171","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T14:21:25.381619Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Sony Music Entertainment says Cox Communications should be liable for its users' copyright infringement. Cox says it merely provides basic internet infrastructure. Cox argues no tort or copyright theory supports holding it responsible."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 104, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 104, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 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55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked whether the rule should be broad or narrow.","He also asked how the rule would apply to social media platforms."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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7-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 7-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 43-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 43-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked whether Cox's measures exceed what the law requires."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 104, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 104, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 21-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 21-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-171_ap6c.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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55-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Dvoretzky, for FS Credit Opportunities Corp. , argued Congress would have needed to speak clearly and unambiguously to imply a private right of action in Section 47(b). He said the statute's text does not meet that bar.","Mr. Schulman, for Saba Capital Master Fund, argued most statutes fail the stringent test for implying a private right of action. He said Section 47(b)'s text does not unambiguously create new rights or focus unmistakably on individual plaintiffs.","Mr. Clement, for Saba Capital Master Fund, argued this is not primarily an implied cause of action case. He said Section 47(b) contains express text of about 150 words, and the question is the best reading of that text.","Mr. Dvoretzky argued the statute would be a roundabout way to write a cause of action. He said Congress could easily have specified who can sue, for what remedy, and against whom."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 55-23"}]}],"caption":"FS Credit Opportunities Corp. v. Saba Capital Master Fund","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.125825Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.125826Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:04.933888Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:35:17.538293Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"FS Credit Opportunities Corp. says the statute's text does not clearly authorize investors to sue over fee arrangements. Saba Capital Master Fund says the statute's own words support such a suit. The Supreme Court must decide how to read Section 47(b).","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 55-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-345_i42k.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-345.html","primary_docket":"24-345","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T22:07:37.825430Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.737112Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.928971Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:35:17.563620Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on whether Section 47(b) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 allows private parties to sue. FS Credit Opportunities Corp. argues Congress would have needed to speak clearly to create this right and did not. Saba Capital Master Fund argues the statute's text itself supports the claim."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 55-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["A lower court ruled in favor of Saba Capital Master Fund. FS Credit Opportunities Corp. asked the Supreme Court to review the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 41-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["FS Credit Opportunities Corp. argues Section 47(b) does not meet the high bar for an implied private right of action. It says Congress did not clearly specify who may sue, for what remedy, or against whom.","Saba Capital Master Fund argues the statute's text contains express language supporting a private right to sue. It says the question is the best reading of the statutory text."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 55-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor questioned whether the statute's text and structure show Congress intended to create a private right of action.","Justice Barrett questioned whether the proposed reading would be an innovation not expressly adopted in the Court's implied cause of action cases. She also questioned whether the clear statement rule requires a clear statement in all cases. She noted the Court has recognized an implied cause of action for rescission but not damages under a related statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 55-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked the FS side to respond to Saba Capital Master Fund's reading of Transamerica."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 41-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 43-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 43-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 17-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 17-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling could shape how investors challenge fee arrangements under the Investment Company Act. It may also clarify when courts infer a right to sue from a federal statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 55-23"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["Section 47(b) of the Investment Company Act does not imply that private parties can sue to cancel, meaning legally undo, contracts that violate that law. The provision instead only guides what courts must do when such requests already come before them.","The Supreme Court reversed and remanded, reversing the Second Circuit's judgment that had affirmed the district court's grant of summary judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-345_i42k.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 3, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-345_i42k.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-345-fs-credit-opportunities-corp-v-saba-capital-master-fund","term":"2025","title":"Does Section 47(b) of the Investment Company Act create a private right to sue?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 29-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 29-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 33-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 33-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-345_2135.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 55-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked the government's lawyer what the Court should do if it finds itself in equipoise on the question.","Justice Kavanaugh noted Congress often drafts overlapping language and ordinary people communicate redundantly, preferring overlap over leaving a hole. He also questioned how courts can tell when drafters repeat themselves, citing competing legal authorities on the point.","the opposing side's lawyer argued the government's factual showing fell short, saying a week is probably not long enough under the relevant standard. And That this is not just allegations because it goes to jurisdiction."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-53"}]}],"caption":"USPS v. Konan","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.322901Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.348706Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:02.955261Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:25:52.030457Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The Supreme Court must decide whether the Federal Tort Claims Act's postal exception. Which preserves US immunity for claims arising from lost, miscarried, or negligently transmitted mail, bars a woman's suit alleging postal employees intentionally withheld her mail and returned it to sender.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-19"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r13_m64n.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-351.html","primary_docket":"24-351","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T21:44:57.109877Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.624357Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.803092Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:25:52.054374Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Removed direct-quotation marks from public paraphrases.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:49:50.258868Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":6}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Federal Tort Claims Act generally lets people sue the government for harm caused by federal employees. But it carves out a postal exception preserving US immunity for claims arising out of the loss, miscarriage, or negligent transmission of mail. The case turns on how far that exception reaches."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-19"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["A the opposing side alleges her mail never reached its destination because postal employees intentionally withheld it and returned it to sender. The government argues the postal exception bars such claims. The case reached the Supreme Court after lower-court proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The Postal Service wants the Court to hold that the postal exception preserves its immunity, so the claim cannot proceed. It argues dictionary definitions and pre-FTCA cases show miscarriage broadly covered any time mail failed to arrive.","the opposing side wants her suit to proceed. Her lawyer argued no ordinary speaker would say the mail carrier lost her mail when employees intentionally withheld it. And Pointed to a differently worded statute about government employees causing loss."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government's lawyer argued the exception covers intentional withholding because miscarriage had a broad ordinary meaning encompassing any failure of mail to arrive.","the opposing side's lawyer argued the government never disputed that ordinary speakers would not call intentionally withheld mail lost, and distinguished a separate statute worded differently."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-19"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor questioned whether, if miscarriage means a failure to carry mail properly, the words loss and negligent transmission become redundant and useless.","Justice Gorsuch questioned whether surplusage remains in the statute, particularly with the word miscarriage. "],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-53"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling will shape whether people harmed by intentional postal conduct can sue the government, and how courts read overlapping words in statutes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-19"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["The Federal Tort Claims Act's postal exception covers harm from mail that is intentionally not delivered, so the United States keeps sovereign immunity over such claims. Both miscarriage and loss of mail can result from a Postal Service's deliberate failure to deliver it.","The Supreme Court vacated the Fifth Circuit's judgment and remanded the case for further proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r13_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 4, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r13_m64n.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-351-usps-v-konan","term":"2025","title":"Does the Postal Exception Cover Mail Withheld by Postal Employees?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 11-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 11-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-351_khmp.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-19"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","paragraphs":["Justices questioned whether the law's sex-based line requires close judicial review and whether challenges brought by individual students fit existing precedent. The Court heard from lawyers for Idaho and for the students challenging the law.","The Court heard argument from lawyers for Idaho and for the students challenging the law. Justices questioned both sides on how sex classifications in sports should be reviewed and how precedent on excluded groups applies.","Justices questioned both sides about whether the law's exclusion of students born male from women's teams demands heightened judicial review and whether precedent on excluded subclasses governs this case."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 43-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 43-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 43-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 43-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-49"}]}],"caption":"Little v. Hecox","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:13.888594Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:13.901421Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:13.926390Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The Supreme Court is weighing whether Idaho's law.Which bars students identified as male at birth from playing on girls' sports teams. Treats athletes unequally based on sex or fits within states' authority to keep teams separated by sex.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 43-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 43-55"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-38.html","primary_docket":"24-38","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T22:10:37.013847Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.678972Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.869212Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:46:58.734773Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":5}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves Idaho's law excluding students whose biological sex is male from women's sports teams. The dispute centers on whether that exclusion counts as a sex classification that the Constitution's Equal Protection Clause requires courts to examine closely."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 43-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 43-55"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["A lower court blocked Idaho's law while the case moved forward. The state appealed, and the Supreme Court heard argument on the dispute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Idaho and its supporters argue the state may separate sports teams by sex because biological differences like size, muscle mass, and lung capacity matter in athletics. They say the state may apply that rule to students who identify as female but were born male.","The students challenging the law argue Idaho concedes it draws a sex-based line by excluding all students born male from women's teams. They say such classifications demand close judicial review to confirm they rest on evidence rather than assumptions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 43-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 43-55"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Idaho's lawyer argued that sex correlates strongly with athletic advantages and that male athletes have injured female athletes in many sports. He said states may apply a valid sex-based team rule to biological males who identify as female.","The challengers' lawyer argued that the law categorically excludes an entire group of students from women's teams. He agreed that if the excluded group is large enough, the exclusion may fail constitutional review on its face."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 43-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 43-55"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["A justice questioned whether the state's approach avoids examining the reason behind the sex-based line, asking why the scientific basis for the exclusion should not be reviewed.","A justice questioned how the challengers' cases involving subclasses of people excluded from legal definitions apply to this dispute. And Asked whether the law's treatment of one individual fits that framework. The justice also noted that sex classifications in sports themselves were not being challenged in this case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 43-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 43-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling could shape how courts review laws that separate school sports by sex and how those laws apply to transgender students."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 43-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 43-55"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 135, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 135, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 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51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 31-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 31-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 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9-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-49"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-38-little-v-hecox","term":"2025","title":"Does Idaho's Ban on Transgender Athletes in Girls' Sports Violate Equal Protection?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 41-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 43-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-38_bqm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 43-55"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","paragraphs":["The state's lawyer argued that maintaining separate boys' and girls' teams protects girls' safety and fair competition.","The student's lawyer argued the law's exclusion conflicts with protections for individuals under Title IX's text.","Both sides urged the Court to resolve the two claims in the case in their favor."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-49"}]}],"caption":"West Virginia v. B. P. J.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:13.904331Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:13.929813Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:07.213119Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:33:26.896284Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The state's law bars students assigned male at birth from girls' school sports. A student challenged it, and the Supreme Court must decide how the dispute should be resolved.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-55"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-43_2b35.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-43.html","primary_docket":"24-43","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T22:09:58.926965Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.718799Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.911063Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:33:26.922054Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case is West Virginia v. B. P. J. The state defends its law as a way to keep girls' sports safe and fair. The student says the law excludes her from teams based on who she is."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-55"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["Lower courts have weighed the state's law and the student's challenge. The Supreme Court heard the dispute after those rulings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 7-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["West Virginia wants the Court to uphold its law. It argues states have long assigned sports teams by sex and that separate teams let girls compete safely and fairly.","B. P. J. wants the law struck down. She says she joined school sports as an eleven-year-old girl starting a new middle school who wanted friends and teammates."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-55"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The state's lawyer focused on what he called the easiest ways to resolve both claims in the case.","The student's lawyer pointed to a tension between Title IX's text, which protects individuals, and regulations that allow some group-based measurements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-55"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Gorsuch pressed why a point was missing from a brief, saying he knew what the Court had said and wondered about what it had not said.","Justice Jackson asked whether the Spending Clause's notice requirement has ever applied outside damages claims, calling that a possible crux of that approach here. She also asked who the relevant contract is between, noting schools, not the state, are the regulated party here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 7-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 7-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 13-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 13-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-49"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked how the challenge squares with Title IX's continued existence. The justices' questions tested both sides' arguments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-55"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["Title IX and the Equal Protection Clause both permit schools to keep women's and girls' sports teams limited to biological females, meaning students whose sex is determined by biology. The laws in West Virginia and Idaho are therefore constitutional and lawful.","The Supreme Court reversed the lower courts' rulings and remanded the cases for further proceedings consistent with its decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-43_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 5, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-43_2b35.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-43-west-virginia-v-b-p-j","term":"2025","title":"Can West Virginia Keep Transgender Girls Off Girls' School Sports Teams?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 49-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 49-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 44, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 44, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 39-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 39-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-43_ihdj.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-55"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","paragraphs":["The patient's lawyer argued that Delaware's affidavit requirement conflicts with more than a half dozen Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. He said the rule applies only to discovery in medical negligence actions and does not use the word privileged.","The doctor's lawyer argued that the patient identifies seven separate federal rules and manufactures conflicts with all of them. He said those conflicts are entirely hypothetical rather than real.","Justice Sotomayor questioned whether the Delaware procedure is totally different from what the federal rules set forth. She asked whether the federal rules require a concise and precise statement of a claim. She also questioned whether the affidavit rule addresses factual rather than legal sufficiency, and whether that is why it cannot be incorporated.","Justice Thomas questioned whether the case would have been handled differently if it had not been in Delaware or a state with a similar requirement. A justice's question is not a vote, and the argument is not a decision."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]}],"caption":"Berk v. Choy","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.260255Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.291643Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:40.179547Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:31:25.048137Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute: Delaware law says a medical malpractice complaint cannot even be filed unless it comes with an expert affidavit. A patient suing in federal court in Delaware argues that requirement clashes with the federal rules that govern how lawsuits are started. The Supreme Court must decide whether that state rule can stand alongside the federal rules.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us1r10_5hek.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-440.html","primary_docket":"24-440","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T21:41:46.569578Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.697405Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.888810Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:43:58.134037Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:48:31.933254Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":6}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["A patient, Berk, sued a doctor, Choy, over medical care. Under Delaware law, a medical malpractice complaint cannot be filed unless it is accompanied by an expert affidavit. The case reached the Supreme Court after lower-court proceedings. The question is whether that state requirement can coexist with the federal rules that govern how lawsuits are filed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The case reached the Supreme Court after lower-court proceedings. The patient asks the Court to strike down the Delaware affidavit requirement as conflicting with federal rules. The doctor asks the Court to uphold the requirement and let the state rule apply."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The patient's side, represented by Andrew Tutt, argues that Delaware's affidavit requirement conflicts with more than a half dozen Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. He says the rule applies only to medical negligence cases and does not use the word privileged.","The doctor's side, represented by Mr. Yarger, argues that the patient identifies seven separate federal rules and manufactures conflicts with all of them. He says those conflicts are entirely hypothetical and that no single federal rule actually collided with the Delaware statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor questioned whether the Delaware procedure is totally different from what the federal rules set forth. She asked whether the essence of the federal rules is that they require a concise and precise statement of a claim.","Justice Thomas questioned whether the case would have been handled differently if it had not been in Delaware or a state with a similar requirement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked whether the Delaware procedure is totally different from what the federal rules set forth.","Justice Sotomayor asked whether the essence of the federal rules is a concise and precise statement of a claim. And Whether the affidavit rule addresses factual rather than legal sufficiency, which she suggested is why it cannot be incorporated. She also asked whether a claim must be legally sufficient."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 7-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome could shape how state-specific filing requirements apply when lawsuits proceed in federal court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-25"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["A Delaware law requiring a medical expert's supporting affidavit with a malpractice complaint cannot be enforced in federal court. Because Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8, a valid procedural rule, controls instead. A plaintiff's malpractice suit may not be dismissed in federal court simply because the required affidavit was missing.","The Supreme Court reversed the Third Circuit's judgment and remanded the case for further proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us1r10_5hek.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 3, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us1r10_5hek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-440-berk-v-choy","term":"2025","title":"Does Delaware's Rule Requiring an Expert Affidavit Before Filing a Medical Malpractice Lawsuit Conflict with Federal Court Procedures?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 39-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-440_8m58.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 39-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Saharia argued the MVRA classifies restitution as criminal punishment.","Ms. Saharia stated restitution is part of the criminal sentence.","Mr. Bash argued the statute's label matters less than its operations.","Justice Kavanaugh questioned if Congress could simply label the statute civil."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 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United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.380535Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.383090Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:41.239297Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether criminal restitution constitutes punishment or civil compensation.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us1r09_4fb4.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-482.html","primary_docket":"24-482","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:32:39.002385Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests if the Ex Post Facto Clause applies to restitution orders."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 14, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case seeks dismissal of the restitution order.","Government seeks enforcement of the restitution order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues restitution is criminal punishment.","Government argues restitution is civil compensation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked if victim enforcement negates the penal nature.","Justice Jackson asked if the MVRA's absence at the time of the crime matters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 49-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 15-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 15-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 25-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 25-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling determines if victims can recover losses from pre-enactment crimes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 45-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 45-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 37-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 37-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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49-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 49-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-482_j5fl.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 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books alone creates a chilling effect or whether an imminent threat of prosecution is required. Justice Sotomayor also asked the side that brought the case to define talk therapy and whether Colorado disavows enforcement of that kind of treatment."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court 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37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 11-51"}]}],"caption":"Chiles v. Salazar","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.302494Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.314579Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:13.916056Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Colorado's law bars counselors from helping minors pursue state-disfavored goals on gender and sexuality. the side that brought the case calls it a speech restriction. The state calls it a healthcare safety rule.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 11-51"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r24_4315.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-539.html","primary_docket":"24-539","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:07:45.840811Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Kaley Chiles, a counselor, challenges a Colorado law that prohibits helping minors pursue state-disfavored goals on gender and sexuality. The state defends the law as a healthcare safety regulation."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 11-51"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 7, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 29-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Seeks a ruling that the law violates the First Amendment because it restricts speech based on content and viewpoint.","Seeks a ruling that the law is a valid healthcare safety regulation protecting minors from unsafe and ineffective treatments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 11-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The law restricts speech based on content and viewpoint, so it must survive strict scrutiny under the First Amendment.","State power is at its apex when regulating healthcare professions to ensure safety, making the law a valid exercise of police power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 11-51"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked whether merely having a law on the books creates a chilling effect, or whether there must be an imminent and credible threat of prosecution.","Justice Sotomayor asked the side that brought the case to define talk therapy and whether Colorado disavows enforcement of that kind of treatment. Justice Sotomayor also asked about the opposite sex in counseling context. Justice Thomas asked whether Colorado argued below that the law only prohibits treatments seeking to change a minor's sexual orientation or gender identity because they are unsafe and ineffective."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether counselors in Colorado can help minors discuss gender and sexuality. The state argues it can prohibit such conversations as part of regulating healthcare safety."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 11-51"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 9-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 9-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 43-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 43-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 19-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 19-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 29-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 29-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 43-51"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-539-chiles-v-salazar","term":"2025","title":"Can Colorado Ban Counselors From Helping Minors Discuss Gender and Sexuality?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 97, lines 11-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-539_3f14.pdf","page_label":"file page 97, lines 11-51"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's counsel argued that Section 2255(h) incorporates the certification process for second or successive applications.","the side that brought the case's counsel stated that this incorporation prohibits review by petition for writ of certiorari.","The government's counsel argued that Congress passed AEDPA to advance the finality of criminal convictions.","The government's counsel noted that Congress largely eliminated post-conviction applications by federal prisoners."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 29-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 29-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 53-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-35"}]}],"caption":"Bowe v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.367703Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.376609Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:40.909083Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The dispute centers on whether the Supreme Court has jurisdiction to hear a second or successive habeas petition from a federal prisoner.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 29-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us1r04_n7ip.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-5438.html","primary_docket":"24-5438","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:32:56.703061Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case tests the scope of Supreme Court jurisdiction over federal prisoner habeas petitions. the side that brought the case argues the Court lacks power to review the case. The government argues the Court retains authority to decide the matter."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 29-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on October 14, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants the Supreme Court to dismiss the case for lack of jurisdiction.","The government wants the Supreme Court to exercise jurisdiction and review the petition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 29-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case argues that Section 2255(h) incorporates a certification process that bars Supreme Court review.","The government argues that Congress intended to preserve Supreme Court jurisdiction over these specific petitions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 29-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if the side that brought the case's argument relies on the Castro decision.","Justice Thomas asked what Congress intended to accomplish by adding subsection (h) to Section 2255."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 31-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 29-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 29-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 35-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 53-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 53-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 23-35"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether federal prisoners can seek Supreme Court review of their second habeas petitions. This affects the finality of criminal convictions and the availability of post-conviction relief."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 19-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 19-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 31-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 31-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 55-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 55-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 29-9"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5438_6537.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","paragraphs":["Benjamin Gruenstein argued for the side that brought the case, urging that the law's words set a high bar but do not prescribe which types of reasons qualify.","A government lawyer argued that the law is a narrow exception to sentencing finality, allowing reductions only in limited exceptional circumstances not otherwise addressed by the criminal justice system.","Justices pressed both sides on whether the government's rule would be workable and on the history of Bureau of Prisons practice before 2018."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 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12-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-46"}]}],"caption":"Fernandez v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.241810Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.253868Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:39.856623Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:30:58.342017Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The Supreme Court must decide whether a federal law allowing sentence reductions for extraordinary and compelling reasons covers prisoners who argue their convictions or sentences were legally flawed. Or whether those claims belong elsewhere.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 12-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 12-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 16-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 16-54"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us2r39_5iek.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-556.html","primary_docket":"24-556","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T21:54:49.895237Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.683435Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.873569Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:30:58.365284Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Removed direct-quotation marks from public paraphrases.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:49:50.271038Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":6}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Fernandez v. United States asks what counts as an extraordinary and compelling reason for reducing a prison sentence. Congress created this standard for sentence reduction motions. The dispute is whether reasons tied to the validity of a conviction or sentence qualify, or whether the standard covers only other kinds of circumstances."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 12-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 12-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 16-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 16-54"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["A lower court rejected the prisoner's request for a sentence reduction. The case reached the Supreme Court after argument on the proper reading of the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 22-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case wants courts to allow sentence reductions when reasons include challenges to the conviction or sentence itself. He argues Congress set a high bar but did not limit which types of reasons qualify.","The government wants a narrower rule. It argues the law is a limited exception to final sentences, covering exceptional circumstances not otherwise addressed by the justice system, and excluding attacks on conviction or sentence validity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 12-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 12-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 16-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 16-54"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case says the government's position would be unworkable. Requiring courts in every case to analyze whether a claim could have been brought in a separate habeas proceeding.","The government says its rule excludes attacks on the validity of a conviction or sentence, keeping the reduction standard separate from those challenges."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 12-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 12-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 16-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 16-54"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked whether the meaning of extraordinary and compelling reasons changed when Congress enacted the First Step Act in 2018.","Justice Thomas asked what kinds of circumstances supported these motions, whether personal circumstances counted. And Whether trial errors ever formed the basis when the Bureau of Prisons initiated the process itself. Justice Sotomayor asked whether published Bureau of Prisons cases went beyond personal circumstances."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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50-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 50-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 36-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 36-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 56-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 56-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 48-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 48-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 52-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 52-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 12-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 12-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 22-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 22-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 46-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 46-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 26-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 26-30"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 36-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 36-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 52-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 52-56"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 12-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 12-46"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling will shape how prisoners can seek sentence reductions and whether claims about flawed convictions can be raised through this law instead of separate habeas proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 12-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 12-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 16-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 16-54"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["A prisoner who argues that his conviction is invalid must challenge it through the postconviction statute, not compassionate release. Doubts about whether a conviction was wrongfully obtained do not count as reasons for early release.","The Supreme Court affirmed the Second Circuit's judgment, leaving in place its reversal of the District Court's grant of Fernandez's motion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 3, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us2r39_5iek.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-556-fernandez-v-united-states","term":"2025","title":"Can Courts Reduce Prison Sentences for Claims of Trial Errors Under the Compassionate Release Law?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 12-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 12-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 16-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-556_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 16-54"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Banner argued the Sixth Amendment protects overnight conversations about testimony, including plea advice, evidentiary rulings, and perjury prevention. He said the line between strategy and testimony is unworkable and chills lawyers. He asked the Court to reverse.","Mr. Warthen argued trial courts may bar discussion of testimony during long breaks, relying on precedents like Geders and Perry. He said qualified orders balance constitutional rights with trial integrity. He asked the Court to affirm.","Mr. Barber argued a defendant has no right to discuss testimony midstream, and that qualified orders are constitutional. He said the Court should reject a categorical rule barring such orders in all courts."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 53-15"}]}],"caption":"Villarreal v. Texas","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.271695Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.291630Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:14.081047Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:43:01.650171Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The Supreme Court is weighing whether a Texas trial court's order. Which barred a criminal defendant from talking about his own testimony with his lawyer overnight, violated the defendant's constitutional right to counsel.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 53-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r16_869c.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-557.html","primary_docket":"24-557","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T20:10:44.477464Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.643830Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.826529Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:43:01.676534Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a Texas defendant whose trial judge barred him and his lawyer from discussing his testimony during an overnight recess. The lawyer could talk about trial strategy but not about the testimony itself. The defendant argues this violated his Sixth Amendment right to counsel. Texas says the order was constitutional."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 53-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["A Texas trial court issued the order during the defendant's trial. State appellate courts upheld it. The defendant then asked the Supreme Court to review the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 47-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The defendant, Mr. Banner, argues the Sixth Amendment guarantees basic lawyer-client conversations, including reviewing testimony that already happened and preparing for the next day. He says a lawyer cannot advise a client about plea deals, evidentiary rulings, or perjury risks without discussing testimony.","Texas, Mr. Warthen, argues trial courts may bar counsel from managing ongoing testimony or discussing it altogether during long breaks. It relies on Supreme Court precedents allowing qualified orders to protect the integrity of cross-examination. It asks the Court to affirm the lower courts' rulings upholding the order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 53-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The defendant argues the order effectively barred many kinds of discussion Texas now claims are permitted. He says defense lawyers will avoid any talk about testimony to avoid contempt. And That the majority rule in the United States already allows full discussion of testimony during overnight recesses.","Texas argues a defendant has no right to discuss testimony with counsel once that testimony has begun, just as any other witness cannot. It says qualified orders are constitutional and workable, and that the Court should not impose a categorical rule on all federal and state courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 53-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas questioned what distinguishes coaching during testimony from coaching during a recess, and whether the order's standard was clear.","Chief Justice Roberts questioned how a prosecutor could probe what was discussed without intruding on attorney-client privilege, and asked what the lawyer told the defendant to say or change."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 9-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 9-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 47-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 47-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling could shape how trial courts nationwide balance a defendant's right to counsel against the need to keep testimony untainted by coaching during breaks. It may determine whether qualified orders restricting testimony discussions are constitutional in federal and state courts."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 53-15"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["A judge may bar a testifying defendant from talking with his lawyer overnight only about the testimony itself, while allowing talks about other protected matters. This does not violate the defendant's Sixth Amendment right to counsel.","The Supreme Court affirmed the judgment of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r16_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 3, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r16_869c.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-557-villarreal-v-texas","term":"2025","title":"Can a Trial Court Bar a Defendant From Discussing His Testimony With His Lawyer During an Overnight Recess?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 96, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-557_5ie6.pdf","page_label":"file page 96, lines 53-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","paragraphs":["Justice Jackson questioned the sides that brought the case' harm theory. She said harm, not a preference between vote percentages, is what standing requires.","Justice Kavanaugh asked what remedy would exist if a losing candidate sued after the election and the Court then found the rule illegal. He asked how such a post-election challenge would play out.","Justice Sotomayor distinguished the rule from rules aimed at candidates. She said voters remain free to vote for candidates, so candidates lose no right to reach their voters."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 35-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 35-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 53-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-41"}]}],"caption":"Bost v. IL Bd. of Elections","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.333710Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.355208Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:03.347101Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:37:24.470989Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Illinois candidates ask the Supreme Court to let them sue over a state rule that counts mail-in ballots received up to two weeks after Election Day. The state board argues the candidates lack a legally recognized injury and cannot challenge the rule.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-11"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us1r05_e2q3.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-568.html","primary_docket":"24-568","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T21:44:14.337035Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.768642Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.961073Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:37:24.493369Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This article explains the dispute now before the Supreme Court. It describes what each side wants and the concerns raised by justices during argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The case, Bost v. Illinois State Board of Elections, reached the Supreme Court after disputes over candidate standing. Illinois counts mail-in ballots received up to two weeks after Election Day. the sides that brought the case argue that under federal law, that window is two weeks too long. They say Illinois is counting unlawful ballots."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 53-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 53-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want the Court to recognize that candidates have standing to challenge election rules. They argue candidates are forced to gamble that late-counted ballots could change their election's outcome.","The Illinois State Board of Elections wants the Court to reject the candidates' standing theory. It argues the candidates rely on any rule possibly changing a single vote, not a recognized harm."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case' lawyer argued candidates can challenge ballot validity rules when the ballots could affect the outcome. He said the rule forces candidates to gamble on late ballots affecting their elections.","The board's lawyer argued the sides that brought the case avoid the record developed below. She said their theory would let candidates challenge any election rule because any rule could shift one vote in the final tally."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked how the Court could know a the side that brought the case faces a risk of competitive harm.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the sides that brought the case' theory. She said the rule regulates voters, not candidates, so it is not a direct regulation of candidates. She added that voters still vote for candidates, so candidates are not deprived of their right to reach voters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 35-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 35-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 13-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 13-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 9-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 9-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling could decide whether candidates may sue over election rules before or after votes are counted. It may shape how late-arriving mail ballots are treated nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-11"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["A candidate running for office may sue to challenge the rules for counting votes in his own election, without first proving the rule could make him lose.","The Seventh Circuit's judgment was reversed and the case was sent back for more proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us1r05_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 4, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us1r05_e2q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-568-bost-v-il-bd-of-elections","term":"2025","title":"Can a Candidate Challenge a Rule That Counts Mail Ballots Two Weeks After Election Day?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 33-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 33-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 17-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-568_f29g.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 17-11"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","paragraphs":["Barrett's lawyer argued the possession crime is a lesser-included offense of the murder crime, so the presumption against two punishments applies.","The government's lawyer argued the statutory text points toward allowing separate punishments for each offense.","Justice Kavanaugh asked whether the murder provision arrived later than the possession provision, noting the possession provision dates to 1971.","Justice Jackson pressed whether the dispute concerns two convictions for the same conduct rather than how sentences run."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-55"}]}],"caption":"Barrett v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.319984Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.345719Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:40.414912Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The Supreme Court is deciding whether a gun-possession conviction and a murder conviction for the same fatal shooting count as two separate offenses under the Constitution's double jeopardy rule.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-15"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us1r07_7647.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-5774.html","primary_docket":"24-5774","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T02:22:14.514854Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["A robbery crew used guns to rob Gamar Dafalla. When he resisted, one of those guns was used to murder him. Prosecutors charged two crimes: possessing a gun during a violent crime, and using a gun to kill. A jury convicted on both. The question now is whether the Constitution allows two separate convictions for conduct tied to one shooting."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The case arrived at the Supreme Court after lower courts allowed both convictions to stand. the side that brought the case, Matthew Larsen's client Barrett, argues the gun-possession crime is a lesser-included offense of the murder crime. Under the Blockburger rule, when one offense is included in another, courts presume Congress did not intend two punishments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Barrett wants the Court to find the two convictions punish the same offense, so one conviction cannot stand alongside the other.","The government wants both convictions to stand, arguing the murder law and the possession law authorize separate punishments."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Barrett's side says the possession crime is a lesser-included offense of the murder crime, triggering the presumption against double punishment.","The government's side says the statutory text, structure, and history show Congress intended separate punishments for each crime."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked whether the entire possession offense is a lesser-included offense of the murder offense.","Justice Jackson asked whether double jeopardy bars two convictions for the same conduct, not whether sentences can run concurrently."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 11-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 11-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-55"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling will shape how federal prosecutors charge gun crimes arising from a single violent act, and whether one shooting can support both a possession conviction and a murder conviction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-15"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 45-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 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11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 47-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 47-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 47-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 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49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-55"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-5774-barrett-v-united-states","term":"2025","title":"Can a person face two punishments for one fatal shooting under the gun laws?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 13-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-5774_6jf7.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-15"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","paragraphs":["The party committee says the limits burden core political speech and asks the Court to strike them down.","The commission says Congress may limit contributions to candidates and asks the Court to uphold the rules.","Justice Kagan questioned whether the limits serve to mitigate donor aggregation problems. Her question is not a vote. Argument is not a decision, and no outcome is predicted here."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 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19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 35-53"}]}],"caption":"NRSC v. FEC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.059771Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.091728Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.122994Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:06.082665Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:28:50.920299Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The National Republican Senatorial Committee challenges federal rules that cap party spending coordinated with candidates, arguing the limits burden core political speech. The Federal Election Commission defends the rules as a way to stop donors from routing large contributions to candidates through party committees. The Supreme Court heard argument but has not decided the case.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 43-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 35-53"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-621_h315.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-621.html","primary_docket":"24-621","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T22:07:00.971017Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.654574Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.840247Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:28:50.946895Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case is National Republican Senatorial Committee v. Federal Election Commission, Case 24-621."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 43-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 35-53"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["A lower court upheld the coordinated spending limits. The party committee asked the Supreme Court to reverse that ruling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 144, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 144, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The National Republican Senatorial Committee, represented by Noel Francisco, argues the limits unconstitutionally restrict core election speech and asks the Court to strike them down.","The Federal Election Commission, represented by Douglas Martinez, defends the limits as a 50-year pillar of campaign finance law and asks the Court to uphold them."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 43-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 35-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Francisco argued the limits clash with the Court's recent First Amendment cases and that Colorado II, an earlier ruling, no longer holds.","Justice Kagan questioned Francisco, noting the Court's McCutcheon decision said these limits mitigate problems tied to donor aggregation. And Described how a small base limit can be amplified into a large effective contribution for a candidate's own use. Her questions are questions, not votes. Argument is not a decision, and no outcome is predicted here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 43-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 35-53"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Kagan asked whether the law was conceived of a world where coordinated limits remain in place.","Justice Thomas asked what the Vice President meant in saying it was too early to decide whether to run. His question is not a vote. Argument is not a decision, and no outcome is predicted here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 55-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 55-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 23-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 51-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling could reshape how federal campaign finance rules treat coordinated party spending."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 43-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 35-53"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["Federal law's limits on how much political parties can spend together with candidates break the First Amendment's protection of free political speech. Older case law that had approved those limits no longer applies and is overruled.","The Sixth Circuit's judgment was reversed and the case was sent back for further proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 1, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-621_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 3, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-621_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-621-nrsc-v-fec","term":"2025","title":"Can Congress Limit Spending That Political Parties Coordinate With Senate Candidates?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 118, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 118, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 129, lines 43-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 129, lines 43-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 142, lines 15-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 142, lines 15-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 25-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 25-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 13-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 13-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 35-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-621_q86b.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 35-53"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts opened the argument and heard from Fred A. Rowley Jr. for Case. Rowley argued the Court has never allowed home entries without a warrant or probable cause. He said Montana's proposed standard is vague and open-ended. He argued a probable cause standard fits existing Fourth Amendment rules, citing Payton.","The case was submitted after argument.","The Court heard argument on the dispute but has not decided it."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 15-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 9-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-11"}]}],"caption":"Case v. Montana","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.409090Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.421820Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:41.776346Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:44:40.830743Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The Supreme Court is weighing whether officers need probable cause of a life-threatening emergency before entering a home without a warrant. After police entered Trevor Case's house in Montana and shot him.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 15-7"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us1r06_19m1.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-624.html","primary_docket":"24-624","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T21:10:18.738570Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.747176Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.939322Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:44:40.857022Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This article describes an oral argument stage of the case. Justices' questions do not indicate votes or a final decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 15-7"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["Police entered Trevor Case's home without permission, a warrant, or probable cause, and shot him inside. Case argues the Fourth Amendment bars home entries without probable cause that an occupant is seriously injured or imminently threatened. Montana defends the emergency aid exception, which allows entry when officers have an objectively reasonable basis to believe someone inside needs aid."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 9-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 9-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Case wants the Court to require probable cause of a danger before any warrantless emergency home entry.","Montana wants the Court to keep the objective reasonableness standard from Brigham City v. Stuart, which does not require probable cause of a danger."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 15-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Case says the home's sanctity is the core of the Fourth Amendment and that a lower standard invites abuse, letting police back into criminal investigations without a warrant.","Montana says the Fourth Amendment's text ties probable cause to warrants, not searches. And That a probable cause rule would delay officers from saving lives in crises like domestic violence or falls."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 15-7"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked why the standard should not be reasonable concern rather than probable cause, and whether officers must diagnose a medical emergency before entering.","Justice Alito asked what more officers needed than an ex-girlfriend's report of a suicide threat, a gunshot-like sound, a dead phone line, an empty holster. And An apparent suicide note visible through a window."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 17-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 13-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 13-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-11"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling will set the threshold police must meet before entering a home without a warrant to give emergency aid. It will shape responses to suicide threats, medical crises, and domestic violence calls nationwide."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 15-7"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["Police may enter a home without a warrant if they have an objectively reasonable basis for believing someone inside needs emergency aid. The officers here had such a basis for entering Case's home to prevent him from killing himself.","The Supreme Court affirmed the judgment of the Montana Supreme Court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us1r06_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 3, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us1r06_19m1.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-624-case-v-montana","term":"2025","title":"Can Police Enter a Home Without a Warrant to Stop a Suicide?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 47-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 47-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 15-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-624_bq7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 15-7"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","paragraphs":["Sarah Harrington argued for the plaintiff that jurisdiction cannot be created through error. She said federal courts are limited by Congress's rules and should not make an exception here. She relied on Caterpillar, where the defect was cured by a voluntary dismissal before final judgment, and said no cure happened in this case.","The defendant argued the Fifth Circuit erred by vacating the judgment. It said a final judgment should stand when the court had jurisdiction over the parties remaining at the end of the case.","Justice Sotomayor questioned whether the plaintiff suffered inherent prejudice because it wanted to sue two parties in state court and was permanently deprived of that tactical opportunity. She said the plaintiff filed appropriately against a non-diverse defendant and was entitled to stay in state court.","Justice Barrett asked whether such errors are never reviewable unless there is prejudice. And Whether the plaintiff has no way to appeal the dismissal, unlike a defendant who can seek removal."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 54-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 54-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 54-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-56"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-12"}]}],"caption":"Hain Celestial Group v. Palmquist","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.183355Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:14.457554Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:25:28.808413Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The Supreme Court is weighing whether a federal court's final judgment can stand when the court wrongly dismissed a non-diverse defendant. A move that let the case stay in federal court even though the plaintiff had chosen state court.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-46"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r14_1a72.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-724.html","primary_docket":"24-724","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T21:28:15.255128Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.619213Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.798023Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:25:28.845084Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:48:33.214016Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":6}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["A plaintiff sued two companies in state court, including one whose citizenship kept the case out of federal court. The federal court dismissed that defendant, and the plaintiff lost its chosen forum. The question is whether that dismissal can be undone after a final judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-46"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The plaintiff filed suit in state court against Hain Celestial Group and Whole Foods. A defendant removed the case to federal court, arguing Whole Foods had been fraudulently joined. The district court dismissed Whole Foods, leaving only diverse parties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Hain Celestial Group argues the Fifth Circuit erred by vacating the judgment. It says a final judgment should stand when the court had jurisdiction over the parties remaining at the end of the case.","The plaintiff argues that jurisdiction cannot be created through error. It says federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and must respect limits set by Congress. It relies on Caterpillar, where the jurisdictional defect was cured by a voluntary dismissal before final judgment, and says no such cure happened here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor questioned whether the plaintiff suffered inherent prejudice because it wanted to sue two parties in state court and was permanently deprived of that tactical opportunity. She said the plaintiff filed appropriately against a non-diverse defendant and was entitled to stay in state court.","Justice Barrett asked whether such errors are never reviewable unless there is prejudice. And Whether the plaintiff has no way to appeal the dismissal, unlike a defendant who can seek removal. She also asked whether the plaintiff is simply out of luck if it cannot appeal the dismissal ruling at the time it is made."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-46"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked whether there is any case where a jurisdictional defect was cured non-consensually, by a court imposing a dismissal rather than the plaintiff consenting to it.","Justice Barrett asked whether such errors are never reviewable unless there is prejudice like a necessary and indispensable party. And Whether the plaintiff has no opportunity to appeal the dismissal the way a defendant has a right of removal but cannot appeal a remand."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 44-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 44-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 54-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 54-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 54-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 54-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 48-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 48-56"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 10-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 10-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 48-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 48-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 8-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 8-12"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling will shape when federal courts can keep judgments entered after a jurisdictional mistake and whether plaintiffs who lose a defendant through error have any remedy. It affects how courts handle fraudulent joinder dismissals and the balance between judicial efficiency and a plaintiff's choice of forum."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-46"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["The district court's mistaken dismissal of Whole Foods did not fix the missing jurisdiction over the case. Because the jurisdictional problem remained through the final judgment, the judgment for Hain must be erased.","The Fifth Circuit's judgment is affirmed and the case is remanded, so the district court's judgment in Hain's favor was vacated."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 3, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r14_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 5, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r14_1a72.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-724-hain-celestial-group-v-palmquist","term":"2025","title":"Can a Federal Court Fix a Jurisdictional Mistake by Erasing a Defendant It Wrongly Dismissed?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 40-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 40-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-724_j42l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-46"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Draye, arguing for GEO Group, said the government acts only through agents, either employees or non-employee contractors. And That contractors following government instructions are immune from suit for the same reason government employees are immune.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the argument, saying the precedent GEO relies on was never an immunity case but instead decided who was responsible for a taking. And That the agent there acted at the government's direction.","Justice Jackson questioned whether Congress has the constitutional power to authorize the government to direct its contractors to do something unlawful. Saying that power cannot be handed off to other folks.","Ms. Bennett, arguing for the opposing side, said that to justify an expansion of the collateral order doctrine, GEO has to run the table on every required factor."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 48-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 48-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 52-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-56"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-30"}]}],"caption":"GEO Group, Inc. v. Menocal","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.193049Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:04.198496Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:26:14.772824Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The Supreme Court is weighing whether GEO Group. A private contractor, can escape a lawsuit by arguing it acted as a government agent, a question the lower courts did not resolve in its favor.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 52-14"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r15_bqmc.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-758.html","primary_docket":"24-758","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T21:54:07.245644Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.628771Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.808829Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:26:14.797698Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case is GEO Group, Inc. v. Menocal. GEO Group, a private contractor, asks the Supreme Court to dismiss a lawsuit against it by claiming immunity as a government agent. The opposing side argues that immunity doctrine does not extend that far and that GEO must face the suit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 52-14"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["A lower court did not grant GEO the immunity it sought, allowing the lawsuit to proceed. GEO asked the Supreme Court to review that decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["GEO Group argues that contractors following government instructions deserve the same immunity from lawsuits as government employees, because the government acts through both employees and contractors.","The opposing party argues that expanding immunity to private contractors would improperly shield them from accountability and that Congress cannot authorize contractors to act unlawfully."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 52-14"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["GEO Group contends the common law makes no distinction between public servants and private individuals engaged in public service. So contractors acting at the government's direction should be immune from suit.","The opposing side contends that this theory skips key steps, pointing to precedent about who is responsible when the government takes action. And Questions whether Congress even has power to direct contractors to do something unlawful."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 52-14"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor questioned whether the contractor could rely on precedent about government responsibility, saying that precedent concerned who was responsible for a taking, not immunity.","Justice Kagan asked GEO to explain how its theory fits with that precedent, suggesting the precedent may cut against its position."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 30-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 30-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 48-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 48-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 20-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 20-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 10-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 10-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 40-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 40-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 40-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 40-56"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 14-30","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 14-30"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling could determine whether private contractors can be sued for carrying out government directives, shaping accountability for government action performed through private parties."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 52-14"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["The Yearsley doctrine gives federal contractors a possible defense on the merits against liability, not an immunity from trial. Therefore, a district court's pretrial denial of Yearsley protection cannot be appealed immediately before final judgment.","The Court affirmed the Tenth Circuit's dismissal of GEO's immediate appeal and remanded the case for further proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r15_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 4, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r15_bqmc.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-758-geo-group-inc-v-menocal","term":"2025","title":"Can a private government contractor claim immunity from a lawsuit for carrying out official directives?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 32-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 32-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-758_2co3.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 52-14"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","paragraphs":["Justice Gorsuch noted neither side argued a specific point.","Justice Thomas compared this case to prior persecution rulings.","Justice Jackson questioned the distinction between admission grounds."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 10-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 10-56"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 24-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 24-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 44-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 26-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 48-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 48-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-8"}]}],"caption":"Urias-Orellana v. Bondi, Att'y Gen.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.018196Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.028117Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:37.914664Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"the sides that brought the case seek de novo review of legal conclusions. the opposing sides argue for deferential fact-finding review.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 44-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 26-46"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r19_3e04.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-777.html","primary_docket":"24-777","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:42:50.476485Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case concerns the standard of review for asylum claims. the sides that brought the case argue legal interpretation requires de novo review. the opposing sides argue factual findings require deference."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 44-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 26-46"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 1, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 48-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 48-52"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case want de novo review of legal conclusions.","the opposing sides want deferential review of factual findings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 44-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 26-46"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the sides that brought the case argue legal interpretation is not fact-finding.","the opposing sides argue causation findings are factual matters."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 44-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 26-46"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked if undisputed facts met the legal standard.","Justice Jackson asked about the sequence of admission grounds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 10-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 10-56"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 24-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 24-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 48-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 48-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-8"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The standard determines how courts evaluate asylum evidence. It affects the burden on applicants. It shapes the role of federal judges in immigration cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 44-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 26-46"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 10-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 10-56"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 14-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 14-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 8-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 8-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 38-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 38-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 52-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 52-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 24-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 24-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 34-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 34-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 30-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 30-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 48-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 48-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 18-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 18-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 48-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 48-8"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-777-urias-orellana-v-bondi-att-y-gen","term":"2025","title":"Does a federal court review asylum persecution findings de novo or deferentially?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 22-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 22-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 44-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 44-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 26-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-777_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 26-46"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","paragraphs":["First Choice argues the Court has long protected nonprofit membership and donor lists.","First Choice claims the subpoena chills its associational rights.","The state says the subpoena does not objectively chill First Amendment rights.","The state argues New Jersey law imposes no penalties for non-production."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 31-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 47-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 35-35"}]}],"caption":"First Choice Women's Resource Centers v. Platkin","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.024321Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.031093Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:06.253582Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"First Choice wants to block a state subpoena for its donor lists before enforcement. The state says the organization lacks standing to challenge it.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 35-35"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us1r30_3f14.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-781.html","primary_docket":"24-781","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T14:19:43.190223Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T14:38:31.721621Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":3}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["First Choice is a nonprofit. A state subpoena seeks its membership and donor lists. First Choice wants to block the subpoena before enforcement. The state disputes whether the organization has standing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on December 2, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["First Choice wants to block the subpoena before it is enforced.","The state wants the Court to deny First Choice standing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["First Choice argues the subpoena chills its associational rights.","The state argues the subpoena does not objectively chill First Amendment rights."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Barrett asked whether a letter could suffice.","Justice Thomas asked what the organization must do upon receiving the subpoena. Justice Jackson asked what happens if the subpoena is invalid. Justice Kagan asked First Choice to explain the difference between its two legal theories."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 31-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 47-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 47-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 21-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 21-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome determines whether nonprofits can challenge subpoenas for donor lists before enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 35-35"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 33-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 33-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 51-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 51-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 31-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 31-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 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19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 19-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 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45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-51"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-781-first-choice-women-s-resource-centers-v-platkin","term":"2025","title":"Can a nonprofit block a subpoena for its donor lists before enforcement?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 94, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-781_f2bh.pdf","page_label":"file page 94, lines 35-35"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","paragraphs":["Enbridge's lawyer argued federal courts retain traditional equitable authority to excuse the 30-day removal deadline. He described the case as arising from state officials' attempt to use state court proceedings to shut down an international pipeline.","Michigan's lawyer argued Enbridge missed Congress's express, mandatory 30-day removal deadline by over two years. She said Enbridge seeks an atextual escape hatch and that the presumption of equitable tolling does not apply.","Justice Sotomayor questioned what right Enbridge loses, saying she does not know that a right to have a federal court try the case is a right.","Justice Jackson asked whether the deadline is functionally a statute of limitations or whether that distinction does not matter for the analysis. She suggested the dispute seems like shifting forums rather than losing rights."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 21-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-7"}]}],"caption":"Enbridge Energy, LP v. Nessel","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:13.841332Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:13.857273Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:35.522123Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:34:01.452959Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Enbridge Energy missed the 30-day deadline for moving its pipeline dispute from Michigan state court to federal court. The company asks the Supreme Court to let federal courts use equitable powers to excuse that delay. Michigan's attorney general says Congress set a mandatory deadline that courts cannot override.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 21-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us1r28_i4dk.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-783.html","primary_docket":"24-783","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T22:19:12.475095Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.722996Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.915185Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:34:01.477855Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Enbridge Energy operates an international pipeline serving energy customers in the United States and Canada. Michigan officials sought to shut the pipeline down through state court proceedings. Enbridge moved the case to federal court more than two years after the 30-day deadline Congress set for removal. The dispute now asks whether federal courts can excuse that missed deadline."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 21-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["A lower court rejected Enbridge's attempt to move the case. Enbridge asked the Supreme Court to reverse that decision. Michigan asked the Court to affirm the lower court's ruling."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Enbridge wants the Supreme Court to hold that federal courts keep their traditional equitable authority to excuse the 30-day removal deadline. It argues this flexibility lets a federal court hear its pipeline case despite the delay.","Michigan's attorney general wants the Supreme Court to reject that request. She argues Enbridge seeks an escape hatch from Congress's express, mandatory 30-day deadline. She says the presumption of equitable tolling does not apply here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 21-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Enbridge frames the case as state officials using state court proceedings to shut down an international pipeline. It says federal courts should retain equitable power to excuse the missed deadline.","Michigan argues Congress set an express, mandatory deadline. It says missing that deadline by over two years should end the removal effort."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 21-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-21"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked about a different interest involved in the case.","Justice Thomas asked why the case was not removed, calling the proceedings basically the same case. And Asked whether the Court has applied the relevant presumption in a removal case before. A justice's question is not a vote. Oral argument is not a decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 29-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 29-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 27-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 27-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 29-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 29-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 53-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 53-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 29-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 29-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 33-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 33-7"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling will shape whether missed removal deadlines can be excused in cases moved from state to federal court. It will affect how strictly Congress's deadlines bind parties seeking a federal forum."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 21-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-21"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["The 30-day deadline for removing a civil case to federal court is fixed and cannot be stretched for fairness reasons (a rule called equitable tolling). Enbridge waited far too long, so its removal was untimely.","The Sixth Circuit's judgment was affirmed, meaning Enbridge's late removal fails and the case goes back to the Michigan state court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us1r28_i4dk.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-783-enbridge-energy-lp-v-nessel","term":"2025","title":"Can Federal Courts Excuse a Missed Deadline for Moving a Case to Federal Court?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 21-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 21-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 49-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-783_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 49-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","paragraphs":["Coney Island Auto Parts argues that void judgments are nullities. The company claims they lack legal effect. The company asserts they are odious to due process.","Burton argues that the rule text imposes a time limit. the opposing side claims the phrase reasonable time is not any time. the opposing side asserts the motion must be filed promptly.","Justice Jackson asked how a court decides if a judgment is void. The justice noted that someone must decide the merits claim. The justice questioned the threshold for filing the motion.","Justice Alito referenced a prior case involving void judgments. The justice noted that void judgments never exist. The justice asked about the logic of that concept."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 42-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 42-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-56"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-38"}]}],"caption":"Coney Island Auto Parts, Inc. v. Burton","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.155877Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:38.931280Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Coney Island Auto Parts seeks to vacate a default judgment. Burton argues a time limit bars the request.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-36"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us1r08_f2q3.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-808.html","primary_docket":"24-808","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T15:43:06.074545Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case tests whether a time limit applies to vacating a void judgment. Coney Island Auto Parts argues the judgment is a nullity. Burton argues a reasonable time limit applies to the motion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-36"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on November 4, 2025."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-24"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Coney Island Auto Parts wants the Court to hold that no time limit applies to vacating a void judgment.","Burton wants the Court to hold that a reasonable time limit applies to the motion."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-36"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Coney Island Auto Parts argues that a void judgment lacks legal effect and cannot be time-barred.","Burton argues that the rule text requires filing the motion within a reasonable time."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-36"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Gorsuch asked if the alternative argument was before the Court.","Justice Alito asked if a court must entertain an appeal of a void judgment filed late."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 42-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 42-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-56"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-38"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case defines the deadline for challenging a void judgment. It determines whether parties can seek relief indefinitely. It affects the finality of court orders. It shapes the balance between due process and procedural stability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-36"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 50-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 50-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 50-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 50-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 42-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 42-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 24-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 24-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 42-46","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 42-46"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 52-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 52-56"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 44-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 44-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 22-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 22-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 20-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 20-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-38"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-808-coney-island-auto-parts-inc-v-burton","term":"2025","title":"Does a time limit apply to vacating a void judgment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 46-10","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 46-10"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 26-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-808_k53l.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 26-36"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","paragraphs":["Paul Clement argued for the companies that refining wartime gasoline under federal supervision was acting under a federal officer. And That Congress broadened the removal statute in 2011 by adding the words related to, which the Supreme Court has called substantially broad.","Mr. Aguñaga argued for the parish that the removal statute covers a civil action commenced against a person acting under a federal officer. And That the statutory text requires looking at the complaint that actually started the case.","Justice Sotomayor pressed the companies on how they define the required connection, saying their but-for approach could let cases fall apart, and asked about an employer's strike as an example.","Justice Thomas asked how the companies' argument would differ before 2011, and noted they admit their reading is a dramatic change to the removal statute."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 51-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 51-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 39-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 31-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-37"}]}],"caption":"Chevron USA Inc. v. Plaquemines Parish","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:13.871534Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:13.894693Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:36.172062Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:34:55.204742Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Chevron USA says it acted for the federal government when it refined wartime gasoline, so it wants a Louisiana parish's lawsuit moved to federal court. Plaquemines Parish says the lawsuit targets ordinary business conduct and belongs in state court. The Supreme Court must decide how broadly the federal-officer removal statute reaches such cases.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 51-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 51-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 31-55"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us1r25_2q24.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-813.html","primary_docket":"24-813","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T22:09:03.285248Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.732769Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.924571Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:44:22.856681Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Chevron USA and other oil companies refined gasoline for the war effort under federal supervision. Plaquemines Parish sued them in Louisiana state court over their conduct. The companies removed the case to federal court under a statute allowing removal of suits against people acting under a federal officer. The lower courts rejected that removal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 51-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 51-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 31-55"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The parish sued the companies in Louisiana state court. The companies removed the case to federal court, claiming they acted under a federal officer. The lower courts rejected that removal. The companies appealed, asking the Supreme Court to reverse and let the case proceed federally."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-39"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Chevron USA and the other companies want the Supreme Court to let them move the parish's lawsuit to federal court. They argue that refining wartime gasoline under federal supervision was acting under a federal officer, and that the parish's claims connect to that conduct.","Plaquemines Parish wants the lawsuit kept in state court. It argues the removal statute covers suits against people acting under federal officers, and the complaint here targets ordinary business conduct, not federal activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 51-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 51-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 31-55"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Paul Clement, for the companies, argued that Congress broadened the removal statute in 2011 by adding the words related to. Which the Supreme Court has called substantially broad, meaning connected to or associated with. He also argued the companies did not forfeit the argument in the Fifth Circuit; they stopped pressing it after losing there.","Mr. Aguñaga, for the parish, argued that the removal statute authorizes removal of a civil action commenced against a person acting under a federal officer. And That the statutory text requires looking at the complaint that actually started the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 51-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 51-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 31-55"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor pressed the companies on how they define the required connection, saying their but-for approach could let cases fall apart, and asked about an employer's strike as an example.","Justice Thomas asked how the companies' argument would differ before 2011, and noted they admit their reading is a dramatic change to the removal statute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 41-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 41-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 7-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 7-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 11-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 33-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 33-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 51-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 51-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 39-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 39-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 25-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling will shape when businesses sued in state court can invoke federal-officer removal based on work they performed for the government. It will also clarify how far the 2011 addition of the words related to extends that removal path."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 51-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 51-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 31-55"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["Chevron's wartime oil production is closely enough connected to its federal avgas-refining duties to satisfy the removal statute's relating to requirement, so removal was proper.","The Fifth Circuit's judgment was vacated and the case remanded for further proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 3, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us1r25_2q24.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 4, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us1r25_2q24.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-813-chevron-usa-inc-v-plaquemines-parish","term":"2025","title":"Does Refining Wartime Gasoline for the Government Let a Company Move a Lawsuit to Federal Court?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 51-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 51-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-813_5426.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 31-55"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","paragraphs":["Rutherford's lawyer warned that the government's reading would imply a repeal of parts of the 1984 sentencing law. He said the 2018 Congress did not intend to limit the commission's authorized considerations.","The government's lawyer pointed to the commission's policy statement carveout. He argued it serves Congress's design rather than undermining it.","Justice Alito pressed whether general disapproval of mandatory minimums can be considered when other factors exist. The lawyer's answer suggested it can matter only alongside something else."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 54-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 54-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 36-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 36-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 42-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 42-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 42-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 42-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 38-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 54-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 54-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 52-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 56-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 56-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 40-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 8-28"}]}],"caption":"Rutherford v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.256649Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.283800Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:40.018107Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:45:07.952936Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Two prisoners ask judges to shorten their sentences, arguing that long mandatory minimums are unjust. The government says Congress limits what judges may weigh. The Supreme Court must decide whether judges' general disapproval of mandatory minimums can support compassionate release.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 42-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 42-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 40-18"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us2r40_o7kq.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-820.html","primary_docket":"24-820","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T21:55:30.600355Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.755572Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.947676Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:45:07.973209Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:49:18.189995Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5},{"correction_note":"Removed direct-quotation marks from public paraphrases.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:49:50.285856Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":6},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":7}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Congress set mandatory minimum sentences for some crimes. Judges can sometimes reduce sentences through compassionate release. The question is what reasons judges may use to grant those reductions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 42-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 42-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 40-18"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["A district court denied the prisoners' requests. They appealed, and the Supreme Court consolidated their cases for argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 12-28"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Rutherford and the consolidated the side that brought the case want sentence reductions. They say courts may weigh broad information, including criticism of mandatory minimums.","The government wants the denials upheld. It says Congress limited the reasons judges may use in compassionate release decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 42-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 42-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 40-18"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Rutherford's lawyer argued the 1984 sentencing law gives judges broad discretion. He said Congress restricted only one consideration: rehabilitation alone.","The government's lawyer defended a carveout in a commission policy statement. He said it respects Congress, not disrespects it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 42-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 42-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 40-18"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts questioned calling the rule a mandatory minimum. He suggested it might be a presumptive minimum depending on later developments.","Justice Barrett asked whether a judge's dislike of long sentences could count as a reason, standing alone or with others. Justice Sotomayor pressed the same point. Justice Alito asked whether disapproval of mandatory minimums can matter when other factors exist."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 8-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 8-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 26-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 26-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 54-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 54-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 14-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 14-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 16-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 16-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 38-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 38-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 36-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 36-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 52-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 52-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 42-54","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 42-54"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 42-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 42-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 38-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 38-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 22-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 22-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 22-24","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 22-24"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 28-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 28-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 54-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 54-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 52-14","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 52-14"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 38-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 38-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 12-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 12-28"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 56-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 56-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 8-28","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 8-28"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling will shape how prisoners seek sentence reductions and how much discretion judges keep in weighing those requests."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 42-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 42-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 40-18"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["A sentencing-law change that Congress chose not to apply retroactively cannot count as an extraordinary and compelling reason for reducing an already-imposed prison sentence. The Sentencing Commission's policy statement saying otherwise is invalid because it conflicts with the statute.","The Third Circuit's judgments denying the prisoners' sentence reductions are affirmed."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 3, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us2r40_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 5, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us2r40_o7kq.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-820-rutherford-v-united-states","term":"2025","title":"Can Judges Grant Compassionate Release Because They Disagree With Mandatory Minimum Sentences?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 14-16","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 14-16"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 24-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 24-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 16-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 16-18"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 42-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 42-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 40-18","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-820_f204.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 40-18"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/24-856","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","paragraphs":["Cisco asked the Court to reverse the lower court and reject the method used to expand these laws. Its reasoning: no express lawsuit for helpers exists, foreign policy concerns arise, and Congress has not authorized such suits.","The United States supported Cisco. It asked the Court to decline to recognize any new norms beyond what the older framework left open. It argued helper lawsuits should not be cognizable without congressional authorization. It cited a case about financial regulators to show courts read such laws strictly.","The people suing Cisco defended the allegations described above. The approved record does not support a fuller account of the result they requested in this session.","Justice Jackson pressed why to exclude helpers from core offenses. Justice Thomas asked what the framework permits and what remains under the government's view. Justice Barrett tested whether the position extends to civil conspiracy. Justice Kagan tested a norm-by-norm approach. Justice Sotomayor tested whether the allegations fit helper standards and whether Cisco seeks to overrule the framework."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 122, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 122, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 39-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 39-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 31-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 31-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 55, lines 41-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 55, lines 41-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 51-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 51-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 47-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 47-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 86, lines 13-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 86, lines 13-11"}]}],"caption":"Cisco Systems v. Doe I","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:28:59.764832Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:28:59.877004Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:33.614375Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:37:08.672781Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"People suing Cisco say it knowingly helped Chinese officials persecute Falun Gong practitioners from the United States. The Supreme Court must decide whether federal law allows lawsuits against a company for helping torture happen abroad, even when the company did not carry out the abuse itself.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 122, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 122, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-9"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/24-856","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-856_kjfm.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-856.html","primary_docket":"24-856","revisions":[{"correction_note":null,"created_at":"2026-08-29T04:43:28.420966Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T15:37:13.010414Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.764609Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.956667Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:37:08.692184Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":6}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Cisco is an American technology company. The people suing say it knowingly helped Chinese officials persecute Falun Gong practitioners. They say the alleged help came from Cisco's work in the United States. The lawsuit relies on two federal laws that let victims sue for torture committed abroad."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 122, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 122, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-9"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The lawsuit began with claims about persecution of Falun Gong practitioners in China. The people suing say Cisco worked from the United States and knew what was happening. A lower court allowed the case to proceed. The Supreme Court heard argument on April 28, 2026."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 41-49"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Cisco asks the Court to reverse the lower court's decision. It also asks the Court to reject the method used to expand these federal laws. Either result would end the lawsuit against it.","The people suing want the case to proceed. The approved record does not state their requested result in detail. It supports only that they defend the lawsuit's theory."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 122, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 122, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Cisco argues these federal laws contain no ready-made lawsuit for helpers. It says the torture law does not mention helpers. Recognizing helper lawsuits would interfere with America's foreign policy, Cisco says. Only Congress can authorize that, and Congress has not. It denies the factual story told about its conduct.","The United States supports Cisco. It says courts should not allow helper lawsuits under either law. Congress must decide, and it has not. It cites one case about financial regulators to support strict reading. It also worries that private lawsuits can clash with the Executive's management of world affairs."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 122, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 122, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-9"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Jackson asked why helper liability should be excluded from the core offenses. She asked whether it is a separate lawsuit or part of an existing one.","Justice Thomas asked what lawsuits the older framework would allow, and what remains of it under the government's approach. The Chief Justice noted tension between that framework and the government's position and asked how to reconcile them. One query asked about lower courts weighing executive foreign-policy statements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 39-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 39-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 43-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 43-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 35-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 35-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 25-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 25-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case could decide whether American companies face lawsuits for helping abuses abroad. If the Court sides with Cisco, victims would need Congress to act first. If not, similar lawsuits could proceed against other companies. The case also tests how far courts may read old laws to fit new situations."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 122, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 122, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-9"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["Courts cannot create new lawsuits under the Alien Tort Statute, so plaintiffs cannot use it to sue for helping violations. The Torture Victim Protection Act, which lets victims sue those who torture, does not allow suing helpers.","The Ninth Circuit's judgment was reversed and the case was sent back for further proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-856_kjfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 4, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-856_kjfm.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-856-cisco-systems-v-doe-i","term":"2025","title":"Can a U.S. Company Be Sued for Helping Torture Committed Abroad?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 122, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 122, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 55-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-856_3e04.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 37-9"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","paragraphs":["Mr. Overing argued first for Alabama. He said nothing in the Eighth Amendment bars the sentence Smith received for murdering Durk Van Dam nearly 30 years ago. He argued Smith is not intellectually disabled.","Mr. Graver argued for Smith's side. He said states have significant discretion under Atkins in defining intellectual disability and what defendants must prove. He argued Smith has not shown a new sentence would do any good.","Mr. Waxman clarified Smith's side's reading of Alabama law. He said the statutory standard is substantially subaverage intellectual functioning. He argued courts improperly use the term true IQ of 70 or below."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 128, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 128, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 51-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 51-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 55-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 55-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 11-47"}]}],"caption":"Hamm v. Smith","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.088877Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.120212Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:05.083265Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:39:14.883399Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Alabama seeks to execute Joseph Smith for a murder committed nearly 30 years ago. Courts found his IQ scores fall under 70. The dispute is whether Alabama's intellectual disability standard still lets the state carry out that death sentence.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 128, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 128, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 11-47"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-872_ec8f.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-872.html","primary_docket":"24-872","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T22:08:18.758770Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.791456Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.982211Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:39:14.901925Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard the case Hamm v. Smith. The case tests how states define intellectual disability when deciding whether the Eighth Amendment bars a death sentence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 128, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 128, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 11-47"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["A district court and a court of appeals reviewed Smith's intellectual disability claims. Justice Thomas asked what findings those lower courts reached. The case reached the Supreme Court after those rulings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 55-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 55-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Alabama's side, argued by Mr. Overing, wants the Court to allow the death sentence. He says Smith is not intellectually disabled, so the Eighth Amendment exception does not apply.","Smith's side, argued by Mr. Graver and Mr. Waxman, wants the Court to uphold the lower rulings. They say states have discretion in defining intellectual disability, and Alabama's statutory standard uses substantially subaverage intellectual functioning, not a fixed IQ cutoff."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 128, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 128, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 11-47"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Alabama's side says Atkins created an exception only for offenders known to be intellectually disabled. Mr. Overing argues Smith does not fit that exception.","Smith's side says Alabama's standard is substantially subaverage intellectual functioning. Mr. Waxman argues courts use the term true IQ of 70 or below improperly, according to his contention."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 128, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 128, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 11-47"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor questioned Alabama's approach. She said states can define the standard as they want, and the problem is not what Alabama is doing.","Justice Thomas asked whether the test requires likelihood or certainty. He also asked what the lower courts found. His questions are not votes and no outcome was decided at argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 53-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 53-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 55-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 55-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 39-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 39-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 31-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 31-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 15-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 15-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 51-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 51-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 45-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 49-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 49-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 49-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling will shape how states define intellectual disability and what proof defendants need. Justice Jackson noted the case law does not mention an IQ score under 70 in the first prong. She also cited the expert association's brief on clinical judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 128, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 128, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 11-47"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court decided its grant of review in this case was a mistake, so it is taking the case back off its docket. Because of that, the Court is not deciding anything about the merits of the dispute between the parties.","The Eleventh Circuit's judgment is left standing because the Supreme Court dismissed the writ of certiorari as improvidently granted, meaning review never happened."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 1, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-872_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 4, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-872_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-872-hamm-v-smith","term":"2025","title":"Can Alabama Execute Joseph Smith After Courts Found His IQ Scores Below the State's Threshold?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 128, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 128, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 47-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 47-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 90, lines 11-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-872_b07d.pdf","page_label":"file page 90, lines 11-47"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/24-889","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","paragraphs":["Hikma asked the Court to reverse the decision below. It argued that statements consistent with skinny-label use cannot count as active inducement. It contended section 271(b) permits selling dual-use products without active inducement. It invoked Twombly and Iqbal on plausibility. It disputed Amarin's claimed new discovery evidence. It also asserted Hatch-Waxman section viii protections.","Amarin, argued by Michael R. Huston, contested the investor-only characterization of the press releases. It cited Grokster, which described advertising as a classic form of inducement.","The United States argued inducement requires active encouragement. It said lack of discouraging disclaimers is irrelevant. It argued the Federal Circuit erred by giving any weight to a skinny label. It described its test as acts or messages showing clear intent to encourage infringement. It invoked Grokster's clear-expression standard. It said describing a product as a generic equivalent is normal.","The justices tested several assumptions. Justice Sotomayor tested whether Hikma needs new rules and whether the complaint satisfies Twombly and Iqbal. Justice Thomas tested whether generics should state SH-only approval and whether quoting brand praise could induce infringement. Justice Jackson tested the statutory sameness requirement for generic labels. Justice Gorsuch tested a website disclaimer indicating fewer than all indications."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 9-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 9-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 37-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 37-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 49-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 49-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 21-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 21-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 19-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 19-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-37"}]}],"caption":"Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc. v. Amarin Pharma, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:28:59.859900Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:33.975573Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:28:36.205098Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Amarin Pharma sued Hikma Pharmaceuticals, claiming Hikma's public statements encouraged doctors to infringe Amarin's patent on its drug Vascepa. A district court threw out the complaint. The Supreme Court must decide whether those statements can count as actively inducing patent infringement.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/24-889","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-889_5i36.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-889.html","primary_docket":"24-889","revisions":[{"correction_note":null,"created_at":"2026-08-29T04:43:28.441900Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed internal claim markers from public prose.","created_at":"2026-08-29T11:39:02.661412Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T15:42:01.334253Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.651073Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.835214Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":5},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:28:36.227611Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":6},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":7}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The dispute centers on generic drug makers and patent liability. Amarin sells the brand drug Vascepa. It sued Hikma and other generic makers, claiming their public statements encouraged doctors to infringe Amarin's patent."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["A district court, Judge Andrews, granted a motion to dismiss. That means the judge threw out Amarin's complaint without a full trial. Both sides acknowledged this outcome during argument. The Supreme Court agreed to review the dispute."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 29-31"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Hikma and the other the sides that brought the case want the Court to reverse the dismissal. Charles B. Klein argued for them. They say statements consistent with lawful skinny-label use cannot count as active inducement.","The United States, argued by Malcolm L. Stewart, supported Hikma as amicus. It says inducement requires active encouragement, and failing to add discouraging disclaimers is irrelevant. It argues the Federal Circuit erred by giving any weight to a skinny label. It says describing a product as a generic equivalent of Vascepa is normal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Hikma argues statements consistent with skinny-label use cannot count as active inducement. It says section 271(b) permits selling dual-use products without active inducement. It also says Hatch-Waxman section viii protects skinny-label generics from an infringing use.","Hikma adds that Amarin's complaint is not plausible under Twombly and Iqbal. Those standards mean a complaint must show a plausible claim, not just guesses. Hikma says obvious alternative explanations defeat plausibility at the pleading stage. It also disputes Amarin's claimed new discovery evidence of inducement intent. It says the accused statements were anodyne and consistent with non-infringing use."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked whether Hikma needs new rules and whether the complaint satisfies Twombly and Iqbal. Justice Thomas asked whether generics should state approval for the SH indication only. Justice Thomas also asked whether quoting a brand's praise could induce infringing use.","Justice Jackson asked about the statutory sameness requirement for generic labels, minus the patented indication. Justice Gorsuch asked about a website disclaimer indicating fewer than all indications. Justice Kagan asked whether the press releases were investor-oriented rather than marketing to doctors. Justice Kavanaugh referenced amicus Waxman's concern about the Hatch-Waxman compromise."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 53-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 53-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 41-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 41-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 21-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 21-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 31-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 31-37"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The case tests how far patent inducement liability reaches into generic drug communications. It also tests the pleading standard for these claims. The Hatch-Waxman compromise for skinny-label generics sits in the background. The outcome could shape what generic makers may say publicly."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-43"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["A drug maker's ordinary marketing statements about its FDA-approved generic product, without more, do not show it took active steps to encourage doctors to infringe a patent. Amarin therefore failed to state a claim that Hikma actively induced patent infringement under Section 271(b).","The Federal Circuit's judgment was reversed, and the case was sent back for further proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-889_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 3, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-889_5i36.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-889-hikma-pharmaceuticals-usa-inc-v-amarin-pharma-inc","term":"2025","title":"Can a Generic Drug Maker's Public Statements Count as Patent Infringement?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 31-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 31-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 11-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-889_2024.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 11-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","paragraphs":["Hencely's lawyer argued that tort law remains unless Congress acts and cited a Supreme Court case upholding common law claims for conduct in Mexico.","Fluor's lawyer argued that state law claims are preempted because they conflict with uniquely federal interests arising from an enemy attack on a foreign battlefield in time of war.","Justices questioned the baseline rule, the role of state control over the military, and whether the Boyle precedent controls."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 50-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 50-56"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 40-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 40-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 56-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 56-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 54-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 54-56"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 36-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 36-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 8-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 54-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 54-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-26"}]}],"caption":"Hencely v. Fluor Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.158502Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.163978Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:14.751585Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:36:05.832664Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Specialist Wesley Hencely sued Fluor Corporation under South Carolina tort law after an enemy attack on U.S. forces at Bagram Airfield. Fluor says uniquely federal interests preempt those state claims. The Supreme Court must decide whether Hencely's suit can proceed.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 40-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 40-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 54-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 54-50"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us1r27_bq7c.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-924.html","primary_docket":"24-924","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T21:47:50.649031Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.751451Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.943726Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:36:05.855558Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case involves a 2014 suicide bombing at Bagram Airfield in Afghanistan that killed and injured U. S. service members. Hencely sued Fluor, a contractor the Army employed there, alleging it failed to follow security requirements. The Fourth Circuit dismissed his claims, and he appealed to the Supreme Court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 40-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 40-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 54-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 54-50"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Army found that Fluor's disregard of key contractual requirements contributed to the bombing, according to Hencely's lawyer. Hencely sought damages under South Carolina tort law. The Fourth Circuit blocked his suit on a rationale Fluor does not defend. The case reached the Supreme Court on appeal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 12-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 12-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 8-22"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Hencely argues tort law remains the baseline unless Congress acts, and that courts have long allowed common law claims for conduct abroad. He says Fluor's alternative theories do not justify preemption.","Fluor argues the claims are preempted because they conflict with uniquely federal interests. Its lawyer says the case arises from an enemy attack on U. S. forces on a foreign battlefield in time of war, and state law cannot govern military operations there."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 40-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 40-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 54-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 54-50"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Justice Kavanaugh questioned what the baseline is when a suit involves a uniquely federal interest, suggesting Congress must act to allow such suits. Justice Sotomayor questioned whether 50 states can tell the military what to do, saying states cannot control military orders. Justice Thomas asked why the Supreme Court's decision in Boyle does not control the case.","The justices' questions do not indicate votes or a decision."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 40-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 40-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 54-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 54-50"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["What is the baseline rule for state tort claims against military contractors operating abroad?","Does the Supreme Court's Boyle decision control this dispute?"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 16-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 16-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 34-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 34-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 50-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 50-56"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 56-12","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 56-12"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 28-32","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 28-32"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 46-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 46-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 50-8","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 50-8"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 14-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 14-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 22-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 22-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 46-48","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 46-48"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 28-34","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 28-34"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 8-22","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 8-22"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 10-20","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 10-20"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 32-40","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 32-40"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 54-56","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 54-56"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 36-52","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 36-52"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 8-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 8-26"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 34-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 34-50"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 32-38","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 32-38"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 42-26","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 42-26"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling will shape whether service members can sue military contractors under state law for harm suffered at foreign war zones."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 40-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 40-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 54-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 54-50"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["State-law negligence claims against a military contractor are not preempted when the government did not order or authorize the challenged conduct. Wartime combat settings alone do not bar such suits.","The Fourth Circuit's judgment was vacated and the case remanded for further proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us1r27_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 4, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us1r27_bq7c.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-924-hencely-v-fluor-corp","term":"2025","title":"Can State Tort Law Claims Against a Military Contractor Go Forward at a Foreign War Zone?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 102, lines 38-42","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 102, lines 38-42"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 24-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 24-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 40-36","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 40-36"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 44-44","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 44-44"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 54-50","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-924_2c8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 54-50"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/24-935","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","paragraphs":["The Court heard one argument session on March 25, 2026. The main legal question asked whether to adopt a bright-line rule: workers are in interstate commerce only if they cross state lines or interact with vehicles that cross. Flowers Foods endorsed that rule and said a yes-or-no answer would dispose of the case.","Flowers Foods argued that the exemption is limited to workers directly and actively performing cross-border transportation. It said Brock only performs intrastate last-leg work and is not exempt. It described transportation as bookended by loading and unloading on a cross-border vehicle. It said interaction with the vehicle is often relevant, but crossing a border is not strictly required.","Brock's side argued that the exemption covers drivers transporting goods on the last leg of an interstate journey. It said personal border crossing or vehicle interaction should not matter. It called the vehicle-interaction requirement atextual and arbitrary.","The justices tested both sides' assumptions. They asked what the final destination of the bread is and what the final destination in this case is. Brock's side answered that the retail stores, Flowers's customers, are the final destination. A justice also questioned splitting workers on an interstate shipment into different categories."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 31-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 31-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 47, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 47, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 43-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 43-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 55-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 55-55"}]}],"caption":"Flowers Foods, Inc. v. Brock","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:29:00.077022Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:29:00.099293Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:34.501597Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:44:22.578724Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Flowers Foods says its bread delivery driver, Angelo Brock, is not exempt from federal wage rules because he never crossed a state line. Brock says the exemption covers drivers on the last leg of an interstate journey. The Supreme Court heard argument on March 25, 2026.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/24-935","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us2r37_i425.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-935.html","primary_docket":"24-935","revisions":[{"correction_note":null,"created_at":"2026-08-28T20:31:29.590046Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":null,"created_at":"2026-08-28T23:21:45.368385Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T15:19:21.965501Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.710593Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.902480Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":5},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:46:29.653980Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":6},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":7}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Flowers Foods makes and delivers bread. Angelo Brock worked as a driver for the company. The dispute turns on a federal labor law exemption. Some transportation workers are exempt from that law's wage rules. The question is whether Brock's work counts as interstate commerce, which decides whether the exemption applies to him."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The case is Flowers Foods, Inc. , et al. v. Angelo Brock, No. 24-935. Traci L. Lovitt argued for Flowers Foods. Jennifer D. Bennett argued for Brock."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Flowers Foods wants a clear rule. It says the exemption covers only workers who directly and actively perform cross-border transportation work. It says Brock only did intrastate last-leg work, so he is not exempt.","Brock wants the exemption to cover drivers on the last leg of an interstate journey. He says it does not matter whether the driver personally crossed a border or touched a vehicle that did. His side calls the vehicle-interaction requirement atextual and arbitrary."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Flowers Foods endorsed the bright-line rule. It said a yes-or-no answer would dispose of the case. It described transportation as bookended by loading and unloading on a cross-border vehicle. It said the focus is the class's cross-border transportation work. Interaction with the vehicle is often relevant, but crossing a border is not strictly required.","Flowers Foods made an assumption for this case. It assumed a last-mile framing and did not press title or contract issues. It said only Driver 2 is exempt, and that transportation continues until unloading. Brock's side agreed to resolve only the bright-line rule and conceded other issues for this argument."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The justices tested the parties' assumptions. One asked what the final destination of the bread is. Another asked what the final destination in this case is. Brock's side answered that the retail stores, Flowers's customers, are the final destination on this journey.","A justice raised a concern about splitting workers on an interstate shipment into different categories. That concern probes whether the bright-line rule can cleanly sort workers on one shipment. The record does not show a holding or vote on any of these questions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 21-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 21-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 19-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 19-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-25"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case matters for delivery workers and companies. A bright-line rule would make it easy to tell who is exempt. A journey-based approach would look at where a shipment starts and ends. The choice affects wages for drivers on the last leg of long trips."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-17"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["Workers can qualify for the Federal Arbitration Act's transportation-worker exemption while moving goods only within one state. They need not cross state lines.","The Court affirmed the Tenth Circuit's judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us2r37_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 3, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us2r37_i425.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-935-flowers-foods-inc-v-brock","term":"2025","title":"Does the federal labor law exemption cover bread delivery drivers on the last leg of an interstate trip?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 23-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 23-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 41, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-935_1qm2.pdf","page_label":"file page 41, lines 11-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","paragraphs":["Havana Docks argues Cuban officials physically occupied the docks, making them confiscated property.","Royal Caribbean argues the statute defines property to include time-limited interests like leaseholds.","Justice Kagan questioned whether a property interest survives after a concession expires."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 37-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-29"}]}],"caption":"Havana Docks Corp. v. Royal Caribbean Cruises","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:13.785495Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:13.811795Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:57:55.772496Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Havana Docks built docks in Cuba. The Cuban government seized them in 1960 without payment. Royal Caribbean later paid Cuba to use those docks. The dispute is whether that payment constitutes trafficking in confiscated property.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us1r33_fcgj.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-983.html","primary_docket":"24-983","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T14:13:26.222688Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T14:26:37.354988Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":3}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Havana Docks wants a finding that Royal Caribbean trafficked in confiscated property. Royal Caribbean wants the court to find no trafficking occurred. The company argues the relevant property is a time-limited leasehold."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on February 23, 2026."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 83, lines 37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 37-35"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Havana Docks wants a ruling that paying Cuba to use the seized docks is trafficking in confiscated property.","Royal Caribbean wants a ruling that no trafficking occurred because the relevant property is a leasehold."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Cuban officials physically occupied the docks, making them confiscated property.","The statute defines property to include time-limited interests like leaseholds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked what exactly the confiscated property is.","Justice Kagan questioned whether a property interest survives after a concession expires.', 'Justice Jackson asked whether the statute's defined terms resolve the property question."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 45-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 19-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 19-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 39-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 39-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 13-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 13-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The outcome would clarify what counts as confiscated property under the Helms-Burton Act. It would also determine whether paying a foreign government for seized assets triggers liability."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 9-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 9-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 53-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 53-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 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43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 17-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 17-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 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37-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 83, lines 37-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 11-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 11-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 13-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 13-29"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-983-havana-docks-corp-v-royal-caribbean-cruises","term":"2025","title":"Does Paying Cuba to Use Seized Docks Count as Trafficking in Confiscated Property?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 103, lines 29-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 103, lines 29-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 45-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 45-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 64, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 64, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-983_9ol1.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 15-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked what relief Olivier would get from other burdens of his conviction, such as a firearms restriction, and whether those burdens would block the lawsuit.","Justice Jackson asked whether a probationary condition tied to his prior sentence would be eliminated if he won the lawsuit.","Justice Gorsuch pressed a lawyer to pursue a hypothetical further, saying the lawyer was fighting the hypothetical rather than engaging with it."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 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35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 11-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-51"}]}],"caption":"Olivier v. City of Brandon","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.049671Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.062690Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:15.174072Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:37:44.032883Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Gabriel Olivier was arrested for preaching in a Brandon, Mississippi park and convicted under a city ordinance. He now asks the Supreme Court whether he can sue under federal civil rights law to block future prosecutions under that ordinance, even though his conviction stands.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 11-45"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r20_h315.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/24-993.html","primary_docket":"24-993","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T22:05:30.894646Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.773039Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.965001Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:37:44.053862Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Olivier says his Christian faith calls him to preach in city parks. He argues the ordinance criminalizes his religious speech and that federal civil rights law lets him seek prospective relief against future enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 11-45"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["A lower court ruled against Olivier. He asked the Supreme Court to reverse that decision and let his lawsuit proceed. The city asked the Supreme Court to affirm the lower court and dismiss the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 41-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Olivier wants permission to sue under federal civil rights law for prospective relief protecting him from future prosecution under the ordinance.","The city wants the Supreme Court to affirm the lower court, saying Olivier had chances to challenge the ordinance during his prosecution and appeals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 11-45"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Olivier's lawyer argued the ordinance criminalizes his religious speech and that a prior conviction does not bar prospective relief under federal civil rights law.","The city's lawyer argued Olivier had the opportunity to challenge the ordinance's constitutionality in the Mississippi trial court, on direct appeal, and by petitioning the Supreme Court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 11-45"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts questioned what relief Olivier could obtain from other burdens of his conviction, such as losing the right to possess firearms.","Justice Thomas questioned whether this type of suit can only be brought in habeas proceedings instead of a civil rights lawsuit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 49-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 49-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 23-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 23-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 35-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 35-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 41-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 41-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 51-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 51-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 11-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 11-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 7-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 7-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 27-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 27-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 45-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 51-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 51-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling could shape how people challenge state laws after a conviction, and whether federal civil rights suits remain available for prospective relief against future enforcement."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 11-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 11-45"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["A person who was once convicted under a local law can still sue to stop its future enforcement, because that kind of forward-looking lawsuit does not attack the old conviction.","The Supreme Court reversed the Fifth Circuit's judgment and remanded the case for further proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r20_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 4, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/607us2r20_h315.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-24-993-olivier-v-city-of-brandon","term":"2025","title":"Can a Preacher Convicted Under a City Ordinance Still Sue to Stop Future Prosecutions?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/24-993_1a7d.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme 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11-45"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/25-1083","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","paragraphs":["This was the only argument session in the approved record. It was not a reargument. Three lawyers appeared: John Sauer for the government, Ahilan Arulanantham for the Syria challengers, and Geoffrey Pipoly for the Haiti challengers.","The government asked the Court to read the review bar broadly. It argued the bar covers the final TPS decision and every earlier step, including procedural ones. It said letting procedural challenges through would gut the bar, since substantive challenges can be relabeled as procedural. It also invoked Trump v. Hawaii as setting a forgiving standard for the constitutional claim.","The challengers asked the Court to read the bar narrowly. They said determination, read in context, refers to country-conditions assessments. They relied on McNary, Reno v. Catholic Social Services, and Bowen to separate final decisions from antecedent procedures. Their claim targets only whether the Secretary actually consulted and gathered country-conditions information.","The justices tested several assumptions. Justice Alito tested whether determination needs a non-ordinary meaning for the challengers to prevail. Chief Justice Roberts tested whether Trump v. Hawaii truly extends to these TPS terminations affecting people here now. Justice Barrett tested why Congress would allow procedural review while barring substantive review, and what standard would apply if consultation is reviewable."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 101, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 101, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official 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45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-9"}]}],"caption":"Mullin, Sec. of Homeland Security v. Doe","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:28:59.824646Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:28:59.895428Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"}],"case_status":"argued","dek":"The government ended temporary protected status for Syria and Haiti. The Supreme Court must decide whether a law barring court review of that decision also blocks judges from checking required steps, like consulting other agencies, before the decision was made.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 49-13"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","maturity":"official_transcript","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/25-1083","official_disposition_urls":[],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/25-1083.html","primary_docket":"25-1083","revisions":[{"correction_note":null,"created_at":"2026-08-29T02:31:33.584959Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T16:32:55.898779Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.693080Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.884182Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:46:58.741842Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":5},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":6}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Temporary protected status, or TPS, lets people from countries hit by war or disaster stay in the United States for a set period. The Secretary of Homeland Security ended TPS for Syria and Haiti. People who hold that protection challenged the terminations in court. The government says a federal law blocks courts from reviewing these decisions at all."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 49-13"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Secretary ended TPS for Syria and Haiti. People who hold that protection went to court to challenge those terminations. Lower courts handled the dispute before it reached the Supreme Court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government asks the Court to hold that the review bar covers everything. It says the law blocks courts from reviewing the final TPS decision and every earlier step, including procedural ones like consultation. It also asks the Court to apply a forgiving standard from an earlier case, Trump v. Hawaii, to the challengers' constitutional claim.","The challengers ask the Court to read the review bar more narrowly. They say the law only blocks review of the government's judgments about conditions in each country. They want courts to still check whether the Secretary actually consulted other agencies and gathered information about country conditions. The Haiti challengers adopted the same reading as the Syria challengers."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 49-13"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government's lawyers said the review bar covers any determination about TPS designation, extension, or termination. They argued that letting procedural exceptions through would gut the bar, because any substantive challenge could be relabeled as procedural. They also said TPS is meant to be temporary, and court orders would undermine that purpose.","The government's lawyers made concessions. They acknowledged the administrative record shows only brief email exchanges for consultation, with nothing else identified. They agreed a Secretary could end TPS by social media post with no procedure, and that would still not be reviewable. They also said the review bar does not reach constitutional claims."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 49-13"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Alito asked whether the word determination needs an unusual meaning for the challengers to win. He also warned that letting courts review how thorough consultation was could invite endless procedural lawsuits.","Chief Justice Roberts asked whether the government's reliance on Trump v. Hawaii stretches that case to cover these TPS terminations. Justice Kavanaugh asked the government to explain why Congress would want such a broad review bar. He also asked whether regime change in Syria counts as a significant change in conditions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 55-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 9-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["This case tests how far Congress can go in shielding a government decision from judges. If the review bar covers everything, a Secretary could end TPS for any reason, or no reason, and no court could check it. That is what the government's own answers in argument suggested."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 49-13"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 13-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 13-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 55-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 55-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 9-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 9-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 36, lines 41-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 36, lines 41-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 45, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 45, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 48, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 48, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 29-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 29-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 63, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 7-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 7-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 21-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 21-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 49-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 49-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-9"}]}],"slug":"2025-25-1083-mullin-sec-of-homeland-security-v-doe","term":"2025","title":"Can Courts Check How the Government Ended Protection for Syrians and Haitians?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 9-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 9-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 35-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 35-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 51-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 51-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 49-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-1083_0pl1.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 49-13"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":null,"updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/25-112","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","paragraphs":["This session was the initial argument, with no reargument. Chatrie's counsel asked the Court to hold the geofence warrant unconstitutional. He argued step 1 itself constituted a search of private papers. He said step-1 probable cause here would be no.","He distinguished voluntary private disclosure, like the Jacobsen case, from compelled government access. He agreed the record lacks criteria and said the warrant left selection to police without standards. He stated three devices were identified in the end.","The government asked the Court to uphold the warrant. It effectively agreed geofence access is not a search requiring a warrant. It relied on Knotts for the point that public movements carry no privacy expectation. It conceded warrantless tracking into a private residence would be very difficult to justify.","Justices tested assumptions on both sides. Justice Thomas tested whether anonymized step-1 results still counted as a violation. Chief Justice Roberts tested whether user choice about location history mattered. Justice Alito tested whether voluntary enabling defeats protection. Justice Kagan tested adoption rates. Justice Jackson tested the step-1 radius and time window."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 29-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 29-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 105, lines 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9-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 9-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 29-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 29-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 87, lines 43-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 87, lines 43-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-11"}]}],"caption":"Chatrie v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:28:59.784900Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:28:59.842042Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:28:59.911368Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:33.314446Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:38:56.034980Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Okello Chatrie says a warrant that let police search Google's location records around a bank robbery broke Fourth Amendment rules. The United States says the search was lawful and asks the Court to uphold it.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-29"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/25-112","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-112_0am4.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/25-112.html","primary_docket":"25-112","revisions":[{"correction_note":null,"created_at":"2026-08-29T03:39:12.978901Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T16:50:24.414086Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.787264Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.977715Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:45:33.082195Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:48:35.292240Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":6},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":7}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Court heard argument on April 27, 2026, and has not announced a decision. Questions from the bench are not votes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["Police obtained a warrant to search Google's location records covering a geographic area around a bank robbery. The warrant worked in steps. First, Google searched many accounts and returned anonymous results. Later steps identified specific people and gave police more data. Chatrie says the later steps lacked proper limits and cause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 147, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 147, lines 11-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Chatrie asks the Court to rule the geofence warrant unconstitutional. He says it lacked probable cause and particularity. He also asks the Court to find step 2 required a new warrant.","The United States asks the Court to uphold the search. It argues geofence access is not a Fourth Amendment search requiring a warrant. It relies on the Knotts case about public movements."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Chatrie's side says the software query searched every user's virtual safety deposit box. Google's Sensorvault is organized per user account, like separate lockers. He says Google's reserved rights to access data are not user consent for government searches.","He disputes that enabling location history waives Fourth Amendment protection. He says using cloud services does not equal consent to government searches. He also says particularity must describe the Google accounts searched, not just the physical area. He says lack of particularized criteria alone would suffice to invalidate the warrant. He stated three devices were identified in the end."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas questioned whether step 1 violated the rules given anonymized results. Chatrie's counsel conceded the step-1 returns were anonymized. He still argued step 1 effected a search across accounts.","Chief Justice Roberts asked why this matters if users can turn off location history. He also asked whether disclosing data to a third party makes it accessible, like leaving shades open. Justice Alito questioned whether voluntarily enabling location history defeats protection. Justice Kagan asked if it matters that only a small percentage of users enable location history."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 13-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 13-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 137, lines 15-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 137, lines 15-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 11-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 11-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 45-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 45-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 27-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 27-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 29-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["A voluntary-exposure rationale could extend to email and other cloud data, Chatrie's counsel answered. He said voluntariness matters for knowingly created business records, but not for private cloud-stored data. He disputed that Google's terms eliminate protections, noting similar terms cover email and documents."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-29"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court held that when police obtained Chatrie's cell-phone location data from Google. They conducted a Fourth Amendment search, because people have a reasonable expectation of privacy in that information. The Court declined to decide whether the multi-step geofence warrant itself met the Fourth Amendment's requirements, leaving those questions to the lower court.","The Supreme Court vacated the Fourth Circuit's judgment and remanded the case for further proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-112_0am4.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 5, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-112_0am4.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-25-112-chatrie-v-united-states","term":"2025","title":"Did a Geofence Warrant Searching Google Location Data Violate the Fourth Amendment?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 29-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 29-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 29-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 29-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 60, lines 33-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 60, lines 33-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 39-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 39-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-112_7k47.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-29"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/25-197","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","paragraphs":["Ms. Prelogar argued the suit is a collateral attack, not an appeal, and that district courts lack appellate jurisdiction over state judgments. She requested reversal.","Justice Thomas probed appellate jurisdiction and agency-versus-judgment review. Justice Sotomayor tested what voiding means. Justice Jackson tested reconsidering Rooker-Feldman, and Justice Alito tested overruling it without a request.","A justice's question is not a vote. Oral argument is not a decision."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 17-21"}]}],"caption":"T. M. v. Univ. of MD Medical Sys. Corp.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:28:59.630911Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:28:59.688814Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:32.963955Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:38:33.510506Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The Supreme Court is weighing when federal district courts may revisit a state court judgment under the Rooker-Feldman rule.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 17-21"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/25-197","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-197_new_4g15.pdf","https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-197diff_8759.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/25-197.html","primary_docket":"25-197","revisions":[{"correction_note":null,"created_at":"2026-08-29T00:57:53.557366Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T16:47:27.469241Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.782738Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.973650Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:45:32.935574Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:48:36.279667Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":6},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":7}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Rooker-Feldman generally bars federal district courts from overturning a state court judgment. The question is how far that rule reaches."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["Ms. Prelogar presented the argument for the side that brought the case, and the Chief Justice called for her rebuttal."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case asked the Court to reverse the lower court's decision. The record does not describe a separate requested result for the other side.","the side that brought the case conceded the suit is a collateral attack on the state judgment, while maintaining it differs from an appeal. She argued collateral attacks are new cases that can involve new evidence, cannot vacate the state judgment, and face preclusion defenses. She also said district courts can only exercise original jurisdiction, not appellate jurisdiction."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["the side that brought the case's answers show the stakes. In a collateral challenge, a district court cannot vacate or revise a state judgment. Remedies stay limited to declarations or injunctions controlling the parties before the court. That shapes what relief litigants can seek.","Justice Thomas asked whether a district court has appellate jurisdiction and how reviewing an agency decision differs from reviewing a court judgment. Justice Sotomayor clarified what the other side meant by review and reject. Justice Jackson asked about reconsidering Rooker-Feldman as a backup. Justice Alito questioned overruling it when the petition did not request that."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The Chief Justice submitted the case. The Court will issue its decision later."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":[":[]}"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 17-21"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["The Rooker-Feldman doctrine, which explains that federal district courts cannot act as appeals courts to review state-court judgments. Applies even when the state judgment is still being appealed in state court. T. M.'s federal suit asked the district court to strike down the consent order from her state case, which is exactly the kind of review federal district courts may not do.","The Supreme Court affirmed the Fourth Circuit's judgment, which had upheld the dismissal of T. M.'s federal lawsuit."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-197_new_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 4, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-197_new_4g15.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-25-197-t-m-v-univ-of-md-medical-sys-corp","term":"2025","title":"How far does the rule barring federal courts from overturning state judgments reach?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 33-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 33-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 39-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 39-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 43-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 43-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 62, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 62, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 35-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 35-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 51-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 51-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 17-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-197_6j37.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 17-21"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","paragraphs":["General Sauer argued for the administration that the current structure lets Congress, rather than the president, control these agencies, which he called a huge separation-of-powers problem.","Mr. Agarwal argued for Slaughter that the president's constitutional duty to execute the law does not give him power to violate that law. And That the sides that brought the case claim the president was free to fire Commissioner Slaughter without cause in violation of the FTC Act.","Justice Thomas asked how far the administration's theory goes and whether it could be completely arbitrary. He asked General Sauer for one example of a permissible restriction on removing a principal officer. And Asked whether any restriction is permissible for a multi-body agency such as the FTC.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the administration's reliance on an economic case, asking what other case supports its position, and asked about the removal power instead of other powers."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 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49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-51"}]}],"caption":"Trump, President of United States v. Slaughter","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.057017Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.086187Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:14.094486Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:05.506401Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:43:57.696283Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The Trump administration argues the Constitution lets a president remove FTC Commissioner Gwynne Slaughter without cause. Slaughter says a federal law protecting her job controls. The Supreme Court must decide how far Congress can go in limiting the president's removal power.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 166, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 166, lines 55-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-27"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-332_diff_bq7d.pdf","https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-332_new_geil.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/25-332.html","primary_docket":"25-332","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T22:06:10.166033Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.659055Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.846144Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:43:57.719744Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Congress shields certain agency leaders from removal unless the president shows cause, such as inefficiency or neglect. The Trump administration says that shield violates the Constitution's separation of powers because it blocks the president from controlling executive officials. Slaughter says the law stands, and the president cannot fire her without following it."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 166, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 166, lines 55-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["A lower court ruled against the administration and let Slaughter keep her position. The administration asked the Supreme Court to reverse that ruling and recognize the president's power to remove her without cause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 143, lines 45-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 143, lines 45-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-7"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The administration, represented by General Sauer, wants the Court to hold that the president may remove agency officials without showing cause. It argues that otherwise Congress, not the president, controls these agencies, creating a separation-of-powers problem.","Slaughter, represented by Mr. Agarwal, wants the Court to uphold the removal limits in the FTC Act. He argues the president's duty to execute the law does not let him violate that law by firing officials without cause."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 166, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 166, lines 55-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The administration argues Congress, not the president, effectively controls these agencies under the current structure, which it calls a serious separation-of-powers problem.","Slaughter argues the removal protections were designed to let agency structures withstand changes in political power over time. And That the president's constitutional duty does not permit him to violate the law."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 166, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 166, lines 55-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked how far the administration's theory extends and whether it could become completely arbitrary. He also asked General Sauer to give one example of a permissible restriction on removing a principal officer. And Asked whether any restriction is permissible for a multi-body agency like the FTC.","Justice Sotomayor questioned the administration's reliance on an economic case, asking what other cases support its position, and asked about the removal power itself."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 23-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 23-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 55-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 55-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 37-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 37-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 41-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 41-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 47-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 47-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 41-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 41-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 51-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 51-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 139, lines 7-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 139, lines 7-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 55-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 55-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 19-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 19-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 27-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 27-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 7-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 7-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 49-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 49-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 51-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 51-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 53-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 53-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 37-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 37-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 29-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 29-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 39-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 39-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 39-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 39-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling could reshape how much control presidents have over independent agencies such as the FTC. Chief Justice Roberts noted it can be hard to tell whether agencies perform executive or legislative functions, citing the Library of Congress as an example."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 166, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 166, lines 55-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-27"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["The Federal Trade Commission's rule that its commissioners can be fired only for certain listed reasons conflicts with the Constitution's separation of powers. The President may therefore fire FTC commissioners at will, meaning for any reason or no reason at all.","The Supreme Court reversed the lower court's judgment in favor of Slaughter and remanded the case for further proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 1, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-332_new_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 7, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-332_new_geil.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-25-332-trump-president-of-united-states-v-slaughter","term":"2025","title":"Can the President Fire an FTC Commissioner Without Showing Cause?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 166, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 166, lines 55-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 23-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 23-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 25-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-332_7lhn.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 25-27"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/25-365","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","paragraphs":["General Sauer argued for the government and asked the Court to reverse the lower decision. The government's core claim was that the Citizenship Clause does not grant birthright citizenship to children of temporary visitors or undocumented immigrants. The approved record does not state the other side's requested result or detailed contentions.","The justices tested assumptions on both history and practicality. Chief Justice Roberts asked about birth tourism and about extrapolating narrow exceptions to exclude a large class. Justice Barrett probed how a domicile rule works for foundlings and unknown parental intent. Justice Jackson asked why the amendment's text would omit parents if parental status controls.","The case was submitted after argument, meaning the justices will decide it later."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 43-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 53-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-9"}]}],"caption":"Trump, President of U.S. v. Barbara","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:29:00.215361Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:29:00.248416Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:29:00.266154Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:08.883816Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:27:11.869403Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The Supreme Court must decide whether the Fourteenth Amendment's Citizenship Clause gives automatic citizenship to babies born here to temporary visitors or undocumented parents. Or whether the government can exclude them.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/25-365","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-365_diff_ed9g.pdf","https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-365_new_5if6.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/25-365.html","primary_docket":"25-365","revisions":[{"correction_note":null,"created_at":"2026-08-29T00:57:53.557366Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T17:08:35.387402Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.635739Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.817115Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:27:11.896166Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":6}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case, Trump v. Barbara, asks who counts as a citizen from birth under the Fourteenth Amendment. The government argues the Citizenship Clause does not grant birthright citizenship to children of temporary visitors or undocumented immigrants. The other side says the Constitution grants citizenship to nearly everyone born here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The case is Trump v. Barbara, No. 25-365. The justices heard argument in Washington, D. C. on April 1, 2026, starting at 10:04 a. m. The Chief Justice opened the session and recognized General Sauer for the government. The case was submitted after argument, meaning the justices will decide it later."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 43-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 140, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 140, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["General Sauer, arguing for the government, asked the Court to reverse the lower decision. That means he wants the ruling below thrown out. The approved record does not state a separate requested result from the other side.","The government argues the Citizenship Clause does not grant birthright citizenship to children of temporary visitors or undocumented immigrants. The approved record does not support additional claims from the other side, so their detailed arguments are not described here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 43-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the Citizenship Clause does not grant birthright citizenship to children of temporary visitors or undocumented immigrants. The approved record does not support additional claims from the other side, so their detailed arguments are not described here.","General Sauer, arguing for the government, asked the Court to reverse the lower decision. That means he wants the ruling below thrown out. The approved record does not state a separate requested result from the other side."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 136, lines 43-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 136, lines 43-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The justices tested several assumptions. Chief Justice Roberts asked how common birth tourism is and whether narrow exceptions can justify excluding a large class. Justice Barrett pressed how a domicile rule would work, including for foundlings and parents whose plans to stay are unknown.","Several justices focused on Wong Kim Ark, an old case about citizenship. Justice Alito pressed why domicile appears in that case's stated question and holding. Chief Justice Roberts questioned dismissing the repeated mention of domicile there. Justice Barrett also tested how a domicile rule would handle a U. S. citizen giving birth here while living abroad."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 15-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 15-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 15-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 15-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 49-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 49-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 39-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 39-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 84, lines 53-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 84, lines 53-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 88, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 88, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 35-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Birthright citizenship affects millions of families and how the government tracks newborn status. The justices' questions show they are weighing both history and practical workability. A ruling will come later; nothing has been decided yet."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["Children born in the United States to parents who are unlawfully or temporarily present are citizens at birth under the Fourteenth Amendment. The Executive Order denying them citizenship therefore conflicts with the Constitution.","The Court affirmed the judgment below."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 1, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-365_new_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 5, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-365_new_5if6.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-25-365-trump-president-of-u-s-v-barbara","term":"2025","title":"Does the Constitution Grant Citizenship to Every Child Born in the United States?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-365_l6gn.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-23"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/25-429","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","paragraphs":["The government's lawyer conceded the proof standard is not in the statute. He conceded no constitutional right favors deportable treatment. He acknowledged the standard usually fails at the border. He answered that parole does not alter lawful permanent resident status.","Mr. Lau's lawyer requested affirmance on a narrow ground or dismissal. The government's lawyer disputed the characterization of its parole position. He answered that a determination precedes parole eligibility but rests on less proof. A justice's question is not a vote, and oral argument is not a decision.","The government's side tested whether proof duties apply at the border or only later in removal proceedings. Mr. Lau's side tested whether parole can come before an admissibility determination."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 55-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 55-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 35-43"}]}],"caption":"Blanche, Acting Atty Gen. v. Lau","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:28:59.603023Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:28:59.724590Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:16.821138Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:35:38.930215Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"A green card holder challenges his removal, arguing the government must prove he was seeking admission before it can parole him. The government says it can meet that proof duty later, in the removal proceeding.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 35-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/25-429","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-429_h3ci.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/25-429.html","primary_docket":"25-429","revisions":[{"correction_note":null,"created_at":"2026-08-29T03:39:12.978901Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed internal claim markers from public prose.","created_at":"2026-08-29T11:39:02.613015Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T16:28:06.714269Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.741967Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.933599Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":5},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:46:30.733515Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":6},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":7}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves a lawful permanent resident facing removal. The dispute is over which legal category applies to him and how strong the government's proof must be. One category, inadmissibility, applies at the border. The other, deportability, applies to people already living here lawfully."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 35-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The case reached the Supreme Court after earlier rounds of proceedings below. Sopan Joshi argued for the federal government. Shay Dvoretzky argued for Mr. Lau."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Mr. Lau asks the Court to affirm on a narrow timing point or to dismiss the case without deciding it. He argues the government cannot parole a green card holder before deciding whether an admissibility exception applies.","The government asks the Court to rule that it met its proof duty in the removal proceeding. It argues there is no evidentiary requirement at the border, so it may prove the case later."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 35-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government's lawyer conceded the clear-and-convincing proof standard does not come from the immigration statute. It comes from a Board decision, which the government accepts here. He also said no proof standard is prescribed at the border. If one is needed, it should be a simple satisfaction-of-the-officer test.","The government's lawyer said the border officer relied on a federal database showing an arrest and a pending charge. He argued the government must prove, and did prove, by clear and convincing evidence that Mr. Lau was seeking admission at the relevant time. He conceded there is no constitutional right to be treated as deportable rather than inadmissible."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 35-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The government's side tested whether proof duties apply at the border or only later in removal proceedings. Mr. Lau's side tested whether parole can come before an admissibility determination."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 55-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 55-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 31-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 31-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 17-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 17-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 35-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 35-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 43-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 43-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 35-43"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The proof standard matters because clear and convincing proof is very hard to meet. The government's own lawyer admitted that standard usually cannot be met at the border itself. So the timing question decides where and when the government must build its case. Mr."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 35-43"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["Border officers need not meet the clear-and-convincing evidence standard before treating a returning permanent resident as seeking admission after committing a crime. Later conviction timing does not change that rule.","The Court vacated the Second Circuit's judgment and sent the case back for further proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-429_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 3, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-429_h3ci.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-25-429-blanche-acting-atty-gen-v-lau","term":"2025","title":"Must the Government Prove a Green Card Holder Was Seeking Admission Before Paroling Him at the Border?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 40, lines 7-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 40, lines 7-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 35-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 35-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 98, lines 35-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-429_3ea4.pdf","page_label":"file page 98, lines 35-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/25-466","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","paragraphs":["This was the only argument session in the approved record. Both sides appeared, and the Chief Justice called the case. The challenger asked the Court to limit disgorgement to restoring the status quo and compensating injured investors. He argued it cannot be a penalty or deterrent. He asked the Court to require proof of investor economic harm.","The government asked the Court to uphold disgorgement as a profits-based remedy. It argued the challenger would transform it into a compensatory, loss-measured remedy. It said the challenger must prevail on both narrowing victims and resolving Liu's Treasury question. It defended keeping funds for deterrence.","The justices tested several assumptions. Justice Thomas tested whether disgorgement is still equitable after the statutory move. Justice Alito tested whether the SEC holds a substantive entitlement to profits. Justice Sotomayor tested measurement, the provable-loss cap, and the Seventh Amendment problem with deterrence-only keeping.","The challenger conceded no double recovery of damages and disgorgement for the same injury, and confirmed the provable-loss cap. The government conceded causation between unjust enrichment and the defendant's actions, and confirmed net profits only. It also said the Court could avoid deciding the funds-keeping scope."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 25-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 25-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 37-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 37-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 37-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 54, lines 37-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 35-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 35-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 9-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 9-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 45-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 45-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 53-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 53-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 15-37"}]}],"caption":"Sripetch v. SEC","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:28:59.569201Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:28:59.673757Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:32.716219Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:29:33.739396Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The SEC and a challenger disagree over whether money recovered from securities violators must go to harmed investors or can stay with the government as a deterrent.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 15-37"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/25-466","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-466_5i26.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/25-466.html","primary_docket":"25-466","revisions":[{"correction_note":null,"created_at":"2026-08-29T04:43:28.399590Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T16:48:07.394107Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.662641Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.851003Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:29:33.763117Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":6}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Disgorgement is a court order requiring someone who broke securities rules to give up profits gained from the wrongdoing. The dispute is whether that money must go to injured investors or whether the government can keep it. Daniel Geyser argued for the challenger. Malcolm Stewart argued for the government."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 15-37"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The approved record does not describe the lower courts' path. It shows only the argument date, the lawyers who appeared, and the Chief Justice calling the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-23"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The challenger wants the Court to limit disgorgement to restoring the status quo and compensating injured investors. He says it cannot punish or deter. He also wants the SEC to prove investors suffered economic harm before seeking disgorgement.","The government wants broader freedom. It argues disgorgement is a profits-based remedy, measured by the wrongdoer's gains rather than victims' losses. It says the government can keep funds even when distributing them to investors is difficult, and that this serves deterrence."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 15-37"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The challenger relies on an earlier case called Liu. He says Congress wrote the disgorgement rule against Liu's backdrop, pairing disgorgement with penalties as separate remedies. He warns that reading disgorgement as mere deprivation would erase the line between disgorgement and civil penalties.","He also says the government's position lets disgorgement act like a penalty, focused on taking money away and deterrence, with no remedial purpose or return of funds to investors. He made one concession: a party cannot recover both damages and disgorgement for the same injury. He confirmed disgorgement cannot exceed provable loss."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 15-37"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked the challenger to explain the difference between disgorgement and compensatory damages. The challenger answered that disgorgement identifies an asset that rightfully belongs to someone else, while damages make an injured party whole.","Justice Thomas also asked whether disgorgement is still equitable after Congress moved it into a section with a different time limit. The challenger answered that it remains equitable. Justice Alito asked why, if disgorgement stays equitable, the SEC would not hold a substantive entitlement to profits, like an accounting for profits."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 45-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 45-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 9-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 9-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 59, lines 25-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 59, lines 25-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 41-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 21-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 21-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 15-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 15-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 53-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 53-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 25-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 25-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 11-15"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The stakes turn on where disgorged money goes. The government said distribution to investors matters under one subsection but not under the others. The challenger said investors may have suffered a violation of legal interests but hold no legal right to the proceeds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 15-37"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["The SEC does not have to prove that investors lost money before receiving a disgorgement order, which is a remedy taking a wrongdoer's profits away.","The Supreme Court affirmed the Ninth Circuit's judgment in favor of the SEC."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 1, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-466_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 3, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-466_5i26.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-25-466-sripetch-v-sec","term":"2025","title":"Does SEC Disgorgement Have to Pay Injured Investors, or Can the Government Keep the Money?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 15-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 15-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 49-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 49-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 81, lines 15-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-466_ec8f.pdf","page_label":"file page 81, lines 15-37"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/25-5","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","paragraphs":["This was the only argument session. Vivek Suri argued for the government. Kelsi B. Corkran argued for Al Otro Lado. No reargument occurred, so nothing changed on a second round.","The government asked the Court to reverse the Ninth Circuit and uphold metering, and to lift the class-wide order and individual order. Its reasoning: the statute requires presence on U. S. soil; one law covers refugees outside the country; Sale supports extraterritorial limits; duties are shared internationally.","Al Otro Lado asked the Court to read the statute to require processing for people who arrive, including those at the border. Its reasoning: turn-backs began around 2016 to avoid processing duties; arrival happens at the threshold; regulations and Thuraissigiam support this.","On mootness, the government said the class-wide order keeps the case live and lifting it gives real relief, and that recurrence is reasonably expected. It said it wants the ability to reinstate metering if justified. Justice Barrett asked whether the agency plans to reinstate metering. Justice Jackson raised the advisory opinion concern."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 47-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 47-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 41-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 41-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 28, lines 55-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 28, lines 55-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 11-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 11-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 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27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 33-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 33-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 13-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 13-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 15-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 15-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 31-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 31-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 49-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 49-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 21-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 21-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 29-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 29-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-45"}]}],"caption":"Noem, Sec. of Homeland v. Al Otro Lado","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:29:00.029675Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:29:00.056311Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:09.245328Z","explanation":"An official Court order was verified.","status":"order_issued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:09.707395Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:32:56.624618Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"The federal government limits how many people can approach the border to ask for protection. Al Otro Lado says that policy breaks federal law. The Supreme Court must decide what the word arrives means in the immigration statute.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 29-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 29-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/25-5","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-524_0971.pdf","https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-5442_fd9g.pdf","https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-5557_n6io.pdf","https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-5749_qol1.pdf","https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-5_86qd.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/25-5.html","primary_docket":"25-5","revisions":[{"correction_note":null,"created_at":"2026-08-29T04:43:28.351793Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T17:06:45.349530Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.714494Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.906654Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:32:56.649739Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:49:19.226404Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":6},{"correction_note":"Removed direct-quotation marks from public paraphrases.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:49:50.279466Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":7},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":8}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The case is Noem, Secretary of Homeland Security v. Al Otro Lado. Vivek Suri argued for the government. Kelsi B. Corkran argued for Al Otro Lado."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 29-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 29-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["A lower court ruled against the government. The government brought the case to the Supreme Court. The case includes a class-wide order covering many people and an individual order for one person called Beatrice Doe. The government says the class-wide order is still active."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 25-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 25-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 38, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 38, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 29-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 29-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["The government asks the Court to reverse the Ninth Circuit and uphold the metering policy. It also asks the Court to lift the class-wide order and the individual order.","Al Otro Lado asks the Court to read the law to require processing for people who arrive. It says turning people back counts as harmful refoulement. It did not object to a type of vacatur called Munsingwear vacatur, which would set the ruling aside while the case stays pending."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 29-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 29-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The government argues the law's phrase arrives in the United States requires a person to be on American soil. It says one part of the law covers refugees outside the country, and another covers people already inside. It leans on an earlier case called Sale for limits that reach beyond U. S. borders.","Al Otro Lado argues the law requires processing for people who arrive. It says turn-backs began around 2016 to dodge processing duties. It leans on regulations and an earlier case called Thuraissigiam. It says arrival happens at the threshold, even before someone steps over the line."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 29-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 29-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked about the scope of the Sale case and whether treaty duties conflict with metering. She noted a government watchdog report suggesting metering may have been used as cover.","Justice Thomas asked how this case differs from Sale and whether treaty obligations are involved. Justice Kagan asked whether the government's reading makes part of the law redundant, and whether the right at the border means applying for protection or actually crossing."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 13-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 13-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 51-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 51-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 26, lines 15-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 26, lines 15-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 29, lines 29-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 29, lines 29-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 55-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 9-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 9-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 50, lines 13-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 50, lines 13-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 21-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 21-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 29-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 29-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 23-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 23-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 39-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 39-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 37-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 37-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-45"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The case decides whether the government can keep people away from the border before they reach it. If the law covers people at the threshold, metering may be unlawful. If it covers only people on U. S. soil, metering may stand. The answer shapes how thousands of people can seek protection."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 29-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 29-25"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["A person arrives in the United States under the immigration laws only when he actually crosses the border and enters the country, not while standing in Mexico blocked from entry. Therefore, aliens stopped on the Mexican side are not entitled to inspection or to apply for asylum.","The Ninth Circuit's judgment was reversed, and the case was remanded to that court for further proceedings consistent with the Supreme Court's holding."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-5_86qd.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 4, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-5_86qd.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-25-5-noem-sec-of-homeland-v-al-otro-lado","term":"2025","title":"Does the immigration law protect people who reach the border, or only those already inside the United States?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 47-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 47-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 46, lines 53-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 46, lines 53-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 89, lines 29-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 89, lines 29-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/25-5146","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","paragraphs":["This session was the only argument held. No reargument occurred, so nothing here covers a later session.","The side that brought the case asked the Court to hold the Section 1519 offense was committed in San Francisco. His reasoning: the crime completes upon falsification, with intent coinciding at that moment. No communication, effect, or investigation is required. He cited Travis, Armour Packing, and Johnson.","He argued Lamar required a communicative assertion, comparing it to Palliser. He said venue is count-specific and waivable, using a Cabrales analogy. He noted the government's own trial position placed falsification on the defendant's computer. He agreed Section 1512(c) differs because it requires effects.","The government asked the Court to uphold trial where the investigation was actually affected. Its reasoning: the transmission targeted that district, like shooting and hitting it. It cited Ford and Lamar for detrimental effects supporting venue. It conceded the elements were complete before transmission and effects are not elements. It argued Cabrales is backward-looking while Section 1519 is forward-looking."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 20, lines 21-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 20, lines 21-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 23, lines 45-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 23, lines 45-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 30, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 30, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 31, lines 51-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 31, lines 51-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 49-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 49-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 34, lines 11-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 34, lines 11-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 43-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 51, lines 29-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 51, lines 29-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 52, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 52, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 53, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 53, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 54, lines 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15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 63, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 43-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 43-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 29-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 29-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 29-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 29-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 31-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 31-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 25-29"}]}],"caption":"Abouammo v. United States","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:29:00.140258Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:29:00.169030Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:34.612865Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:30:20.368552Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Abouammo v. United States asks the Supreme Court to decide where a federal fraud crime counts as happening. The dispute is whether a trial can take place in San Francisco when the person created a false record elsewhere. The answer decides where the trial can occur.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 43-17"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/25-5146","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-5146_diff_6kgm.pdf","https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-5146_new_kifl.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/25-5146.html","primary_docket":"25-5146","revisions":[{"correction_note":null,"created_at":"2026-08-29T04:43:28.376693Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T15:21:41.982720Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.669944Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.859952Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:30:20.383461Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":6}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["This case involves a federal law called Section 1519. It punishes someone who creates a false record to hide something. The parties disagree about when that crime is complete and where it happens."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 43-17"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The case reached the Supreme Court as No. 25-5146. The Court held oral argument on March 30, 2026, in Washington, D. C. The record does not describe the lower court's decisions."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Tobias S. Loss-Eaton argues for the side that brought the case. He asks the Court to hold the crime happened in San Francisco. He says the crime was complete when the false record was created, with no sending or effect required.","Anthony A. Yang argues for the government. It asks the Court to allow trial where the investigation was actually affected. It says the sending targeted another district, like a shot aimed at a target."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 43-17"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["The side that brought the case says Section 1519 is complete upon falsification. He says intent must coincide with that falsification. He says duplicates are not separate falsifications and no metadata evidence was shown. He cites older cases supporting a location tied to the physical act.","The government concedes the crime's elements were complete before any transmission. It concedes effects are not elements. It concedes that without transmission, venue would follow where the act occurred. But it argues the sending actually affected the investigation district. It cites cases about detrimental effects supporting venue."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 43-17"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Thomas asked whether saving a draft completes the crime. Justice Sotomayor asked how intent can be proven without sending. Justice Kavanaugh asked whether intent to impede must be shown. He also tested the government's theory against a shredding-at-home example.","Justice Alito asked where the crime happens if the material is emailed to San Francisco. Justice Kagan asked how the government's theory differs from the lower court's approach. Justice Sotomayor questioned who decides the extra-textual intent requirement the government proposes."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 47-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 47-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 49-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 49-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 32, lines 49-55","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 32, lines 49-55"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 13-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 13-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 21-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 21-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 35-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 35-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 19-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 19-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 25-29"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["Venue rules decide where a person faces trial. That choice affects convenience, local juries, and prosecution strategy. The ruling could shape how courts locate crimes committed on computers. It may also clarify whether effects on investigations can anchor a trial."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 43-17"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["A person charged with falsifying a document to obstruct a federal investigation must be tried where the falsification happened, not where the investigation was located. A statute's intent requirement does not change that, because the only forbidden act is the falsification itself.","The Ninth Circuit's judgment was reversed and the case was remanded for further proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-5146_new_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 3, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-5146_new_kifl.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-25-5146-abouammo-v-united-states","term":"2025","title":"Where Does a Fraud Crime Happen When a False Record Is Made on a Computer?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 17, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 17, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 17-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 17-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 43-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-5146_6468.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 43-17"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/25-6","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","paragraphs":["Gregory G. Garre appeared for Keathley. Frederick Liu appeared for the United States as a friend of the court supporting vacatur. William M. Jay appeared for Buddy Ayers Construction. Keathley asked the Court to vacate and remand, limiting its argument to bankruptcy.","This was the only argument session in the approved record.","The challenger asked the Court to vacate and remand, limiting its argument to bankruptcy. Its reasoning centered on intent to adopt inconsistent positions, honest mistakes, and the debtor's own intent rather than the lawyer's.","The United States asked the Court to vacate and remand. Its reasoning was that the Fifth Circuit narrowed inadvertence and ignored a broader equitable balance."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 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37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-33"}]}],"caption":"Keathley v. Buddy Ayers Construction, Inc.","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:28:59.940784Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:28:59.987405Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:10.438769Z","explanation":"An official Court order was verified.","status":"order_issued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:17.860132Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:31:09.712241Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Keathley says the Fifth Circuit applies too strict a presumption of intent when a debtor omits an asset. Buddy Ayers Construction defends the ruling, saying finality and court integrity justify it. The United States, as a friend of the court, asks the Court to vacate and send the case back for a broader fairness review.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 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9-33"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/25-6","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-666_k5fm.pdf","https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-6846_db8e.pdf","https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-6_d1o2.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/25-6.html","primary_docket":"25-6","revisions":[{"correction_note":null,"created_at":"2026-08-29T02:31:33.584959Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T15:15:56.519980Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.687535Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.878440Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:43:57.920534Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:48:34.283086Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":6},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":7}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["The Court heard argument on March 24, 2026, in Washington, D. C. Gregory G. Garre argued for Keathley. Frederick Liu argued for the United States, supporting vacatur. William M. Jay argued for Buddy Ayers Construction. The Court has not announced a decision. A justice's question is not a vote."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-33"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Fifth Circuit decided this dispute first. Keathley says that court applies a conclusive presumption of intent when a debtor knows about an asset and has a motive to hide it. The United States describes the ruling differently: it says the Fifth Circuit narrowed the idea of an honest mistake and ignored a broader balancing of fairness factors."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Keathley asks the Court to vacate the ruling and send the case back for a fresh look. It argues that intent to adopt inconsistent positions is key, that misleading the court is the doctrine's heartland, and that other factors may be considered. It says intent to mislead is not strictly required.","Keathley also says there should be no strong presumption of intent here. It points to confusing forms and many unsophisticated debtors. It says the bankruptcy court's own role and actions should count as an important factor. It says there is no practical difference between knowing and intentional inconsistency. It accepts a narrow vacatur and confines its argument to bankruptcy cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 51-15"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Keathley argues that intent to adopt inconsistent positions is the key thing. It says misleading the court is the heartland of the doctrine, and other factors may be considered. It also says intent to mislead is not strictly required, in its view. It adds that there should be no strong presumption of intent here.","The United States supports a narrower path: vacate and remand so the lower court can apply a broader equitable balance."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 51-15"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["The justices pressed both sides on how intent should be figured out. Justice Alito asked whether a duty to disclose plus a financial interest should create a presumption of intent. Justice Jackson asked how to treat an intentional omission that was not aimed at misleading the court."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-33"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The challenger lists factors courts could weigh: debtor testimony, sophistication, timing, notice to counsel, creditor objections, creditor impact, and bankruptcy findings. It says honest mistakes should generally preclude estoppel, and it accepts a narrow vacatur."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 21-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 21-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 25-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 25-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 19, lines 11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 31-47","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 31-47"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 49-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 37, lines 49-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 39, lines 51-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 39, lines 51-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 43, lines 53-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 43, lines 53-25"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 56, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 56, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 57, lines 49-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 57, lines 49-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 58, lines 43-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 58, lines 43-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 17-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 17-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 66, lines 25-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 66, lines 25-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 27-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 27-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 29-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 29-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-33"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["In deciding whether a debtor's failure to disclose a lawsuit claim in bankruptcy was an inadvertent mistake. Courts must weigh the total circumstances, not just knowledge and possible motive to hide it.","The Supreme Court vacated the Fifth Circuit's judgment and remanded the case for further proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-6_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 3, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-6_d1o2.pdf","page_label":"file page 3, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-25-6-keathley-v-buddy-ayers-construction-inc","term":"2025","title":"When Does Judicial Estoppel Apply to a Bankruptcy Debtor Who Left an Asset Off a Form?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 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11-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 19, lines 11-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 21, lines 43-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 21, lines 43-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 22, lines 49-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 22, lines 49-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 24, lines 15-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 24, lines 15-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 33-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 33-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 25, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 25, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 33, lines 27-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 33, lines 27-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 35, lines 51-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 35, lines 51-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 37, lines 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9-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-6_6jfl.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 9-33"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/25-83","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","paragraphs":["Jules asked the Court to reverse the judgment below. His side argued the federal court lacks power to confirm the award but may dismiss the case. (Mr. Unikowsky for Jules. )","Jules argued Section 1331 does not supply jurisdiction to confirm the award. He said supplemental jurisdiction fails because there is no common nucleus of operative facts. He invoked Kokonnen's reasoning about ancillary jurisdiction. (Mr. Unikowsky for Jules. )","Jules minimized the other side's practical concerns. He said federal courts can delay dismissal while parties pursue state-court confirmation. He said parallel state and federal litigation is routine. (Mr. Unikowsky for Jules. )","Balazs Properties asked the federal court to enter judgment on the award and dismiss the case. They said this avoids bifurcated state and federal proceedings. (Mr. Geyser for Balazs Properties. )"],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 55-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-9"}]}],"caption":"Jules v. Andre Balazs Properties","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:29:00.120651Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-28T20:29:00.156821Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:34.913296Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:45:32.699858Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"Adrian Jules says the court lacked power to confirm a money award against him. Andre Balazs Properties says the court should enter judgment on the award and dismiss the case. The Supreme Court heard argument on March 30, 2026.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-53"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/audio/2025/25-83","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us1r31_8759.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/25-83.html","primary_docket":"25-83","revisions":[{"correction_note":null,"created_at":"2026-08-29T02:31:33.584959Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T15:20:38.566388Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.759625Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.951707Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:45:32.719604Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":6}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Jules sued Andre Balazs Properties and others over a federal employment claim. The claim went to arbitration. The arbitrator issued a sanctions money award against Jules. The lower court entered judgment on that award. Jules challenges that judgment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-53"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["Jules brought a federal employment claim. The claim was sent to arbitration. The arbitrator issued a sanctions money award against Jules. Jules says confirming that award would turn the arbitral result into a federal judgment. A federal judgment would let the other side collect money. The lower court entered the judgment challenged here."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 1, lines 1-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 47-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 47-51"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Jules asks the Supreme Court to reverse the judgment below. He wants the confirmation of the award undone.","Balazs Properties asks the federal court to enter judgment on the award and dismiss the case. They say this avoids split state and federal proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-53"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Jules argues the federal court lacks jurisdiction to confirm the award. Jurisdiction means the court's legal power to hear a dispute. He says the court may dismiss the federal case instead.","Jules says federal law, Section 1331, does not supply power to confirm the award. He says some extra basis is needed. He also says supplemental jurisdiction is unavailable because the confirmation dispute shares no common facts with the federal claim. He leans on an earlier case called Kokonnen."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-53"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["One justice asked about the purpose of a stay under a federal arbitration law. The question probed why a court would pause a case.","A justice asked why confirming an award is not like entering a consent decree. A consent decree is a court order both sides agree to. (Mr. Geyser for Balazs Properties. ) (Mr. Unikowsky for Jules. )"],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 55-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 55-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 27, lines 23-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 27, lines 23-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 55-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 55-9"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The case tests when a federal court may confirm an arbitration award after the underlying federal claim is gone. The ruling will shape how courts handle arbitration awards tied to dismissed federal cases."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-53"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["A federal court that has stayed claims under the Federal Arbitration Act keeps jurisdiction to confirm or vacate an arbitration award on those stayed claims. It does not need a separate jurisdictional basis when those motions arise in the same pending case.","The Supreme Court affirmed the judgment of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us1r31_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 5, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/608us1r31_8759.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-25-83-jules-v-andre-balazs-properties","term":"2025","title":"Does a Federal Court Have Power to Confirm an Arbitration Award After Dismissing the Underlying Case?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 42, lines 43-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 42, lines 43-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 65, lines 35-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 65, lines 35-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-83_c0n2.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 45-53"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","paragraphs":["Pung's lawyer welcomed the county's concession that a taking occurred, narrowing the dispute to how much compensation is owed.","Chief Justice Roberts asked whether a fair open-market sale is the proper way to determine the property's value.","Justice Kagan observed that the county's lawyer appeared to agree foreclosure sales generally do not yield fair market prices.","Justice Alito asked whether the homeowner could have borrowed against the home's equity to pay the taxes and avoid the sale."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 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37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 35-25"}]}],"caption":"Pung v. Isabella County","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:13.853402Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:13.866038Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:58:01.499500Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-30T01:30:34.641649Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"A Michigan homeowner lost his house over unpaid taxes. The county sold it and kept the entire sale price. The homeowner says the Constitution entitles him to more than the small surplus left after the debt.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 35-25"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-95_dc8e.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/25-95.html","primary_docket":"25-95","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-29T22:20:01.494623Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Removed an unsupported statement that the Court had not ruled; the available source set did not establish that absence.","created_at":"2026-08-29T23:48:24.674274Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":2},{"correction_note":"Corrected unsupported no-ruling language and clarified that the article's disposition summary is incomplete.","created_at":"2026-08-30T00:16:28.865096Z","maturity":"official_transcript","revision_number":3},{"correction_note":"Added the holding and disposition from the verified official Court opinion.","created_at":"2026-08-30T01:30:34.663953Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":4},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":5}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["Isabella County foreclosed on Kevin Pung's home for unpaid taxes. The county sold the property and kept all the proceeds. Pung says the county took his home and must pay its full market value. The county says he is owed only the surplus left after his tax debt."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 35-25"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["A Michigan court allowed the foreclosure. The county sold the home and kept the proceeds. Pung appealed, and the Sixth Circuit ruled against him. The Supreme Court agreed to hear the case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 17-9"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Pung argues the county took his home, so the Constitution requires paying its full market value, not just the leftover money.","Isabella County argues a fair foreclosure sale settles the debt, so the homeowner is entitled only to the surplus proceeds."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 35-25"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Pung's lawyer says history supports paying full market value when a home sells for more than the debt owed.","The county's lawyer says a fair sale process satisfies the Constitution, and the surplus is the just payment."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 35-25"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Chief Justice Roberts asked what is wrong with using an open-market sale to learn the property's true value.","Justice Kagan noted the county's lawyer seemed to agree that foreclosure sales generally do not produce fair market prices."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 19-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 19-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 10, lines 25-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 10, lines 25-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 25-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 25-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 23-45","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 23-45"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 25-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 25-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 14, lines 55-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 14, lines 55-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 55-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 55-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 35-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 35-39"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 72, lines 9-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 72, lines 9-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 11-15","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 11-15"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 17-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 17-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 33-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 33-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 37-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 37-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 17-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 17-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 75, lines 27-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 75, lines 27-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 41-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 41-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 15-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 15-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 8, lines 7-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 8, lines 7-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 41-51"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The ruling could shape how much money homeowners receive when governments sell their property to collect unpaid taxes, and whether foreclosure sales must reflect market value."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 35-25"}]},{"heading":"What the Court decided","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court held that just compensation after a fairly conducted tax sale is measured by the auction sale price, not the property's fair market value. The Court also held that such a tax sale does not violate the Eighth Amendment ban on excessive fines.","The Supreme Court vacated the Sixth Circuit's judgment and remanded the case for further proceedings."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 1, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-95_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-1"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-1","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-95_dc8e.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-1"}]}],"slug":"2025-25-95-pung-v-isabella-county","term":"2025","title":"When a County Keeps a Home's Extra Sale Money After a Tax Foreclosure. Does the Constitution Require the Homeowner to Get the Home's Full Market Value or Only the Leftover Amount?","title_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 116, lines 33-17","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 116, lines 33-17"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 5, lines 23-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 5, lines 23-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 61, lines 45-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 61, lines 45-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 27-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 27-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 92, lines 35-25","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25-95_32q3.pdf","page_label":"file page 92, lines 35-25"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","arguments":[{"argument_date":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","heading":"What happened at the argument","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_transcript_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","paragraphs":["Sauer opened by stating that deceit or gross negligence in financial transactions is cause for removal. He described Cook submitting mortgage applications for two properties in a two-week period in 2021. He then argued the district court lacked jurisdiction to enter the preliminary injunction under the Court's holding in Sawyer.","Clement opened by describing the Federal Reserve as a uniquely structured entity with a distinct historical tradition.","Sotomayor pressed on the scope of the D. C. Circuit's decision. She asked whether it addressed the definition of cause, including pre-office conduct and the required nexus. She noted the unprecedented nature of the removal. She said keeping Cook does not thwart any right Trump has to run the department because he conceded he has none."],"reargument":false,"sequence":1,"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 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53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-43"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 35-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-41"}]}],"caption":"Trump, President of U.S. v. Cook","case_history":[{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:13.988364Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:13.991123Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T20:06:13.997695Z","explanation":"An official oral-argument transcript was verified.","status":"argued"},{"changed_at":"2026-08-29T23:55:37.222326Z","explanation":"An official Court opinion was verified.","status":"decided"}],"case_status":"decided","dek":"President Trump removed Lisa Cook from the Federal Reserve. A district court blocked the removal. The core question is whether pre-office conduct can count as cause for removal.","dek_sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-43"}],"dispositions":[],"latest_court_document_date":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","maturity":"post_opinion","official_detail_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcript/2025","official_disposition_urls":["https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25a312_5468.pdf"],"official_docket_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/25A312.html","primary_docket":"25A312","revisions":[{"correction_note":"Rewritten to the concise citizen-facing editorial standard.","created_at":"2026-08-30T14:15:50.134912Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":1},{"correction_note":"Migrated to the dated official Court activity contract without model use.","created_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z","maturity":"post_opinion","revision_number":2}],"schema_version":"1.1","sections":[{"heading":"What this case is about","paragraphs":["General Sauer argued that deceit in financial transactions is cause for removal. He said Cook submitted mortgage applications for two properties in 2021. Mr. Clement argued the Federal Reserve is a uniquely structured entity. He said it has a distinct historical tradition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"How the case got here","paragraphs":["The Supreme Court heard oral argument in this case on January 21, 2026."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 11-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 11-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 82, lines 35-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 82, lines 35-19"}]},{"heading":"What each side wants","paragraphs":["Trump's side wants Cook removed. They say her pre-office conduct shows deceit or gross negligence.","Cook's side wants to keep her position. They say the Federal Reserve's structure limits presidential removal power."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What each side says","paragraphs":["Sauer said the statutory standard is not limited to in-office misconduct. He argued Congress did not adopt that limitation here.","Clement said the Federal Reserve is a uniquely structured entity. He pointed to its distinct historical tradition."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What the justices asked","paragraphs":["Justice Sotomayor asked whether the D.C. Circuit decided anything beyond the constitutional question.","Justice Thomas questioned whether the Federal Reserve is an executive branch agency at all. He said this is an antecedent point to the removal question. He asked on what basis the Court should conclude the president has removal authority over it. Sotomayor added that the unprecedented nature of the removal reflects what the president did, not what Cook did."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 17-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 15, lines 17-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 47-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 47-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 16, lines 7-21","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 16, lines 7-21"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 18, lines 11-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 18, lines 11-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 6, lines 13-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 6, lines 13-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 67, lines 29-35","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 67, lines 29-35"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 69, lines 13-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 69, lines 13-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 53-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 53-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 7, lines 55-19","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 7, lines 55-19"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 71, lines 45-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 71, lines 45-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 73, lines 23-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 73, lines 23-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 74, lines 31-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 74, lines 31-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 33-33","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 33-33"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 76, lines 35-7","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 76, lines 35-7"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 17-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 17-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 77, lines 33-49","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 77, lines 33-49"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 78, lines 19-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 78, lines 19-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 79, lines 19-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 79, lines 19-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 80, lines 11-13","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 80, lines 11-13"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 9, lines 21-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 9, lines 21-41"}]},{"heading":"Why it matters","paragraphs":["The case tests the scope of presidential removal power over an independent financial regulator. It also raises whether a district court can enjoin a presidential removal order."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 15-27","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 15-27"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 134, lines 21-23","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 134, lines 21-23"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 4, lines 23-11","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 4, lines 23-11"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 68, lines 37-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 68, lines 37-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 70, lines 17-43","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 70, lines 17-43"}]},{"heading":"What happens next","paragraphs":["This article currently covers the argument record. Use the official docket link for later case activity."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 37-41","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 37-41"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 11, lines 49-53","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 11, lines 49-53"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 12, lines 21-37","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 12, lines 21-37"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 13, lines 41-51","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 13, lines 41-51"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 132, lines 37-9","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 132, lines 37-9"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 133, lines 27-31","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 133, lines 27-31"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 138, lines 25-29","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/2025/25a312_c0nd.pdf","page_label":"file page 138, lines 25-29"},{"evidence_type":"Transcript","label":"Official Supreme Court Transcript — file page 15, lines 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17-43"}],"topics":[],"undated_disposition_date_fallback":"latest_argument_date","updated_at":"2026-09-05T03:22:24Z"},{"argument_date":null,"arguments":[],"caption":"National Republican Congressional Committee v. 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The docket number 26A274 is associated with this case."],"sources":[{"evidence_type":"Docket","label":"Official Supreme Court Docket — file page 1, lines 1-80","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/26A274.html","page_label":"file page 1, lines 1-80"},{"evidence_type":"Opinion","label":"Official Supreme Court Opinion — file page 2, lines 1-39","official_url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/26a274_l537.pdf","page_label":"file page 2, lines 1-39"}]}],"slug":"2025-26a274-national-republican-congressional-committee-v-brown","term":"2025","title":"National Republican Congressional Committee v. 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